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Curtabbi A, Enríquez JA. The ins and outs of the flavin mononucleotide cofactor of respiratory complex I. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:629-644. [PMID: 35166025 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor of respiratory complex I occupies a key position in the electron transport chain. Here, the electrons coming from NADH start the sequence of oxidoreduction reactions, which drives the generation of the proton-motive force necessary for ATP synthesis. The overall architecture and the general catalytic proprieties of the FMN site are mostly well established. However, several aspects regarding the complex I flavin cofactor are still unknown. For example, the flavin binding to the N-module, the NADH-oxidizing portion of complex I, lacks a molecular description. The dissociation of FMN from the enzyme is beginning to emerge as an important regulatory mechanism of complex I activity and ROS production. Finally, how mitochondria import and metabolize FMN is still uncertain. This review summarizes the current knowledge on complex I flavin cofactor and discusses the open questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Curtabbi
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Enríquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Xing T, Pan X, Zhang L, Gao F. Hepatic Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Inflammation in Broiler Chickens With Wooden Breast Myopathy. Front Physiol 2021; 12:659777. [PMID: 33935806 PMCID: PMC8081064 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.659777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Wooden breast (WB) syndrome has emerged as a global myopathy in modern commercial broiler chickens, mainly affecting the pectoralis major muscle. Recent evidence suggests that WB myopathy is a systemic disease, which might be accompanied by other physiological disparities and metabolic changes. This study was conducted to systemically investigate the potential physiological changes in liver tissues as well as the possible mechanisms involved to enhance the understanding of the etiology. A total of 93 market-age Arbor Acres male broiler chickens were sampled and categorized into control (CON) and WB groups based on the evaluation of myopathic lesions. Liver samples were collected (n = 10 in each group) for histopathological evaluation and biochemical analyses. Results indicated that WB birds exhibited significantly higher plasma aspartate amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activities. Histopathological changes in hydropic/fatty degeneration, inflammatory cell infiltration, intrahepatic hemorrhages, elevated myeloperoxidase activity, and overproduction of nitric oxide were observed in WB liver compared with CON, suggesting the occurrence of liver injury in birds affected by WB myopathy. The WB group showed increased levels of reactive oxygen species, oxidative products, as well as enhanced antioxidant capacities in the liver. These changes were associated with impaired mitochondria morphology and mitochondrial dysfunction. WB myopathy also induced mitochondria-mediated hepatic apoptosis by upregulating levels of caspases 3 and 9, altering the expressions of apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 family regulators, as well as increasing the release of cytochrome c. The activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell signaling enhanced the mRNA expression of downstream inflammatory mediators, contributing to the production of inflammatory cytokines in WB liver. Combined, these findings suggest that hepatic disorders may be conjoined with WB myopathy in broiler chickens and indicating systemic physiological disparities, and other metabolic changes accompanying this myopathy need further assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaona Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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