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Saxena S, Nabel CS, Seay TW, Patel PS, Kawale AS, Crosby CR, Tigro H, Oh E, Vander Heiden MG, Hata AN, Suo Z, Zou L. Unprocessed genomic uracil as a source of DNA replication stress in cancer cells. Mol Cell 2024:S1097-2765(24)00282-X. [PMID: 38688279 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Alterations of bases in DNA constitute a major source of genomic instability. It is believed that base alterations trigger base excision repair (BER), generating DNA repair intermediates interfering with DNA replication. Here, we show that genomic uracil, a common type of base alteration, induces DNA replication stress (RS) without being processed by BER. In the absence of uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG), genomic uracil accumulates to high levels, DNA replication forks slow down, and PrimPol-mediated repriming is enhanced, generating single-stranded gaps in nascent DNA. ATR inhibition in UNG-deficient cells blocks the repair of uracil-induced gaps, increasing replication fork collapse and cell death. Notably, a subset of cancer cells upregulates UNG2 to suppress genomic uracil and limit RS, and these cancer cells are hypersensitive to co-treatment with ATR inhibitors and drugs increasing genomic uracil. These results reveal unprocessed genomic uracil as an unexpected source of RS and a targetable vulnerability of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Saxena
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Christopher S Nabel
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Turner W Seay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Parasvi S Patel
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ajinkya S Kawale
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Caroline R Crosby
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Helene Tigro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Eugene Oh
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron N Hata
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zucai Suo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Lee Zou
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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2
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Matsuishi A, Nakajima S, Kaneta A, Saito K, Fukai S, Sakuma M, Tsumuraya H, Okayama H, Saito M, Mimura K, Nirei A, Kikuchi T, Hanayama H, Saze Z, Sakamoto W, Momma T, Kono K. The tumor cell-intrinsic cGAS-STING pathway is associated with the high density of CD8 + T cells after chemotherapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Esophagus 2024; 21:165-175. [PMID: 38324215 DOI: 10.1007/s10388-024-01044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy has the potential to induce CD8+ T-cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and activate the anti-tumor immune response in several cancers including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The tumor cell-intrinsic cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway has been known as a critical component for regulating immune cell activation in the TME. However, its effect on the infiltration of immune cells induced by chemotherapy in the ESCC TME has not been investigated. METHODS We examined the effect of the tumor-cell intrinsic cGAS-STING pathway on the infiltration of CD8+ T cells induced by chemotherapy in ESCC using ESCC cell lines and surgically resected ESCC specimens from patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). RESULTS We found that chemotherapeutic agents, including 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin (CDDP), activated the cGAS-STING pathway, consequently inducing the expression of type I interferon and T-cell-attracting chemokines in ESCC cells. Moreover, the tumor cell-intrinsic expression of cGAS-STING was significantly and positively associated with the density of CD8+ T cells in ESCC after NAC. However, the tumor cell-intrinsic expression of cGAS-STING did not significantly impact clinical outcomes in patients with ESCC after NAC. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the tumor cell-intrinsic cGAS-STING pathway might contribute to chemotherapy-induced immune cell activation in the ESCC TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Matsuishi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shotaro Nakajima
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.
- Department of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Cancer and Regional Medical Support, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Akinao Kaneta
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Katsuharu Saito
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mei Sakuma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tsumuraya
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Okayama
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Motonobu Saito
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kosaku Mimura
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Transplantation Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Azuma Nirei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kikuchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hanayama
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Zenichiro Saze
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Momma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Koji Kono
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Cancer and Regional Medical Support, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
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3
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Li L, Zhang H, Meng D, Yin H. Transcriptomics of Lactobacillus paracasei: metabolism patterns and cellular responses under high-density culture conditions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1274020. [PMID: 37901845 PMCID: PMC10601642 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1274020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus paracasei has significant potential for development and application in the environmental field, particularly in addressing malodor pollution. This study aims to investigate the cellular response of L. paracasei B1 under high-density culture conditions. The selected strain has previously shown effective deodorizing and bacteriostatic abilities. Transcriptomics techniques are employed to dissect the nutrient metabolism pattern of L. paracasei B1 and its response mechanism under environmental stress. The study characterizes the functions of key differentially expressed genes during growth before and after optimizing the culture conditions. The optimization of fermentation culture conditions provides a suitable growth environment for L. paracasei B1, inducing an enhancement of its phosphotransferase system for sugar source uptake and maintaining high levels of glycolysis and pyruvate metabolism. Consequently, the strain is able to grow and multiply rapidly. Under acid stress conditions, glycolysis and pyruvate metabolism are inhibited, and L. paracasei B1 generates additional energy through aerobic respiration to meet the energy demand. The two-component system and quorum sensing play roles in the response and regulation of L. paracasei B1 to adverse environments. The strain mitigates oxygen stress damage through glutathione metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, base excision repair, and purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Additionally, the strain enhances lysine synthesis, the alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolic pathways, and relies on the ABC transport system to accumulate amino acid-compatible solutes to counteract acid stress and osmotic stress during pH regulation. These findings establish a theoretical basis for the further development and application of L. paracasei B1 for its productive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangzhi Li
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hetian Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Delong Meng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huaqun Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Abooshahab R, Hooshmand K, Salami HA, Dass CR. The Impact of Pigment-Epithelium-Derived Factor on MCF-7 Cell Metabolism in the Context of Glycaemic Condition. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2140. [PMID: 37631354 PMCID: PMC10459545 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that pigment-epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a robust inhibitor of tumour growth and development, implying that this may serve as a promising target for therapeutic intervention. However, the precise impact of PEDF on cancerous cell metabolic pathways remains uncertain despite ongoing research. In this light, this study aimed to employ a metabolomics approach for understanding the metabolic reprogramming events in breast cancer across different glycaemic loads and their response to PEDF. Gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/Q-MS) analysis revealed metabolic alterations in ER+ human cell line MCF-7 cells treated with PEDF under varying glycaemic conditions. The identification of significantly altered metabolites was accomplished through MetaboAnalyst (v.5.0) and R packages, which enabled both multivariate and univariate analyses. Out of the 48 metabolites identified, 14 were chosen based on their significant alterations in MCF-7 cells under different glycaemic conditions and PEDF treatment (p < 0.05, VIP > 0.8). Dysregulation in pathways associated with amino acid metabolism, intermediates of the TCA cycle, nucleotide metabolism, and lipid metabolism were detected, and they exhibited different responses to PEDF. Our results suggest that PEDF has a diverse influence on the metabolism of MCF-7 cells in both normo- and hyperglycaemic environments, thereby warranting studies using patient samples to correlate our findings with clinical response in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziyeh Abooshahab
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (R.A.); (H.-A.S.)
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Kourosh Hooshmand
- System Medicine, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Hani-Al Salami
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (R.A.); (H.-A.S.)
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Crispin R. Dass
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (R.A.); (H.-A.S.)
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
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5
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Samanta A, Banerjee S, Maity TR, Jahnavi J, Datta S. Towards establishment of a plant-based model to assess the novel anti-cancerous lead molecule(s): An in silico, in vivo and in vitro assessment of some potential anti-cancerous drugs on Lathyrus sativus L. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:1455-1466. [PMID: 35195768 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The drug development process is one of the important aspects of medical biology. The classical lead identification strategy in the way of drug development based on animal cell is time-consuming, expensive and involving ethical issues. The following study aims to develop a novel plant-based screening of drugs. Study shows the efficacy of certain anti-cancerous drugs (Pemetrexed, 5-Fluorouracil, Methotrexate, Topotecan and Etoposide) on a plant-based (Lathyrus sativus L.) system. Two important characteristics of cancer cells were observed in the colchicine-treated polyploid cell and the callus, where the chromosome numbers were unusual and the division of cells were uncontrolled respectively. With increasing concentration, the drugs significantly reduced the mitotic index, ploidy level and callus growth. Increasing Pemetrexed concentration decreased the plant DHFR activity. A decrease in total RNA content was observed in 5-FU and Methotrexate with increasing concentrations of the drugs. Etoposide and Topotecan inhibited plant topoisomerase II and topoisomerase I activities, which was justified through plasmid nicking and comet assay, respectively. Molecular and biochemical study revealed similar results to the animal system. The in silico study had been done, and the structural similarity of drug binding domains of L. sativus and human beings had also been established. The binding site of the selected drugs to the domains of plant target proteins was also determined. Experimental results are significant in terms of the efficacy of known anti-cancerous drugs on the plant-based system. The proposed assay system is a cost-effective, convenient and less time-consuming process for primary screening of anti-cancerous lead molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aveek Samanta
- Department of Botany, Prabhat Kumar College, Purba Medinipur, Contai, 721401, West Bengal, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Purba Medinipur, Haldia, 721657, West Bengal, India
| | - Saptadipa Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Purba Medinipur, Haldia, 721657, West Bengal, India
| | - Tilak Raj Maity
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Purba Medinipur, Haldia, 721657, West Bengal, India
| | - Jangala Jahnavi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Siraj Datta
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Purba Medinipur, Haldia, 721657, West Bengal, India.
- Subarnarekha Mahavidyalaya, Gopiballavpur, Jhargram, 721506, West Bengal, India.
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6
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Deveshegowda SN, Metri PK, Shivakumar R, Yang JR, Rangappa S, Swamynayaka A, Shanmugam MK, Nagaraja O, Madegowda M, Babu Shubha P, Chinnathambi A, Alharbi SA, Pandey V, Ahn KS, Lobie PE, Basappa B. Development of 1-(4-(Substituted)piperazin-1-yl)-2-((2-((4-methoxybenzyl)thio)pyrimidin-4-yl)oxy)ethanones That Target Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase in Human Breast Cancer Cells. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092848. [PMID: 35566199 PMCID: PMC9100275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of uracil amides cleave poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and therefore novel thiouracil amide compounds were synthesized and screened for the loss of cell viability in a human-estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer cell line. The synthesized compounds exhibited moderate to significant efficacy against human breast cancer cells, where the compound 5e IC50 value was found to be 18 μM. Thouracil amide compounds 5a and 5e inhibited the catalytical activity of PARP1, enhanced cleavage of PARP1, enhanced phosphorylation of H2AX, and increased CASPASE 3/7 activity. Finally, in silico analysis demonstrated that compound 5e interacted with PARP1. Hence, specific thiouracil amides may serve as new drug-seeds for the development of PARP inhibitors for use in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresha N. Deveshegowda
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Studies in Organic Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India; (S.N.D.); (P.K.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Prashant K. Metri
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Studies in Organic Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India; (S.N.D.); (P.K.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Rashmi Shivakumar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Studies in Organic Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India; (S.N.D.); (P.K.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Ji-Rui Yang
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (J.-R.Y.); (V.P.)
| | - Shobith Rangappa
- Adichunchanagiri Institute for Molecular Medicine, BG Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya 571448, India;
| | - Ananda Swamynayaka
- Department of Studies in Physics, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India; (A.S.); (O.N.); (M.M.)
| | - Muthu K. Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore;
| | - Omantheswara Nagaraja
- Department of Studies in Physics, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India; (A.S.); (O.N.); (M.M.)
| | - Mahendra Madegowda
- Department of Studies in Physics, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India; (A.S.); (O.N.); (M.M.)
| | - Priya Babu Shubha
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India;
| | - Arunachalam Chinnathambi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.C.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.C.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Vijay Pandey
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (J.-R.Y.); (V.P.)
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Peter E. Lobie
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (J.-R.Y.); (V.P.)
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (P.E.L.); (B.B.)
| | - Basappa Basappa
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Studies in Organic Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India; (S.N.D.); (P.K.M.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence: (P.E.L.); (B.B.)
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Krieger KL, Gohlke JH, Lee KJ, Piyarathna DWB, Castro PD, Jones JA, Ittmann MM, Gassman NR, Sreekumar A. Repair-Assisted Damage Detection Reveals Biological Disparities in Prostate Cancer between African Americans and European Americans. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041012. [PMID: 35205762 PMCID: PMC8870190 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer is the most diagnosed cancer among men in the United States. African American men are diagnosed with and succumb to prostate cancer at higher rates than other demographic groups. Previously published works described the biological differences in prostate tumors that may contribute to poorer outcomes in African American men compared to European American men. This study was designed to explore the DNA lesion profiles found in prostate tissues. Using tissue microarrays, we found that prostate tumors from African American patients have more uracil and pyrimidine damage, elevated UNG levels, and reduced XRCC1 levels than European American tumors, which may indicate defects in the base excision repair pathway. In addition, these men had higher UMP and lower expression of folate cycle metabolites, suggesting that metabolic rewiring may also contribute to the dysregulation of base excision repair. Abstract African Americans (AA) are two times more likely to be diagnosed with and succumb to prostate cancer (PCa) compared to European Americans (EA). There is mounting evidence that biological differences in these tumors contribute to disparities in patient outcomes. Our goal was to examine the differences in DNA damage in AA and EA prostate tissues. Tissue microarrays with matched tumor-benign adjacent pairs from 77 AA and EA PCa patients were analyzed for abasic sites, oxidative lesions, crosslinks, and uracil content using the Repair Assisted Damage Detection (RADD) assay. Our analysis revealed that AA PCa, overall, have more DNA damage than EA PCa. Increased uracil and pyrimidine lesions occurred in AA tumors, while EA tumors had more oxidative lesions. AA PCa have higher levels of UMP and folate cycle metabolites than their EA counterparts. AA PCa showed higher levels of UNG, the uracil-specific glycosylase, than EA, despite uracil lesions being retained within the genome. AA patients also had lower levels of the base excision repair protein XRCC1. These results indicate dysfunction in the base excision repair pathway in AA tumors. Further, these findings reveal how metabolic rewiring in AA PCa drives biological disparities and identifies a targetable axis for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko L. Krieger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.L.K.); (J.H.G.); (D.W.B.P.)
- Center for Translational Metabolism and Health Disparities (C-TMH), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jie H. Gohlke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.L.K.); (J.H.G.); (D.W.B.P.)
- Center for Translational Metabolism and Health Disparities (C-TMH), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kevin J. Lee
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA;
| | - Danthasinghe Waduge Badrajee Piyarathna
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.L.K.); (J.H.G.); (D.W.B.P.)
- Center for Translational Metabolism and Health Disparities (C-TMH), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Patricia D. Castro
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.D.C.); (M.M.I.)
- Human Tissue Acquisition & Pathology Shared Resource, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Jones
- Michael E. DeBakey Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael M. Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.D.C.); (M.M.I.)
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Natalie R. Gassman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence: (N.R.G.); (A.S.); Tel.: +1-205-975-1904 (N.R.G.); +1-713-798-3305 (A.S.)
| | - Arun Sreekumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.L.K.); (J.H.G.); (D.W.B.P.)
- Center for Translational Metabolism and Health Disparities (C-TMH), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (N.R.G.); (A.S.); Tel.: +1-205-975-1904 (N.R.G.); +1-713-798-3305 (A.S.)
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8
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Petrone I, Bernardo PS, dos Santos EC, Abdelhay E. MTHFR C677T and A1298C Polymorphisms in Breast Cancer, Gliomas and Gastric Cancer: A Review. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:587. [PMID: 33920562 PMCID: PMC8073588 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Folate (vitamin B9) is found in some water-soluble foods or as a synthetic form of folic acid and is involved in many essential biochemical processes. Dietary folate is converted into tetrahydrofolate, a vital methyl donor for most methylation reactions, including DNA methylation. 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a critical enzyme in the folate metabolism pathway that converts 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate into 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, which produces a methyl donor for the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. MTHFR polymorphisms result in reduced enzyme activity and altered levels of DNA methylation and synthesis. MTHFR polymorphisms have been linked to increased risks of several pathologies, including cancer. Breast cancer, gliomas and gastric cancer are highly heterogeneous and aggressive diseases associated with high mortality rates. The impact of MTHFR polymorphisms on these tumors remains controversial in the literature. This review discusses the relationship between the MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms and the increased risk of breast cancer, gliomas, and gastric cancer. Additionally, we highlight the relevance of ethnic and dietary aspects of population-based studies and histological stratification of highly heterogeneous tumors. Finally, this review discusses these aspects as potential factors responsible for the controversial literature concerning MTHFR polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Petrone
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Center for Bone Marrow Transplants, Brazilian National Cancer Institute—INCA, Rio de Janeiro 20230-240, Brazil; (E.C.d.S.); (E.A.)
- Stricto Sensu Graduate Program in Oncology, INCA, Rio de Janeiro 20230-240, Brazil;
| | - Paula Sabbo Bernardo
- Stricto Sensu Graduate Program in Oncology, INCA, Rio de Janeiro 20230-240, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Hemato-Oncology, Molecular Hemato-Oncology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute—INCA, Rio de Janeiro 20230-240, Brazil
| | - Everton Cruz dos Santos
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Center for Bone Marrow Transplants, Brazilian National Cancer Institute—INCA, Rio de Janeiro 20230-240, Brazil; (E.C.d.S.); (E.A.)
- Stricto Sensu Graduate Program in Oncology, INCA, Rio de Janeiro 20230-240, Brazil;
| | - Eliana Abdelhay
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Center for Bone Marrow Transplants, Brazilian National Cancer Institute—INCA, Rio de Janeiro 20230-240, Brazil; (E.C.d.S.); (E.A.)
- Stricto Sensu Graduate Program in Oncology, INCA, Rio de Janeiro 20230-240, Brazil;
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9
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Liu G, Huo R, Zhai Y, Liu L. New Bioactive Sesquiterpeniods From the Plant Endophytic Fungus Pestalotiopsis theae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:641504. [PMID: 33868199 PMCID: PMC8044550 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.641504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new secondary metabolites pestalothenins A-C (1-3), including two new humulane-derived sesquiterpeniods (1 and 2) and one new caryophyllene-derived sesquiterpeniod (3), together with five known compounds (4-8) were isolated from the crude extract of the plant endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis theae (N635). Their structures were elucidated by the extensive analyses of HRESIMS and NMR spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of 1-3 were determined by comparison of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. The cytotoxic effects of these compounds were evaluated in vitro. Compound 6 showed moderate cytotoxicity against T24 and MCF7 cell lines. In addition, compounds 1-8 were also evaluated for antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiyun Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Stewart JA, Schauer G, Bhagwat AS. Visualization of uracils created by APOBEC3A using UdgX shows colocalization with RPA at stalled replication forks. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e118. [PMID: 33074285 PMCID: PMC7672425 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The AID/APOBEC enzymes deaminate cytosines in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and play key roles in innate and adaptive immunity. The resulting uracils cause mutations and strand breaks that inactivate viruses and diversify antibody repertoire. Mutational evidence suggests that two members of this family, APOBEC3A (A3A) and APOBEC3B, deaminate cytosines in the lagging-strand template during replication. To obtain direct evidence for the presence of these uracils, we engineered a protein that covalently links to DNA at uracils, UdgX, for mammalian expression and immunohistochemistry. We show that UdgX strongly prefers uracils in ssDNA over those in U•G or U:A pairs, and localizes to nuclei in a dispersed form. When A3A is expressed in these cells, UdgX tends to form foci. The treatment of cells with cisplatin, which blocks replication, causes a significant increase in UdgX foci. Furthermore, this protein- and hence the uracils created by A3A- colocalize with replication protein A (RPA), but not with A3A. Using purified proteins, we confirm that RPA inhibits A3A by binding ssDNA, but despite its overexpression following cisplatin treatment, RPA is unable to fully protect ssDNA created by cisplatin adducts. This suggests that cisplatin treatment of cells expressing APOBEC3A should cause accumulation of APOBEC signature mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Grant Schauer
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ashok S Bhagwat
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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11
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Yokogawa T, Yano W, Tsukioka S, Osada A, Wakasa T, Ueno H, Hoshino T, Yamamura K, Fujioka A, Fukuoka M, Ohkubo S, Matsuo K. dUTPase inhibition confers susceptibility to a thymidylate synthase inhibitor in DNA-repair-defective human cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2020; 112:422-432. [PMID: 33140501 PMCID: PMC7780055 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency in DNA repair proteins confers susceptibility to DNA damage, making cancer cells vulnerable to various cancer chemotherapies. 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU) is an anticancer nucleoside analog that both inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS) and causes DNA damage via the misincorporation of FdUTP and dUTP into DNA under the conditions of dTTP depletion. However, the role of the DNA damage response to its antitumor activity is still unclear. To determine which DNA repair pathway contributes to DNA damage caused by 5‐FU and uracil misincorporation, we examined cancer cells treated with 2ʹ‐deoxy‐5‐fluorouridine (FdUrd) in the presence of TAS‐114, a highly potent inhibitor of dUTPase that restricts aberrant base misincorporation. Addition of TAS‐114 increased FdUTP and dUTP levels in HeLa cells and facilitated 5‐FU and uracil misincorporation into DNA, but did not alter TS inhibition or 5‐FU incorporation into RNA. TAS‐114 showed synergistic potentiation of FdUrd cytotoxicity and caused aberrant base misincorporation, leading to DNA damage and induced cell death even after short‐term exposure to FdUrd. Base excision repair (BER) and homologous recombination (HR) were found to be involved in the DNA repair of 5‐FU and uracil misincorporation caused by dUTPase inhibition in genetically modified chicken DT40 cell lines and siRNA‐treated HeLa cells. These results suggested that BER and HR are major pathways that protect cells from the antitumor effects of massive incorporation of 5‐FU and uracil. Further, dUTPase inhibition has the potential to maximize the antitumor activity of fluoropyrimidines in cancers that are defective in BER or HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Yokogawa
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Wakako Yano
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sayaka Tsukioka
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akiko Osada
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Wakasa
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ueno
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takuya Hoshino
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamamura
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akio Fujioka
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fukuoka
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohkubo
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenichi Matsuo
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
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12
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Fuso Nerini I, Roca E, Mannarino L, Grosso F, Frapolli R, D'Incalci M. Is DNA repair a potential target for effective therapies against malignant mesothelioma? Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 90:102101. [PMID: 32892058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare malignancy mainly caused by asbestos exposure. Germinal and acquired mutations in genes of DNA repair pathways, in particular of homologous recombination repair, are frequent in MPM. Here we overview the available experimental data suggesting that an impaired DNA repair system affects MPM pathogenesis by leaving lesions through the genome unresolved. DNA repair defects represent a vulnerability of MPM, and it seems plausible to propose that leveraging these deficiencies could have therapeutic potential for patients with MPM, for whom there is an urgent need of more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Fuso Nerini
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Roca
- Lung Unit, Thoracic Oncology, Pederzoli Hospital-Peschiera del Garda, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Mannarino
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Grosso
- Mesothelioma Unit, SS Antonio and Biagio General Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Roberta Frapolli
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Incalci
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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13
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Schmidt TT, Sharma S, Reyes GX, Kolodziejczak A, Wagner T, Luke B, Hofer A, Chabes A, Hombauer H. Inactivation of folylpolyglutamate synthetase Met7 results in genome instability driven by an increased dUTP/dTTP ratio. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:264-277. [PMID: 31647103 PMCID: PMC7145683 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of mutations is frequently associated with alterations in gene function leading to the onset of diseases, including cancer. Aiming to find novel genes that contribute to the stability of the genome, we screened the Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion collection for increased mutator phenotypes. Among the identified genes, we discovered MET7, which encodes folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS), an enzyme that facilitates several folate-dependent reactions including the synthesis of purines, thymidylate (dTMP) and DNA methylation. Here, we found that Met7-deficient strains show elevated mutation rates, but also increased levels of endogenous DNA damage resulting in gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCRs). Quantification of deoxyribonucleotide (dNTP) pools in cell extracts from met7Δ mutant revealed reductions in dTTP and dGTP that cause a constitutively active DNA damage checkpoint. In addition, we found that the absence of Met7 leads to dUTP accumulation, at levels that allowed its detection in yeast extracts for the first time. Consequently, a high dUTP/dTTP ratio promotes uracil incorporation into DNA, followed by futile repair cycles that compromise both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA integrity. In summary, this work highlights the importance of folate polyglutamylation in the maintenance of nucleotide homeostasis and genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias T Schmidt
- DNA Repair Mechanisms and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg D-69120, Germany.,Faculty of Bioscience, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Sushma Sharma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87 Sweden
| | - Gloria X Reyes
- DNA Repair Mechanisms and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Anna Kolodziejczak
- DNA Repair Mechanisms and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg D-69120, Germany.,Faculty of Bioscience, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Tina Wagner
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Brian Luke
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anders Hofer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87 Sweden
| | - Andrei Chabes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87 Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hans Hombauer
- DNA Repair Mechanisms and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
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14
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Irimie AI, Braicu C, Pasca S, Magdo L, Gulei D, Cojocneanu R, Ciocan C, Olariu A, Coza O, Berindan-Neagoe I. Role of Key Micronutrients from Nutrigenetic and Nutrigenomic Perspectives in Cancer Prevention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55060283. [PMID: 31216637 PMCID: PMC6630934 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55060283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regarding cancer as a genetic multi-factorial disease, a number of aspects need to be investigated and analyzed in terms of cancer's predisposition, development and prognosis. One of these multi-dimensional factors, which has gained increased attention in the oncological field due to its unelucidated role in risk assessment for cancer, is diet. Moreover, as studies advance, a clearer connection between diet and the molecular alteration of patients is becoming identifiable and quantifiable, thereby replacing the old general view associating specific phenotypical changes with the differential intake of nutrients. Respectively, there are two major fields concentrated on the interrelation between genome and diet: nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. Nutrigenetics studies the effects of nutrition at the gene level, whereas nutrigenomics studies the effect of nutrients on genome and transcriptome patterns. By precisely evaluating the interaction between the genomic profile of patients and their nutrient intake, it is possible to envision a concept of personalized medicine encompassing nutrition and health care. The list of nutrients that could have an inhibitory effect on cancer development is quite extensive, with evidence in the scientific literature. The administration of these nutrients showed significant results in vitro and in vivo regarding cancer inhibition, although more studies regarding administration in effective doses in actual patients need to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Iulia Irimie
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Division Dental Propaedeutics, Aesthetic, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Cornelia Braicu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Sergiu Pasca
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Lorand Magdo
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Diana Gulei
- MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Roxana Cojocneanu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Cristina Ciocan
- MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Andrei Olariu
- Nordlogic Software, 10-12, Rene Descartes Street 400486 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ovidiu Coza
- Department of Radiotherapy with High Energies and Brachytherapy, Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", Street Republicii, No. 34-36, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Radiotherapy and Medical Oncology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Street Louis Pasteur, No. 4, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta" The Oncology Institute, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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15
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Zhou DR, Eid R, Miller KA, Boucher E, Mandato CA, Greenwood MT. Intracellular second messengers mediate stress inducible hormesis and Programmed Cell Death: A review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:773-792. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Visnes T, Grube M, Hanna BMF, Benitez-Buelga C, Cázares-Körner A, Helleday T. Targeting BER enzymes in cancer therapy. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 71:118-126. [PMID: 30228084 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Base excision repair (BER) repairs mutagenic or genotoxic DNA base lesions, thought to be important for both the etiology and treatment of cancer. Cancer phenotypic stress induces oxidative lesions, and deamination products are responsible for one of the most prevalent mutational signatures in cancer. Chemotherapeutic agents induce genotoxic DNA base damage that are substrates for BER, while synthetic lethal approaches targeting BER-related factors are making their way into the clinic. Thus, there are three strategies by which BER is envisioned to be relevant in cancer chemotherapy: (i) to maintain cellular growth in the presence of endogenous DNA damage in stressed cancer cells, (ii) to maintain viability after exogenous DNA damage is introduced by therapeutic intervention, or (iii) to confer synthetic lethality in cancer cells that have lost one or more additional DNA repair pathways. Here, we discuss the potential treatment strategies, and briefly summarize the progress that has been made in developing inhibitors to core BER-proteins and related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torkild Visnes
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maurice Grube
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bishoy Magdy Fekry Hanna
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos Benitez-Buelga
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Armando Cázares-Körner
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Sheffield Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
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17
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Yan Y, Qing Y, Pink JJ, Gerson SL. Loss of Uracil DNA Glycosylase Selectively Resensitizes p53-Mutant and -Deficient Cells to 5-FdU. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:212-221. [PMID: 29117941 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitors including fluoropyrimidines [e.g., 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FdU, floxuridine)] and antifolates (e.g., pemetrexed) are widely used against solid tumors. Previously, we reported that shRNA-mediated knockdown (KD) of uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) sensitized cancer cells to 5-FdU. Because p53 has also been shown as a critical determinant of the sensitivity to TS inhibitors, we further interrogated 5-FdU cytotoxicity after UDG depletion with regard to p53 status. By analyzing a panel of human cancer cells with known p53 status, it was determined that p53-mutated or -deficient cells are highly resistant to 5-FdU. UDG depletion resensitizes 5-FdU in p53-mutant and -deficient cells, whereas p53 wild-type (WT) cells are not affected under similar conditions. Utilizing paired HCT116 p53 WT and p53 knockout (KO) cells, it was shown that loss of p53 improves cell survival after 5-FdU, and UDG depletion only significantly sensitizes p53 KO cells. This sensitization can also be recapitulated by UDG depletion in cells with p53 KD by shRNAs. In addition, sensitization is also observed with pemetrexed in p53 KO cells, but not with 5-FU, most likely due to RNA incorporation. Importantly, in p53 WT cells, the apoptosis pathway induced by 5-FdU is activated independent of UDG status. However, in p53 KO cells, apoptosis is compromised in UDG-expressing cells, but dramatically elevated in UDG-depleted cells. Collectively, these results provide evidence that loss of UDG catalyzes significant cell death signals only in cancer cells mutant or deficient in p53.Implications: This study reveals that UDG depletion restores sensitivity to TS inhibitors and has chemotherapeutic potential in the context of mutant or deficient p53. Mol Cancer Res; 16(2); 212-21. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yulan Qing
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John J Pink
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Stanton L Gerson
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
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18
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Ebara S. Nutritional role of folate. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2017; 57:138-141. [PMID: 28603928 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Folate functions as a coenzyme to transfer one-carbon units that are necessary for deoxythymidylate synthesis, purine synthesis, and various methylation reactions. Ingested folate becomes a functional molecule through intestinal absorption, circulation, transport to cells, and various modifications to its structure. Associations between nutritional folate status and chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cognitive dysfunction have been reported. It has also been reported that maternal folate nutritional status is related to the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) in the offspring. It has also been recommended that folate be consumed in the diet to promote the maintenance of good health. To reduce the risk of NTDs, supplementation with folic acid (a synthetic form of folate) during the periconceptional period has also been recommended. This paper describes the basic features and nutritional role of folate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Ebara
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
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19
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Dos Santos RS, Daures M, Philippi A, Romero S, Marselli L, Marchetti P, Senée V, Bacq D, Besse C, Baz B, Marroquí L, Ivanoff S, Masliah-Planchon J, Nicolino M, Soulier J, Socié G, Eizirik DL, Gautier JF, Julier C. dUTPase ( DUT) Is Mutated in a Novel Monogenic Syndrome With Diabetes and Bone Marrow Failure. Diabetes 2017; 66:1086-1096. [PMID: 28073829 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new syndrome characterized by early-onset diabetes associated with bone marrow failure, affecting mostly the erythrocytic lineage. Using whole-exome sequencing in a remotely consanguineous patient from a family with two affected siblings, we identified a single homozygous missense mutation (chr15.hg19:g.48,626,619A>G) located in the dUTPase (DUT) gene (National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene ID 1854), affecting both the mitochondrial (DUT-M p.Y142C) and the nuclear (DUT-N p.Y54C) isoforms. We found the same homozygous mutation in an unrelated consanguineous patient with diabetes and bone marrow aplasia from a family with two affected siblings, whereas none of the >60,000 subjects from the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) was homozygous for this mutation. This replicated observation probability was highly significant, thus confirming the role of this DUT mutation in this syndrome. DUT is a key enzyme for maintaining DNA integrity by preventing misincorporation of uracil into DNA, which results in DNA toxicity and cell death. We showed that DUT silencing in human and rat pancreatic β-cells results in apoptosis via the intrinsic cell death pathway. Our findings support the importance of tight control of DNA metabolism for β-cell integrity and warrant close metabolic monitoring of patients treated by drugs affecting dUTP balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathilde Daures
- INSERM UMRS 958, Faculté de Médecine Paris Diderot, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anne Philippi
- INSERM UMRS 958, Faculté de Médecine Paris Diderot, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Romero
- INSERM UMRS 958, Faculté de Médecine Paris Diderot, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valérie Senée
- INSERM UMRS 958, Faculté de Médecine Paris Diderot, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Bacq
- Centre National de Génotypage, Institut de Génomique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Evry, France
| | - Céline Besse
- Centre National de Génotypage, Institut de Génomique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Evry, France
| | - Baz Baz
- Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laura Marroquí
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Ivanoff
- Aplastic Anemia Reference Centre, Hematology Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM U944, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Julien Masliah-Planchon
- Aplastic Anemia Reference Centre, Hematology Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM U944, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc Nicolino
- Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jean Soulier
- Aplastic Anemia Reference Centre, Hematology Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM U944, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Socié
- Hematology Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Immunology and Oncology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Gautier
- Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Julier
- INSERM UMRS 958, Faculté de Médecine Paris Diderot, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Shelton J, Lu X, Hollenbaugh JA, Cho JH, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Metabolism, Biochemical Actions, and Chemical Synthesis of Anticancer Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Base Analogs. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14379-14455. [PMID: 27960273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs have been in the clinic for decades to treat both viral pathogens and neoplasms. More than 20% of patients on anticancer chemotherapy have been treated with one or more of these analogs. This review focuses on the chemical synthesis and biology of anticancer nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs that are FDA-approved and in clinical development since 2000. We highlight the cellular biology and clinical biology of analogs, drug resistance mechanisms, and compound specificity towards different cancer types. Furthermore, we explore analog syntheses as well as improved and scale-up syntheses. We conclude with a discussion on what might lie ahead for medicinal chemists, biologists, and physicians as they try to improve analog efficacy through prodrug strategies and drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadd Shelton
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xiao Lu
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Joseph A Hollenbaugh
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Das D, Preet R, Mohapatra P, Satapathy SR, Siddharth S, Tamir T, Jain V, Bharatam PV, Wyatt MD, Kundu CN. 5-Fluorouracil mediated anti-cancer activity in colon cancer cells is through the induction of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli: Implication of the long-patch base excision repair pathway. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 24:15-25. [PMID: 25460919 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with APC mutations do not benefit from 5-FU therapy. It was reported that APC physically interacts with POLβ and FEN1, thus blocking LP-BER via APC's DNA repair inhibitory (DRI) domain in vitro. The aim of this study was to elucidate how APC status affects BER and the response of CRC to 5-FU. HCT-116, HT-29, and LOVO cells varying in APC status were treated with 5-FU to evaluate expression, repair, and survival responses. HCT-116 expresses wild-type APC; HT-29 expresses an APC mutant that contains DRI domain; LOVO expresses an APC mutant lacking DRI domain. 5-FU increased the expression of APC and decreased the expression of FEN1 in HCT-116 and HT-29 cells, which were sensitized to 5-FU when compared to LOVO cells. Knockdown of APC in HCT-116 rendered cells resistant to 5-FU, and FEN1 levels remained unchanged. Re-expression of full-length APC in LOVO cells caused sensitivity to 5-FU, and decreased expression of FEN1. These knockdown and addback studies confirmed that the DRI domain is necessary for the APC-mediated reduction in LP-BER and 5-FU. Modelling studies showed that 5-FU can interact with the DRI domain of APC via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. 5-FU resistance in CRC occurs with mutations in APC that disrupt or eliminate the DRI domain's interaction with LP-BER. Understanding the type of APC mutation should better predict 5-FU resistance in CRC than simply characterizing APC status as wild-type or mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipon Das
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Ranjan Preet
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Purusottam Mohapatra
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Shakti Ranjan Satapathy
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Sumit Siddharth
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Tigist Tamir
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Vaibhav Jain
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Michael D Wyatt
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Chanakya Nath Kundu
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India.
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Bailey LB, Stover PJ, McNulty H, Fenech MF, Gregory JF, Mills JL, Pfeiffer CM, Fazili Z, Zhang M, Ueland PM, Molloy AM, Caudill MA, Shane B, Berry RJ, Bailey RL, Hausman DB, Raghavan R, Raiten DJ. Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development-Folate Review. J Nutr 2015; 145:1636S-1680S. [PMID: 26451605 PMCID: PMC4478945 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.206599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND) project is designed to provide evidence-based advice to anyone with an interest in the role of nutrition in health. Specifically, the BOND program provides state-of-the-art information and service with regard to selection, use, and interpretation of biomarkers of nutrient exposure, status, function, and effect. To accomplish this objective, expert panels are recruited to evaluate the literature and to draft comprehensive reports on the current state of the art with regard to specific nutrient biology and available biomarkers for assessing nutrients in body tissues at the individual and population level. Phase I of the BOND project includes the evaluation of biomarkers for 6 nutrients: iodine, iron, zinc, folate, vitamin A, and vitamin B-12. This review represents the second in the series of reviews and covers all relevant aspects of folate biology and biomarkers. The article is organized to provide the reader with a full appreciation of folate's history as a public health issue, its biology, and an overview of available biomarkers (serum folate, RBC folate, and plasma homocysteine concentrations) and their interpretation across a range of clinical and population-based uses. The article also includes a list of priority research needs for advancing the area of folate biomarkers related to nutritional health status and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn B Bailey
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA;
| | - Patrick J Stover
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Helene McNulty
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Londonderry, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F Fenech
- Genome Health Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Food, Nutrition, and Bioproducts Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jesse F Gregory
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - James L Mills
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Zia Fazili
- National Center for Environmental Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mindy Zhang
- National Center for Environmental Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - Per M Ueland
- Department of Clinical Science, Univeristy of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne M Molloy
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marie A Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Barry Shane
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Robert J Berry
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC, Atlanta, GA; and
| | | | - Dorothy B Hausman
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Ramkripa Raghavan
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel J Raiten
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD;
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Abedinzadeh M, Zare-Shehneh M, Neamatzadeh H, Abedinzadeh M, Karami H. Association between MTHFR C677T Polymorphism and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Evidence from 22 Studies with 10,832 Cases and 11,993 Controls. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:4525-30. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.11.4525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Goričar K, Erčulj N, Faganel Kotnik B, Debeljak M, Hovnik T, Jazbec J, Dolžan V. The association of folate pathway and DNA repair polymorphisms with susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Gene 2015; 562:203-9. [PMID: 25746326 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors may play an important role in susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The aim of our study was to evaluate the associations of genetic polymorphisms in folate pathway and DNA repair genes with susceptibility to ALL. In total, 121 children with ALL and 184 unrelated healthy controls of Slovenian origin were genotyped for 14 polymorphisms in seven genes of folate pathway, base excision repair and homologous recombination repair (TYMS, MTHFR, OGG1, XRCC1, NBN, RAD51, and XRCC3). In addition, the exon 6 of NBN was screened for the presence of mutations using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography. Twelve polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in controls and their genotype frequencies were in agreement with those reported in other Caucasian populations. Among the investigated polymorphisms and mutations, NBN Glu185Gln significantly decreased susceptibility to B-cell ALL (p=0.037), while TYMS 3R allele decreased susceptibility to T-cell ALL (p=0.011). Moreover, significantly decreased susceptibility to ALL was observed for MTHFR TA (p=0.030) and RAD51 GTT haplotypes (p=0.016). Susceptibility to ALL increased with the increasing number of risk alleles (ptrend=0.007). We also observed significant influence of hOGG-RAD51 and NBN-RAD51 interactions on susceptibility to ALL. Our results suggest that combination of several polymorphisms in DNA repair and folate pathways may significantly affect susceptibility to childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Goričar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nina Erčulj
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Barbara Faganel Kotnik
- University Medical Center, University Children's Hospital, Oncology and Haematology Unit, Bohoričeva 20, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Maruša Debeljak
- University Medical Center, University Children's Hospital, Center for Medical Genetics, Vrazov trg 1, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Tinka Hovnik
- University Medical Center, University Children's Hospital, Center for Medical Genetics, Vrazov trg 1, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Janez Jazbec
- University Medical Center, University Children's Hospital, Oncology and Haematology Unit, Bohoričeva 20, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Vita Dolžan
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Homologous Recombination Repair Polymorphisms and the Risk for Osteosarcoma. J Med Biochem 2015; 34:200-206. [PMID: 28356832 PMCID: PMC4922323 DOI: 10.2478/jomb-2014-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA repair mechanisms are essential for maintaining genome stability, and genetic variability in DNA repair genes may contribute to cancer susceptibility. Our aim was to evaluate the influence of polymorphisms in the homologous recombination repair genes XRCC3, RAD51, and NBN on the risk for osteosarcoma. Methods In total, 79 osteosarcoma cases and 373 controls were genotyped for eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in XRCC3, RAD51, and NBN. Logistic regression was used to determine the association of these SNPs with risk for osteosarcoma. Results None of the investigated SNPs was associated with risk for osteosarcoma in the whole cohort of patients, however, in patients diagnosed before the age of thirty years XRCC3 rs861539 C>T and NBN rs1805794 G>C were associated with significantly decreased risk for osteosarcoma (P=0.047, OR=0.54, 95% CI=0.30–0.99 and P=0.036, OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.19–0.94, respectively). Moreover, in the carriers of a combination of polymorphic alleles in both SNPs risk for osteosarcoma was decreased even more significantly (Ptrend=0.007). The risk for developing osteosarcoma was the lowest in patients with no wild-type alleles for both SNPs (P=0.039, OR=0.31, 95% CI=0.10–0.94). Conclusions Our results suggest that polymorphisms in homologous recombination repair genes might contribute to risk for osteosarcoma in patients diagnosed below the age of thirty years.
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Matsuoka K, Iimori M, Niimi S, Tsukihara H, Watanabe S, Kiyonari S, Kiniwa M, Ando K, Tokunaga E, Saeki H, Oki E, Maehara Y, Kitao H. Trifluridine Induces p53-Dependent Sustained G2 Phase Arrest with Its Massive Misincorporation into DNA and Few DNA Strand Breaks. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1004-13. [PMID: 25700705 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trifluridine (FTD) is a key component of the novel oral antitumor drug TAS-102, which consists of FTD and a thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor. Like 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd), a deoxynucleoside form of 5-fluorouracil metabolite, FTD is sequentially phosphorylated and not only inhibits thymidylate synthase activity, but is also incorporated into DNA. Although TAS-102 was effective for the treatment of refractory metastatic colorectal cancer in clinical trials, the mechanism of FTD-induced cytotoxicity is not completely understood. Here, we show that FTD as well as FdUrd induce transient phosphorylation of Chk1 at Ser345, and that this is followed by accumulation of p53 and p21 proteins in p53-proficient human cancer cell lines. In particular, FTD induced p53-dependent sustained arrest at G2 phase, which was associated with a proteasome-dependent decrease in the Cyclin B1 protein level and the suppression of CCNB1 and CDK1 gene expression. In addition, a p53-dependent increase in p21 protein was associated with an FTD-induced decrease in Cyclin B1 protein. Although numerous ssDNA and dsDNA breaks were induced by FdUrd, few DNA strand breaks were detected in FTD-treated HCT-116 cells despite massive FTD misincorporation into genomic DNA, suggesting that the antiproliferative effect of FTD is not due to the induction of DNA strand breaks. These distinctive effects of FTD provide insights into the cellular mechanism underlying its antitumor effect and may explain the clinical efficacy of TAS-102.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Matsuoka
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Makoto Iimori
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Niimi
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsukihara
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sugiko Watanabe
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kiyonari
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University; Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mamoru Kiniwa
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koji Ando
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Eriko Tokunaga
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saeki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitao
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan.
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Nagel ZD, Chaim IA, Samson LD. Inter-individual variation in DNA repair capacity: a need for multi-pathway functional assays to promote translational DNA repair research. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 19:199-213. [PMID: 24780560 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Why does a constant barrage of DNA damage lead to disease in some individuals, while others remain healthy? This article surveys current work addressing the implications of inter-individual variation in DNA repair capacity for human health, and discusses the status of DNA repair assays as potential clinical tools for personalized prevention or treatment of disease. In particular, we highlight research showing that there are significant inter-individual variations in DNA repair capacity (DRC), and that measuring these differences provides important biological insight regarding disease susceptibility and cancer treatment efficacy. We emphasize work showing that it is important to measure repair capacity in multiple pathways, and that functional assays are required to fill a gap left by genome wide association studies, global gene expression and proteomics. Finally, we discuss research that will be needed to overcome barriers that currently limit the use of DNA repair assays in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Nagel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Isaac A Chaim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leona D Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Polymorphisms in folate pathway and pemetrexed treatment outcome in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Radiol Oncol 2014; 48:163-72. [PMID: 24991206 PMCID: PMC4078035 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2013-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A combination of pemetrexed and cisplatin has been shown to improve the outcome in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), however, there is a great heterogeneity in treatment response among patients. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of polymorphisms in folate pathway and transporter genes on pemetrexed treatment outcome in Slovenian patients with MPM. METHODS MPM patients treated with pemetrexed in the course of a prospective randomized clinical trial were genotyped for nineteen polymorphisms in five genes of folate pathway and six transporter genes. Logistic regression was used to assess the influence of polymorphisms on treatment efficacy and toxicity, while Cox regression was used to determine their influence on progression-free and overall survival. RESULTS Patients with at least one polymorphic MTHFD1 rs2236225 allele had a significantly lower response rate (p = 0.005; odds ratio [OR] = 0.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.03-0.54) and shorter progression-free survival (p = 0.032; hazard ratio [HR] = 3.10; 95% CI = 1.10-8.74) than non-carriers. Polymorphisms in transporter genes did not influence survival; however, several were associated with toxicity. Liver toxicity was significantly lower in carriers of polymorphic ABCC2 rs2273697 (p = 0.028; OR = 0.23; 95% CI = 0.06-0.85), SLCO1B1 rs4149056 (p = 0.028; OR = 0.23; 95% CI = 0.06-0.85) and rs11045879 (p = 0.014; OR = 0.18; 95% CI = 0.05-0.71) alleles compared to non-carriers, as well as in patients with SLCO1B1 GCAC haplotype (p = 0.048; OR = 0.17; 95% CI = 0.03-0.98). Gastrointestinal toxicity was much more common in patients with polymorphic ABCC2 rs717620 allele (p = 0.004; OR = 10.67; 95% CI = 2.15-52.85) and ABCC2 CAG haplotype (p = 0.006; OR = 5.67; 95% CI = 1.64-19.66). CONCLUSIONS MTHFD1 polymorphism affected treatment response and survival, while polymorphisms in ABCC2 and SLCO1B1 transporter genes influenced the risk for toxicity. These polymorphisms could serve as potential markers of pemetrexed treatment outcome in patients with MPM.
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Samanta A, Datta AK, Datta S. Study on Folate Binding Domain of Dihydrofolate Reductase in Different Plant species and Human beings. Bioinformation 2014; 10:101-4. [PMID: 24616563 PMCID: PMC3937584 DOI: 10.6026/97320630010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Data base (NCBI and TIGR) searches are made to retrieve protein sequences of different plant species namely Medicago truncatula, Pisum sativum, Ricinus communis, Arabidopsis thaliana, Vitis vinifera, Glycine max, Daucus carota, Oryza sativa Japonica Group, Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. lyrata, Brachypodium distachyon, Oryza sativa Indica Group, Zea mays and careful alignment of derived sequences shows 95% or higher identity. Similarly, DHFR sequence of human being is also retrieved from NCBI. A phylogenetic tree is constructed from different plant and human DHFR domain using the Neighbour - Joining method in MEGA 5.05. Conservation score is performed by using PARALINE. Result suggests that folate binding domain of dihydrofolare reductase is conserved (score 8.06) and excepting some minor variations the basic structure of the domain in both plant species and human being is rather similar. Human DHFR domain contains PEKN sequence near active site, though proline is common for all the selected organisms but the other sequences are different in plants. The plant domain is always associated with TS (Thymidylate synthase). Plant based system is predicted to be an effective model for assessment of MTX (Methotrexate) and other antifolate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aveek Samanta
- Department of Botany, Cytogenetics, Genetics and Plant Breeding Section, Kalyani University, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Animesh Kumar Datta
- Department of Botany, Cytogenetics, Genetics and Plant Breeding Section, Kalyani University, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Siraj Datta
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia-721657, West Bengal, India
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Weeks LD, Zentner GE, Scacheri PC, Gerson SL. Uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) loss enhances DNA double strand break formation in human cancer cells exposed to pemetrexed. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1045. [PMID: 24503537 PMCID: PMC3944228 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Misincorporation of genomic uracil and formation of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are known consequences of exposure to TS inhibitors such as pemetrexed. Uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) catalyzes the excision of uracil from DNA and initiates DNA base excision repair (BER). To better define the relationship between UNG activity and pemetrexed anticancer activity, we have investigated DNA damage, DSB formation, DSB repair capacity, and replication fork stability in UNG+/+ and UNG−/− cells. We report that despite identical growth rates and DSB repair capacities, UNG−/− cells accumulated significantly greater uracil and DSBs compared with UNG+/+ cells when exposed to pemetrexed. ChIP-seq analysis of γ-H2AX enrichment confirmed fewer DSBs in UNG+/+ cells. Furthermore, DSBs in UNG+/+ and UNG−/− cells occur at distinct genomic loci, supporting differential mechanisms of DSB formation in UNG-competent and UNG-deficient cells. UNG−/− cells also showed increased evidence of replication fork instability (PCNA dispersal) when exposed to pemetrexed. Thymidine co-treatment rescues S-phase arrest in both UNG+/+ and UNG−/− cells treated with IC50-level pemetrexed. However, following pemetrexed exposure, UNG−/− but not UNG+/+ cells are refractory to thymidine rescue, suggesting that deficient uracil excision rather than dTTP depletion is the barrier to cell cycle progression in UNG−/− cells. Based on these findings we propose that pemetrexed-induced uracil misincorporation is genotoxic, contributing to replication fork instability, DSB formation and ultimately cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Weeks
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - G E Zentner
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - P C Scacheri
- 1] Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA [2] Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - S L Gerson
- 1] Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA [2] Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA [3] Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Whitsett J, Filho AR, Sethumadhavan S, Celinska J, Widlansky M, Vásquez-Vivar J. Human endothelial dihydrofolate reductase low activity limits vascular tetrahydrobiopterin recycling. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:143-50. [PMID: 23707606 PMCID: PMC3748942 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH₄) is required for NO synthesis and inhibition of superoxide release from endothelial NO synthase. Clinical trials using BH₄ to treat endothelial dysfunction have produced mixed results. Poor outcomes may be explained by the rapid systemic and cellular oxidation of BH₄. One of the oxidation products of BH₄, 7,8-dihydrobiopterin (7,8-BH₂), is recycled back to BH₄ by dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). This enzyme is ubiquitously distributed and shows a wide range of activity depending on species-specific factors and cell type. Information about the kinetics and efficiency of BH4 recycling in human endothelial cells receiving BH₄ treatment is lacking. To characterize this reaction, we applied a novel multielectrode coulometric HPLC method that enabled the direct quantification of 7,8-BH₂ and BH₄, which is not possible with fluorescence-based methodologies. We found that basal untreated BH₄ and 7,8-BH₂ concentrations in human endothelial cells (ECs) are lower than in bovine and murine endothelioma cells. Treatment of human ECs with BH₄ transiently increased intracellular BH₄ while accumulating the more stable 7,8-BH₂. This was different from bovine or murine ECs, which resulted in preferential BH₄ increase. Using BH₄ diastereomers, 6S-BH₄ and 6R-BH₄, the narrow contribution of enzymatic DHFR recycling to total intracellular BH₄ was demonstrated. Reduction of 7,8-BH₂ to BH₄ occurs at very slow rates in cells and needs supraphysiological levels of 7,8-BH₂, indicating this reaction is kinetically limited. Activity assays verified that human DHFR has very low affinity for 7,8-BH₂ (DHF7,8-BH₂) and folic acid inhibits 7,8-BH₂ recycling. We conclude that low activity of endothelial DHFR is an important factor limiting the benefits of BH4 therapies, which may be further aggravated by folate supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Whitsett
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
- Redox Biology Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Artur Rangel Filho
- Department of Pathology, Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | | | - Joanna Celinska
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Michael Widlansky
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Jeannette Vásquez-Vivar
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
- Redox Biology Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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Weeks LD, Fu P, Gerson SL. Uracil-DNA glycosylase expression determines human lung cancer cell sensitivity to pemetrexed. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:2248-60. [PMID: 23873851 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Uracil misincorporation into DNA is a consequence of pemetrexed inhibition of thymidylate synthase. The base excision repair (BER) enzyme uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) is the major glycosylase responsible for removal of misincorporated uracil. We previously illustrated hypersensitivity to pemetrexed in UNG(-/-) human colon cancer cells. Here, we examined the relationship between UNG expression and pemetrexed sensitivity in human lung cancer. We observed a spectrum of UNG expression in human lung cancer cells. Higher levels of UNG are associated with pemetrexed resistance and are present in cell lines derived from pemetrexed-resistant histologic subtypes (small cell and squamous cell carcinoma). Acute pemetrexed exposure induces UNG protein and mRNA, consistent with upregulation of uracil-DNA repair machinery. Chronic exposure of H1299 adenocarcinoma cells to increasing pemetrexed concentrations established drug-resistant sublines. Significant induction of UNG protein confirmed upregulation of BER as a feature of acquired pemetrexed resistance. Cotreatment with the BER inhibitor methoxyamine overrides pemetrexed resistance in chronically exposed cells, underscoring the use of BER-directed therapeutics to offset acquired drug resistance. Expression of UNG-directed siRNA and shRNA enhanced sensitivity in A549 and H1975 cells, and in drug-resistant sublines, confirming that UNG upregulation is protective. In human lung cancer, UNG deficiency is associated with pemetrexed-induced retention of uracil in DNA that destabilizes DNA replication forks resulting in DNA double-strand breaks and cell death. Thus, in experimental models, UNG is a critical mediator of pemetrexed sensitivity that warrants evaluation to determine clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachelle D Weeks
- Corresponding Author: Stanton L. Gerson, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wearn 151, 111000 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106.
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Abstract
Base excision repair (BER) corrects DNA damage from oxidation, deamination and alkylation. Such base lesions cause little distortion to the DNA helix structure. BER is initiated by a DNA glycosylase that recognizes and removes the damaged base, leaving an abasic site that is further processed by short-patch repair or long-patch repair that largely uses different proteins to complete BER. At least 11 distinct mammalian DNA glycosylases are known, each recognizing a few related lesions, frequently with some overlap in specificities. Impressively, the damaged bases are rapidly identified in a vast excess of normal bases, without a supply of energy. BER protects against cancer, aging, and neurodegeneration and takes place both in nuclei and mitochondria. More recently, an important role of uracil-DNA glycosylase UNG2 in adaptive immunity was revealed. Furthermore, other DNA glycosylases may have important roles in epigenetics, thus expanding the repertoire of BER proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans E Krokan
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway.
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Nagaria P, Svilar D, Brown AR, Wang XH, Sobol RW, Wyatt MD. SMUG1 but not UNG DNA glycosylase contributes to the cellular response to recovery from 5-fluorouracil induced replication stress. Mutat Res 2012; 743-744:26-32. [PMID: 23253900 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a widely utilized cancer chemotherapeutic that causes DNA damage via two mechanisms. Its active metabolite inhibits thymidylate synthase, which deprives cells of TTP and causes the introduction of uracil in DNA. Also, 5-FU is directly incorporated into DNA. Both uracil and 5-FU in DNA are recognized by uracil-DNA glycosylases (UDGs), which initiate base excision repair. UNG and SMUG1 are the two human UDGs most likely to combat the genomic incorporation of uracil and 5-FU during replication. In this study, we examined the roles of UNG and SMUG1 in the initial cellular response to 5-FU and compared continuous exposure to a 24h exposure followed by incubation in drug-free media, which mimics what occurs clinically. Loss of UNG did not alter cellular sensitivity to 5-FU in two human cell lines, despite its predominant biochemical activity for uracil and 5-FU in DNA. Loss of SMUG1 corresponded with >2-fold increase in sensitivity to 5-FU, but only with a 24h treatment followed by recovery. There was no difference between SMUG1 proficient and depleted cells following continuous exposure. We observed that 5-FU treatment induced an enhanced S-phase arrest and CHK1 activation plus an increase in the formation of strand breaks and alkali-labile sites in all sublines. However, SMUG1-depleted cells showed a prolonged S-phase arrest, a transient increase in DNA double-strand breaks following 5-FU treatment and an altered phosphorylation of CHK1 following removal of drug. Collectively, the results suggest that SMUG1 has a role in the resumption of replication following 5-FU treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Nagaria
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, United States
| | - David Svilar
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, United States
| | - Ashley R Brown
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, United States
| | - Xiao-Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, United States
| | - Robert W Sobol
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, United States; Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Michael D Wyatt
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, United States.
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Zhou S, Tian C, Li C, Guo Y, Wang X, Liu J, Zhang Z. Novel synthesis of 8-deaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroaminopterin analogues via an aziridine intermediate. Molecules 2012; 17:5604-14. [PMID: 22576230 PMCID: PMC6268183 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17055604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient method for the construction of the tetrahydrofolate skeleton is described. Starting from pterin analogues and aromatic amines, 8-deaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroaminopterin derivatives and the heterocyclic benzoyl isosteres were synthesized via a novel aziridine intermediate. Following this method, the byproducts of carbon-nitrogen bond hydrogenolysis in traditional synthetic strategy can be completely avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxin Zhou
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chao Tian
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhili Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Christophersen OA. Radiation protection following nuclear power accidents: a survey of putative mechanisms involved in the radioprotective actions of taurine during and after radiation exposure. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2012; 23:14787. [PMID: 23990836 PMCID: PMC3747764 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v23i0.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There are several animal experiments showing that high doses of ionizing radiation lead to strongly enhanced leakage of taurine from damaged cells into the extracellular fluid, followed by enhanced urinary excretion. This radiation-induced taurine depletion can itself have various harmful effects (as will also be the case when taurine depletion is due to other causes, such as alcohol abuse or cancer therapy with cytotoxic drugs), but taurine supplementation has been shown to have radioprotective effects apparently going beyond what might be expected just as a consequence of correcting the harmful consequences of taurine deficiency per se. The mechanisms accounting for the radioprotective effects of taurine are, however, very incompletely understood. In this article an attempt is made to survey various mechanisms that potentially might be involved as parts of the explanation for the overall beneficial effect of high levels of taurine that has been found in experiments with animals or isolated cells exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation. It is proposed that taurine may have radioprotective effects by a combination of several mechanisms: (1) during the exposure to ionizing radiation by functioning as an antioxidant, but perhaps more because it counteracts the prooxidant catalytic effect of iron rather than functioning as an important scavenger of harmful molecules itself, (2) after the ionizing radiation exposure by helping to reduce the intensity of the post-traumatic inflammatory response, and thus reducing the extent of tissue damage that develops because of severe inflammation rather than as a direct effect of the ionizing radiation per se, (3) by functioning as a growth factor helping to enhance the growth rate of leukocytes and leukocyte progenitor cells and perhaps also of other rapidly proliferating cell types, such as enterocyte progenitor cells, which may be important for immunological recovery and perhaps also for rapid repair of various damaged tissues, especially in the intestines, and (4) by functioning as an antifibrogenic agent. A detailed discussion is given of possible mechanisms involved both in the antioxidant effects of taurine, in its anti-inflammatory effects and in its role as a growth factor for leukocytes and nerve cells, which might be closely related to its role as an osmolyte important for cellular volume regulation because of the close connection between cell volume regulation and the regulation of protein synthesis as well as cellular protein degradation. While taurine supplementation alone would be expected to exert a therapeutic effect far better than negligible in patients that have been exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation, it may on theoretical grounds be expected that much better results may be obtained by using taurine as part of a multifactorial treatment strategy, where it may interact synergistically with several other nutrients, hormones or other drugs for optimizing antioxidant protection and minimizing harmful posttraumatic inflammatory reactions, while using other nutrients to optimize DNA and tissue repair processes, and using a combination of good diet, immunostimulatory hormones and perhaps other nontoxic immunostimulants (such as beta-glucans) for optimizing the recovery of antiviral and antibacterial immune functions. Similar multifactorial treatment strategies may presumably be helpful in several other disease situations (including severe infectious diseases and severe asthma) as well as for treatment of acute intoxications or acute injuries (both mechanical ones and severe burns) where severely enhanced oxidative and/or nitrative stress and/or too much secretion of vasodilatory neuropeptides from C-fibres are important parts of the pathogenetic mechanisms that may lead to the death of the patient. Some case histories (with discussion of some of those mechanisms that may have been responsible for the observed therapeutic outcome) are given for illustration of the likely validity of these concepts and their relevance both for treatment of severe infections and non-infectious inflammatory diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Wallace SS, Murphy DL, Sweasy JB. Base excision repair and cancer. Cancer Lett 2012; 327:73-89. [PMID: 22252118 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Base excision repair is the system used from bacteria to man to remove the tens of thousands of endogenous DNA damages produced daily in each human cell. Base excision repair is required for normal mammalian development and defects have been associated with neurological disorders and cancer. In this paper we provide an overview of short patch base excision repair in humans and summarize current knowledge of defects in base excision repair in mouse models and functional studies on short patch base excision repair germ line polymorphisms and their relationship to cancer. The biallelic germ line mutations that result in MUTYH-associated colon cancer are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Wallace
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Markey Center for Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405-0068, United States.
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Yang Z, Waldman AS, Wyatt MD. Expression and regulation of RAD51 mediate cellular responses to chemotherapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 83:741-6. [PMID: 22222428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that RAD51 expression associates with resistance to commonly used chemotherapeutics. Our previous work demonstrated that inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (TS) induced RAD51-dependent homologous recombination (HR), and depleting the RAD51 recombinase sensitized cells to TS inhibitors. In this study, the consequences of RAD51 over-expression were studied. Over-expression of wild-type RAD51 (∼6-fold above endogenous RAD51) conferred resistance to TS inhibitors. In contrast, over-expression of a mutant RAD51 (T309A) that is incapable of being phosphorylated rendered cells more chemosensitive. Moreover, over-expression of the T309A mutant acted in a dominant negative manner over endogenous RAD51 by causing the reduced localization of RAD51 foci following treatment with TS inhibitors. To measure the effect of mutant RAD51 on the cellular response to other DNA damaging chemotherapeutics, the topoisomerase poison etoposide was utilized. Cells over-expressing wild-type RAD51 showed reduced DNA strand breaks, while cells over-expressing the mutant RAD51 showed more than twice as many strand breaks, suggesting that the mutant RAD51 was actively inhibiting strand break resolution. To directly demonstrate an effect on HR, wild-type RAD51 and T309A mutant RAD51 were transiently expressed in HeLa cells that contained an HR reporter construct. HR events provoked by DNA breaks induced by the I-SceI endonuclease increased in cells expressing wild-type RAD51 and decreased in cells expressing the T309A mutant. Collectively, the data suggest that interference with the activation of RAD51-mediated HR represents a potentially useful anticancer target for combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengguan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
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Checkpoint signaling, base excision repair, and PARP promote survival of colon cancer cells treated with 5-fluorodeoxyuridine but not 5-fluorouracil. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28862. [PMID: 22194930 PMCID: PMC3240632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluoropyrimidines 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and FdUrd (5-fluorodeoxyuridine; floxuridine) are the backbone of chemotherapy regimens for colon cancer and other tumors. Despite their widespread use, it remains unclear how these agents kill tumor cells. Here, we have analyzed the checkpoint and DNA repair pathways that affect colon tumor responses to 5-FU and FdUrd. These studies demonstrate that both FdUrd and 5-FU activate the ATR and ATM checkpoint signaling pathways, indicating that they cause genotoxic damage. Notably, however, depletion of ATM or ATR does not sensitize colon cancer cells to 5-FU, whereas these checkpoint pathways promote the survival of cells treated with FdUrd, suggesting that FdUrd exerts cytotoxicity by disrupting DNA replication and/or inducing DNA damage, whereas 5-FU does not. We also found that disabling the base excision (BER) repair pathway by depleting XRCC1 or APE1 sensitized colon cancer cells to FdUrd but not 5-FU. Consistent with a role for the BER pathway, we show that small molecule poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1/2 (PARP) inhibitors, AZD2281 and ABT-888, remarkably sensitized both mismatch repair (MMR)-proficient and -deficient colon cancer cell lines to FdUrd but not to 5-FU. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that the roles of genotoxin-induced checkpoint signaling and DNA repair differ significantly for these agents and also suggest a novel approach to colon cancer therapy in which FdUrd is combined with a small molecule PARP inhibitor.
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Pogribny IP, James SJ, Beland FA. Molecular alterations in hepatocarcinogenesis induced by dietary methyl deficiency. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 56:116-25. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kim N, Mudrak SV, Jinks-Robertson S. The dCMP transferase activity of yeast Rev1 is biologically relevant during the bypass of endogenously generated AP sites. DNA Repair (Amst) 2011; 10:1262-71. [PMID: 22024240 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The bypass of AP sites in yeast requires the Rev1 protein in addition to the Pol ζ translesion synthesis DNA polymerase. Although Rev1 was originally characterized biochemically as a dCMP transferase during AP-site bypass, the relevance of this activity in vivo is unclear. The current study uses highly sensitive frameshift- and nonsense-reversion assays to monitor the bypass of AP sites created when uracil is excised from chromosomal DNA. In the frameshift-reversion assay, an unselected base substitution frequently accompanies the selected mutation, allowing the relative incorporation of each of the four dNMPs opposite endogenously created AP sites to be inferred. Results with this assay suggest that dCMP is the most frequent dNMP inserted opposite uracil-derived AP sites and demonstrate that dCMP insertion absolutely requires the catalytic activity of Rev1. In the complementary nonsense-reversion assay, dCMP insertion likewise depended on the dCMP transferase activity of Rev1. Because dAMP insertion opposite uracil-derived AP sites does not revert the nonsense allele and hence could not be detected, it also was possible to detect low levels of dGMP or dTMP insertion upon loss of Rev1 catalytic activity. These results demonstrate that the catalytic activity of Rev1 is biologically relevant and is required specifically for dCMP insertion during the bypass of endogenous AP sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayun Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
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42
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Moores CJ, Fenech M, O’Callaghan NJ. Telomere dynamics: the influence of folate and DNA methylation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1229:76-88. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zeitlin SG, Chapados BR, Baker NM, Tai C, Slupphaug G, Wang JYJ. Uracil DNA N-glycosylase promotes assembly of human centromere protein A. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17151. [PMID: 21399697 PMCID: PMC3047565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Uracil is removed from DNA by the conserved enzyme Uracil DNA N-glycosylase (UNG). Previously, we observed that inhibiting UNG in Xenopus egg extracts blocked assembly of CENP-A, a histone H3 variant. CENP-A is an essential protein in all species, since it is required for chromosome segregation during mitosis. Thus, the implication of UNG in CENP-A assembly implies that UNG would also be essential, but UNG mutants lacking catalytic activity are viable in all species. In this paper, we present evidence that UNG2 colocalizes with CENP-A and H2AX phosphorylation at centromeres in normally cycling cells. Reduction of UNG2 in human cells blocks CENP-A assembly, and results in reduced cell proliferation, associated with increased frequencies of mitotic abnormalities and rapid cell death. Overexpression of UNG2 induces high levels of CENP-A assembly in human cells. Using a multiphoton laser approach, we demonstrate that UNG2 is rapidly recruited to sites of DNA damage. Taken together, our data are consistent with a model in which the N-terminus of UNG2 interacts with the active site of the enzyme and with chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G Zeitlin
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
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Pontinha ADR, Jorge SMA, Chiorcea Paquim AM, Diculescu VC, Oliveira-Brett AM. In situ evaluation of anticancer drug methotrexate-DNA interaction using a DNA-electrochemical biosensor and AFM characterization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:5227-34. [PMID: 21359288 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02377a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An in situ evaluation of the dsDNA-methotrexate (MTX) interaction was performed by voltammetry using a DNA-electrochemical biosensor and characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) at a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface. Electrochemical experiments in incubated solutions showed that the interaction of MTX with dsDNA leads to modifications to the dsDNA structure in a time-dependent manner. The AFM images show reorganization of the DNA self-assembled network on the surface of the HOPG electrode upon binding methotrexate and the formation of a more densely packed and slightly thicker MTX-dsDNA lattice with a large number of aggregates embedded into the network film. The intercalation of MTX between complementary base pairs of dsDNA lead to the increase of purine oxidation peaks due to the unwinding of the dsDNA. The dsDNA-electrochemical biosensor and the purinic homo-polynucleotide single stranded sequences of guanosine and adenosine, poly[G] and poly[A]-electrochemical biosensors, were used to investigate and understand the interaction between MTX and dsDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dora Rodrigues Pontinha
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
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Ross KA. Evidence for somatic gene conversion and deletion in bipolar disorder, Crohn's disease, coronary artery disease, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, type-1 diabetes, and type-2 diabetes. BMC Med 2011; 9:12. [PMID: 21291537 PMCID: PMC3048570 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-9-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During gene conversion, genetic information is transferred unidirectionally between highly homologous but non-allelic regions of DNA. While germ-line gene conversion has been implicated in the pathogenesis of some diseases, somatic gene conversion has remained technically difficult to investigate on a large scale. METHODS A novel analysis technique is proposed for detecting the signature of somatic gene conversion from SNP microarray data. The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium has gathered SNP microarray data for two control populations and cohorts for bipolar disorder (BD), cardiovascular disease (CAD), Crohn's disease (CD), hypertension (HT), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type-1 diabetes (T1D) and type-2 diabetes (T2D). Using the new analysis technique, the seven disease cohorts are analyzed to identify cohort-specific SNPs at which conversion is predicted. The quality of the predictions is assessed by identifying known disease associations for genes in the homologous duplicons, and comparing the frequency of such associations with background rates. RESULTS Of 28 disease/locus pairs meeting stringent conditions, 22 show various degrees of disease association, compared with only 8 of 70 in a mock study designed to measure the background association rate (P < 10-9). Additional candidate genes are identified using less stringent filtering conditions. In some cases, somatic deletions appear likely. RA has a distinctive pattern of events relative to other diseases. Similarities in patterns are apparent between BD and HT. CONCLUSIONS The associations derived represent the first evidence that somatic gene conversion could be a significant causative factor in each of the seven diseases. The specific genes provide potential insights about disease mechanisms, and are strong candidates for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Andrew Ross
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Roche B, Claës A, Rougeon F. Deoxyuridine triphosphate incorporation during somatic hypermutation of mouse VkOx genes after immunization with phenyloxazolone. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4777-82. [PMID: 20861355 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Somatic hypermutation (SHM) of Ig genes is the result of a two-phase process initiated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase, relying on two different strategies for the introduction of mutations at CG pairs (phase I) and at AT pairs (phase II). To explain the selectivity of phase II, two mechanisms were proposed: AT-selective error-prone DNA-polymerases, deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) incorporation, or both. However, there has been no experimental evidence so far of the possible involvement of the latter. We have developed a ligation-anchored PCR method based on the formation of single-strand breaks at uracils. In this study, we show the presence of uracil in hypermutating VkOx genes in wild type (AID(+/+)) mice, demonstrating that dUTP incorporation via DNA polymerases could be a major mechanism in SHM. Thus, error-prone DNA polymerases would participate in SHM via low-fidelity replication and incorporation of dUTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Roche
- Unité de Génétique et Biochimie du Développement and Unité de Recherche Associée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2581, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Thymidylate synthase inhibition induces p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptotic responses in human urinary bladder cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 137:359-74. [PMID: 20425122 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In search for more effective clinical protocols, the antimetabolite drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been successfully included in new regimens of bladder cancer combination chemotherapy. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of 5-FU treatment on apoptosis induction in wild-type and mutant p53 urinary bladder cancer cells. METHODS We have used MTT-based assays, FACS analysis, Western blotting and semi-quantitative RT-PCR in RT4 and RT112 (grade I, wild-type p53), as well as in T24 (grade III, mutant p53) and TCCSUP (grade IV, mutant p53) human urinary bladder cancer cell lines. RESULTS In the urothelial bladder cancer cell lines RT4 and T24, 5-FU-induced TS inhibition proved to be associated with cell type-dependent (a) sensitivity to the drug, (b) Caspase-mediated apoptosis, (c) p53 stabilization and activation, as well as Rb phosphorylation and E2F1 expression and (d) transcriptional regulation of p53 target genes and their cognate proteins, while an E2F-dependent transcriptional network did not seem to be critically engaged in such type of responses. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that in the wild-type p53 context of RT4 cells, 5-FU-triggered apoptosis was prominently efficient and mainly regulated by p53-dependent mechanisms, whereas the mutant p53 environment of T24 cells was able to provide notable levels of resistance to apoptosis, basically ascribed to E2F-independent, and still unidentified, pathways. Nevertheless, the differential vulnerability of RT4 and T24 cells to 5-FU administration could also be associated with cell-type-specific transcriptional expression patterns of certain genes critically involved in 5-FU metabolism.
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Abasic sites in the transcribed strand of yeast DNA are removed by transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:3206-15. [PMID: 20421413 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00308-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abasic (AP) sites are potent blocks to DNA and RNA polymerases, and their repair is essential for maintaining genome integrity. Although AP sites are efficiently dealt with through the base excision repair (BER) pathway, genetic studies suggest that repair also can occur via nucleotide excision repair (NER). The involvement of NER in AP-site removal has been puzzling, however, as this pathway is thought to target only bulky lesions. Here, we examine the repair of AP sites generated when uracil is removed from a highly transcribed gene in yeast. Because uracil is incorporated instead of thymine under these conditions, the position of the resulting AP site is known. Results demonstrate that only AP sites on the transcribed strand are efficient substrates for NER, suggesting the recruitment of the NER machinery by an AP-blocked RNA polymerase. Such transcription-coupled NER of AP sites may explain previously suggested links between the BER pathway and transcription.
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Duthie SJ, Grant G, Pirie LP, Watson AJ, Margison GP. Folate deficiency alters hepatic and colon MGMT and OGG-1 DNA repair protein expression in rats but has no effect on genome-wide DNA methylation. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:92-100. [PMID: 20051376 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Folate deficiency is implicated in human colon cancer. The effects of feeding rats a folate-deficient diet for 24 weeks on DNA damage (8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine), DNA repair [O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase (OGG-1) activity], and epigenetic parameters (genome-wide cytosine methylation and indices of cellular methylation status) were investigated. Relative to control diet, the folate-deficient diet resulted in significantly reduced levels of serum ( approximately 80%; P < 0.0001), whole blood ( approximately 40%; P < 0.0001), and tissue folate (between 25% and 60% depending on the tissue sampled; P < 0.05); increased plasma total homocysteine ( approximately 35%; P < 0.05); and decreased S-adenosylmethionine to S-adenosylhomocysteine concentrations ( approximately 11%; P < 0.05). There was no significant change in the levels of 5-methyldeoxycytidine in liver or colon DNA, nor in the activity of liver DNA cytosine methyltransferase. However, there were significant increases in 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (P < 0.001) in lymphocyte DNA and in levels of the DNA repair proteins OGG-1 ( approximately 27%; P < 0.03) and MGMT ( approximately 25%; P < 0.003) in the liver, but not in the colon. This may reflect the ability of the liver, but not the colon, to upregulate DNA repair enzymes in response to either elevated DNA damage or an imbalance in the nucleotide precursor pool. These results show that folate deficiency can significantly modulate DNA damage and DNA repair, providing mechanisms by which it plays a role in the etiology of human cancer. We speculate that the inability of colon tissue to respond to folate deficiency occurs in humans and may increase the potential for malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Duthie
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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Røe OD, Anderssen E, Sandeck H, Christensen T, Larsson E, Lundgren S. Malignant pleural mesothelioma: genome-wide expression patterns reflecting general resistance mechanisms and a proposal of novel targets. Lung Cancer 2010; 67:57-68. [PMID: 19380173 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is an asbestos-related multi-resistant tumour with increasing incidence worldwide. Well-characterized snap-frozen normal parietal, visceral pleura and mesothelioma samples were analysed with Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 GeneChip oligoarray of 38500 genes. We discovered a close relation between gene profile and resistance towards topoisomerase poisons, alkylating agents, antitubulines, antifolates, platinum compounds and radiation therapy. Target genes of chemo- (e.g. TOP2A, BIRC5/Survivin and proteasome) and radiotherapy (e.g. BRCA2, FANCA, FANCD2, CCNB1 and RAD50) were significantly overexpressed. The Fanconi anemia/BRCA2 pathway, responsible for homologous recombination DNA repair appears as a key pathway in both chemo- and radio-resistance of mesothelioma. Leukocyte trans-endothelial migration gene down-regulation could partly explain resistance against immunological therapies. Gene expression features found in other resistant cancer types related to DNA repair and replication are shared by mesothelioma and could represent general features of tumour resistance. Targeted suppression of some of those key genes and pathways combined with chemotherapy or radiation could improve the outcome of mesothelioma therapy. We propose CHEK1, RAD21, FANCD2 and RAN as new co-targets for mesothelioma treatment. The pro-angiogenic AGGF1 mRNA and protein was highly overexpressed in all tumours and may serve as a target for anti-angiogenic treatment. Overexpression of NQO1 may render mesothelioma sensitive to the novel compound beta-Lapachone.
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