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Chen H, He M, Cao J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Yu Q, Wang A, Xuan J, Li T. Acupuncture and moxibustion intervention in functional dyspepsia: Gastric and duodenal regulation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35696. [PMID: 39263151 PMCID: PMC11386019 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a brain-gut interaction disorder located in the stomach and duodenum, which has complex pathophysiological mechanisms, and there is no effective treatment for FD. Acupuncture and moxibustion have been proven to have definite and significant efficacy on FD. Focusing on the affected area and combined with the potential pathophysiology of FD, here we discuss the possible mechanisms of acupuncture and moxibustion in treating FD to guide future clinical and experimental research. We argue that the pathological causes of FD can be roughly divided into gastrointestinal dysfunction, duodenal low-grade inflammation, visceral hypersensitivity, and duodenal intestinal barrier and microbial imbalance. Correspondingly, the possible mechanisms of acupuncture and moxibustion in treating FD are elucidated from the perspective of how they improve gastric accommodation, regulate gastrointestinal motility, reduce gastric visceral sensitivity, regulate eosinophil-mast cell axis, inhibit low-grade inflammatory responses, and possibly regulate intestinal microbial homeostasis and duodenal barrier function through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Although some evidence is still lacking, acupuncture remains a promising treatment for FD. In the future, it is necessary to conduct additional clinical and experimental research on acupuncture and moxibustion in treating FD to further explore their effects and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiu Chen
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035, Boshuo Rd, Jingyue Economic Development District, 130117, Changchun, PR China
| | - Min He
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035, Boshuo Rd, Jingyue Economic Development District, 130117, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jiazhen Cao
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035, Boshuo Rd, Jingyue Economic Development District, 130117, Changchun, PR China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035, Boshuo Rd, Jingyue Economic Development District, 130117, Changchun, PR China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035, Boshuo Rd, Jingyue Economic Development District, 130117, Changchun, PR China
| | - Qianhui Yu
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035, Boshuo Rd, Jingyue Economic Development District, 130117, Changchun, PR China
| | - Anjie Wang
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035, Boshuo Rd, Jingyue Economic Development District, 130117, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jing Xuan
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1478, Gongnong Rd, Chaoyang District, 130021, Changchun, PR China
| | - Tie Li
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035, Boshuo Rd, Jingyue Economic Development District, 130117, Changchun, PR China
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Asaji S, Funai Y, Seki Y, Tamai I, Shirasaka Y. Contributions of Multiple Transport Mechanisms to Intestinal Uptake of Serotonin. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00268-5. [PMID: 39278593 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the contributions of multiple transport mechanisms to the intestinal uptake of serotonin (5-HT) by employing a variety of in vitro experimental techniques, focusing on organic cation transporters expressed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as SERT, PMAT, THTR2, OCT3, and OCTN2. Analysis of the concentration dependence of 5-HT uptake by Caco-2 cells revealed multi-affinity kinetics with high-affinity and low-affinity components, suggesting that multiple transporters are involved in the intestinal 5-HT uptake. Comparative analysis of transporters using Km values obtained in Xenopus oocyte expression systems suggested that SERT is responsible for the high-affinity transport, while PMAT, THTR2, and OCT3 contribute to the low-affinity transport. Further analysis indicated that the relative contributions of SERT and PMAT to the intestinal 5-HT uptake (0.01 µM) are approximately 94.9% and 1.1%, respectively. Interestingly, at the concentration of 10 µM, the reported steady-state concentration of 5-HT in the human colon, the contributions of SERT, PMAT, THTR2, and OCT3 were estimated to be approximately 37.0%, 1.0%, 18.2%, and 20.5%, respectively. In conclusion, the present study indicated that the contributions of multiple transporters to 5-HT uptake in the GI tract are dependent upon the colon luminal concentration of 5-HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Asaji
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuta Funai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuta Seki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Shirasaka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Wang Z, Liu C, Hu K, Zuo M, Tian Z, Wei Y, Zhou Q, Li Q. Postoperative delayed gastric emptying: may gut microbiota play a role? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1449530. [PMID: 39193506 PMCID: PMC11347441 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1449530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Postoperative delayed gastric emptying is a prevalent complication following surgical procedures, imposing heavy physical and financial burdens on patients. However, current treatment options remain suboptimal. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have highlighted that the gut microbiota and its metabolites are closely associated with postoperative complications. Various factors can disrupt the gut microbiome after surgery. This review discusses the potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota and their metabolites may contribute to the pathogenesis of postoperative delayed gastric emptying. However, the current knowledge base is limited in terms of fully understanding the exact mechanisms involved. It is therefore evident that further research is required to fully elucidate the role of the gut microbiome in postoperative delayed gastric emptying, with the aim of uncovering new possibilities for preventive measures and therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Wang
- Graduate School of Beijing, University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Oncology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanbo Liu
- Graduate School of Beijing, University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiwen Hu
- Graduate School of Beijing, University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Minghuan Zuo
- Graduate School of Beijing, University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Graduate School of Beijing, University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wei
- Graduate School of Beijing, University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Graduate School of Beijing, University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Quanwang Li
- Graduate School of Beijing, University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Dissinger A, Rimoldi S, Terova G, Kwasek K. Chronic social isolation affects feeding behavior of juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307967. [PMID: 39058733 PMCID: PMC11280532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Many organisms exhibit social behaviors and are part of some scheme of social structure. Zebrafish are highly social, shoaling fish and therefore, social isolation may have notable impacts on their physiology and behavior. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of social isolation on feed intake, monoaminergic system related gene expression, and intestinal health of juvenile zebrafish fed a high-inclusion soybean meal based diet. At 20 days post-fertilization zebrafish were randomly assigned to chronic isolation (1 fish per 1.5 L tank) or social housing (6 fish per 9 L tank) with 18 tanks per treatment group (n = 18). Dividers were placed between all tanks to prevent visual cues between fish. Zebrafish were fed a commercial fishmeal based diet until 35 days post-fertilization and then fed the experimental high-inclusion soybean meal based diet until 50 days post-fertilization. At the end of the experiment (51 days post-fertilization), the mean total length, weight, and weight gain were not significantly different between treatment groups. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio were significantly higher in chronic isolation fish than in social housing fish. Expression of monoaminergic and appetite-related genes were not significantly different between groups. The chronic isolation group showed higher expression of the inflammatory gene il-1b, however, average intestinal villi width was significantly smaller and average length-to-width ratio was significantly higher in chronic isolation fish, suggesting morphological signs of inflammation were not present at the time of sampling. These results indicate that chronic isolation positively affects feed intake of juvenile zebrafish and suggest that isolation may be useful in promoting feed intake of less-palatable diets such as those based on soybean meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey Dissinger
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University – Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Simona Rimoldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Genciana Terova
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Karolina Kwasek
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University – Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
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Wu Y, Su Q. Harnessing the Gut Microbiome: To What Extent Can Pre-/Probiotics Alleviate Immune Activation in Autism Spectrum Disorder? Nutrients 2024; 16:2382. [PMID: 39125263 PMCID: PMC11314583 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at an increased risk of experiencing gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort, which has been linked to dysfunctions in the microbiome-gut-brain axis. The bidirectional communication between gut and brain plays a crucial role in the overall health of individuals, and alterations in the gut microbiome can contribute to immune activation and gut-brain dysfunction in ASD. Despite the limited and controversial results of pre-/probiotic applications in ASD, this review comprehensively maps the association between ASD clinical symptoms and specific bacterial taxa and evaluates the efficacy of pre-/probiotics in modulating microbiota composition, reducing inflammatory biomarkers, alleviating difficulties in GI distress, sleep problems, core and other ASD-associated symptoms, as well as relieving parental concerns, separately, in individuals with ASD. Beyond simply targeting core ASD symptoms, this review highlights the potential of pre-/probiotic supplementations as a strategy to modulate gut homeostasis and immune response, and to delineate the potential mechanisms by which its direct or mediating effects can alleviate gut-brain dysfunction and poor nutritional status in ASD management. Further well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to strengthen the existing evidence and establish optimal protocols for the use of pre-/probiotics in the context of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Wu
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qi Su
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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6
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Bajaj A, Markandey M, Kedia S, Ahuja V. Gut bacteriome in inflammatory bowel disease: An update on recent advances. Indian J Gastroenterol 2024; 43:103-111. [PMID: 38374283 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-024-01541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory gut disorders, majorly classified as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The complex, multifactorial etiopathogenesis of IBD involves genetic predisposition, environmental cues, aberrant mucosal immune response and a disturbed gut microbiota. Epidemiological trends, studies in gnotobiotic mice models and genome-wide association studies, identifying genes involved in microbial handling, together mount evidence in support of the gut microbiota playing a pivotal role in IBD pathogenesis. Both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are characterized by severe dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, marked by an expansion of detrimental taxa and concomitant depletion of beneficial members. IBD is characterized by reduction in abundances of bacterial genera involved in production of short-chain fatty acids, bio-transformations of bile acids and synthesis of indole-based tryptophan compounds such as Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, Dorea, Parabacteroides, Eubacterium, Oscillibacter and Prevotella and elevation in members of phyla Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. This imbalance not only results in exaggerated immune signaling towards the microbial antigens, but also results in an altered metabolomic milieu that triggers additional inflammatory cascades. The present review provides insights into the bacterial dysbiosis observed across different intestinal sites and their metabolomic imprints participating in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bajaj
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Manasvini Markandey
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Saurabh Kedia
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India.
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7
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Grondin JA, Khan WI. Emerging Roles of Gut Serotonin in Regulation of Immune Response, Microbiota Composition and Intestinal Inflammation. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2024; 7:88-96. [PMID: 38314177 PMCID: PMC10836984 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the exact etiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is unknown, studies have shown that dysregulated immune responses, genetic factors, gut microbiota, and environmental factors contribute to their pathogenesis. Intriguingly, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) seems to be a molecule with increasingly strong implications in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation, affecting host physiology, including autophagy and immune responses, as well as microbial composition and function. 5-HT may also play a role in mediating how environmental effects impact outcomes in IBD. In this review, we aim to explore the production and important functions of 5-HT, including its impact on the gut. In addition, we highlight the bidirectional impacts of 5-HT on the immune system, the gut microbiota, and the process of autophagy and how these effects contribute to the manifestation of intestinal inflammation. We also explore recent findings connecting 5-HT signalling and the influence of environmental factors, particularly diet, in the pathogenesis of IBD. Ultimately, we explore the pleiotropic effects of this ancient molecule on biology and health in the context of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensine A Grondin
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Akram N, Faisal Z, Irfan R, Shah YA, Batool SA, Zahid T, Zulfiqar A, Fatima A, Jahan Q, Tariq H, Saeed F, Ahmed A, Asghar A, Ateeq H, Afzaal M, Khan MR. Exploring the serotonin-probiotics-gut health axis: A review of current evidence and potential mechanisms. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:694-706. [PMID: 38370053 PMCID: PMC10867509 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Modulatory effects of serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) have been seen in hepatic, neurological/psychiatric, and gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits to their host. Recent research has suggested that probiotics can promote serotonin signaling, a crucial pathway in the regulation of mood, cognition, and other physiological processes. Reviewing the literature, we find that peripheral serotonin increases nutrient uptake and storage, regulates the composition of the gut microbiota, and is involved in mediating neuronal disorders. This review explores the mechanisms underlying the probiotic-mediated increase in serotonin signaling, highlighting the role of gut microbiota in the regulation of serotonin production and the modulation of neurotransmitter receptors. Additionally, this review discusses the potential clinical implications of probiotics as a therapeutic strategy for disorders associated with altered serotonin signaling, such as GI and neurological disorders. Overall, this review demonstrates the potential of probiotics as a promising avenue for the treatment of serotonin-related disorders and signaling of serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Akram
- Department of Food and NutritionGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Zargham Faisal
- Department of Human NutritionBahauddin Zakariya University MultanMultanPakistan
| | - Rushba Irfan
- Faculty of Food Nutrition & Home SciencesUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Yasir Abbas Shah
- Natural & Medical Science Research CenterUniversity of NizwaNizwaOman
| | - Syeda Ayesha Batool
- Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Toobaa Zahid
- Department of Food and NutritionGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Aqsa Zulfiqar
- Department of Food and NutritionGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Areeja Fatima
- National Institute of Food Science & TechnologyUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Qudsia Jahan
- Department of Food and NutritionGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Hira Tariq
- Department of Food and NutritionGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmed
- Department of Nutritional SciencesGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Aasma Asghar
- Department of Nutritional SciencesGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Huda Ateeq
- Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Department of Food ScienceGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Mahbubur Rahman Khan
- Department of Food Processing and PreservationHajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology UniversityDinajpurBangladesh
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Niu B, Pan T, Xiao Y, Wang H, Zhu J, Tian F, Lu W, Chen W. The therapeutic potential of dietary intervention: based on the mechanism of a tryptophan derivative-indole propionic acid on metabolic disorders. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38189263 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2299744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Tryptophan (TRP) contributes to individual immune homeostasis and good condition via three complex metabolism pathways (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), kynurenine (KP), and gut microbiota pathway). Indole propionic acid (IPA), one of the TRP derivatives of the microbiota pathway, has raised more attention because of its impact on metabolic disorders. Here, we retrospect increasing evidence that TRP metabolites/IPA derived from its proteolysis impact host health and disease. IPA can activate the immune system through aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and/or Pregnane X receptor (PXR) as a vital mediator among diet-caused host and microbe cross-talk. Different levels of IPA in systemic circulation can predict the risk of NAFLD, T2DM, and CVD. IPA is suggested to alleviate cognitive impairment from oxidative damage, reduce gut inflammation, inhibit lipid accumulation and attenuate the symptoms of NAFLD, putatively enhance the intestinal epithelial barrier, and maintain intestinal homeostasis. Now, we provide a general description of the relationships between IPA and various physiological and pathological processes, which support an opportunity for diet intervention for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hongchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jinlin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Hu X, He Z, Zhao C, He Y, Qiu M, Xiang K, Zhang N, Fu Y. Gut/rumen-mammary gland axis in mastitis: Gut/rumen microbiota-mediated "gastroenterogenic mastitis". J Adv Res 2024; 55:159-171. [PMID: 36822391 PMCID: PMC10770137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastitis is an inflammatory response in the mammary gland that results in huge economic losses in the breeding industry. The aetiology of mastitis is complex, and the pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. It is commonly believed that mastitis is induced by pathogen infection of the mammary gland and induces a local inflammatory response. However, in the clinic, mastitis is often comorbid or secondary to gastric disease, and local control effects targeting the mammary gland are limited. In addition, recent studies have found that the gut/rumen microbiota contributes to the development of mastitis and proposed the gut/rumen-mammary gland axis. Combined with studies indicating that gut/rumen microbiota disturbance can damage the gut mucosa barrier, gut/rumen bacteria and their metabolites can migrate to distal extraintestinal organs. It is believed that the occurrence of mastitis is related not only to the infection of the mammary gland by external pathogenic microorganisms but also to a gastroenterogennic pathogenic pathway. AIM OF REVIEW We propose the pathological concept of "gastroenterogennic mastitis" and believe that the gut/rumen-mammary gland axis-mediated pathway is the pathological mechanism of "gastroenterogennic mastitis". KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW To clarify the concept of "gastroenterogennic mastitis" by summarizing reports on the effect of the gut/rumen microbiota on mastitis and the gut/rumen-mammary gland axis-mediated pathway to provide a research basis and direction for further understanding and solving the pathogenesis and difficulties encountered in the prevention of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Zhaoqi He
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Caijun Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Yuhong He
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Kaihe Xiang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China
| | - Naisheng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China.
| | - Yunhe Fu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, China.
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11
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Abubaker S, Miri S, Mottawea W, Hammami R. Microbial Extracellular Vesicles in Host-Microbiota Interactions. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 73:475-520. [PMID: 39242390 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles have emerged as key players in cellular communication, influencing various physiological processes and pathophysiological progression, including digestion, immune response, and tissue repairs. Recently, a class of EVs derived from microbial communities has gained significant attention due to their pivotal role in intercellular communication and their potential as biomarkers and biotherapeutic agents. Microbial EVs are membrane-bound molecules encapsulating bioactive metabolites that modulate host physiological and pathological processes. This chapter discusses the evolving history of microbiota-produced EVs, including their discovery, characterization, current research status, and their diverse mechanisms of interaction with other microbes and hosts. This review also highlights the importance of EVs in health and disease and discusses recent research that shows promising results for the therapeutic potential of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Abubaker
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Saba Miri
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Walid Mottawea
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Riadh Hammami
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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12
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Stafuzza NB, Freitas ACD, Mioto MB, Silva RMDO, Fragomeni BDO, Pedrosa VB, Costa RLDD, Paz CCPD. Weighted single-step genome-wide association study and functional enrichment analyses for gastrointestinal nematode resistance traits in Santa Ines sheep. Vet Parasitol 2023; 323:110047. [PMID: 37857178 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify genomic regions, pathways, and putative candidate genes associated with resistance to gastrointestinal nematode in Santa Ines sheep. The phenotypic information comprised 5529 records from 1703 naturally infected animals. After genomic data quality control, 37,511 SNPs from 589 animals were available. The weighted single-step approach for genome-wide association study was performed to estimate the SNP effects and variances accounted by 10-SNP sliding windows. Confirming the polygenic nature of the studied traits, 20, 22, 21, and 19 genomic windows that explained more than 0.5% of the additive genetic variance were identified for fecal egg counts (FEC), Famacha© (FAM), packed cell volume (PCV), and total plasma protein (TPP), respectively. A total of 81, 122, 106, and 101 protein-coding genes were found in windows associated with FEC, FAM, PCV, and TPP, respectively. Several protein-coding genes related to the immune system and inflammatory response functions were identified within those genomic regions, such as ADCY9, ADRB2, BRAF, CADM1, CCL20, CD70, CREBBP, FNBP1, HTR4, IL16, IL22, IL26, MAPK8, NDFIP1, NLRC3, PAK5, PLCB1, PLCB4, ROCK1, TEK, TNFRSF12A, and VAV1. Functional enrichment analysis by DAVID tool also revealed many significant (P < 0.05) pathways and Gene Ontology terms that could be related to resistance to gastrointestinal nematode in Santa Ines sheep, such as chemokine signaling pathway (oas04062), cAMP signaling pathway (oas04024), cGMP-PKG signaling pathway (Oas04022), platelet activation (Oas04611), Rap1 signaling pathway (oas04015), and oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (GO:0016705). These results contribute to improving the knowledge of the genetic architecture of resistance to gastrointestinal nematode in Santa Ines sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedenia Bonvino Stafuzza
- Sustainable Livestock Research Center, Animal Science Institute, 15130-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Claudia de Freitas
- São Paulo Agency of Agribusiness and Technology, Animal Science Institute, 13380-011 Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil; Agricultural Research Agency of the State of Minas Gerais, 38709-899 Patos de Minas, MG, Brazil
| | - Marina B Mioto
- Sustainable Livestock Research Center, Animal Science Institute, 15130-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Victor Breno Pedrosa
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Ponta Grossa, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lopes Dias da Costa
- São Paulo Agency of Agribusiness and Technology, Animal Science Institute, 13380-011 Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil
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13
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Shaw C, Hess M, Weimer BC. Microbial-Derived Tryptophan Metabolites and Their Role in Neurological Disease: Anthranilic Acid and Anthranilic Acid Derivatives. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1825. [PMID: 37512997 PMCID: PMC10384668 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome provides the host access to otherwise indigestible nutrients, which are often further metabolized by the microbiome into bioactive components. The gut microbiome can also shift the balance of host-produced compounds, which may alter host health. One precursor to bioactive metabolites is the essential aromatic amino acid tryptophan. Tryptophan is mostly shunted into the kynurenine pathway but is also the primary metabolite for serotonin production and the bacterial indole pathway. Balance between tryptophan-derived bioactive metabolites is crucial for neurological homeostasis and metabolic imbalance can trigger or exacerbate neurological diseases. Alzheimer's, depression, and schizophrenia have been linked to diverging levels of tryptophan-derived anthranilic, kynurenic, and quinolinic acid. Anthranilic acid from collective microbiome metabolism plays a complex but important role in systemic host health. Although anthranilic acid and its metabolic products are of great importance for host-microbe interaction in neurological health, literature examining the mechanistic relationships between microbial production, host regulation, and neurological diseases is scarce and at times conflicting. This narrative review provides an overview of the current understanding of anthranilic acid's role in neurological health and disease, with particular focus on the contribution of the gut microbiome, the gut-brain axis, and the involvement of the three major tryptophan pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Shaw
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Matthias Hess
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bart C Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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14
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Shafai G, Aungst TD. Prescription digital therapeutics: A new frontier for pharmacists and the future of treatment. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2023; 63:1030-1034. [PMID: 37019379 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Within digital health, digital therapeutics (DTx) are increasingly used to provide clinical treatment. DTx are evidence-based, U.S. Food and Drug Administration-authorized software to treat or manage medical conditions and are available either via prescription or as nonprescription products. DTx that require clinician initiation and oversight are called prescription DTx (PDTs). DTx and PDTs have unique mechanisms of action and are expanding treatment options beyond traditional pharmacotherapy. They may be implemented on their own or used in combination with a drug and in some cases may be the only treatment option for a particular disease state. This article explains how DTx and PDTs function and how these technologies can be incorporated by pharmacists as they attend to their patients' care.
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15
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Wang S, van Schooten FJ, Jin H, Jonkers D, Godschalk R. The Involvement of Intestinal Tryptophan Metabolism in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Identified by a Meta-Analysis of the Transcriptome and a Systematic Review of the Metabolome. Nutrients 2023; 15:2886. [PMID: 37447212 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence is emerging for the role of intestinal tryptophan metabolism in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In order to identify the role of altered intestinal tryptophan metabolism in IBD pathogenesis, a meta-analysis of the transcriptome was performed to identify differentially expressed genes involved in the tryptophan metabolism pathways in intestinal biopsies of IBD as compared to non-IBD controls. Moreover, a systematic review of the metabolome was performed to identify the concurrent changes in tryptophan metabolites. Integration of the transcriptome and metabolome identified various alterations in intestinal tryptophan metabolism during active disease in IBD patients, including decreased intestinal tryptophan absorption, enhanced kynurenine pathway, increased interstitial serotonin availability, changed indole pathway, and activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling. Therefore, a network of intestinal tryptophan metabolism pathways in IBD could be established, helping to assess the potential of genes and metabolites involved in these pathways as diagnostic markers and targets for IBD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Han Jin
- Department of Pathology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daisy Jonkers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roger Godschalk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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16
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Buey B, Forcén A, Grasa L, Layunta E, Mesonero JE, Latorre E. Gut Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids: Novel Regulators of Intestinal Serotonin Transporter. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051085. [PMID: 37240731 DOI: 10.3390/life13051085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a key neurotransmitter synthesized both in the gut and the central nervous system. It exerts its signaling through specific receptors (5-HTR), which regulate numerous behaviors and functions such as mood, cognitive function, platelet aggregation, gastrointestinal motility, and inflammation. Serotonin activity is determined mainly by the extracellular availability of 5-HT, which is controlled by the serotonin transporter (SERT). Recent studies indicate that, by activation of innate immunity receptors, gut microbiota can modulate serotonergic signaling by SERT modulation. As part of its function, gut microbiota metabolize nutrients from diet to produce different by-products, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs): propionate, acetate, and butyrate. However, it is not known whether these SCFAs regulate the serotonergic system. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of SCFAs on the gastrointestinal serotonergic system using the Caco-2/TC7 cell line that expresses SERT and several receptors constitutively. Cells were treated with different SCFAs concentrations, and SERT function and expression were evaluated. In addition, the expression of 5-HT receptors 1A, 2A, 2B, 3A, 4, and 7 was also studied. Our results show that the microbiota-derived SCFAs regulate intestinal serotonergic system, both individually and in combination, modulating the function and expression of SERT and the 5-HT1A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT7 receptors expression. Our data highlight the role of gut microbiota in the modulation of intestinal homeostasis and suggest microbiome modulation as a potential therapeutic treatment for intestinal pathologies and neuropsychiatric disorders involving serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Buey
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Forcén
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Grasa
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Layunta
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose Emilio Mesonero
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Latorre
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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17
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Neumann J, Hofmann B, Dhein S, Gergs U. Cardiac Roles of Serotonin (5-HT) and 5-HT-Receptors in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4765. [PMID: 36902195 PMCID: PMC10003731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin acts solely via 5-HT4-receptors to control human cardiac contractile function. The effects of serotonin via 5-HT4-receptors lead to positive inotropic and chronotropic effects, as well as arrhythmias, in the human heart. In addition, 5-HT4-receptors may play a role in sepsis, ischaemia, and reperfusion. These presumptive effects of 5-HT4-receptors are the focus of the present review. We also discuss the formation and inactivation of serotonin in the body, namely, in the heart. We identify cardiovascular diseases where serotonin might play a causative or additional role. We address the mechanisms which 5-HT4-receptors can use for cardiac signal transduction and their possible roles in cardiac diseases. We define areas where further research in this regard should be directed in the future, and identify animal models that might be generated to this end. Finally, we discuss in what regard 5-HT4-receptor agonists or antagonists might be useful drugs that could enter clinical practice. Serotonin has been the target of many studies for decades; thus, we found it timely to summarise our current knowledge here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Neumann
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06097 Halle, Germany
| | - Britt Hofmann
- Cardiac Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06097 Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan Dhein
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig, D-04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gergs
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06097 Halle, Germany
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18
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TATSUOKA M, SHIMADA R, OHSAKA F, SONOYAMA K. Administration of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum suppresses the increase of colonic serotonin and alleviates symptoms in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2023; 42:186-194. [PMID: 37404566 PMCID: PMC10315192 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2022-073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that altered gut serotonin (5-HT) signaling is implicated in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Indeed, 5-HT administration reportedly exacerbated the severity of murine dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis that mimics human IBD. Our recent study suggested that Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, one of the most predominant bifidobacterial species in various mammals, reduces the colonic 5-HT content in mice. The present study thus tested whether the administration of B. pseudolongum prevents DSS-induced colitis in mice. Colitis was induced by administering 3% DSS in drinking water in female BALB/c mice, and B. pseudolongum (109 CFU/day) or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA, 200 mg/kg body weight) was intragastrically administered once daily throughout the experimental period. B. pseudolongum administration reduced body weight loss, diarrhea, fecal bleeding, colon shortening, spleen enlargement, and colon tissue damage and increased colonic mRNA levels of cytokine genes (Il1b, Il6, Il10, and Tnf) almost to an extent similar to 5-ASA administration in DSS-treated mice. B. pseudolongum administration also reduced the increase of colonic 5-HT content, whereas it did not alter the colonic mRNA levels of genes that encode the 5-HT synthesizing enzyme, 5-HT reuptake transporter, 5-HT metabolizing enzyme, and tight junction-associated proteins. We propose that B. pseudolongum is as beneficial against murine DSS-induced colitis as the widely used anti-inflammatory agent 5-ASA. However, further studies are needed to clarify the causal relationship between the reduced colonic 5-HT content and reduced severity of DSS-induced colitis caused by B. pseudolongum administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa TATSUOKA
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9,
Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Riku SHIMADA
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9,
Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Fumina OHSAKA
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Research Faculty of
Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kei SONOYAMA
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Research Faculty of
Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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19
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Implications of Transglutaminase-Mediated Protein Serotonylation in the Epigenetic Landscape, Small Cell Lung Cancer, and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041332. [PMID: 36831672 PMCID: PMC9954789 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the case of small-cell lung carcinoma, the highly metastatic nature of the disease and the propensity for several chromatin modifiers to harbor mutations suggest that epigenetic manipulation may also be a promising route for oncotherapy, but histone deacetylase inhibitors on their own do not appear to be particularly effective, suggesting that there may be other regulatory parameters that dictate the effectiveness of vorinostat's reversal of histone deacetylation. Recent discoveries that serotonylation of histone H3 alters the permissibility of gene expression have led to renewed attention to this rare modification, as facilitated by transglutaminase 2, and at the same time introduce new questions about whether this modification belongs to a part of the concerted cohort of regulator events for modulating the epigenetic landscape. This review explores the mechanistic details behind protein serotonylation and its possible connections to the epigenome via histone modifications and glycan interactions and attempts to elucidate the role of transglutaminase 2, such that optimizations to existing histone deacetylase inhibitor designs or combination therapies may be devised for lung and other types of cancer.
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20
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Wang Y, Geng R, Zhao Y, Fang J, Li M, Kang SG, Huang K, Tong T. The gut odorant receptor and taste receptor make sense of dietary components: A focus on gut hormone secretion. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:6975-6989. [PMID: 36785901 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2177610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Odorant receptors (ORs) and taste receptors (TRs) are expressed primarily in the nose and tongue in which they transduce electrical signals to the brain. Advances in deciphering the dietary component-sensing mechanisms in the nose and tongue prompted research on the role of gut chemosensory cells. Acting as the pivotal interface between the body and dietary cues, gut cells "smell" and "taste" dietary components and metabolites by taking advantage of chemoreceptors-ORs and TRs, to maintain physiological homeostasis. Here, we reviewed this novel field, highlighting the latest discoveries pertinent to gut ORs and TRs responding to dietary components, their impacts on gut hormone secretion, and the mechanisms involved. Recent studies indicate that gut cells sense dietary components including fatty acid, carbohydrate, and phytochemical by activating relevant ORs, thereby modulating GLP-1, PYY, CCK, and 5-HT secretion. Similarly, gut sweet, umami, and bitter receptors can regulate the gut hormone secretion and maintain homeostasis in response to dietary components. A deeper understanding of the favorable influence of dietary components on gut hormone secretion via gut ORs and TRs, coupled with the facts that gut hormones are involved in diverse physiological or pathophysiological phenomena, may ultimately lead to a promising treatment for various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ruixuan Geng
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jingjing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mengjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Seong-Gook Kang
- Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muangun, Korea
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tao Tong
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, PR China
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21
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Claudino Dos Santos JC, Lima MPP, Brito GADC, Viana GSDB. Role of enteric glia and microbiota-gut-brain axis in parkinson disease pathogenesis. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 84:101812. [PMID: 36455790 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis or simple gut-brain axis (GBA) is a complex and interactive bidirectional communication network linking the gut to the brain. Alterations in the composition of the gut microbiome have been linked to GBA dysfunction, central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, and dopaminergic degeneration, as those occurring in Parkinson's disease (PD). Besides inflammation, the activation of brain microglia is known to play a central role in the damage of dopaminergic neurons. Inflammation is attributed to the toxic effect of aggregated α-synuclein, in the brain of PD patients. It has been suggested that the α-synuclein misfolding might begin in the gut and spread "prion-like", via the vagus nerve into the lower brainstem and ultimately to the midbrain, known as the Braak hypothesis. In this review, we discuss how the microbiota-gut-brain axis and environmental influences interact with the immune system to promote a pro-inflammatory state that is involved in the initiation and progression of misfolded α-synuclein proteins and the beginning of the early non-motor symptoms of PD. Furthermore, we describe a speculative bidirectional model that explains how the enteric glia is involved in the initiation and spreading of inflammation, epithelial barrier disruption, and α-synuclein misfolding, finally reaching the central nervous system and contributing to neuroinflammatory processes involved with the initial non-motor symptoms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio César Claudino Dos Santos
- Medical School of the Christus University Center - UNICHRISTUS, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | | | - Gerly Anne de Castro Brito
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department of the Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Morphology Department of the Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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22
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Jiang X, Mao L, Xia Y, Fan Y, Li N, Jiang Z, Qin X, Jiang Y, Liu G, Qiu F, Zhang J, Zou Z, Chen C. Disruption of the lung-gut-brain axis is responsible for cortex damage induced by pulmonary exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles. Toxicology 2023; 485:153390. [PMID: 36535435 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that gut microbiota is important for host health in response to metal nanomaterials exposure. However, the effect of gut microbiota on the cortex damage caused by pulmonary exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) remains mainly unknown. In this study, a total of 48 adult C57BL/6J mice were intratracheally instilled with 0.6 mg/kg ZnONPs in the presence or absence of antibiotics (ABX) treatment. Besides, 24 mice were treated with or without fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) after the intraperitoneal administration of ABX. Our results demonstrated for the first time that dysbiosis induced by ABX treatment significantly aggravated cortex damage induced by pulmonary exposure to ZnONPs. Such damage might highly occur through the induction of oxidative stress, manifested by the enhancement of antioxidative enzymes and products of lipid peroxidation. However, ferroptosis was not involved in this process. Interestingly, our data revealed that ABX treatment exacerbated the alterations of gut-brain peptides (including Sst, Sstr2, and Htr4) induced by ZnONPs in both gut and cortex tissues. Moreover, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was able to alleviate cerebral cortex damage, oxidative stress, and alterations of gut-brain peptides induced by pulmonary exposure to ZnONPs. The results together indicate that pulmonary exposure to ZnONPs causes cerebral cortex damage possibly via the disruption of the lung-gut-brain axis. These findings not only propose valuable insights into the mechanism of ZnONPs neurotoxicity but also provide a potential therapeutic method against brain disorders induced by pulmonary exposure to ZnONPs. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the The corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yandan Zhang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Research Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China; Center of Experimental Teaching for Public Health, Experimental Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lejiao Mao
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Research Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Yinyin Xia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yinzhen Fan
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Na Li
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Ziqi Jiang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xia Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University‑Town Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Emergency, The University‑Town Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Research Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Zhen Zou
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Research Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Chengzhi Chen
- Research Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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23
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Chan DG, Ventura K, Villeneuve A, Du Bois P, Holahan MR. Exploring the Connection Between the Gut Microbiome and Parkinson's Disease Symptom Progression and Pathology: Implications for Supplementary Treatment Options. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:2339-2352. [PMID: 36278360 PMCID: PMC9837702 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of the microbiota to induce gastrointestinal inflammation is hypothesized to be a key component of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) aggregation within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in the pathological progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). The function of the GI tract is governed by a system of neurons that form part of the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS hosts 100-500 million nerve cells within two thin layers lining the GI tract. The gut-brain axis (GBA) is the major communication pathway between the ENS and the central nervous system. It has become increasingly clear that the microbiota in the gut are key regulators of GBA function and help to maintain homeostasis in the immune and endocrine systems. The GBA may act as a possible etiological launching pad for the pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD, because of an imbalance in the gut microbiota. PD is a multi-faceted illness with multiple biological, immunological, and environmental factors contributing to its pathological progression. Interestingly, individuals with PD have an altered gut microbiota compared to healthy individuals. However, there is a lack of literature describing the relationship between microbiota composition in the gut and symptom progression in PD patients. This review article examines how the pathology and symptomology of PD may originate from dysregulated signaling in the ENS. We then discuss by targeting the imbalance within the gut microbiota such as prebiotics and probiotics, some of the prodromal symptoms might be alleviated, possibly curtailing the pathological spread of aSyn and ensuing debilitating motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis G. Chan
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Correspondence to: Dennis G. Chan, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada. E-mail:
| | - Katelyn Ventura
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ally Villeneuve
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Du Bois
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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24
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Feng R, Fan Y, Chen L, Ge Q, Xu J, Yang M, Chen K. Based on 16 S rRNA sequencing and metabonomics to reveal the new mechanism of aluminum potassium sulfate induced inflammation and abnormal lipid metabolism in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114214. [PMID: 36327783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
More and more discoveries have been made about the chronic toxic effects of aluminum, but the specific mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, we explored the perturbation of aluminum on intestinal microflora and its effects on host and microbial metabolites through a more realistic nutrient absorption model. The microorganisms Turicibacter, Lactobacillus murinus, Lactobacillus_reuteri and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum may be the main targets of the aluminum affecting microbiota. Lysine, proline, putrescine, serotonin and cholesterol may be important metabolites affected by aluminum ions after the interference of intestinal flora composition, leading to abnormal metabolism pathways of amino acids and lipids in the body, and thus promoting inflammation and lesion. The possible mechanisms of aluminum action on the body: (1) Affecting immune cell response, ROS generation and production of a series of pro-inflammatory factors to promote inflammation; (2) Through the disturbance of intestinal microbiota composition structure, change the abundance of metabolites, and then affect amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism pathways. The joint analysis of multiple omics showed significant difference in microbiome abundance and metabolomics expression between high dose group and the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Feng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yixuan Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ming Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.
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25
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Jia J, Wang M, Xing S, Huang Z, Jiang Y. Crosstalk between enteric serotonergic neurons and colorectal cancer stem cells to initiate colorectal tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1054590. [PMID: 36408175 PMCID: PMC9666786 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1054590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuqiao Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhihui Huang, ; Yuanyuan Jiang,
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhihui Huang, ; Yuanyuan Jiang,
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26
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Kwan AC, Olson DE, Preller KH, Roth BL. The neural basis of psychedelic action. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1407-1419. [PMID: 36280799 PMCID: PMC9641582 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Psychedelics are serotonin 2A receptor agonists that can lead to profound changes in perception, cognition and mood. In this review, we focus on the basic neurobiology underlying the action of psychedelic drugs. We first discuss chemistry, highlighting the diversity of psychoactive molecules and the principles that govern their potency and pharmacokinetics. We describe the roles of serotonin receptors and their downstream molecular signaling pathways, emphasizing key elements for drug discovery. We consider the impact of psychedelics on neuronal spiking dynamics in several cortical and subcortical regions, along with transcriptional changes and sustained effects on structural plasticity. Finally, we summarize neuroimaging results that pinpoint effects on association cortices and thalamocortical functional connectivity, which inform current theories of psychedelic action. By synthesizing knowledge across the chemical, molecular, neuronal, and network levels, we hope to provide an integrative perspective on the neural mechanisms responsible for the acute and enduring effects of psychedelics on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C. Kwan
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Correspondence: ; ; ;
| | - David E. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Correspondence: ; ; ;
| | - Katrin H. Preller
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Correspondence: ; ; ;
| | - Bryan L. Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, National Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Correspondence: ; ; ;
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27
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Costas C, Louzao MC, Raposo-García S, Vale C, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Intestinal secretory mechanisms in Okadaic acid induced diarrhoea. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 169:113449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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28
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Mießner H, Seidel J, Smith ESJ. In vitro models for investigating itch. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:984126. [PMID: 36385768 PMCID: PMC9644192 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.984126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Itch (pruritus) is a sensation that drives a desire to scratch, a behavior observed in many animals. Although generally short-lasting and not causing harm, there are several pathological conditions where chronic itch is a hallmark symptom and in which prolonged scratching can induce damage. Finding medications to counteract the sensation of chronic itch has proven difficult due to the molecular complexity that involves a multitude of triggers, receptors and signaling pathways between skin, immune and nerve cells. While much has been learned about pruritus from in vivo animal models, they have limitations that corroborate the necessity for a transition to more human disease-like models. Also, reducing animal use should be encouraged in research. However, conducting human in vivo experiments can also be ethically challenging. Thus, there is a clear need for surrogate models to be used in pre-clinical investigation of the mechanisms of itch. Most in vitro models used for itch research focus on the use of known pruritogens. For this, sensory neurons and different types of skin and/or immune cells are stimulated in 2D or 3D co-culture, and factors such as neurotransmitter or cytokine release can be measured. There are however limitations of such simplistic in vitro models. For example, not all naturally occurring cell types are present and there is also no connection to the itch-sensing organ, the central nervous system (CNS). Nevertheless, in vitro models offer a chance to investigate otherwise inaccessible specific cell–cell interactions and molecular pathways. In recent years, stem cell-based approaches and human primary cells have emerged as viable alternatives to standard cell lines or animal tissue. As in vitro models have increased in their complexity, further opportunities for more elaborated means of investigating itch have been developed. In this review, we introduce the latest concepts of itch and discuss the advantages and limitations of current in vitro models, which provide valuable contributions to pruritus research and might help to meet the unmet clinical need for more refined anti-pruritic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Mießner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Dermatological Skin Care, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Judith Seidel
- Dermatological Skin Care, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ewan St. John Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ewan St. John Smith,
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29
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Hatamnejad MR, Baradaran Ghavami S, Shirvani M, Asghari Ahmadabad M, Shahrokh S, Farmani M, Sherkat G, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Zali MR. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and inflammatory bowel disease; Beneficial or malpractice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:980189. [PMID: 36275739 PMCID: PMC9583131 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.980189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IBD, a chronic inflammatory disease, has been manifested as a growing health problem. No Crohn's and Colitis councils have officially ratified anti-depressants as a routine regimen for IBD patients. However, some physicians empirically prescribe them to rectify functional bowel consequences such as pain and alleviate psychiatric comorbidities. On the other side, SSRIs' prescription is accompanied by adverse effects such as sleep disturbances. Prolonged intermittent hypoxia throughout sleep disturbance such as sleep apnea provokes periodic reductions in the partial oxygen pressure gradient in the gut lumen. It promotes gut microbiota to dysbiosis, which induces intestinal inflammation. This phenomenon and evidence representing the higher amount of serotonin associated with Crohn's disease challenged our previous knowledge. Can SSRIs worsen the IBD course? Evidence answered the question with the claim on anti-inflammatory properties (central and peripheral) of SSRIs and illuminated the other substantial elements (compared to serotonin elevation) responsible for IBD pathogenesis. However, later clinical evidence was not all in favor of the benefits of SSRIs. Hence, in this review, the molecular mechanisms and clinical evidence are scrutinized and integrated to clarify the interfering molecular mechanism justifying both supporting and disproving clinical evidence. Biphasic dose-dependent serotonin behavior accompanying SSRI shifting function when used up for the long-term can be assumed as the parameters leading to IBD patients' adverse outcomes. Despite more research being needed to elucidate the effect of SSRI consumption in IBD patients, periodic prescriptions of SSRIs at monthly intervals can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Hatamnejad
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Baradaran Ghavami
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Shirvani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Shabnam Shahrokh
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Farmani
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazal Sherkat
- Medicine Faculty of Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Buey B, Layunta E, Latorre E, Mesonero JE. Potential role of milk bioactive peptides on the serotonergic system and the gut-brain axis. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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Lu Y, Li J, Dong L, Luo P, Zhang G, Rong W. Activation of uroepithelial 5-HT4R inhibits mechanosensory activity of murine bladder afferent nerves. Front Physiol 2022; 13:990178. [PMID: 36176773 PMCID: PMC9514655 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.990178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is known to act via multiple 5-HT receptors at spinal and supraspinal levels to regulate micturition. However, the contribution of peripheral 5-HT and its receptors in bladder physiology and pathology is not very well understood, despite evidence showing expression of multiple 5-HT receptors in the bladder wall and 5-HT may activate bladder afferent nerves. The current study was designed to investigate the possible role of 5-HT4R in modulation of the sensitivity of bladder afferents to bladder filling. Immunofluorescent staining showed abundant 5-HT4R immunoreactivity largely confined to the uroepithelium in wild type (WT) but not 5-HT4R−/− mice. In the ex vivo bladder-pelvic nerve preparation, intravesical application of the 5-HT4R agonist RS67333 (1–30 μm) caused concentration-dependent decreases of the pelvic nerve response to bladder filling. Such effect was not observed in the presence of 5-HT4R antagonist GR125487 or in 5-HT4R−/− preparations. A cohort of 5-HT4R−/− and WT control mice were treated with intraperitoneal injections of cyclophosphamide (CYP) (75 mg/kg, three times at 2 days interval) to induce chronic cystitis. Void spot analysis showed that CYP-treated 5-HT4R−/− mice urinated more frequently than their CYP-treated WT counterparts. Concomitantly, bladder afferents of CYP-treated 5-HT4R−/− mice displayed exaggerated sensitivity to bladder filling in comparison with the CYP-treated WT controls. These data suggest that 5-HT4R expressed on uroepithelial cells plays an inhibitory role in mechanosensory transduction in the bladder. Loss of 5-HT4R-mediated inhibition may enhance bladder afferent sensitivity and exacerbate bladder overactivity in pathological conditions. We propose that 5-HT4R agonists might be exploited for the treatment of overactive and painful bladder symptoms.
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Zinsser-Krys J, Kapitza C, Böhnke L, van der Keylen P, Neuhuber WL, Wörl J. Neurochemical classification of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons co-innervating motor endplates in the mouse esophagus. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 306:960-971. [PMID: 35838072 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin immunoreactivity was previously found in myenteric neurons co-innervating motor endplates in the mouse esophagus striated muscle and an involvement in motility control was suggested. However, it is not known if other neuroactive substances are present in these neurons and to what extent they co-localize. First, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was established as a bona fide marker for putative inhibitory myenteric neurons by evaluating co-localization with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Then, co-localization of serotonin and VIP was tested in co-innervating axons on motor endplates, which were visualized with α-bungarotoxin (α-BT) by multilabel immunofluorescence. Myenteric ganglia were also surveyed for co-localization in neuronal perikarya and varicosities. nNOS, NPY, and VIP were completely co-localized in enteric co-innervating nerve terminals on motor endplates. After co-staining with VIP, we found (a) serotonin (5-HT)-positive nerve endings without VIP (44% of 5-HT-positively innervated endplates), (b) 5-HT- and VIP-positive endings without co-localization (35%), and (c) 5-HT- and VIP-positive endings with co-localization (21%). About one-fifth of nerve terminals on motor endplates containing 5-HT originate from putative inhibitory peptidegic nitrergic neurons. However, the majority represents a different population presumably subserving different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillena Zinsser-Krys
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christopher Kapitza
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lena Böhnke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Piet van der Keylen
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Winfried L Neuhuber
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wörl
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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33
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Barra NG, Kwon YH, Morrison KM, Steinberg GR, Wade MG, Khan WI, Vijayan MM, Schertzer JD, Holloway AC. Increased gut serotonin production in response to bisphenol A structural analogs may contribute to their obesogenic effects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E80-E091. [PMID: 35575233 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00049.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesogens are synthetic, environmental chemicals that can disrupt endocrine control of metabolism and contribute to the risk of obesity and metabolic disease. Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most studied obesogens. There is considerable evidence that BPA exposure is associated with weight gain, increased adiposity, poor blood glucose control, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in animal models and human populations. Increased usage of structural analogs of BPA has occurred in response to legislation banning their use in some commercial products. However, BPA analogs may also cause some of the same metabolic impairments because of common mechanisms of action. One key effector that is altered by BPA and its analogs is serotonin, however, it is unknown if BPA-induced changes in peripheral serotonin pathways underlie metabolic perturbations seen with BPA exposure. Upon ingestion, BPA and its analogs act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the gastrointestinal tract to influence serotonin production by the gut, where over 95% of serotonin is produced. The purpose of this review is to evaluate how BPA and its analogs alter gut serotonin regulation and then discuss how disruption of serotonergic networks influences host metabolism. We also provide evidence that BPA and its analogs enhance serotonin production in gut enterochromaffin cells. Taken together, we propose that BPA and many BPA analogs represent endocrine-disrupting chemicals that can influence host metabolism through the endogenous production of gut-derived factors, such as serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G Barra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yun Han Kwon
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine M Morrison
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Wade
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan D Schertzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison C Holloway
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Fluoxetine reduces organ injury and improves motor function after traumatic brain injury in mice. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2022; 93:38-42. [PMID: 35727591 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in trauma patients worldwide. Brain injury is associated with significant inflammation, both within the brain and in the peripheral organs. This inflammatory response in TBI leads to a secondary injury, worsening the effects of the original brain injury. Serotonin is also linked to inflammation in the intestine and inflammatory bowel disease, but its role in the gut-brain axis is not known. We hypothesized that using fluoxetine to block serotonin reuptake would reduce organ inflammation and improve outcomes after TBI. METHODS C57/B6 mice were given a severe TBI using a controlled cortical impact. To measure intestinal permeability, a piece of terminal ileum was resected, the lumen was filled with 4-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, and the ends were tied. The intestinal segment was submerged in buffer and fluorescence in the buffer measured over time. To measure lung permeability, 70-kDa FITC-dextran is injected retro-orbitally. Thirty minutes later, the left lung was homogenized and the fluorescence was measured. To measure performance on the rota-rod, mice were placed on a spinning rod, and the time to fall off was measured. Those treated with fluoxetine received a single dose of 5 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection immediately after injury. RESULTS Traumatic brain injury was associated with an increase in intestinal permeability to FITC-dextran, increased lung vascular permeability, and worse performance on the rota-rod. Fluoxetine significantly reduced lung and intestinal permeability after TBI and improved performance on the rota-rod after TBI. CONCLUSION Use of fluoxetine has the potential to reduce lung injury and improve motor coordination in severe TBI patients. Further study will be needed to elucidate the mechanism behind this effect.
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35
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Gu Y, Wang C, Qin X, Zhou B, Liu X, Liu T, Xie R, Liu J, Wang B, Cao H. Saccharomyces boulardii, a yeast probiotic, inhibits gut motility through upregulating intestinal serotonin transporter and modulating gut microbiota. Pharmacol Res 2022; 181:106291. [PMID: 35690329 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) is a widely used fungal probiotic in treating various digestive diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, the specific mechanisms of Sb relieving IBS remain unclear. The abnormal serotonin transporter (SERT) / 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) system could cause disordered gastrointestinal sensation and motility, which closely related to IBS pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to explore the effects and mechanisms of Sb on regulating gut motility. Sb supernatant (SbS) was administered to intestinal epithelial cells and mice. SbS upregulated SERT expression via enhancing heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) release to activate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGFR kinase inhibitor treatment or HB-EGF siRNA transfection in cells blocked SbS upregulating SERT. Consistently, SbS-treated mice presented inhibited gut motility, and EGFR activation and SERT upregulation were found. Moreover, 16 S rDNA sequence presented an evident decrease in Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes ratio in SbS group. In genus level, SbS reduced Escherichia_Shigella, Alistipes, Clostridium XlVa, and Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis, meanwhile, increased Parasutterella. The abundance of Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis positively correlated with defecation parameters and intestinal 5-HT content. Fecal microbiota transplantation showed that SbS could modulate gut microbiota to influence gut motility. Interestingly, elimination of gut microbiota with antibiotic cocktail did not entirely block SbS regulating gut motility. Furthermore, SbS administration to IBS-D mice significantly upregulated SERT and inhibited gut motility. In conclusion, SbS could upregulate SERT by EGFR activation, and modulate gut microbiota to inhibit gut motility. This finding would provide more evidence for the application of this yeast probiotic in IBS and other diarrheal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China
| | - Xiali Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China
| | - Bingqian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China
| | - Runxiang Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin TeDa Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China.
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China.
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36
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Kwon YH, Khan WI. Peripheral Serotonin: Cultivating Companionship with Gut Microbiota in Intestinal Homeostasis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C550-C555. [PMID: 35759441 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00433.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is an evolutionarily ancient and phylogenetically conserved monoamine that regulates multifaceted physiological functions in mammals. 5-HT was, at one time, most extensively studied as a neurotransmitter within the central nervous system but is now known to regulate non-neuronal functions including immune responses in an autocrine-paracrine-endocrine manner. Compelling evidence from intervention studies using germ-free mice or antibiotic-associated microbiota perturbation suggests that novel interactions between 5-HT and the gut microbiota are essential in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Importantly, recent studies reveal that bidirectional host-microbial interactions mediated by the host serotonergic system can promote distinct changes within the gut microbiota. These changes may potentially lead to a state known as 'dysbiosis' which has been strongly associated with various gut pathologies including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this review, we update the current understanding of host-microbiota interaction by focusing on the impact of peripheral 5-HT signaling within this dynamic. We also briefly highlight key environmental risk factors for IBD, such as Western diet, and draw attention to the interaction of synthetic food colorants with 5-HT signaling that may facilitate future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Han Kwon
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Sri Rethinavel H, Selvaraj DB, Balakrishnan SJ, Vergil Andrews JF, Joseph JHM, Kandasamy M. Omeprazole treatment manifests anxiolytic effects in a cysteamine hydrochloride induced mouse model of gastrointestinal disorder. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09787. [PMID: 35800723 PMCID: PMC9253648 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), has widely been used to treat various gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Notably, many clinical symptoms of GI disorders have been known to be associated with anxiety. In recent years, an exponentially increased number of subjects with abnormal ageing, neurological deficits, and psychiatric problems simultaneously exhibit GI dysfunctions as well as anxiety. Considering the fact, drugs that are used to treat GI disorders can be speculated to mitigate anxiety-related symptoms, and vice versa. Although, omeprazole treatment has been reported to result in development of anxiety and neurocognitive decline, ample reports suggest that omeprazole treatment is beneficial for the positive regulation of neuroplasticity. While underlying mechanisms of omeprazole-mediated neurological alterations remain obscure, the available scientific data on the omeprazole induced adverse effects in the brain appear to be inadequate, uncertain, and controversial. Hence, this study revisited the effect of omeprazole treatment on the degree of anxiety-like behaviours in a cysteamine hydrochloride (HCl) induced mouse model of GI disorder using open field test (OFT), light-dark box (LDB) test and elevated plus maze (EPM). Results revealed that omeprazole treatment mitigates anxiety-related behaviours in the cysteamine HCl induced animal model of GI disorder. Thus, this study assuredly supports and validates the anxiolytic properties of omeprazole. However, the adverse effects associated with inappropriate intake of omeprazole may not completely be excluded. Therefore, this study advocates the future direction in determining the long-term effects of omeprazole on the brain functions.
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38
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Severance EG. Fungal Forces in Mental Health: Microbial Meddlers or Function Fixers? Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 61:163-179. [PMID: 35543867 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the mental health field, the gut-brain axis and associated pathways represent putative mechanisms by which gastrointestinal (GI) microbes and their gene products and metabolites can access and influence the central nervous system (CNS). These GI-centered investigations focus on bacteria, with significant information gaps existing for other microbial community members, such as fungi. Fungi are part of a complex and functionally diverse taxonomic kingdom whose interactions with hosts can be conversely deadly and beneficial. As serious sources of morbidity and mortality, fungal pathogens can quickly turn healthy microbiomes into toxic cycles of inflammation, gut permeability, and dysbiosis. Fungal commensals are also important human symbionts that provide a rich source of physiological functions to the host, such as protection against intestinal injuries, maintenance of epithelial structural integrities, and immune system development and regulation. Promising treatment compounds derived from fungi include antibiotics, probiotics, and antidepressants. Here I aim to illuminate the many attributes of fungi as they are applicable to overall improving our understanding of the mechanisms at work in psychiatric disorders. Healing the gut and its complex ecosystem is currently achievable through diet, probiotics, prebiotics, and other strategies, yet it is critical to recognize that the success of these interventions relies on a more precisely defined role of the fungal and other non-bacterial components of the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Severance
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Gonçalves S, Nunes-Costa D, Cardoso SM, Empadinhas N, Marugg JD. Enzyme Promiscuity in Serotonin Biosynthesis, From Bacteria to Plants and Humans. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:873555. [PMID: 35495641 PMCID: PMC9048412 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.873555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is a phylogenetically ancient compound found in animals, plants, and some bacteria. In eukaryotes, serotonin is synthesized from the aromatic amino acid tryptophan via the key enzymes aromatic amino acid hydroxylase (AAAH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD). Serotonin is also an intermediate in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway and is involved in several vital functions. In humans, serotonin is produced in the gut and in the brain, is critical in the regulation of multiple body functions, and its depletion has been implicated in multiple neurological disorders including depression and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as other peripheral conditions namely irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia. The serotonin biosynthetic pathway is well described in eukaryotes, but very little is known about this pathway in bacteria. Evidence points to similar pathways since eukaryote-like AAAH and AAAD (and their genes) have been identified in multiple bacteria, even though serotonin production has not yet been detected in most species. Although data on bacterial tryptophan decarboxylase genes are very limited and no bacterial tryptophan hydroxylase genes have been identified to date, evidence suggests that serotonin production in bacteria might occur through different AAAH and AAAD. Substrate promiscuity in these enzymes has been previously reported and seems to be the key aspect in bacterial serotonin synthesis. Considering the human gut microbiota as a potential source of serotonin, further investigation on its biosynthetic pathways in microbes might lead to important discoveries, which may ultimately foster the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat serotonin depletion-related disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gonçalves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Nunes-Costa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,PhD Program in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Morais Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - John David Marugg
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Causes Changes in Serotonin-Positive Neurons in the Small Intestine in Pig Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094564. [PMID: 35562954 PMCID: PMC9099899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter of the central and peripheral nervous systems, predominantly secreted in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the gut. 5-HT is a crucial enteric signaling molecule and is well known for playing a key role in sensory-motor and secretory functions in the gut. Gastroenteropathy is one of the most clinical problems in diabetic patients with frequent episodes of hyperglycemia. Changes in 5-HT expression may mediate gastrointestinal tract disturbances seen in diabetes, such as nausea and diarrhea. Based on the double immunohistochemical staining, this study determined the variability in the population of 5-HT-positive neurons in the porcine small intestinal enteric neurons in the course of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The results show changes in the number of 5-HT-positive neurons in the examined intestinal sections. The greatest changes were observed in the jejunum, particularly within the myenteric plexus. In the ileum, both de novo 5-HT synthesis in the inner submucosal plexus neurons and an increase in the number of neurons in the outer submucosal plexus were noted. The changes observed in the duodenum were also increasing in nature. The results of the current study confirm the previous observations concerning the involvement of 5-HT in inflammatory processes, and an increase in the number of 5-HT -positive neurons may also be a result of increased concentration of the 5-HT in the gastrointestinal tract wall and affects the motor and secretory processes, which are particularly intense in the small intestines.
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41
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Fu Y, Hu J, Erasmus MA, Johnson TA, Cheng HW. Effects of early-life cecal microbiota transplantation from divergently selected inbred chicken lines on growth, gut serotonin, and immune parameters in recipient chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101925. [PMID: 35613492 PMCID: PMC9130533 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that fecal microbiota transplantation exerts beneficial effects on modulating stress-related inflammation and gastrointestinal health of the host. The aim of this study was to examine if cecal microbiota transplantation (CMT) presents similar efficiency in improving the health status of egg-laying strain chickens. Chicken lines 63 and 72 divergently selected for resistance or susceptibility to Marek's disease were used as CMT donors. Eighty-four d-old male recipient chicks (a commercial DeKalb XL layer strain) were randomly assigned into 3 treatments with 7 replicates per treatment and 4 birds per replicate (n = 7): saline (control, CTRL), cecal solution of line 63 (63-CMT), and cecal solution of line 72 (72-CMT) for a 16-wk trial. Cecal transplant gavage was conducted once daily from d 1 to d 10, then boosted once weekly from wk 3 to wk 5. The results indicated that 72-CMT birds had the highest body weight and ileal villus/crypt ratio among the treatments at wk 5 (P ≤ 0.05); and higher heterophil/lymphocyte ratios than that of 63-CMT birds at wk 16 (P < 0.05). 72-CMT birds also had higher levels of plasma natural IgG and Interleukin (IL)-6 at wk 16, while 63-CMT birds had higher concentrations of ileal mucosal secretory IgA at wk 5 and plasma IL-10 at wk 16 (P < 0.05), with a tendency for lower mRNA abundance of splenic IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α at wk 16 (P = 0.08 and 0.07, respectively). In addition, 72-CMT birds tended to have the lowest serotonin concentrations (P = 0.07) with the highest serotonin turnover in the ileum at wk 5 (P < 0.05). There were no treatment effects on the levels of plasma corticosterone and testosterone at wk 16 (P > 0.05). In conclusion, early postnatal CMT from different donors led to different patterns of growth and health status through the regulation of ileal morphological structures, gut-derived serotonergic activities, peripheral cytokines, and antibody production in recipient chickens.
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Banskota S, Khan WI. Gut-derived serotonin and its emerging roles in immune function, inflammation, metabolism and the gut-brain axis. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2022; 29:177-182. [PMID: 35197425 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To shed light on the recently uncovered diverse role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) in the regulation of immune functions, inflammation, metabolism, and gut-brain axis. RECENT FINDINGS Peripheral 5-HT which accounts for approximately 95% of the total is largely synthesized in the gut by enterochromaffin cells. Enterochromaffin cells release 5-HT in response to various stimuli including microbial products. Released 5-HT influences secretomotor, sensory and immune functions as well as inflammatory processes in the gut. 5-HT released from enterochromaffin cells enters circulation and is taken up and concentrated in platelets. 5-HT released from the activated platelets interacts with different organs to alter their metabolic activity. 5-HT also serves as a link in the gut-brain axis. SUMMARY Emerging evidence regarding the role of peripheral 5-HT in the regulation of various physiological and pathophysiological conditions opens up new targets for researchers to explore and for clinicians to treat and manage different diseases associated with the altered 5-HT signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhrid Banskota
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Rezzani R, Franco C, Franceschetti L, Gianò M, Favero G. A Focus on Enterochromaffin Cells among the Enteroendocrine Cells: Localization, Morphology, and Role. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073758. [PMID: 35409109 PMCID: PMC8998884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium plays a key role in managing the relationship with the environment, the internal and external inputs, and their changes. One percent of the gut epithelium is represented by the enteroendocrine cells. Among the enteroendocrine cells, a group of specific cells characterized by the presence of yellow granules, the enterochromaffin cells, has been identified. These granules contain many secretion products. Studies showed that these cells are involved in gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions and hyperalgesia; their number increases in these conditions both in affected and not-affected zones of the gut. Moreover, they are involved in the preservation and modulation of the intestinal function and motility, and they sense metabolic-nutritional alterations. Sometimes, they are confused or mixed with other enteroendocrine cells, and it is difficult to define their activity. However, it is known that they change their functions during diseases; they increased in number, but their involvement is related mainly to some secretion products (serotonin, melatonin, substance P). The mechanisms linked to these alterations are not well investigated. Herein, we provide an up-to-date highlight of the main findings about these cells, from their discovery to today. We emphasized their origin, morphology, and their link with diet to better evaluate their role for preventing or treating metabolic disorders considering that these diseases are currently a public health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rezzani
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.); (M.G.); (G.F.)
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research “Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs—(ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Italian Society of Orofacial Pain (SISDO), 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0303-717-483
| | - Caterina Franco
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.); (M.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Lorenzo Franceschetti
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.); (M.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Marzia Gianò
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.); (M.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Gaia Favero
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.); (M.G.); (G.F.)
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research “Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs—(ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Tao E, Zhu Z, Hu C, Long G, Chen B, Guo R, Fang M, Jiang M. Potential Roles of Enterochromaffin Cells in Early Life Stress-Induced Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:837166. [PMID: 35370559 PMCID: PMC8964523 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.837166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders, also known as disorders of the gut–brain interaction; however, the pathophysiology of IBS remains unclear. Early life stress (ELS) is one of the most common risk factors for IBS development. However, the molecular mechanisms by which ELS induces IBS remain unclear. Enterochromaffin cells (ECs), as a prime source of peripheral serotonin (5-HT), play a pivotal role in intestinal motility, secretion, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, and visceral sensation. ECs can sense various stimuli and microbiota metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secondary bile acids. ECs can sense the luminal environment and transmit signals to the brain via exogenous vagal and spinal nerve afferents. Increasing evidence suggests that an ECs-5-HT signaling imbalance plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of ELS-induced IBS. A recent study using a maternal separation (MS) animal model mimicking ELS showed that MS induced expansion of intestinal stem cells and their differentiation toward secretory lineages, including ECs, leading to ECs hyperplasia, increased 5-HT production, and visceral hyperalgesia. This suggests that ELS-induced IBS may be associated with increased ECs-5-HT signaling. Furthermore, ECs are closely related to corticotropin-releasing hormone, mast cells, neuron growth factor, bile acids, and SCFAs, all of which contribute to the pathogenesis of IBS. Collectively, ECs may play a role in the pathogenesis of ELS-induced IBS. Therefore, this review summarizes the physiological function of ECs and focuses on their potential role in the pathogenesis of IBS based on clinical and pre-clinical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enfu Tao
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Wenling Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Wenling, China
| | - Zhenya Zhu
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenmin Hu
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao Long
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marong Fang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mizu Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Mizu Jiang,
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Sheftel CM, Sartori LC, Hunt ER, Manuel RSJ, Bell AM, Domingues RR, Wake LA, Scharpf BR, Vezina CM, Charles JF, Hernandez LL. Peripartal treatment with low-dose sertraline accelerates mammary gland involution and has minimal effects on maternal and offspring bone. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15204. [PMID: 35234346 PMCID: PMC8889862 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Women mobilize up to 10% of their bone mass during lactation to provide milk calcium. About 8%–13% of mothers use selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) to treat peripartum depression, but SSRIs independently decrease bone mass. Previously, peripartal use of the SSRI fluoxetine reduced maternal bone mass sustained post‐weaning and reduced offspring bone length. To determine whether these effects were fluoxetine‐specific or consistent across SSRI compounds, we examined maternal and offspring bone health using the most prescribed SSRI, sertraline. C57BL/6 mice were given 10 mg/kg/day sertraline, from the beginning of pregnancy through the end of lactation. Simultaneously, we treated nulliparous females on the same days as the primiparous groups, resulting in age‐matched nulliparous groups. Dams were euthanized at lactation day 10 (peak lactation, n = 7 vehicle; n = 9 sertraline), lactation day 21 (weaning, n = 9 vehicle; n = 9 sertraline), or 3m post‐weaning (n = 10 vehicle; n = 10 sertraline) for analysis. Offspring were euthanized at peak lactation or weaning for analysis. We determined that peripartum sertraline treatment decreased maternal circulating calcium concentrations across the treatment period, which was also seen in nulliparous treated females. Sertraline reduced the bone formation marker, procollagen 1 intact N‐terminal propeptide, and tended to reduce maternal BV/TV at 3m post‐weaning but did not impact maternal or offspring bone health otherwise. Similarly, sertraline did not reduce nulliparous female bone mass. However, sertraline reduced immunofluorescence staining of the tight junction protein, zona occludens in the mammary gland, and altered alveoli morphology, suggesting sertraline may accelerate mammary gland involution. These findings indicate that peripartum sertraline treatment may be a safer SSRI for maternal and offspring bone rather than fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M Sheftel
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Luma C Sartori
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Emily R Hunt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robbie S J Manuel
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Autumn M Bell
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rafael R Domingues
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lella A Wake
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brandon R Scharpf
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Chad M Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Julia F Charles
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura L Hernandez
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Deng W, Li F, Ke H, Wang S, Li Z, Lv P, Chen Y. Effect of Metformin in Autistic BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J Mice Administered a High-Fat Diet. Brain Res Bull 2022; 183:172-183. [PMID: 35240246 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The biological mechanisms linking diet-related obesity and autism-related behaviors remain unclear. We aimed to characterize these interactions, focusing on gut microbiota, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels, and autistic behaviors in an animal model for autism; a high-fat diet (HFD) BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse. In this model, we also examined the medication effects of metformin (Met) which is known to ameliorate several symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Therefore, we hypothesized that HFD exacerbates BTBR autistic symptoms, which can be alleviated by Met, and the effects are associated with serotonin and the microbiota. As expected, compared with mice fed a normal diet, ten-week HFD-fed mice showed increased body weight, adiposity, and glucose levels. HFD consumption markedly aggravated repetitive behaviors in the self-grooming test. Met reduced HFD-induced hyperactivity. Notably, HFD intervention rescued sociability in the three-chamber sociability test. Furthermore, HFD stimulated tryptophan production, which was inhibited by Met. In contrast, 5-HT levels were lower in the gut and higher in the cortex in the HFD group. Moreover, Met suppressed inflammation in the hippocampus of HFD-fed mice by significantly downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (NF-κB, IL-17A, and IL-6). HFD increased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and Met supplementation decreased richness while increasing bacterial diversity. We found that the abundance of gut microbiota (Lachnoclostridium, Anaerotruncus, Mucispirillum, and Lactococcus) was correlated with behavior scores and 5-HT levels. Overall, HFD consumption improved sociality in BTBR mice, which was related to the modulation of 5-HT levels and the composition of the microbiota. Met did not show any significant positive effects on the autism phenotype associated with HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510655, Guangzhou, China; Wenlin Deng, Fang Li, Haoran Ke and Siqi Wang are co-first authors
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology Endoscopy center, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China; Wenlin Deng, Fang Li, Haoran Ke and Siqi Wang are co-first authors
| | - Haoran Ke
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Wenlin Deng, Fang Li, Haoran Ke and Siqi Wang are co-first authors
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zitong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pinjing Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Metformin Alleviates Autistic-Like Behaviors Elicited by High-Fat Diet Consumption and Modulates the Crosstalk Between Serotonin and Gut Microbiota in Mice. Behav Neurol 2022; 2022:6711160. [PMID: 35222739 PMCID: PMC8872653 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6711160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological mechanisms linking diet-related obesity and autistic behaviors remain unclear. Metformin has proven to be beneficial in the treatment of many syndromes, including autism spectrum disorder. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess whether metformin treatment could ameliorate metabolic and behavioral alterations in C57BL/6 mice kept on a high-fat diet (HFD), and whether these changes were related to modifications in the gut microbiota and 5-HT levels. As expected, ten weeks of HFD ingestion increased body weight, adiposity, and glucose levels. HFD-fed mice showed a marked aggravation of repetitive behaviors (marble burying and self-grooming), and this was prevented by metformin administration. In addition, HFD-fed mice increased the total distance travelled in the open field test. This hyperactivity was counteracted by metformin cotreatment. In the elevated plus maze test, HFD-fed mice showed a reduced number of entries into the open arms. Interestingly, both HFD and metformin cotreatment increased social interactions in the three-chamber test. HFD increased the levels of intestinal tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Metformin stimulated gut tryptophan and promoted the synthesis of 5-HT in the HFD group. Lactococcus, Trichococcus, Romboutsia, and Faecalibaculum were enriched in HFD-fed mice, whereas the HFD group cotreated with metformin was enriched in Intestinimonas and L. reuteri. Faecalibacterium was positively correlated with sociability and 5-HT pathway components in mice that received metformin. In summary, HFD consumption elicited a complex phenotype comprising higher levels of anxiety-like and repetitive behaviors but also increased sociability. Metformin could potentially improve HFD-induced disorders in the autistic spectrum through a mechanism involving positive modulation of 5-HT levels in the gut and its microbiota composition.
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Fabà L, de Groot N, Ramis G, Cabrera-Gómez CG, Doelman J. Serotonin receptors and their association with the immune system in the gastrointestinal tract of weaning piglets. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:8. [PMID: 35090573 PMCID: PMC8796611 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune cell activation and perpetuation of inflammation have been attributed to the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). Our hypothesis was that the 5-HT system plays a role in GI health and immunity in post-weaning piglets. A disruption of the 5-HT system post-weaning with transcriptional upregulation of 5-HT receptors may be linked to increased cytokine mRNA abundance and immune system activation.
Methods The objective of this exploratory study was to assess the relationship between 5-HT receptor expression and immune system biomarkers in piglets at 1 (n = 9) and 15 (n = 10) days post-weaning. The mRNA transcript abundance of three 5-HT receptors (5-HTR3, 5-HTR4, and 5-HTR7) measured in jejunum and colon tissues were used to determine the relationship with the immune system and jejunal morphometry at 2 timepoints post-weaning using correlations, mixed models, and multivariate analysis techniques. Results Overall, 5-HT receptor mRNA expression decreased from day 1 to day 15 post-weaning. Time × tissue interactions showed the lowest 5-HTR3 expression in the colon and lower 5-HTR7 expression in the jejunum at 15 days post-weaning. 5-HTR3 and 5-HTR4 expression were negatively associated with pro-inflammatory (IFN-ɣ) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and IL-12β) cytokines in jejunum, and with TNF-α in the colon at 1-day post-weaning. At 15 days post-weaning, 5-HTR3 in the colon was negatively associated with pro-inflammatory (IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, and IFN-ɣ) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and IL-12β) cytokines. Furthermore, 5-HTR7 expressed a predominantly pro-inflammatory profile (IFN-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-12α) in the jejunum at the same timepoint, whereas colonic 5-HTR7 expression was negatively correlated with IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-10 and TGF-β. Lastly, positive correlations were found for increased expression of 5-HTR4 receptor with villus height, 5-HTR7 receptor expression and crypt depth, and increased expression of 5-HTR3 and 5-HTR4 receptor with villus height to crypt depth ratio at 1-day post-weaning. Conclusions The 5-HT receptor mRNA abundance was associated with the immune system and intestinal morphometry in piglets. The 5-HT receptors were highly expressed at weaning in both jejunum and colon tissues relative to 15 days post-weaning. Although a clear relationship between immune system and 5-HTR expression is observed, particularly at day 15, a cause-consequence cannot be proven with current data. Further research is warranted to elucidate the effects of 5-HT on gastrointestinal inflammation during the weaning process in piglets, which could be the basis for new interventions to ease weaning stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Fabà
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Guillermo Ramis
- Dpto. Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Tang R, Peng X, Zhou X, Zheng Z, Yin J, Liu H. Mechanism of the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Sini Powder and Tong Xie Yao Fang Decoction Based on Network Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:3598856. [PMID: 35399629 PMCID: PMC8993579 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3598856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study used a network pharmacology approach to investigate the potential active ingredients of Sini Powder and Tong xie yao fang decoction and the underlying mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) treatment. The potential active ingredients of Sini Powder and Tong xie yao fang decoction were obtained from TCMSP databases, and the potential targets of the active ingredients were predicted and analyzed by using the Swiss Target Prediction database. T Genecard, DisGeNET, and OMIM databases were processed to screen the potential therapeutic targets in IBS. The interaction of overlapped candidates between the potential biotarget of herb extracts and the potential therapeutic target of IBS were analyzed by STRING website and visualized by the Cytoscape V3.8.0 software. Gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Genomics and Genomics Encyclopedia (KEGG) pathway were processed to categorize and map the potential biofunctions and effects of these candidates by using David database. Result. There were 139 predicted active components and 248 related biotargets of Sini Powder and Tong xie yao fang decoction which were involved in IBS treatment, and 522 annotations and 101 related pathways are obtained by enrichment analysis (P < 0.01, FDR < 0.05). The underlying mechanisms of Sini Powder and Tong xie yao fang decoction may be related to neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, calcium, cAMP, and HIF-1 signaling pathways. In conclusion, our results showed that the effect and mechanism of Sini Powder and Tong xie yao fang decoction in IBS treatment were in multi-ingredient, multitargets and multipathways, which would provide several potential and promising strategies for the further research and development of Sini Powder and Tong xie yao fang decoction on IBS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Panfu Road 1, Guangzhou 510180, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoqing Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Panfu Road 1, Guangzhou 510180, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Panfu Road 1, Guangzhou 510180, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhimin Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Panfu Road 1, Guangzhou 510180, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayu Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Panfu Road 1, Guangzhou 510180, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Gonghexiheng Street 1, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
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Gu Y, Qin X, Zhou G, Wang C, Mu C, Liu X, Zhong W, Xu X, Wang B, Jiang K, Liu J, Cao H. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supernatant promotes intestinal mucin production through regulating 5-HT4R and gut microbiota. Food Funct 2022; 13:12144-12155. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01900k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
LGGs promoted intestinal MUC2 production through regulating S100A10/5-HT4R and the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xiali Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Guoqiong Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Chenlu Mu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Weilong Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Kui Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin TEDA Hospital, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
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