1
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Georgiadis M, auf der Heiden F, Abbasi H, Ettema L, Nirschl J, Moein Taghavi H, Wakatsuki M, Liu A, Ho WHD, Carlson M, Doukas M, Koppes SA, Keereweer S, Sobel RA, Setsompop K, Liao C, Amunts K, Axer M, Zeineh M, Menzel M. Micron-resolution fiber mapping in histology independent of sample preparation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.26.586745. [PMID: 38585744 PMCID: PMC10996646 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.26.586745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of the brain's nerve fiber network is crucial for understanding its function in health and disease. However, mapping fibers with high resolution remains prohibitive in most histological sections because state-of-the-art techniques are incompatible with their preparation. Here, we present a micron-resolution light-scattering-based technique that reveals intricate fiber networks independent of sample preparation for extended fields of view. We uncover fiber structures in both label-free and stained, paraffin-embedded and deparaffinized, newly-prepared and archived, animal and human brain tissues - including whole-brain sections from the BigBrain atlas. We identify altered microstructures in demyelination and hippocampal neurodegeneration, and show key advantages over diffusion magnetic resonance imaging, polarization microscopy, and structure tensor analysis. We also reveal structures in non-brain tissues - including muscle, bone, and blood vessels. Our cost-effective, versatile technique enables studies of intricate fiber networks in any type of histological tissue section, offering a new dimension to neuroscientific and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Georgiadis
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Franca auf der Heiden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hamed Abbasi
- Department of Imaging Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Loes Ettema
- Department of Imaging Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Nirschl
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Moe Wakatsuki
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andy Liu
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Mackenzie Carlson
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michail Doukas
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sjors A. Koppes
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stijn Keereweer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raymond A. Sobel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kawin Setsompop
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Congyu Liao
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Axer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Physics, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael Zeineh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Miriam Menzel
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Imaging Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
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2
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Flormann DAD, Kainka L, Montalvo G, Anton C, Rheinlaender J, Thalla D, Vesperini D, Pohland MO, Kaub KH, Schu M, Pezzano F, Ruprecht V, Terriac E, Hawkins RJ, Lautenschläger F. The structure and mechanics of the cell cortex depend on the location and adhesion state. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320372121. [PMID: 39042691 PMCID: PMC11295003 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320372121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells exist in different phenotypes and can transition between them. A phenotype may be characterized by many different aspects. Here, we focus on the example of whether the cell is adhered or suspended and choose particular parameters related to the structure and mechanics of the actin cortex. The cortex is essential to cell mechanics, morphology, and function, such as for adhesion, migration, and division of animal cells. To predict and control cellular functions and prevent malfunctioning, it is necessary to understand the actin cortex. The structure of the cortex governs cell mechanics; however, the relationship between the architecture and mechanics of the cortex is not yet well enough understood to be able to predict one from the other. Therefore, we quantitatively measured structural and mechanical cortex parameters, including cortical thickness, cortex mesh size, actin bundling, and cortex stiffness. These measurements required developing a combination of measurement techniques in scanning electron, expansion, confocal, and atomic force microscopy. We found that the structure and mechanics of the cortex of cells in interphase are different depending on whether the cell is suspended or adhered. We deduced general correlations between structural and mechanical properties and show how these findings can be explained within the framework of semiflexible polymer network theory. We tested the model predictions by perturbing the properties of the actin within the cortex using compounds. Our work provides an important step toward predictions of cell mechanics from cortical structures and suggests how cortex remodeling between different phenotypes impacts the mechanical properties of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. D. Flormann
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - L. Kainka
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - G. Montalvo
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - C. Anton
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - J. Rheinlaender
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
| | - D. Thalla
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - D. Vesperini
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - M. O. Pohland
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - K. H. Kaub
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Georg-August-University, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - M. Schu
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - F. Pezzano
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona08003, Spain
| | - V. Ruprecht
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona08002, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona08010, Spain
| | - E. Terriac
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - R. J. Hawkins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, SheffieldS3 7RH, United Kingdom
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Accra20046, Ghana
| | - F. Lautenschläger
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
- Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken66123, Germany
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3
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Werner ME, Ray DD, Breen C, Staddon MF, Jug F, Banerjee S, Maddox AS. Mechanical and biochemical feedback combine to generate complex contractile oscillations in cytokinesis. Curr Biol 2024; 34:3201-3214.e5. [PMID: 38991614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The actomyosin cortex is an active material that generates force to drive shape changes via cytoskeletal remodeling. Cytokinesis is the essential cell division event during which a cortical actomyosin ring closes to separate two daughter cells. Our active gel theory predicted that actomyosin systems controlled by a biochemical oscillator and experiencing mechanical strain would exhibit complex spatiotemporal behavior. To test whether active materials in vivo exhibit spatiotemporally complex kinetics, we imaged the C. elegans embryo with unprecedented temporal resolution and discovered that sections of the cytokinetic cortex undergo periodic phases of acceleration and deceleration. Contractile oscillations exhibited a range of periodicities, including those much longer periods than the timescale of RhoA pulses, which was shorter in cytokinesis than in any other biological context. Modifying mechanical feedback in vivo or in silico revealed that the period of contractile oscillation is prolonged as a function of the intensity of mechanical feedback. Fast local ring ingression occurs where speed oscillations have long periods, likely due to increased local stresses and, therefore, mechanical feedback. Fast ingression also occurs where material turnover is high, in vivo and in silico. We propose that downstream of initiation by pulsed RhoA activity, mechanical feedback, including but not limited to material advection, extends the timescale of contractility beyond that of biochemical input and, therefore, makes it robust to fluctuations in activation. Circumferential propagation of contractility likely allows for sustained contractility despite cytoskeletal remodeling necessary to recover from compaction. Thus, like biochemical feedback, mechanical feedback affords active materials responsiveness and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Werner
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dylan D Ray
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Coleman Breen
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael F Staddon
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, and Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Jug
- Computational Biology Research Centre, Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - Shiladitya Banerjee
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Amy Shaub Maddox
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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4
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Sakamoto R, Murrell MP. Composite branched and linear F-actin maximize myosin-induced membrane shape changes in a biomimetic cell model. Commun Biol 2024; 7:840. [PMID: 38987288 PMCID: PMC11236970 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The architecture of the actin cortex determines the generation and transmission of stresses, during key events from cell division to migration. However, its impact on myosin-induced cell shape changes remains unclear. Here, we reconstitute a minimal model of the actomyosin cortex with branched or linear F-actin architecture within giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs, liposomes). Upon light activation of myosin, neither the branched nor linear F-actin architecture alone induces significant liposome shape changes. The branched F-actin network forms an integrated, membrane-bound "no-slip boundary" -like cortex that attenuates actomyosin contractility. By contrast, the linear F-actin network forms an unintegrated "slip boundary" -like cortex, where actin asters form without inducing membrane deformations. Notably, liposomes undergo significant deformations at an optimized balance of branched and linear F-actin networks. Our findings highlight the pivotal roles of branched F-actin in force transmission and linear F-actin in force generation to yield membrane shape changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Sakamoto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 10 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael P Murrell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 10 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Systems Biology Institute, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Physics, Yale University, 217 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, USA.
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5
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Sakamoto R, Murrell MP. F-actin architecture determines the conversion of chemical energy into mechanical work. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3444. [PMID: 38658549 PMCID: PMC11043346 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanical work serves as the foundation for dynamic cellular processes, ranging from cell division to migration. A fundamental driver of cellular mechanical work is the actin cytoskeleton, composed of filamentous actin (F-actin) and myosin motors, where force generation relies on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis. F-actin architectures, whether bundled by crosslinkers or branched via nucleators, have emerged as pivotal regulators of myosin II force generation. However, it remains unclear how distinct F-actin architectures impact the conversion of chemical energy to mechanical work. Here, we employ in vitro reconstitution of distinct F-actin architectures with purified components to investigate their influence on myosin ATP hydrolysis (consumption). We find that F-actin bundles composed of mixed polarity F-actin hinder network contraction compared to non-crosslinked network and dramatically decelerate ATP consumption rates. Conversely, linear-nucleated networks allow network contraction despite reducing ATP consumption rates. Surprisingly, branched-nucleated networks facilitate high ATP consumption without significant network contraction, suggesting that the branched network dissipates energy without performing work. This study establishes a link between F-actin architecture and myosin energy consumption, elucidating the energetic principles underlying F-actin structure formation and the performance of mechanical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Sakamoto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 10 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael P Murrell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 10 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Systems Biology Institute, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Physics, Yale University, 217 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, USA.
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6
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Cifuentes LP, Athamneh AIM, Efremov Y, Raman A, Kim T, Suter DM. A modified motor-clutch model reveals that neuronal growth cones respond faster to soft substrates. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar47. [PMID: 38354034 PMCID: PMC11064671 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-09-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuronal growth cones sense a variety of cues including chemical and mechanical ones to establish functional connections during nervous system development. Substrate-cytoskeletal coupling is an established model for adhesion-mediated growth cone advance; however, the detailed molecular and biophysical mechanisms underlying the mechanosensing and mechanotransduction process remain unclear. Here, we adapted a motor-clutch model to better understand the changes in clutch and cytoskeletal dynamics, traction forces, and substrate deformation when a growth cone interacts with adhesive substrates of different stiffnesses. Model parameters were optimized using experimental data from Aplysia growth cones probed with force-calibrated glass microneedles. We included a reinforcement mechanism at both motor and clutch level. Furthermore, we added a threshold for retrograde F-actin flow that indicates when the growth cone is strongly coupled to the substrate. Our modeling results are in strong agreement with experimental data with respect to the substrate deformation and the latency time after which substrate-cytoskeletal coupling is strong enough for the growth cone to advance. Our simulations show that it takes the shortest time to achieve strong coupling when substrate stiffness was low at 4 pN/nm. Taken together, these results suggest that Aplysia growth cones respond faster and more efficiently to soft than stiff substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuri Efremov
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Arvind Raman
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Daniel M. Suter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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7
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McGowan SE, Gilfanov N, Chandurkar MK, Stiber JA, Han SJ. Drebrin is Required for Myosin-facilitated Actin Cytoskeletal Remodeling during Pulmonary Alveolar Development. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 70:308-321. [PMID: 38271699 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0229oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Alveolar septation increases gas-exchange surface area and requires coordinated cytoskeletal rearrangement in lung fibroblasts (LFs) to balance the demands of contraction and cell migration. We hypothesized that DBN (drebrin), a modulator of the actin cytoskeleton in neuronal dendrites, regulates the remodeling of the LF cytoskeleton. Using mice bearing a transgelin-Cre-targeted deletion of Dbn in pulmonary fibroblasts and pericytes, we examined alterations in alveolar septal outgrowth, LF spreading and migration, and actomyosin function. The alveolar surface area and number of alveoli were reduced, whereas alveolar ducts were enlarged, in mice bearing the dbn deletion (DBNΔ) compared with their littermates bearing only one dbn-Flox allele (control). Cultured DBNΔ LFs were deficient in their responses to substrate rigidity and migrated more slowly. Drebrin was abundant in the actin cortex and lamella, and the actin fiber orientation was less uniform in lamella of DBNΔ LFs, which limited the development of traction forces and altered focal adhesion dynamics. Actin fiber orientation is regulated by contractile NM2 (nonmuscle myosin-2) motors, which help arrange actin stress fibers into thick ventral actin stress fibers. Using fluorescence anisotropy, we observed regional intracellular differences in myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation in control LFs that were altered by dbn deletion. Using perturbations to induce and then release stalling of NM2 on actin in LFs from both genotypes, we made predictions explaining how DBN interacts with actin and NM2. These studies provide new insight for diseases such as emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis, in which fibroblasts inappropriately respond to mechanical cues in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E McGowan
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Mohanish K Chandurkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan
| | - Jonathan A Stiber
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Sangyoon J Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan
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8
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Wu H, Zhang L, Zhao B, Yang W, Galluzzi M. Deep learning strategy for small dataset from atomic force microscopy mechano-imaging on macrophages phenotypes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1259979. [PMID: 37860624 PMCID: PMC10582561 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1259979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is involved during movement, shaping, resilience, and functionality in immune system cells. Biomarkers such as elasticity and adhesion can be promising alternatives to detect the status of cells upon phenotype activation in correlation with functionality. For instance, professional immune cells such as macrophages undergo phenotype functional polarization, and their biomechanical behaviors can be used as indicators for early diagnostics. For this purpose, combining the biomechanical sensitivity of atomic force microscopy (AFM) with the automation and performance of a deep neural network (DNN) is a promising strategy to distinguish and classify different activation states. To resolve the issue of small datasets in AFM-typical experiments, nanomechanical maps were divided into pixels with additional localization data. On such an enlarged dataset, a DNN was trained by multimodal fusion, and the prediction was obtained by voting classification. Without using conventional biomarkers, our algorithm demonstrated high performance in predicting the phenotype of macrophages. Moreover, permutation feature importance was employed to interpret the results and unveil the importance of different biophysical properties and, in turn, correlated this with the local density of the cytoskeleton. While our results were demonstrated on the RAW264.7 model cell line, we expect that our methodology could be opportunely customized and applied to distinguish different cell systems and correlate feature importance with biophysical properties to unveil innovative markers for diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Banglei Zhao
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Massimiliano Galluzzi
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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9
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Stam S, Gardel ML, Weirich KL. Direct detection of deformation modes on varying length scales in active biopolymer networks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.15.540780. [PMID: 37292666 PMCID: PMC10245561 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.15.540780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Correlated flows and forces that emerge from active matter orchestrate complex processes such as shape regulation and deformations in biological cells and tissues. The active materials central to cellular mechanics are cytoskeletal networks, where molecular motor activity drives deformations and remodeling. Here, we investigate deformation modes in actin networks driven by the molecular motor myosin II through quantitative fluorescence microscopy. We examine the deformation anisotropy at different length scales in networks of entangled, cross-linked, and bundled actin. In sparsely cross-linked networks, we find myosin-dependent biaxial buckling modes across length scales. In cross-linked bundled networks, uniaxial contraction is predominate on long length scales, while the uniaxial or biaxial nature of the deformation depends on bundle microstructure at shorter length scales. The anisotropy of deformations may provide insight to regulation of collective behavior in a variety of active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Stam
- Biophysical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Kimberly L Weirich
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
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10
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Muresan CG, Sun ZG, Yadav V, Tabatabai AP, Lanier L, Kim JH, Kim T, Murrell MP. F-actin architecture determines constraints on myosin thick filament motion. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7008. [PMID: 36385016 PMCID: PMC9669029 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Active stresses are generated and transmitted throughout diverse F-actin architectures within the cell cytoskeleton, and drive essential behaviors of the cell, from cell division to migration. However, while the impact of F-actin architecture on the transmission of stress is well studied, the role of architecture on the ab initio generation of stresses remains less understood. Here, we assemble F-actin networks in vitro, whose architectures are varied from branched to bundled through F-actin nucleation via Arp2/3 and the formin mDia1. Within these architectures, we track the motions of embedded myosin thick filaments and connect them to the extent of F-actin network deformation. While mDia1-nucleated networks facilitate the accumulation of stress and drive contractility through enhanced actomyosin sliding, branched networks prevent stress accumulation through the inhibited processivity of thick filaments. The reduction in processivity is due to a decrease in translational and rotational motions constrained by the local density and geometry of F-actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia G Muresan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Zachary Gao Sun
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, 217 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Vikrant Yadav
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - A Pasha Tabatabai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Laura Lanier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - June Hyung Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Michael P Murrell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
- Department of Physics, Yale University, 217 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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11
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Zhao Y, Ding S, Todoh M. Validate the force-velocity relation of the Hill's muscle model from a molecular perspective. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1006571. [PMID: 36312549 PMCID: PMC9614041 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1006571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yongkun Zhao
- Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shihang Ding
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Todoh
- Division of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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12
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Al Azzam OY, Watts JC, Reynolds JE, Davis JE, Reinemann DN. Myosin II Adjusts Motility Properties and Regulates Force Production Based on Motor Environment. Cell Mol Bioeng 2022; 15:451-465. [PMID: 36444350 PMCID: PMC9700534 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-022-00731-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Myosin II has been investigated with optical trapping, but single motor-filament assay arrangements are not reflective of the complex cellular environment. To understand how myosin interactions propagate up in scale to accomplish system force generation, we devised a novel actomyosin ensemble optical trapping assay that reflects the hierarchy and compliancy of a physiological environment and is modular for interrogating force effectors. Methods Hierarchical actomyosin bundles were formed in vitro. Fluorescent template and cargo actin filaments (AF) were assembled in a flow cell and bundled by myosin. Beads were added in the presence of ATP to bind the cargo AF and activate myosin force generation to be measured by optical tweezers. Results Three force profiles resulted across a range of myosin concentrations: high force with a ramp-plateau, moderate force with sawtooth movement, and baseline. The three force profiles, as well as high force output, were recovered even at low solution concentration, suggesting that myosins self-optimize within AFs. Individual myosin steps were detected in the ensemble traces, indicating motors are taking one step at a time while others remain engaged in order to sustain productive force generation. Conclusions Motor communication and system compliancy are significant contributors to force output. Environmental conditions, motors taking individual steps to sustain force, the ability to backslip, and non-linear concentration dependence of force indicate that the actomyosin system contains a force-feedback mechanism that senses the local cytoskeletal environment and communicates to the individual motors whether to be in a high or low duty ratio mode. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-022-00731-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayma Y. Al Azzam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Janie C. Watts
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Justin E. Reynolds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Juliana E. Davis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Dana N. Reinemann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
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13
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Jia H, Flommersfeld J, Heymann M, Vogel SK, Franquelim HG, Brückner DB, Eto H, Broedersz CP, Schwille P. 3D printed protein-based robotic structures actuated by molecular motor assemblies. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:703-709. [PMID: 35618822 PMCID: PMC9156402 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Upscaling motor protein activity to perform work in man-made devices has long been an ambitious goal in bionanotechnology. The use of hierarchical motor assemblies, as realized in sarcomeres, has so far been complicated by the challenges of arranging sufficiently high numbers of motor proteins with nanoscopic precision. Here, we describe an alternative approach based on actomyosin cortex-like force production, allowing low complexity motor arrangements in a contractile meshwork that can be coated onto soft objects and locally activated by ATP. The design is reminiscent of a motorized exoskeleton actuating protein-based robotic structures from the outside. It readily supports the connection and assembly of micro-three-dimensional printed modules into larger structures, thereby scaling up mechanical work. We provide an analytical model of force production in these systems and demonstrate the design flexibility by three-dimensional printed units performing complex mechanical tasks, such as microhands and microarms that can grasp and wave following light activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Jia
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Johannes Flommersfeld
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Heymann
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sven K Vogel
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - David B Brückner
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hiromune Eto
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Chase P Broedersz
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Petra Schwille
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
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14
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Bashirzadeh Y, Moghimianavval H, Liu AP. Encapsulated actomyosin patterns drive cell-like membrane shape changes. iScience 2022; 25:104236. [PMID: 35521522 PMCID: PMC9061794 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell shape changes from locomotion to cytokinesis are, to a large extent, driven by myosin-driven remodeling of cortical actin patterns. Passive crosslinkers such as α-actinin and fascin as well as actin nucleator Arp2/3 complex largely determine actin network architecture and, consequently, membrane shape changes. Here we reconstitute actomyosin networks inside cell-sized lipid bilayer vesicles and show that depending on vesicle size and concentrations of α-actinin and fascin actomyosin networks assemble into ring and aster-like patterns. Anchoring actin to the membrane does not change actin network architecture yet exerts forces and deforms the membrane when assembled in the form of a contractile ring. In the presence of α-actinin and fascin, an Arp2/3 complex-mediated actomyosin cortex is shown to assemble a ring-like pattern at the equatorial cortex followed by myosin-driven clustering and consequently blebbing. An active gel theory unifies a model for the observed membrane shape changes induced by the contractile cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashar Bashirzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Allen P. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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15
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Maxian O, Peláez RP, Mogilner A, Donev A. Simulations of dynamically cross-linked actin networks: Morphology, rheology, and hydrodynamic interactions. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009240. [PMID: 34871298 PMCID: PMC8675935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-linked actin networks are the primary component of the cell cytoskeleton and have been the subject of numerous experimental and modeling studies. While these studies have demonstrated that the networks are viscoelastic materials, evolving from elastic solids on short timescales to viscous fluids on long ones, questions remain about the duration of each asymptotic regime, the role of the surrounding fluid, and the behavior of the networks on intermediate timescales. Here we perform detailed simulations of passively cross-linked non-Brownian actin networks to quantify the principal timescales involved in the elastoviscous behavior, study the role of nonlocal hydrodynamic interactions, and parameterize continuum models from discrete stochastic simulations. To do this, we extend our recent computational framework for semiflexible filament suspensions, which is based on nonlocal slender body theory, to actin networks with dynamic cross linkers and finite filament lifetime. We introduce a model where the cross linkers are elastic springs with sticky ends stochastically binding to and unbinding from the elastic filaments, which randomly turn over at a characteristic rate. We show that, depending on the parameters, the network evolves to a steady state morphology that is either an isotropic actin mesh or a mesh with embedded actin bundles. For different degrees of bundling, we numerically apply small-amplitude oscillatory shear deformation to extract three timescales from networks of hundreds of filaments and cross linkers. We analyze the dependence of these timescales, which range from the order of hundredths of a second to the actin turnover time of several seconds, on the dynamic nature of the links, solvent viscosity, and filament bending stiffness. We show that the network is mostly elastic on the short time scale, with the elasticity coming mainly from the cross links, and viscous on the long time scale, with the effective viscosity originating primarily from stretching and breaking of the cross links. We show that the influence of nonlocal hydrodynamic interactions depends on the network morphology: for homogeneous meshworks, nonlocal hydrodynamics gives only a small correction to the viscous behavior, but for bundled networks it both hinders the formation of bundles and significantly lowers the resistance to shear once bundles are formed. We use our results to construct three-timescale generalized Maxwell models of the networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Maxian
- Courant Institute, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Raúl P Peláez
- Department of Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America.,Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aleksandar Donev
- Courant Institute, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
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16
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Soundararajan A, Ghag SA, Vuda SS, Wang T, Pattabiraman PP. Cathepsin K Regulates Intraocular Pressure by Modulating Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Actin-Bundling in the Trabecular Meshwork Outflow Pathway. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112864. [PMID: 34831087 PMCID: PMC8616380 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of extracellular matrix (ECM) and actin dynamics in the trabecular meshwork (TM) outflow pathway plays a critical role in intraocular pressure (IOP) regulation. We studied the role of cathepsin K (CTSK), a lysosomal cysteine protease and a potent collagenase, on ECM modulation and actin cytoskeleton rearrangements in the TM outflow pathway and the regulation of IOP. Initially, we found that CTSK was negatively regulated by pathological stressors known to elevate IOP. Further, inactivating CTSK using balicatib, a pharmacological cell-permeable inhibitor of CTSK, resulted in IOP elevation due to increased levels and excessive deposition of ECM-like collagen-1A in the TM outflow pathway. The loss of CTSK activity resulted in actin-bundling via fascin and vinculin reorganization and by inhibiting actin depolymerization via phospho-cofilin. Contrarily, constitutive expression of CTSK decreased ECM and increased actin depolymerization by decreasing phospho-cofilin, negatively regulated the availability of active TGFβ2, and reduced the levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), indicating an antifibrotic action of CTSK. In conclusion, these observations, for the first time, demonstrate the significance of CTSK in IOP regulation by maintaining the ECM homeostasis and actin cytoskeleton-mediated contractile properties of the TM outflow pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Soundararajan
- Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1160 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5209, USA; (A.S.); (S.A.G.); (S.S.V.); (T.W.)
| | - Sachin Anil Ghag
- Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1160 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5209, USA; (A.S.); (S.A.G.); (S.S.V.); (T.W.)
| | - Sai Supriya Vuda
- Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1160 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5209, USA; (A.S.); (S.A.G.); (S.S.V.); (T.W.)
| | - Ting Wang
- Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1160 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5209, USA; (A.S.); (S.A.G.); (S.S.V.); (T.W.)
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, 320 West 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-2266, USA
| | - Padmanabhan Paranji Pattabiraman
- Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1160 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5209, USA; (A.S.); (S.A.G.); (S.S.V.); (T.W.)
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, 320 West 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-2266, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-317-274-2652
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17
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Taneja N, Baillargeon SM, Burnette DT. Myosin light chain kinase-driven myosin II turnover regulates actin cortex contractility during mitosis. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:br3. [PMID: 34319762 PMCID: PMC8684764 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-09-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Force generation by the molecular motor myosin II (MII) at the actin cortex is a universal feature of animal cells. Despite its central role in driving cell shape changes, the mechanisms underlying MII regulation at the actin cortex remain incompletely understood. Here we show that myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) promotes MII turnover at the mitotic cortex. Inhibition of MLCK resulted in an alteration of the relative levels of phosphorylated regulatory light chain (RLC), with MLCK preferentially creating a short-lived pRLC species and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) preferentially creating a stable ppRLC species during metaphase. Slower turnover of MII and altered RLC homeostasis on MLCK inhibition correlated with increased cortex tension, driving increased membrane bleb initiation and growth, but reduced bleb retraction during mitosis. Taken together, we show that ROCK and MLCK play distinct roles at the actin cortex during mitosis; ROCK activity is required for recruitment of MII to the cortex, while MLCK activity promotes MII turnover. Our findings support the growing evidence that MII turnover is an essential dynamic process influencing the mechanical output of the actin cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Taneja
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Sophie M. Baillargeon
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Dylan T. Burnette
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212
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18
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Kim MH, Kino-Oka M. Mechanobiological conceptual framework for assessing stem cell bioprocess effectiveness. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4537-4549. [PMID: 34460101 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fully realizing the enormous potential of stem cells requires developing efficient bioprocesses and optimizations founded in mechanobiological considerations. Here, we emphasize the importance of mechanotransduction as one of the governing principles of stem cell bioprocesses, underscoring the need to further explore the behavioral mechanisms involved in sensing mechanical cues and coordinating transcriptional responses. We identify the sources of intrinsic, extrinsic, and external noise in bioprocesses requiring further study, and discuss the criteria and indicators that may be used to assess and predict cell-to-cell variability resulting from environmental fluctuations. Specifically, we propose a conceptual framework to explain the impact of mechanical forces within the cellular environment, identify key cell state determinants in bioprocesses, and discuss downstream implementation challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Hae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kino-Oka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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