1
|
Wu Y, Zhou Z, Xu D, Jiang Y, Zhou D, Wang Z. Dual Stabilization of a Tri-Metallofullerene Radical Er 3@C 80: Exohedral Derivatization and Endohedral Three-Center Bonding. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300912. [PMID: 38369921 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The enclosed space within fullerene molecules, capable of trapping metal clusters, offers an opportunity to investigate the behavior of metal atoms in a highly confined sub-nanometer environment. However, the studies on trimetallofullerenes M3@C80 have been very limited due to their difficult obtainability. In this paper, we present a new method for obtaining a tri-metallofullerene Er3@C80 through exohedral modification of the fullerene cage. Our findings reveal that Er3@C80 exhibits a radical character and can react with the dichlorobenzene radical to generate a stable derivative Er3@C80PhCl2. Theoretical calculations demonstrate the presence of a three-center two-electron metal-metal bond in the center of the fullerene cage. This bond serves to counterbalance the Coulomb repulsion between the Er ions. Consequently, both exohedral derivatization and endohedral three-center bonding contribute to the substantial stability of Er3@C80PhCl2. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the Er3 cluster within the molecule possesses a rigid triangle structure. The availability of M3@C80 derivatives opens avenues for future investigations into interactions among metal atoms, such as magnetic coupling, within fullerene cages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yabei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Zhonghao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Yuhang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Dingyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu Y, Zhou Z, Wang Z. Stability and Electronic Properties of Mixed Rare-Earth Tri-Metallofullerenes YxDy 3-x@C 80 (x = 1 or 2). Molecules 2024; 29:447. [PMID: 38257360 PMCID: PMC11154314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tri-metallofullerenes, specifically M3@C80 where M denotes rare-earth metal elements, are molecules that possess intriguing magnetic properties. Typically, only one metal element is involved in a given tri-metallofullerene molecule. However, mixed tri-metallofullerenes, denoted as M1xM23-x@C80 (x = 1 or 2, M1 and M2 denote different metal elements), have not been previously discovered. The investigation of such mixed tri-metallofullerenes is of interest due to the potential introduction of distinct properties resulting from the interaction between different metal atoms. This paper presents the preparation and theoretical analysis of mixed rare-earth tri-metallofullerenes, specifically YxDy3-x@C80 (x = 1 or 2). Through chemical oxidation of the arc-discharge produced soot, the formation of tri-metallofullerene cations, namely Y2Dy@C80+ and YDy2@C80+, has been observed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have revealed that the tri-metallofullerenes YxDy3-x@C80 (x = 1 or 2) exhibit a low oxidation potential, significantly lower than other fullerenes such as C60 and C70. This low oxidation potential can be attributed to the relatively high energy level of a singly occupied orbital. Additionally, the oxidized species demonstrate a large HOMO-LUMO gap similar to that of YxDy3-xN@C80, underscoring their high chemical stability. Theoretical investigations have uncovered the presence of a three-center two-electron metal-metal bond at the center of Y2DY@C80+ and YDy2@C80+. This unique multi-center bond assists in alleviating the electrostatic repulsion between the metal ions, thereby contributing to the overall stability of the cations. These mixed rare-earth tri-metallofullerenes hold promise as potential candidates for single-molecule magnets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yabei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China;
| | - Zhonghao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kopcha WP, Biswas R, Sun Y, Chueng STD, Dorn HC, Zhang J. Water-soluble endohedral metallofullerenes: new horizons for biomedical applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13551-13561. [PMID: 37877250 PMCID: PMC11033704 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03603k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) offer a safe avenue to manipulate metals important to biomedical applications such as MRI contrast, X-ray contrast, radiolabeling, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and the control of inflammation by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, functionalizing the double bonds on the surface of EMFs modifies their solubility, supramolecular behaviour, binding, targeting characteristics, and physical properties. While most existing water-soluble derivatives possess a statistical mixture of appended functional groups, progress has been made in creating molecularly-precise derivatives with a defined number of surface functional groups, leading to potentially more nuanced control of their behaviour and properties. Further elucidation of the structure-function relationships of these materials is expected to enhance their utility in biomedical applications and possibly broaden their use in diverse areas of science and technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William P Kopcha
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Rohin Biswas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | | | - Harry C Dorn
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1040 Drillfield Dr, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Jianyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu TX, Wang X, Xia S, Chen M, Li M, Yang P, Ma N, Hu Z, Yang S, Zhang G, Wang GW. Dearomative Ring-Fused Azafulleroids and Carbazole-Derived Metallofullerenes: Reactivity Dictated by Encapsulation in a Fullerene Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313074. [PMID: 37789646 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report divergent additions of 2,2'-diazidobiphenyls to C60 and Sc3 N@Ih -C80 . In stark contrast to that of the previously reported bis-azide additions, the unexpected cascade reaction leads to the dearomative formation of azafulleroids 2 fused with a 7-6-5-membered ring system in the case of C60 . In contrast, the corresponding reaction with Sc3 N@Ih -C80 switches to the C-H insertion pathway, thereby resulting in multiple isomers, including a carbazole-derived [6,6]-azametallofulleroid 3 and a [5,6]-azametallofulleroid 4 and an unusual 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,2-c]carbazole-derived metallofullerene 5, whose molecular structures have been unambiguously determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Among them, the addition type of 5 is observed for the first time in all reported additions of azides to fullerenes. Furthermore, unexpected isomerizations from 3 to 5 and from 4 to 5 have been discovered, providing the first examples of the isomerization of an azafulleroid to a carbazole-derived fullerene rather than an aziridinofullerene. In particular, the isomerism of the [5,6]-isomer 4 to the [5,6]-isomer 5 is unprecedented in fullerene chemistry, contradicting the present understanding that isomerization generally occurs between [5,6]- and [6,6]-isomers. Control experiments have been carried out to rationalize the reaction mechanism. Furthermore, representative azafulleroids have been applied in organic solar cells, thereby resulting in improved power conversion efficiencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Xin Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Shilu Xia
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Muqing Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Mingjie Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Panting Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Nana Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Wu Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Biswas R, Batista Da Rocha C, Bennick RA, Zhang J. Water-Soluble Fullerene Monoderivatives for Biomedical Applications. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300296. [PMID: 37728195 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Monoderivatives of fullerenes functionalized with hydrophilic groups make them water soluble, while preserving the hydrophobic fullerene cage. This class of molecules have intriguing biomedical applications, including drug delivery, photodynamic therapy (PDT), antiviral and antimicrobial activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging abilities. In this Concept we discuss the synthesis and biomedical applications of water-soluble fullerene monoderivatives and their biological behavior based on their structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohin Biswas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Cassiana Batista Da Rocha
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ryan A Bennick
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jianyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Q, Abella L, Yao YR, Yan Y, Torrens D, Meng Q, Yang S, Poblet JM, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Chen N. U@ Cs(4)-C 82: A Different Cage Isomer with Reactivity Controlled by U-Sumanene Interaction. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:12976-12988. [PMID: 37527419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Actinide endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) are a fullerene family that possess unique actinide-carbon cage host-guest molecular and electronic structures. In this work, a novel actinide EMF, U@Cs(4)-C82, was successfully synthesized and characterized, and its chemical reactivity was investigated. Crystallographic analysis shows that U@Cs(4)-C82, a new isomer of U@C82, has a Cs(4)-C82 cage, which has never been discovered in the form of empty or endohedral fullerenes. Its unique chemical reactivities were further revealed through the Bingel-Hirsch reaction and carbene addition reaction studies. The Bingel-Hirsch reaction of U@Cs(4)-C82 shows exceptionally high selectivity and product yield, yielding only one major addition adduct. Moreover, the addition sites for both reactions are unexpectedly located on adjacent carbon atoms far away from the actinide metal, despite the nucleophilic (Bingel-Hirsch) and electrophilic (carbene addition) nature of either reactant. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that this chemical behavior, unprecedented for EMFs, is directed by the unusually strong interaction between U and the sumanene motif of the carbon cage in U@Cs(4)-C82, which makes the energy increase when it is disrupted. This work reveals remarkable chemical properties of actinide EMFs originating from their unique electronic structures and highlights the key role of actinide-cage interactions in the determination of their chemical behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Laura Abella
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Yang-Rong Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yingjing Yan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Daniel Torrens
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Qingyu Meng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Josep M Poblet
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ning Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao Y, Chen W, Li M, Zhao X. Thermodynamically instead of Kinetically Controlled [6,6]-Open Monoadduct for the Photoreaction of Dy 2TiC@ Ih-C 80 with Diazirine. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxiao Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Light Stabilizers for Polymer Materials, Universities of Shaanxi Province, School of materials science and chemical engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710021, China
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Weixing Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Light Stabilizers for Polymer Materials, Universities of Shaanxi Province, School of materials science and chemical engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710021, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Banerjee S, Ash T, Debnath T, Das AK. Dual modification to stabilize Non-IPR C 72 fullerene: A new theoretical strategy. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 117:108289. [PMID: 35964364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The stabilization of non-IPR fullerenes for their isolation and characterization is an area of recent interest. In the present study, we have explored the stabilization techniques of C72 isomers via endo and exo-modifications and finally approached dual modification. A total of four isomers of C72 have been considered in this study; among them, one is IPR derivative (1), and the rest are non-IPR derivatives with one (2) and two (3 and 4) fused pentagon rings. First, we have studied the endohedral modification by encapsulating one and two La atoms in the C72 cavity. Secondly, we have exohedrally modified the C72 isomers via chlorination by adding four and eight chlorides, respectively. Our final approach is to study the dual modification, where we have implemented both endo exo-modifications together. This dual modification can be achieved in two ways: exo followed by endo and endo followed by exo. For each modification, the relative stability of every modified C72 derivative has been checked by calculating the relative energy with respect to the most stable modified analogue. To find out whether these modifications are energetically feasible or not, we have calculated the binding energy of each modified C72 isomer. The binding energy calculation reveals that the encapsulation and exo-modification techniques are good enough to stabilize the non-IPR C72 derivatives. Moreover, the effectiveness of dual modification has also been established from the enhanced binding energy compared to either endo- or exo-modification. We have also studied the NPA charges on the encapsulated La atoms for each endo- and dual-modified C72 derivative. Furthermore, the AIM study has also been perceived to find out the interaction between the La atom and the fullerene cages for both mono- and di-encapsulated fullerene derivatives and also between La-La centres for di-encapsulated derivatives. Overall, the present theoretical study will provide an idea about the stability of the modified C72 derivatives, which will help the experimentalists to design new strategies for synthesizing modified non-IPR fullerene derivatives that have vast applications in the medicinal and industrial fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumadip Banerjee
- School of Mathematical & Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Tamalika Ash
- School of Mathematical & Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Tanay Debnath
- School of Mathematical & Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Abhijit K Das
- School of Mathematical & Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li M, Zhao R, Dang J, Zhao X. Theoretical study on the stabilities, electronic structures, and reaction and formation mechanisms of fullerenes and endohedral metallofullerenes. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
10
|
Sun Y, Qian C, Emge TJ, Li Y, Kopcha WP, Wang L, Zhang J. Synthesis of [60]- and [70]Fullerene-Fused Tetrahydroquinoxaline Derivatives by Oxidative [4 + 2] Cycloaddition with Unusual Reactivity and Regioselectivity. Org Lett 2022; 24:6417-6422. [PMID: 36036909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative [4 + 2] reaction of o-phenylenediamine-derived disulfonamides with fullerene C60 and C70 is reported, in which electron-deficient reactants showed high reactivity. The reaction of C70 exhibited unusual regioselectivity, yielding a [5,6]-adduct as the major product, which was characterized by 1H, 13C NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. DFT calculations revealed the reaction is an inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction, and the [5,6]-adduct of C70 is a kinetic product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Rd, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Cheng Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Rd, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Thomas J Emge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Rd, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yanbang Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Rd, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - William P Kopcha
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Rd, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Rd, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jianyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Rd, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Grebowski J, Litwinienko G. Metallofullerenols in biomedical applications. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114481. [PMID: 35665690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metallofullerenols (MFs) are functionalized endohedral fullerenes connecting at least three levels of organization of matter: atomic, molecular, and supramolecular, resulting in their unique activity at the nanoscale. Biomedical applications of MFs started from gadolinium-containing contrasting agents, but today their potential medical applications go far beyond diagnostics and magnetic resonance imaging. In many cases, preclinical studies have shown a great therapeutic value of MFs, and here we provide an overview of interactions of MFs with high-energy radiation and with reactive oxygen species generated during radiation as a ground for potential applications in modern therapy of cancer patients. We also present the current knowledge on interactions of MFs with proteins and with other components of cells and tissues. Due to their antioxidant properties, as well as their ability to regulate the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, angiogenesis, and stimulation of the immune response, MFs can contribute to inhibition of tumor growth and protection of normal cells. MFs with enclosed gadolinium act as inhibitors of tumor growth in targeted therapy along with imaging techniques, but we hope that the data gathered in this review will help to accelerate further progress in the implementation of MFs, also the ones containing rare earth metals other than gadolinium, in a broad range of bioapplications covering not only diagnostics and bioimaging but also radiation therapy and cancer treatment by not-cytotoxic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Grebowski
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland; The Military Medical Training Center, 6-Sierpnia 92, 90-646, Lodz, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li B, Gu X, Jin P. Overlooked Effects of La-4f Orbitals in Endohedral Metallofullerenes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5891-5902. [PMID: 35381176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), a central issue is how to correctly describe the intracluster and metal-cage interactions, which are critical for understanding their structures, stabilities, and various properties. In this work, density functional theory calculations were carried out for 13 La-based EMFs covering all four reported types and a rather wide cage size range (C32-C104). The results reveal that the usually core-like lanthanide 4f subshell may play a critical role in the structural characteristics, energetic stabilities, frontier orbital energy levels, metal charges, and chemical reactivities of these endofullerenes. Regardless of the encapsulated forms, the La-4f contributions to the chemical bonding and structural stability increase with the reduced cage sizes because of the gradually enhanced cage confinement. The combination of metal-to-nonmetal charge transfer and compression of the cage cavity exposes and effectively activates the otherwise chemically inert 4f orbitals. By disclosing the important role of long-neglected metal orbitals inside fullerenes, the current work not only deepens our understanding of EMFs, but also provides new insights into the chemical bondings in general confined spaces at the subnanometer scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xiaojiao Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.,Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information, Hebei University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300130, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ghosh A, Banerjee S, Debnath T, Das AK. Dehydrogenation of ammonia-borane to functionalize neutral and Li +-encapsulated C 60, C 70 and C 36 fullerene cages: a DFT approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:4022-4041. [PMID: 35103266 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05770g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic investigations into the functionalization of three fullerene cages, viz. C60, C70, and C36 through dehydrogenation of ammonia-borane (AB) have been conducted using Density Functional Theory (DFT). In this process of functionalization, different ring fusions, namely (6-6), (6-5) positions for C60 and C70, and an additional (5-5) for C36 fullerene have been investigated. The optimized geometries of all the complexes and transition states have been characterized using the M06-2X functional in conjunction with the 6-31G(d) basis set. The effect of Li+-encapsulation on the energetics and activation barriers of H2 attachment has also been examined. Although the process of functionalization of neutral fullerenes proceeds extensively through concerted pathways, a step-wise route has been observed for the encapsulated systems. NPA charge analysis and Wiberg bond index (WBI) have been used in order to detect the change in the nature of participating hydrogen atoms and validate the variation in the bond order of the C-C connectivity respectively upon hydrogenation. GCRD parameters have also been calculated to explicate the electronic properties of the hydrogenated products. The (6-6) hydrogenation is observed to be favoured thermodynamically and kinetically for both neutral and Li+-encapsulated C60 and C70, while (5-5) is found to be the most preferred site for C36 systems. Our theoretical exploration suggests that the covalent functionalization of the fullerene cages can be done successfully viaAB resulting in the stabilization of these systems. In short, the present work will provide a general idea about the detailed mechanism related to the functionalization of fullerene cages, which will further motivate researchers in fullerene chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avik Ghosh
- School of Mathematical & Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Soumadip Banerjee
- School of Mathematical & Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Tanay Debnath
- School of Mathematical & Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Abhijit K Das
- School of Mathematical & Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hokmi S, Salehzadeh S, Gholiee Y. A computational study on the nature, strength and cooperativity of bonds in [M(η5–C60Me5)(CO)n] and [M(η5–Cp)(CO)n] (n = 3, M = Mn(i), Tc(i), Re(i); n = 2, M = Co(i), Rh(i), Ir(i)) complexes. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04416h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is shown that, due to cooperativity versus anticooperativity of bonds, the total interaction energy of a complex, having weaker metal–ligand bonds, can be comparable to or even larger than that of a similar complex having stronger bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Hokmi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | | | - Yasin Gholiee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen M, Zhao Y, Jin F, Li M, Guan R, Xin J, Yao YR, Zhao X, Wang GW, Zhang Q, Xie SY, Yang S. Decisive role of non-rare earth metals in high-regioselectivity addition of μ 3-carbido clusterfullerene. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01442d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of μ3-CCF Dy2TiC@Ih-C80 with AdN2 affords only one [6,6]-open monoadduct along with the addition sites adjacent to the Ti4+ ion instead of the two Dy3+ ions, revealing the decisive role of the non-rare earth metal Ti(IV).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muqing Chen
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yaoxiao Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- School of materials science and chemical engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jinpeng Xin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang-Rong Yao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Guan-Wu Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qianyan Zhang
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Méndez-Barrientos C, Peña Lecona F, Rodríguez-Zavala J. Corroboration and proposal of isomers for M@C2(9)-C82(Adamantylidene) (M = La, Y, Sc) endohedral metallofullerenes. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
17
|
Pykhova AD, Semivrazhskaya OO, Samoylova NA, Popov AA, Ioffe IN, Goryunkov AA. Regioselective CF 2 functionalization of Sc 3N@ D3h(5)-C 78. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:1182-1190. [PMID: 34951436 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04031f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the first synthesis and computational study of Sc3N@C78(CF2) - an analog of the previously reported Sc3N@C80(CF2) with a less common carbon cage whose chemical properties presently remain far less studied. Sc3N@C78 appears to be considerably more reactive toward CF2 addition than Sc3N@C80 and somewhat more reactive than C60. Even though the less symmetric D3h(5)-C78 carbon cage offers far broader opportunities for isomerism than Ih-C80, CF2 addition to Sc3N@C78 proceeds regioselectively, similarly to other common fullerene reactions. A DFT survey of the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of CF2 addition demonstrates that the regioselectivity is controlled kinetically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia D Pykhova
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Olesya O Semivrazhskaya
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Nataliya A Samoylova
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ilya N Ioffe
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexey A Goryunkov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang L, Li B, Gu X, Niu K, Jin P. Discovery of Non-Isolated-Pentagon-Rule Fullerenes from Computational Characterization of U 2O@C 72. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:6492-6502. [PMID: 33881859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reported actinide-based endohedral clusterfullerenes (ECFs) are rather scarce thus far. Though several members have been detected in mass spectra, their exact structures and properties mostly remain unclear. Herein, density functional theory calculations revealed that the U2O@C72 observed in recent experiments should be U2O@D2(10611)-C72, U2O@C1(10610)-C72, or U2O@Cs(10616)-C72. Featuring two pairs of fused pentagons, their outer cages all break the well-known isolated pentagon rule. U2O@D2(10611)-C72 is the first clusterfullerene based on the D2(10611)-C72 cage, which only encapsulated dimetals (Sc2, La2, Ce2, Pr2) before. It is also the first time to reveal that C1(10610)-C72 and Cs(10616)-C72 can serve as the parent cage of an endohedral fullerene. Interestingly, the three isomers could interconvert with each other via Stone-Wales transformation with one internal U atom dynamically changing its orientation according to the position of pentagon adjacencies. A common electronic structure of (U4+)2(O)2-@C726- can be formally assigned to the three ECFs but with obvious covalent character for both U-O and U-C bonds. Their spatially extended U-5f orbitals substantially enhance the metal-cage interactions. Their various spectra were also simulated to assist future experiments. Moreover, our work shows that the careful choice of exchange-correlation functionals is rather critical for the structural characterization of ECFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xiaojiao Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Kai Niu
- School of Sciences, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mikheev IV, Pirogova MO, Usoltseva LO, Uzhel AS, Bolotnik TA, Kareev IE, Bubnov VP, Lukonina NS, Volkov DS, Goryunkov AA, Korobov MV, Proskurnin MA. Green and rapid preparation of long-term stable aqueous dispersions of fullerenes and endohedral fullerenes: The pros and cons of an ultrasonic probe. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 73:105533. [PMID: 33799110 PMCID: PMC8044700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A green, scalable, and sustainable approach to prepare aqueous fullerene dispersions (AFD) C60, C70, endohedral metallofullerene Gd@C82, and their derivatives C60Cl6, C70Cl10, and supramolecular and ester-like derivatives, 10 fullerene species total, is proposed. For the first time, an immersed ultrasonic probe was used to preparing dispersions for pristine fullerenes without addends. Both ultrasound-assisted solvent-exchange and direct sonication techniques for AFD preparation using an immersed probe were tested. The average time for AFD preparation decreases 10-15 times compared to an ultrasound-bath-assisted technique, while final fullerene concentrations in AFDs remained at tens of ppm (up to 80 ppm). The aqueous dispersions showed long-term stability, a negatively charged surface with a zeta potential up to -32 mV with an average nanocluster diameter of no more than 180 nm. The total anionic and cationic compositions of samples were found by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and chromatographic techniques. The highlights and challenges of using an ultrasound probe for AFD production are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Mikheev
- Chemistry Department Analytical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Mariya O Pirogova
- Chemistry Department Analytical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Liliia O Usoltseva
- Chemistry Department Physical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Anna S Uzhel
- Chemistry Department Analytical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Timofey A Bolotnik
- Chemistry Department Analytical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ivan E Kareev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Viacheslav P Bubnov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Natalia S Lukonina
- Chemistry Department Physical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitry S Volkov
- Chemistry Department Analytical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexey A Goryunkov
- Chemistry Department Physical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Mikhail V Korobov
- Chemistry Department Physical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Mikhail A Proskurnin
- Chemistry Department Analytical Chemistry Division of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Méndez-Barrientos C, Cisneros-García Z, Rodríguez-Zavala J. Impact of the endohedral and exohedral functionalization of C80-I fullerene on its antiradical (antioxidant and antireductant) character. Chem Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
21
|
Chen C, Spree L, Koutsouflakis E, Krylov DS, Liu F, Brandenburg A, Velkos G, Schimmel S, Avdoshenko SM, Fedorov A, Weschke E, Choueikani F, Ohresser P, Dreiser J, Büchner B, Popov AA. Magnetic Hysteresis at 10 K in Single Molecule Magnet Self-Assembled on Gold. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2000777. [PMID: 33717832 PMCID: PMC7927621 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous progress in the development of single molecule magnets (SMMs) raises the question of their device integration. On this route, understanding the properties of low-dimensional assemblies of SMMs, in particular in contact with electrodes, is a necessary but difficult step. Here, it is shown that fullerene SMM self-assembled on metal substrate from solution retains magnetic hysteresis up to 10 K. Fullerene-SMM DySc2N@C80 and Dy2ScN@C80 are derivatized to introduce a thioacetate group, which is used to graft SMMs on gold. Magnetic properties of grafted SMMs are studied by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and compared to the films of nonderivatized fullerenes prepared by sublimation. In self-assembled films, the magnetic moments of the Dy ions are preferentially aligned parallel to the surface, which is different from the disordered orientation of endohedral clusters in nonfunctionalized fullerenes. Whereas chemical derivatization reduces the blocking temperature of magnetization and narrows the hysteresis of Dy2ScN@C80, for DySc2N@C80 equally broad hysteresis is observed as in the fullerene multilayer. Magnetic bistability in the DySc2N@C80 grafted on gold is sustained up to 10 K. This study demonstrates that self-assembly of fullerene-SMM derivatives offers a facile solution-based procedure for the preparation of functional magnetic sub-monolayers with excellent SMM performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia‐Hsiang Chen
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 20Dresden01069Germany
- Department of Medicinal and Applied ChemistryKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung807Taiwan
| | - Lukas Spree
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 20Dresden01069Germany
| | - Emmanouil Koutsouflakis
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 20Dresden01069Germany
| | - Denis S. Krylov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 20Dresden01069Germany
- Center for Quantum NanoscienceInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Seoul03760Republic of Korea
| | - Fupin Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 20Dresden01069Germany
| | - Ariane Brandenburg
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 20Dresden01069Germany
| | - Georgios Velkos
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 20Dresden01069Germany
| | - Sebastian Schimmel
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 20Dresden01069Germany
| | - Stanislav M. Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 20Dresden01069Germany
| | - Alexander Fedorov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 20Dresden01069Germany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und EnergieWilhelm‐Conrad‐Röntgen‐Campus BESSY IIAlbert‐Einstein‐Strasse 15BerlinD‐12489Germany
| | - Eugen Weschke
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und EnergieWilhelm‐Conrad‐Röntgen‐Campus BESSY IIAlbert‐Einstein‐Strasse 15BerlinD‐12489Germany
| | - Fadi Choueikani
- Synchrotron SOLEILL'Orme des MerisiersSaint‐Aubin, BP 48Gif‐sur‐Yvette91192France
| | - Philippe Ohresser
- Synchrotron SOLEILL'Orme des MerisiersSaint‐Aubin, BP 48Gif‐sur‐Yvette91192France
| | - Jan Dreiser
- Swiss Light SourcePaul Scherrer InstituteVilligen PSICH‐5232Switzerland
| | - Bernd Büchner
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 20Dresden01069Germany
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 20Dresden01069Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen M, Guan R, Li B, Yang L, Niu C, Jin P, Wang G, Yang S. Anomalous
Cis
‐Conformation Regioselectivity of Heterocycle‐Fused Sc
3
N@
D
3
h
‐C
78
Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Materials Science and Engineering Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Materials Science and Engineering Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Le Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Chuang Niu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Guan‐Wu Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Materials Science and Engineering Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen M, Guan R, Li B, Yang L, Niu C, Jin P, Wang GW, Yang S. Anomalous Cis-Conformation Regioselectivity of Heterocycle-Fused Sc 3 N@D 3h -C 78 Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7880-7886. [PMID: 33373072 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Endohedral clusterfullerenes exhibit unique chemical properties due to intramolecular electron transfer of the encaged metal cluster to the outer fullerene cages. We report the synthesis of two Sc3 N@D3h -C78 monoadducts 2 a and 2 b through the 1,3-dipolar reaction of Sc3 N@D3h -C78 with carbonyl ylide bearing anomalous cis-conformation regioselectivity. The molecular structures of these monoadducts are unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, revealing that both 2 a and 2 b have cis-conformations with the furan moiety grafted via [6,6]-closed addition patterns. Under the same conditions, the control reaction of C60 with carbonyl ylide affords two monoadducts 3 a and 3 b, which exhibit cis- and trans-conformations, respectively, with [6,6]-closed addition patterns. According to theoretical calculations, the exclusive formation of the cis-only Sc3 N@D3h -C78 monoadducts is a consequence of conjunct effects of thermodynamic stability of adducts, the reactivity of the addition site, and the cis-dipole intermediate from trans 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Le Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Chuang Niu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Guan-Wu Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu X, Li B, Yang W, Yao YR, Yang L, Zhuang J, Li X, Jin P, Chen N. Synthesis and characterization of carbene derivatives of Th@ C 3v(8)-C 82 and U@ C 2v(9)-C 82: exceptional chemical properties induced by strong actinide-carbon cage interaction. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2488-2497. [PMID: 34164015 PMCID: PMC8179337 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06111e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical functionalization of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) is essential for the application of these novel carbon materials. Actinide EMFs, a new EMF family member, have presented unique molecular and electronic structures but their chemical properties remain unexplored. Here, for the first time, we report the chemical functionalization of actinide EMFs, in which the photochemical reaction of Th@C3v(8)-C82 and U@C2v(9)-C82 with 2-adamantane-2,3′-[3H]-diazirine (AdN2, 1) was systematically investigated. The combined HPLC and MALDI-TOF analyses show that carbene addition by photochemical reaction afforded three isomers of Th@C3v(8)-C82Ad and four isomers of U@C2v(9)-C82Ad (Ad = adamantylidene), presenting notably higher reactivity than their lanthanide analogs. Among these novel EMF derivatives, Th@C3v(8)-C82Ad(I, II, III) and U@C2v(9)-C82Ad(I, II, III) were successfully isolated and were characterized by UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy. In particular, the molecular structures of first actinide fullerene derivatives, Th@C3v(8)-C82Ad(I) and U@C2v(9)-C82Ad(I), were unambiguously determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography, both of which show a [6,6]-open cage structure. In addition, isomerization of Th@C3v(8)-C82Ad(II), Th@C3v(8)-C82Ad(III), U@C2v(9)-C82Ad(II) and U@C2v(9)-C82Ad(III) was observed at room temperature. Computational studies suggest that the attached carbon atoms on the cages of both Th@C3v(8)-C82Ad(I) and U@C2v(9)-C82Ad(I) have the largest negative charges, thus facilitating the electrophilic attack. Furthermore, it reveals that, compared to their lanthanide analogs, Th@C3v(8)-C82 and U@C2v(9)-C82 have much closer metal–cage distance, increased metal-to-cage charge transfer, and strong metal–cage interactions stemming from the significant contribution of extended Th-5f and U-5f orbitals to the occupied molecular orbitals, all of which give rise to their unusual high reactivity. This study provides first insights into the exceptional chemical properties of actinide endohedral fullerenes, which pave ways for the future functionalization and application of these novel EMF compounds. Photochemical reaction of Th@C3v(8)-C82 and U@C2v(9)-C82 with 2-adamantane-2,3′-[3H]-diazirine (AdN2, 1) afforded three isomers of Th@C3v(8)-C82Ad and four isomers of U@C2v(9)-C82Ad (Ad = adamantylidene), respectively.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 P. R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Yang-Rong Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Avenue El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Le Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Zhuang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 P. R. China
| | - Ning Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shen W, Yang L, Li B, Jin P, Yu B, Cong H, Akasaka T, Lu X. Metal-encapsulation induces a highly regioselective Bingel-Hirsch reaction of the labile Y@ Cs(6)-C 82. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14357-14360. [PMID: 33057484 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06226j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The chemical properties of a prototypical labile mono-EMF, Y@Cs(6)-C82, have been systematically disclosed for the first time via a Bingel-Hirsch reaction. Three mono-adduct isomers, namely, 2a, 2b and 2c out of 44 possibilities for the Y@Cs(6)-C82 cage have been readily isolated, demonstrating surprisingly high regioselectivity. Crystallographic results of 2b unambiguously confirm its molecular structure with a singly bonded bromomalonate group attached onto the Cs(6)-C82 cage. Further computational results rationalize that the high regioselectivity is a consequence of the localization of high spin density and large frontier molecular orbital distribution on the corresponding carbon atoms stemming from the encapsulation of an yttrium atom into the low-symmetry Cs(6)-C82 cage with three-electron transfer from the metal to the cage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wangqiang Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhao YX, Zhao X. On the stabilization of Sc3C@I(31924)-C80 by functionalization of fluorine. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
27
|
Yamada M, Liu MTH, Nagase S, Akasaka T. New Horizons in Chemical Functionalization of Endohedral Metallofullerenes. Molecules 2020; 25:E3626. [PMID: 32784953 PMCID: PMC7463479 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This overview explains some new aspects of chemical functionalization of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) that have been unveiled in recent years. After differences in chemical reactivity between EMFs and the corresponding empty fullerenes are discussed, cage-opening reactions of EMFs are examined. Then, the selective bisfunctionalization of EMFs is explained. Finally, single-bonding derivatization of EMFs is addressed. The diversity and applicability of the chemical functionalization of endohedral metallofullerenes are presented to readers worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| | - Michael T. H. Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A4P3, Canada;
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan;
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
- TARA Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
- Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0821, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Dye and Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang L, Wang Y. Exploring Reactivity and Regioselectivity of Dimerization of Paramagnetic Endohedral Metallofullerenes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:10962-10975. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Burton MA, Cheng Q, Halfen DT, Lane JH, DeYonker NJ, Ziurys LM. The structure of ScC 2 (X̃ 2A 1): A combined Fourier transform microwave/millimeter-wave spectroscopic and computational study. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:034304. [PMID: 32716169 DOI: 10.1063/5.0008746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pure rotational spectra of Sc13C2 (X̃2A1) and Sc12C13C (X̃2A') have been measured using Fourier transform microwave/millimeter-wave methods. These molecules were synthesized in a DC discharge from the reaction of scandium vapor, produced via laser ablation, with 13CH4 or 13CH4/12CH4, diluted in argon. The NKa,Kc = 10,1 → 00,0, 20,2 → 10,1, 30,3 → 20,2, and 40,4 → 30,3 transitions in the frequency range of 14 GHz-61 GHz were observed for both species, each exhibiting hyperfine splittings due to the nuclear spins of 13C (I = 1/2) and/or Sc (I = 7/2). These data have been analyzed with an asymmetric top Hamiltonian, and rotational, spin-rotation, and hyperfine parameters have been determined for Sc13C2 and Sc12C13C. In addition, a quartic force field was calculated for ScC2 and its isotopologues using a highly accurate coupled cluster-based composite method, incorporating complete basis set extrapolation, scalar relativistic corrections, outer core and inner core electron correlation, and higher-order valence correlation effects. The agreement between experimental and computed rotational constants, including the effective constant (B + C), is ∼0.5% for all three isotopologues. This remarkable agreement suggests promise in predicting rotational spectra of new transition metal-carbon bearing molecules. In combination with previous work on Sc12C2, an accurate structure for ScC2 has been established using combined experimental (B, C) and theoretical (A) rotational constants. The radical is cyclic (or T-shaped) with r(Sc-C) = 2.048(2) Å, r(C-C) = 1.272(2) Å, and ∠(C-Sc-C) = 36.2(1)°. The experimental and theoretical results also suggest that ScC2 contains a C2 - moiety and is largely ionic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Burton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Astronomy, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 1305 E. 4th Street, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
| | - Q Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA
| | - D T Halfen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Astronomy, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 1305 E. 4th Street, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
| | - J H Lane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Astronomy, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 1305 E. 4th Street, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
| | - N J DeYonker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA
| | - L M Ziurys
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Astronomy, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 1305 E. 4th Street, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu Z, Huang H, Wang YX, Dong BW, Sun BY, Jiang SD, Gao S. Amination of the Gd@C 82 endohedral fullerene: tunable substitution effect on quantum coherence behaviors. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10737-10743. [PMID: 34094326 PMCID: PMC8162292 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02182b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The core-shell structure of endohedral fullerene-based anisotropic magnetic molecules of high spin with long coherence time could help scale up quantum systems. In this research, by amination of Gd@C82 with morpholine, three derivatives are functionalized with 5, 7 and 9 morpholine groups providing an interesting model to investigate the relationship between the quantum coherence and the spin environment. The original radical located on the carbon cage is successfully quenched, affording a quantum phase memory times (T M) over 5 μs at 5 K. By increasing the number of substitution groups, spin-lattice relaxation times (T 1) also show significant enhancement due to the interaction variation between the molecules and the environments. We found that the T M of the three molecules show no obvious difference below 10 K, while they are limited by T 1 at higher temperatures. In this work, the variable functional groups are able to tune both T 1 and T M, offering the possibility for application of high-spin magnetic molecules in the field of quantum information processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Huan Huang
- CAS Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ye-Xin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Bo-Wei Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Bao-Yun Sun
- CAS Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shang-Da Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Song Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China.,Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences West Bld. #3, No. 10 Xibeiwang East Rd., Haidian District Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kuznetsov V. Stereochemistry of Simple Molecules inside Nanotubes and Fullerenes: Unusual Behavior of Usual Systems. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102437. [PMID: 32456128 PMCID: PMC7287839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes have become remarkable objects for starting the implementation of new models and technologies in different branches of science. To a great extent, this is defined by the unique electronic and spatial properties of nanocavities due to the ramified π-electron systems. This provides an opportunity for the formation of endohedral complexes containing non-covalently bonded atoms or molecules inside fullerenes and nanotubes. The guest species are exposed to the force field of the nanocavity, which can be described as a combination of electronic and steric requirements. Its action significantly changes conformational properties of even relatively simple molecules, including ethane and its analogs, as well as compounds with C-O, C-S, B-B, B-O, B-N, N-N, Al-Al, Si-Si and Ge-Ge bonds. Besides that, the cavity of the host molecule dramatically alters the stereochemical characteristics of cyclic and heterocyclic systems, affects the energy of pyramidal nitrogen inversion in amines, changes the relative stability of cis and trans isomers and, in the case of chiral nanotubes, strongly influences the properties of R- and S- enantiomers. The present review aims at primary compilation of such unusual stereochemical effects and initial evaluation of the nature of the force field inside nanotubes and fullerenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerij Kuznetsov
- Ufa State Aviation Technical University, K. Marksa, 12, Ufa 450008, Russia;
- Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, Kosmonavtov, 1, Ufa 450062, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hao D, Yang L, Wei Z, Hou Q, Li L, Jin P. U 2O@C 76: Non-Isolated-Pentagon-Rule Cages Prevail with the U 2O Configuration Determined by Cage Shape and Dominated by Multicenter Bonds. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:7039-7048. [PMID: 32343133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endohedral clusterfullerenes (ECFs) are fullerene cages with various metallic clusters trapped inside. So far, the actinide-based ECFs are rather scarce with their possible structures and chemistry remaining largely unexplored. Herein, density functional theory calculations characterized that the recently synthesized U2O@C76 could be U2O@Cs(17 490)-C76 or U2O@C2v(19 138)-C76, whose cages have two or one pentagon adjacencies (PAs) and thus both violate the isolated pentagon rule (IPR). It is noteworthy that they are the first actinide-based ECFs bearing non-IPR outer cages. They are also the first Cs(17 490)- and C2v(19 138)-C76-based oxide ECFs. Moreover, U2O@C2v(19 138)-C76 is the first example of a hexavalent metal cluster within the C2v(19 138)-C76 cage. Interestingly, although trapped by the two same-sized cages, the U2O unit exhibits a bent and a perfect linear configuration, respectively, indicative of the crucial role of cage shape in steering the internal cluster configuration. Their electronic structures can be formally described as (U2O)6+@C766- with primary electrostatic attractions and secondary covalent interactions between cluster and cage. Significantly, bonding analyses reveal that the encaged U2O moiety may only features two three-center, two-electron (3c-2e) U-O-U bonds with completely absent common two-center bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debo Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Le Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Zhan Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Qinghua Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Lanlan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yaghoobi F, Salehzadeh S, Maddah M. Quantum mechanics and molecular dynamics studies on the C…H interaction between small fullerenes (C36 and C24) and [M(H2O)6]2+ (M = Ca2+, Zn2+) cations. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
34
|
Yu B, Shen W, Yang L, Liu Y, Pan C, Cong H, Jin P, Lu X. Regioselective Synthesis, Crystallographic Characterization, and Electrochemical Properties of Pyrazole‐ and Pyrrole‐Ring‐Fused Derivatives of Y
2
@
C
3
v
(8)‐C
82. Chemistry 2020; 26:2464-2469. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yu
- Lab for New Fiber Materials and Modern TextileGrowing Base for State Key LaboratoryCollege of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringQingdao University Qingdao 266071 P. R. China
| | - Wangqiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and Technology 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Le Yang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 P. R. China
| | - Yangchun Liu
- Lab for New Fiber Materials and Modern TextileGrowing Base for State Key LaboratoryCollege of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringQingdao University Qingdao 266071 P. R. China
| | - Changwang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and Technology 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Hailin Cong
- Lab for New Fiber Materials and Modern TextileGrowing Base for State Key LaboratoryCollege of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringQingdao University Qingdao 266071 P. R. China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 P. R. China
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and Technology 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Caballero R, Servián LD, Gobeze HB, Fernandez-Delgado O, Echegoyen L, D'Souza F, Langa F. Sc 3N@ Ih-C 80 based donor–acceptor conjugate: role of thiophene spacer in promoting ultrafast excited state charge separation. RSC Adv 2020; 10:19861-19866. [PMID: 35520425 PMCID: PMC9054176 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04379f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoinduced charge separation and dark charge recombination occurring within picoseconds is observed in newly synthesized triphenylamine–thiophene-Sc3N@Ih-C80 and triphenylamine–thiophene-C60 conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Caballero
- Instituto de Nanociencia Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL)
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- 45071 Toledo
- Spain
| | - Luis David Servián
- Instituto de Nanociencia Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL)
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- 45071 Toledo
- Spain
| | | | | | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Texas at El Paso
- El Paso
- USA
| | | | - Fernando Langa
- Instituto de Nanociencia Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL)
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- 45071 Toledo
- Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cisneros-García ZN, Hernández DA, Tenorio FJ, Rodríguez-Zavala JG. Electronic structure of hydroxylated La@C82 endohedral metallofullerene: implications on photovoltaic cells. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1705411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. N. Cisneros-García
- Departamento de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, México
| | - David Alejandro Hernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, México
| | - Francisco J. Tenorio
- Departamento de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, México
| | - J. G. Rodríguez-Zavala
- Departamento de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, México
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhao P, Hu S, Lu X, Zhao X. Diels-Alder Cycloaddition on Nonisolated-Pentagon-Rule C2v(19 138)-C 76 and YNC@ C2v(19 138)-C 76: The Difference in Regioselectivity Caused by the Inner Metallic Cluster. J Org Chem 2019; 84:14571-14578. [PMID: 31631661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diels-Alder reactions of cyclopentadiene to C2v(19 138)-C76 and YNC@C2v(19 138)-C76 violating the isolated pentagon rule have been systematically studied by means of density functional theory calculations. As for the free fullerene, the pentalene-type [5,5]-bond in the adjacent pentagon pair is the most favorable from thermodynamic and kinetic viewpoints, which is attributed to the highly strained carbon atoms accompanied by the suitable lowest unoccupied molecular orbital shape with a large distribution to interact with cyclopentadiene. Upon encapsulating the YNC cluster, a corannulene-type [5,6]-bond and a pyracylene-type [6,6]-bond become the two most reactive addition sites under thermodynamic and kinetic conditions, which possess similar reaction energies and energy barriers. Especially, the [5,6]-bond exhibits a larger reaction energy and a lower energy barrier than that on the free fullerene, which should be ascribed to its shorter bond length and larger π-orbital axis vector value after trapping the metallic cluster. The suitable unoccupied molecular orbital lobes with large distributions on the [5,6]- and [6,6]-bonds are also an advantage of cycloadditions. This work presents the first example that the most favorable addition site is remote from the adjacent pentagon pair in the fullerene cage after encapsulating a metallic cluster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Science , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Shuaifeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1037 Luoyu Road , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1037 Luoyu Road , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Science , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Konarev DV, Popov AA, Zorina LV, Khasanov SS, Lyubovskaya RN. Molecular Structure and Magnetic and Optical Properties of Endometallonitridofullerene Sc 3 N@I h -C 80 in Neutral, Radical Anion, and Dimeric Anionic Forms. Chemistry 2019; 25:14858-14869. [PMID: 31523861 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of compounds with Sc3 N@Ih -C80 in the neutral, monomeric, and dimeric anion states have been prepared in the crystalline form and their molecular structures and optical and magnetic properties have been studied. The neutral Sc3 N@Ih -C80 ⋅3 C6 H4 Cl2 (1) and (Sc3 N@Ih -C80 )3 (TPC)2 ⋅5 C6 H4 Cl2 (2, TPC=triptycene) compounds both crystallized in a high-symmetry trigonal structure. The reduction of Sc3 N@Ih -C80 to the radical anion resulted in dimerization to form diamagnetic singly bonded (Sc3 N@Ih -C80 - )2 dimers. In contrast to {[2.2.2]cryptand(Na+ )}2 (Sc3 N@Ih -C80 - )2 ⋅2.5 C6 H4 Cl2 (3) with strongly disordered components, we synthesized new dimeric phases {[2.2.2]cryptand- (K+ )}2 (Sc3 N@Ih -C80 - )2 ⋅2 C6 H4 Cl2 (4) and {[2.2.2]cryptand- (Cs+ )}2 (Sc3 N@Ih -C80 - )2 ⋅2 C6 H4 Cl2 (5) in which only one major dimer orientation was found. The thermal stability of the (Sc3 N@Ih -C80 - )2 dimers was studied by EPR analysis of 3 to show their dissociation in the 400-460 K range producing monomeric Sc3 N@Ih -C80 .- radical anions. This species shows an EPR signal with a hyperfine splitting of 5.8 mT. The energy of the intercage C-C bond was estimated to be 234±7 kJ mol-1 , the highest value among negatively charged fullerene dimers. The EPR spectra of crystalline (Bu3 MeP+ )3 (Sc3 N@Ih -C80 .- )3 ⋅C6 H4 Cl2 (6) are presented for the first time. The salt shows an asymmetric EPR signal, which could be fitted by three lines. Two lines were attributed to Sc3 N@Ih -C80 .- . Hyperfine splitting is manifested above 180 K due to the hyperfine interaction of the electron spin with the three scandium atoms (a total of 22 lines with an average splitting of 5.32 mT are observed at 220 K). Furthermore, each of the 22 lines is additionally split into six lines with an average separation of 0.82 mT. The large splitting indicates intrinsic charge and spin density transfer from the fullerene cage to the Sc3 N cluster. Both the monomeric and dimeric Sc3 N@Ih -C80 - anions show an intrinsic shift of the IR bands attributed to the Sc3 N cluster and new bands corresponding to these species appear in the NIR range of their UV/Vis/NIR spectra, which allows these anions to be distinguished from neutral species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V Konarev
- Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, 142432, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Leokadiya V Zorina
- Institute of Solid State Physics RAS, 142432, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Salavat S Khasanov
- Institute of Solid State Physics RAS, 142432, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Rimma N Lyubovskaya
- Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, 142432, Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liu F, Spree L, Krylov DS, Velkos G, Avdoshenko SM, Popov AA. Single-Electron Lanthanide-Lanthanide Bonds Inside Fullerenes toward Robust Redox-Active Molecular Magnets. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2981-2993. [PMID: 31571482 PMCID: PMC6796827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A characteristic phenomenon of lanthanide-fullerene interactions is the transfer of metal valence electrons to the carbon cage. With early lanthanides such as La, a complete transfer of six valence electrons takes place for the metal dimers encapsulated in the fullerene cage. However, the low energy of the σ-type Ln-Ln bonding orbital in the second half of the lanthanide row limits the Ln2 → fullerene transfer to only five electrons. One electron remains in the Ln-Ln bonding orbital, whereas the fullerene cage with a formal charge of -5 is left electron-deficient. Such Ln2@C80 molecules are unstable in the neutral form but can be stabilized by substitution of one carbon atom by nitrogen to give azafullerenes Ln2@C79N or by quenching the unpaired electron on the fullerene cage by reacting it with a chemical such as benzyl bromide, transforming one sp2 carbon into an sp3 carbon and yielding the monoadduct Ln2@C80(CH2Ph). Because of the presence of the Ln-Ln bonding molecular orbital with one electron, the Ln2@C79N and Ln2@C80(R) molecules feature a unique single-electron Ln-Ln bond and an unconventional +2.5 oxidation state of the lanthanides. In this Account, which brings together metallofullerenes, molecular magnets, and lanthanides in unconventional valence states, we review the progress in the studies of dimetallofullerenes with single-electron Ln-Ln bonds and highlight the consequences of the unpaired electron residing in the Ln-Ln bonding orbital for the magnetic interactions between Ln ions. Usually, Ln···Ln exchange coupling in polynuclear lanthanide compounds is weak because of the core nature of 4f electrons. However, when interactions between Ln centers are mediated by a radical bridge, stronger coupling may be achieved because of the diffuse nature of radical-based orbitals. Ultimately, when the role of a radical bridge is played by a single unpaired electron in the Ln-Ln bonding orbital, the strength of the exchange coupling is increased dramatically. Giant exchange coupling in endohedral Ln2 dimers is combined with a rather strong axial ligand field exerted on the lanthanide ions by the fullerene cage and the excess electron density localized between two Ln ions. As a result, Ln2@C79N and Ln2@C80(CH2Ph) compounds exhibit slow relaxation of magnetization and exceptionally high blocking temperatures for Ln = Dy and Tb. At low temperatures, the [Ln3+-e-Ln3+] fragment behaves as a single giant spin. Furthermore, the Ln-Ln bonding orbital in dimetallofullerenes is redox-active, which allows its population to be changed by electrochemical reactions, thus changing the magnetic properties because the change in the number of electrons residing in the Ln-Ln orbital affects the magnetic structure of the molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fupin Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lukas Spree
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Denis S. Krylov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Georgios Velkos
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stanislav M. Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Artigas A, Fernández I, Solà M. Regioselectivity in Diels–Alder Cycloadditions of #6094C68 Fullerene with a Triplet Ground State. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9017-9024. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Artigas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|