Chromatin remodeling of histone H3 variants by DDM1 underlies epigenetic inheritance of DNA methylation

Epigenetic regulation of nuclear receptors: Implications for endocrine-related diseases and therapeutic strategies

The expression and function of the receptor are controlled by epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNAs. These modifications play a pivotal role in receptor activity and can lead to or exacerbate endocrine-related diseases. This review examines the epigenetic alterations of nuclear receptors and their significant impact on conditions such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, and endocrine-related tumors. It highlights current therapies targeting these epigenetic mechanisms, including gene editing, epigenetic drugs, and various other therapeutic approaches. This review offers fresh insight into the mechanisms of endocrine-associated disorders, highlighting the latest progress in the development of novel epigenetic therapies that can be used to address receptor-endocrine interactions.

Mechanisms of Inheritance of Chromatin States: From Yeast to Human

In this article I review mechanisms that underpin epigenetic inheritance of CpG methylation and histone H3 lysine 9 methylation (H3K9me) in chromatin in fungi and mammals. CpG methylation can be faithfully inherited epigenetically at some sites for a lifetime in vertebrates and, remarkably, can be propagated for millions of years in some fungal lineages. Transmission of methylation patterns requires maintenance-type DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) that recognize hemimethylated CpG DNA produced by replication. DNMT1 is the maintenance enzyme in vertebrates; we recently identified DNMT5 as an ATP-dependent CpG maintenance enzyme found in fungi and protists. In vivo, CpG methylation is coupled to H3K9me. H3K9me is itself reestablished after replication via local histone H3-H4 tetramer recycling involving mobile and nonmobile chaperones, de novo nucleosome assembly, and read-write mechanisms that modify naive nucleosomes. Additional proteins recognize hemimethylated CpG or fully methylated CpG-containing motifs and enhance restoration of methylation by recruiting and/or activating the maintenance methylase.

Harnessing transposable elements for plant functional genomics and genome engineering

Transposable elements (TEs) constitute a large portion of many plant genomes and play important roles in regulating gene expression and in driving genome evolution and crop domestication. Despite advances in understanding the functions and mechanisms of TEs, a comprehensive review of their integrated knowledge and cutting-edge biotechnological applications of TEs is still needed. We provide a thorough overview that connects discoveries, mechanisms, and technologies associated with plant TEs. We discuss the identification and function of TEs driven by functional genomics, epigenetic regulation of TEs, and utilization of active TEs in plant functional genomics and genome engineering. In summary, expanding the knowledge and application of TEs will be beneficial to crop breeding and plant synthetic biology in the future.

An Oryza-specific histone H4 variant predisposes H4 lysine 5 acetylation to modulate salt stress responses

Paralogous variants of canonical histones guide accessibility to DNA and function as additional layers of genome regulation. Across eukaryotes, the mechanism of action and functional significance of several variants of core histones are well known except those of histone H4. Here we show that a variant of H4 (H4.V) expressing tissue-specifically among Oryza members mediated specific epigenetic changes contributing to salt tolerance. H4.V was incorporated into specific heterochromatic sites, where it blocked the deposition of active histone marks. Stress-dependent redistribution of H4.V enabled the incorporation of acetylated H4 lysine 5 (H4K5ac) in the gene bodies. The misexpression of H4.V led to defects in reproductive development and in mounting salt stress responses. H4.V formed homotypic nucleosomes and mediated these alterations by conferring distinct molecular properties to the nucleosomes, as seen with cryo electron microscopy structures and biochemical assays. These results reveal not only an H4 variant among plants but also a chromatin regulation that might have contributed to the adaptation of semi-aquatic Oryza members.

Effect of Brief Maternal Exposure to Bisphenol A on the Fetal Female Germline in a Mouse Model

BACKGROUND

Environmental contamination by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has created serious public health, ecological, and regulatory concerns. Prenatal exposures can affect a wide range of developing organ systems and are associated with adverse changes to behavior, metabolism, fertility, and disease risk in the adult. The most serious and puzzling observation for some EDC exposures is the transmission of effects to subsequent unexposed generations (transgenerational effects) in animal models. This requires the induction of epigenetic aberrations to the germline that are not subject to the normal processes of erasure and resetting in subsequent generations. Understanding when and how the germline is vulnerable to environmental contaminants is an essential first step in devising strategies to prevent and reverse their effects.

METHODS

Fetal mouse oocytes were collected after exposure of the dam to various concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) or placebo. Meiotic effects were assessed by immunostaining to visualize the synaptonemal complex and recombination sites, as well as whole chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization probes. Enriched oocyte pools were analyzed by mass spectrometry and RNA sequencing to determine differences in histone posttranslational modifications and gene expression, respectively.

RESULTS

We found germline effects across a wide range of exposure levels, the severity of which was positively associated with BPA concentration. We identified the onset of meiotic prophase as the vulnerable window of exposure and found surprising exposure-related differences in chromatin. Oocyte analysis by mass spectrometry and immunofluorescence suggested H4K20me2, a histone posttranslational modification involved in DNA damage repair, was particularly affected. Subsequent RNA-seq analysis revealed a relatively small number of differentially expressed genes, but in addition to genes involved in chromatin dynamics, several with important roles in DNA repair/recombination and centromere stability were affected.

DISCUSSION

Together, our data from a mouse model suggest BPA exposure induced complex molecular differences in the germline that dysregulated chromatin and affected several critical and interrelated meiotic pathways. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP15046.

Tumor Metastasis: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Intervention

Metastasis remains a leading cause of cancer‐related deaths, defined by a complex, multi‐step process in which tumor cells spread and form secondary growths in distant tissues. Despite substantial progress in understanding metastasis, the molecular mechanisms driving this process and the development of effective therapies remain incompletely understood. Elucidating the molecular pathways governing metastasis is essential for the discovery of innovative therapeutic targets. The rapid advancements in sequencing technologies and the expansion of biological databases have significantly deepened our understanding of the molecular drivers of metastasis and associated drug resistance. This review focuses on the molecular drivers of metastasis, particularly the roles of genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and post‐translational modifications in metastasis progression. We also examine how the tumor microenvironment influences metastatic behavior and explore emerging therapeutic strategies, including targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Finally, we discuss future research directions, stressing the importance of novel treatment approaches and personalized strategies to overcome metastasis and improve patient outcomes. By integrating contemporary insights into the molecular basis of metastasis and therapeutic innovation, this review provides a comprehensive framework to guide future research and clinical advancements in metastatic cancer.

Beyond the mono-nucleosome

Nucleosomes, the building block of chromatin, are responsible for regulating access to the DNA sequence. This control is critical for essential cellular processes, including transcription and DNA replication and repair. Studying chromatin can be challenging both in vitro and in vivo, leading many to use a mono-nucleosome system to answer fundamental questions relating to chromatin regulators and binding partners. However, the mono-nucleosome fails to capture essential features of the chromatin structure, such as higher-order chromatin folding, local nucleosome-nucleosome interactions, and linker DNA trajectory and flexibility. We briefly review significant discoveries enabled by the mono-nucleosome and emphasize the need to go beyond this model system in vitro. Di-, tri-, and tetra-nucleosome arrays can answer important questions about chromatin folding, function, and dynamics. These multi-nucleosome arrays have highlighted the effects of varying linker DNA lengths, binding partners, and histone post-translational modifications in a more chromatin-like environment. We identify various chromatin regulatory mechanisms yet to be explored with multi-nucleosome arrays. Combined with in-solution biophysical techniques, studies of minimal multi-nucleosome chromatin models are feasible.

Centrophilic retrotransposon integration via CENH3 chromatin in Arabidopsis

In organisms ranging from vertebrates to plants, major components of centromeres are rapidly evolving repeat sequences, such as tandem repeats (TRs) and transposable elements (TEs), which harbour centromere-specific histone H3 (CENH3)1,2. Complete centromere structures recently determined in human and Arabidopsis suggest frequent integration and purging of retrotransposons within the TR regions of centromeres3-5. Despite the high impact of 'centrophilic' retrotransposons on the paradox of rapid centromere evolution, the mechanisms involved in centromere targeting remain poorly understood in any organism. Here we show that both Ty3 and Ty1 long terminal repeat retrotransposons rapidly turnover within the centromeric TRs of Arabidopsis species. We demonstrate that the Ty1/Copia element Tal1 (Transposon of Arabidopsis lyrata 1) integrates de novo into regions occupied by CENH3 in Arabidopsis thaliana, and that ectopic expansion of the CENH3 region results in spread of Tal1 integration regions. The integration spectra of chimeric TEs reveal the key structural variations responsible for contrasting chromatin-targeting specificities to centromeres versus gene-rich regions, which have recurrently converted during the evolution of these TEs. Our findings show the impact of centromeric chromatin on TE-mediated rapid centromere evolution, with relevance across eukaryotic genomes.

MaizeCODE reveals bi-directionally expressed enhancers that harbor molecular signatures of maize domestication

Modern maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) was domesticated from Teosinte parviglumis (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis), with subsequent introgressions from Teosinte mexicana (Zea mays ssp. mexicana), yielding increased kernel row number, loss of the hard fruit case and dissociation from the cob upon maturity, as well as fewer tillers. Molecular approaches have identified transcription factors controlling these traits, yet revealed that a complex regulatory network is at play. MaizeCODE deploys ENCODE strategies to catalog regulatory regions in the maize genome, generating histone modification and transcription factor ChIP-seq in parallel with transcriptomics datasets in 5 tissues of 3 inbred lines which span the phenotypic diversity of maize, as well as the teosinte inbred TIL11. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that pollen grains share features with endosperm, and express dozens of "proto-miRNAs" potential vestiges of gene drive and hybrid incompatibility. Integrated analysis with chromatin modifications results in the identification of a comprehensive set of regulatory regions in each tissue of each inbred, and notably of distal enhancers expressing non-coding enhancer RNAs bi-directionally, reminiscent of "super enhancers" in animal genomes. Furthermore, the morphological traits selected during domestication are recapitulated, both in gene expression and within regulatory regions containing enhancer RNAs, while highlighting the conflict between enhancer activity and silencing of the neighboring transposable elements.

Characterization of DNA methylation reader proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana

In plants, cytosine DNA methylation (mC) is largely associated with transcriptional repression of transposable elements, but it can also be found in the body of expressed genes, referred to as gene body methylation (gbM). gbM is correlated with ubiquitously expressed genes; however, its function, or absence thereof, is highly debated. The different outputs that mC can have raise questions as to how it is interpreted-or read-differently in these sequence and genomic contexts. To screen for potential mC-binding proteins, we performed an unbiased DNA affinity pull-down assay combined with quantitative mass spectrometry using methylated DNA probes for each DNA sequence context. All mC readers known to date preferentially bind to the methylated probes, along with a range of new mC-binding protein candidates. Functional characterization of these mC readers, focused on the MBD and SUVH families, was undertaken by ChIP-seq mapping of genome-wide binding sites, their protein interactors, and the impact of high-order mutations on transcriptomic and epigenomic profiles. Together, these results highlight specific context preferences for these proteins, and in particular the ability of MBD2 to bind predominantly to gbM. This comprehensive analysis of Arabidopsis mC readers emphasizes the complexity and interconnectivity between DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling processes in plants.

Dynamics of DNA methylation and its impact on plant embryogenesis

Flowering plants exhibit unique DNA methylation dynamics during development. Particular attention can be focused on seed development and the embryo, which represents the starting point of the sporophytic life cycle. A build-up of CHH methylation is now recognized as highly characteristic of embryo development. This process is thought to occur in order to silence potentially harmful transposable element expression, though roles in promoting seed dormancy and dessication tolerance have also been revealed. Recent studies show that increased CHH methylation in embryos inhabits both novel loci, unmethylated elsewhere in the plant, as well as shared loci, exhibiting more dense methylation. The role of DNA methylation in cis-regulatory gene regulation in plants is less well established compared to mammals, and here we discuss both transposable element regulation and the potential role of DNA methylation in dynamic gene expression.

The C-terminal 4CXXC-type zinc finger domain of CDCA7 recognizes hemimethylated DNA and modulates activities of chromatin remodeling enzyme HELLS

The chromatin-remodeling enzyme helicase lymphoid-specific (HELLS) interacts with cell division cycle-associated 7 (CDCA7) on nucleosomes and is involved in the regulation of DNA methylation in higher organisms. Mutations in these genes cause immunodeficiency, centromeric instability, and facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome, which also results in DNA hypomethylation of satellite repeat regions. We investigated the functional domains of human CDCA7 in HELLS using several mutant CDCA7 proteins. The central region is critical for binding to HELLS, activation of ATPase, and nucleosome sliding activities of HELLS-CDCA7. The N-terminal region tends to inhibit ATPase activity. The C-terminal 4CXXC-type zinc finger domain contributes to CpG and hemimethylated CpG DNA preference for DNA-dependent HELLS-CDCA7 ATPase activity. Furthermore, CDCA7 showed a binding preference to DNA containing hemimethylated CpG, and replication-dependent pericentromeric heterochromatin foci formation of CDCA7 with HELLS was observed in mouse embryonic stem cells; however, all these phenotypes were lost in the case of an ICF syndrome mutant of CDCA7 mutated in the zinc finger domain. Thus, CDCA7 most likely plays a role in the recruitment of HELLS, activates its chromatin remodeling function, and efficiently induces DNA methylation, especially at hemimethylated replication sites.

Retrotransposon addiction promotes centromere function via epigenetically activated small RNAs

Retrotransposons have invaded eukaryotic centromeres in cycles of repeat expansion and purging, but the function of centromeric retrotransposons has remained unclear. In Arabidopsis, centromeric ATHILA retrotransposons give rise to epigenetically activated short interfering RNAs in mutants in DECREASE IN DNA METHYLATION1 (DDM1). Here we show that mutants that lose both DDM1 and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase have pleiotropic developmental defects and mis-segregate chromosome 5 during mitosis. Fertility and segregation defects are epigenetically inherited with centromere 5, and can be rescued by directing artificial small RNAs to ATHILA5 retrotransposons that interrupt tandem satellite repeats. Epigenetically activated short interfering RNAs promote pericentromeric condensation, chromosome cohesion and chromosome segregation in mitosis. We propose that insertion of ATHILA silences centromeric transcription, while simultaneously making centromere function dependent on retrotransposon small RNAs in the absence of DDM1. Parallels are made with the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, where chromosome cohesion depends on RNA interference, and with humans, where chromosome segregation depends on both RNA interference and HELLSDDM1.

CDCA7 is an evolutionarily conserved hemimethylated DNA sensor in eukaryotes

Mutations of the SNF2 family ATPase HELLS and its activator CDCA7 cause immunodeficiency, centromeric instability, and facial anomalies syndrome, characterized by DNA hypomethylation at heterochromatin. It remains unclear why CDCA7-HELLS is the sole nucleosome remodeling complex whose deficiency abrogates the maintenance of DNA methylation. We here identify the unique zinc-finger domain of CDCA7 as an evolutionarily conserved hemimethylation-sensing zinc finger (HMZF) domain. Cryo-electron microscopy structural analysis of the CDCA7-nucleosome complex reveals that the HMZF domain can recognize hemimethylated CpG in the outward-facing DNA major groove within the nucleosome core particle, whereas UHRF1, the critical activator of the maintenance methyltransferase DNMT1, cannot. CDCA7 recruits HELLS to hemimethylated chromatin and facilitates UHRF1-mediated H3 ubiquitylation associated with replication-uncoupled maintenance DNA methylation. We propose that the CDCA7-HELLS nucleosome remodeling complex assists the maintenance of DNA methylation on chromatin by sensing hemimethylated CpG that is otherwise inaccessible to UHRF1 and DNMT1.

Mechanism of heterochromatin remodeling revealed by the DDM1 bound nucleosome structures

The SWI/SNF2 chromatin remodeling factor decreased DNA methylation 1 (DDM1) is essential for the silencing of transposable elements (TEs) in both euchromatic and heterochromatic regions. Here, we determined the cryo-EM structures of DDM1-nucleosomeH2A and DDM1-nucleosomeH2A.W complexes at near-atomic resolution in the presence of the ATP analog ADP-BeFx. The structures show that nucleosomal DNA is unwrapped more on the surface of the histone octamer containing histone H2A than that containing histone H2A.W. DDM1 embraces one DNA gyre of the nucleosome and interacts with the N-terminal tails of histone H4. Although we did not observe DDM1-H2A.W interactions in our structures, the results of the pull-down experiments suggest a direct interaction between DDM1 and the core region of histone H2A.W. Our work provides mechanistic insights into the heterochromatin remodeling process driven by DDM1 in plants.

Remodeling of perturbed chromatin can initiate de novo transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing

In eukaryotes, repetitive DNA can become silenced de novo, either transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally, by processes independent of strong sequence-specific cues. The mechanistic nature of such processes remains poorly understood. We found that in the fungus Neurospora crassa, de novo initiation of both transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing was linked to perturbed chromatin, which was produced experimentally by the aberrant activity of transcription factors at the tetO operator array. Transcriptional silencing was mediated by canonical constitutive heterochromatin. On the other hand, post-transcriptional silencing resembled repeat-induced quelling but occurred normally when homologous recombination was inactivated. All silencing of the tetO array was dependent on SAD-6, fungal ortholog of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeler ATRX (Alpha Thalassemia/Mental Retardation Syndrome X-Linked), which was required to maintain nucleosome occupancy at the perturbed locus. In addition, we found that two other types of sequences (the lacO array and native AT-rich DNA) could also undergo recombination-independent quelling associated with perturbed chromatin. These results suggested a model in which the de novo initiation of transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing is coupled to the remodeling of perturbed chromatin.

Molecular and structural basis of the chromatin remodeling activity by Arabidopsis DDM1

The histone H2A variant H2A.W occupies transposons and thus prevents access to them in Arabidopsis thaliana. H2A.W is deposited by the chromatin remodeler DDM1, which also promotes the accessibility of chromatin writers to heterochromatin by an unknown mechanism. To shed light on this question, we solve the cryo-EM structures of nucleosomes containing H2A and H2A.W, and the DDM1-H2A.W nucleosome complex. These structures show that the DNA end flexibility of the H2A nucleosome is higher than that of the H2A.W nucleosome. In the DDM1-H2A.W nucleosome complex, DDM1 binds to the N-terminal tail of H4 and the nucleosomal DNA and increases the DNA end flexibility of H2A.W nucleosomes. Based on these biochemical and structural results, we propose that DDM1 counters the low accessibility caused by nucleosomes containing H2A.W to enable the maintenance of repressive epigenetic marks on transposons and prevent their activity.

In silico screening identifies SHPRH as a novel nucleosome acidic patch interactor

Nucleosomes are the fundamental unit of eukaryotic chromatin. Diverse factors interact with nucleosomes to modulate chromatin architecture and facilitate DNA repair, replication, transcription, and other cellular processes. An important platform for chromatin binding is the H2A-H2B acidic patch. Here, we used AlphaFold-Multimer to screen over 7000 human proteins for nucleosomal acidic patch binding and identify 41 potential acidic patch binders. We determined the cryo-EM structure of one hit, SHPRH, with the nucleosome at 2.8 Å. The structure confirms the predicted acidic patch interaction, reveals that the SHPRH ATPase engages a different nucleosomal DNA location than other SF2-type ATPases, and clarifies the roles of SHPRH's domains in nucleosome recognition. Our results illustrate the use of in silico screening as a high throughput method to identify specific interaction types and expands the set of potential acidic patch binding factors.

All the screening data is freely available at

https://predictomes.org/view/acidicpatch.

Emerging roles of plant transcriptional gene silencing under heat

Plants continuously endure unpredictable environmental fluctuations that upset their physiology, with stressful conditions negatively impacting yield and survival. As a contemporary threat of rapid progression, global warming has become one of the most menacing ecological challenges. Thus, understanding how plants integrate and respond to elevated temperatures is crucial for ensuring future crop productivity and furthering our knowledge of historical environmental acclimation and adaptation. While the canonical heat-shock response and thermomorphogenesis have been extensively studied, evidence increasingly highlights the critical role of regulatory epigenetic mechanisms. Among these, the involvement under heat of heterochromatic suppression mediated by transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) remains the least understood. TGS refers to a multilayered metabolic machinery largely responsible for the epigenetic silencing of invasive parasitic nucleic acids and the maintenance of parental imprints. Its molecular effectors include DNA methylation, histone variants and their post-translational modifications, and chromatin packing and remodeling. This work focuses on both established and emerging insights into the contribution of TGS to the physiology of plants under stressful high temperatures. We summarized potential roles of constitutive and facultative heterochromatin as well as the most impactful regulatory genes, highlighting events where the loss of epigenetic suppression has not yet been associated with corresponding changes in epigenetic marks.

Immune-related gene methylation prognostic instrument for stratification and targeted treatment of ovarian cancer patients toward advanced 3PM approach

Background

DNA methylation is an important mechanism in epigenetics, which can change the transcription ability of genes and is closely related to the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer (OC). We hypothesize that DNA methylation is significantly different in OCs compared to controls. Specific DNA methylation status can be used as a biomarker of OC, and targeted drugs targeting these methylation patterns and DNA methyltransferase may have better therapeutic effects. Studying the key DNA methylation sites of immune-related genes (IRGs) in OC patients and studying the effects of these methylation sites on the immune microenvironment may provide a new method for further exploring the pathogenesis of OC, realizing early detection and effective monitoring of OC, identifying effective biomarkers of DNA methylation subtypes and drug targets, improving the efficacy of targeted drugs or overcoming drug resistance, and better applying it to predictive diagnosis, prevention, and personalized medicine (PPPM; 3PM) of OC.

Method

Hypermethylated subtypes (cluster 1) and hypomethylated subtypes (cluster 2) were established in OCs based on the abundance of different methylation sites in IRGs. The differences in immune score, immune checkpoints, immune cells, and overall survival were analyzed between different methylation subtypes in OC samples. The significant pathways, gene ontology (GO), and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the identified methylation sites in IRGs were enriched. In addition, the immune-related methylation signature was constructed with multiple regression analysis. A methylation site model based on IRGs was constructed and verified.

Results

A total of 120 IRGs with 142 differentially methylated sites (DMSs) were identified. The DMSs were clustered into a high-level methylation group (cluster 1) and a low-level methylation group (cluster 2). The significant pathways and GO analysis showed many immune-related and cancer-associated enrichments. A methylation site signature based on IRGs was constructed, including RORC|cg25112191, S100A13|cg14467840, TNF|cg04425624, RLN2|cg03679581, and IL1RL2|cg22797169. The methylation sites of all five genes showed hypomethylation in OC, and there were statistically significant differences among RORC|cg25112191, S100A13|cg14467840, and TNF|cg04425624 (p < 0.05). This prognostic model based on low-level methylation and high-level methylation groups was significantly linked to the immune microenvironment as well as overall survival in OC.

Conclusions

This study provided different methylation subtypes for OC patients according to the methylation sites of IRGs. In addition, it helps establish a relationship between methylation and the immune microenvironment, which showed specific differences in biological signaling pathways, genomic changes, and immune mechanisms within the two subgroups. These data provide ones to deeply understand the mechanism of immune-related methylation genes on the occurrence and development of OC. The methylation-site signature is also to establish new possibilities for OC therapy. These data are a precious resource for stratification and targeted treatment of OC patients toward an advanced 3PM approach.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13167-024-00359-3.

Genome wide inherited modifications of the tomato epigenome by trans-activated bacterial CG methyltransferase

BACKGROUND

Epigenetic variation is mediated by epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation occurring in all cytosine contexts in plants. CG methylation plays a critical role in silencing transposable elements and regulating gene expression. The establishment of CG methylation occurs via the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway and CG methylation maintenance relies on METHYLTRANSFERASE1, the homologue of the mammalian DNMT1.

PURPOSE

Here, we examined the capacity to stably alter the tomato genome methylome by a bacterial CG-specific M.SssI methyltransferase expressed through the LhG4/pOP transactivation system.

RESULTS

Methylome analysis of M.SssI expressing plants revealed that their euchromatic genome regions are specifically hypermethylated in the CG context, and so are most of their genes. However, changes in gene expression were observed only with a set of genes exhibiting a greater susceptibility to CG hypermethylation near their transcription start site. Unlike gene rich genomic regions, our analysis revealed that heterochromatic regions are slightly hypomethylated at CGs only. Notably, some M.SssI-induced hypermethylation persisted even without the methylase or transgenes, indicating inheritable epigenetic modification.

CONCLUSION

Collectively our findings suggest that heterologous expression of M.SssI can create new inherited epigenetic variations and changes in the methylation profiles on a genome wide scale. This open avenues for the conception of epigenetic recombinant inbred line populations with the potential to unveil agriculturally valuable tomato epialleles.

Mind the gap: Epigenetic regulation of chromatin accessibility in plants

Chromatin plays a crucial role in genome compaction and is fundamental for regulating multiple nuclear processes. Nucleosomes, the basic building blocks of chromatin, are central in regulating these processes, determining chromatin accessibility by limiting access to DNA for various proteins and acting as important signaling hubs. The association of histones with DNA in nucleosomes and the folding of chromatin into higher-order structures are strongly influenced by a variety of epigenetic marks, including DNA methylation, histone variants, and histone post-translational modifications. Additionally, a wide array of chaperones and ATP-dependent remodelers regulate various aspects of nucleosome biology, including assembly, deposition, and positioning. This review provides an overview of recent advances in our mechanistic understanding of how nucleosomes and chromatin organization are regulated by epigenetic marks and remodelers in plants. Furthermore, we present current technologies for profiling chromatin accessibility and organization.

DNA-Peptide Interaction-Modulated Charge Reversal in Biomimetic Nanochannels for Simple and Efficient Detection of Histone Deacetylases

Protein acetylation, a fundamental post-translational modification, plays a critical role in the regulation of gene expression and cellular processes. Monitoring histone deacetylases (HDACs) is important for understanding epigenetic dynamics and advancing the early diagnosis of malignancies. Here, we leverage the dynamic characteristics of DNA-peptide interactions in biomimetic nanochannels to develop a HDAC detection method. In specific, the catalysis of peptide deacetylation by HDACs triggers alterations in the charge states of the nanochannel surface to accommodate DNA molecules. Then, the interaction between DNA and peptides shifts the nanochannel surface charge from positive to negative, leading to a reversal of the ion current rectification (ICR). By calculation of the ICR ratio, quantitative detection of HDACs can be efficiently achieved using the nanochannel-based method in an enzyme-free and label-free manner. Our experimental results demonstrate that HDACs can be detected by using this method within a concentration range of 0.5-500 nM. The innate simplicity and efficiency of this strategy may render it a valuable tool for advancing both fundamental research and clinical applications in the realm of epigenetics and personalized medicine.

Molecular basis of chromatin remodelling by DDM1 involved in plant DNA methylation

Eukaryotic gene regulation occurs at the chromatin level, which requires changing the chromatin structure by a group of ATP-dependent DNA translocases-namely, the chromatin remodellers1. In plants, chromatin remodellers function in various biological processes and possess both conserved and plant-specific components2-5. DECREASE IN DNA METHYLATION 1 (DDM1) is a plant chromatin remodeller that plays a key role in the maintenance DNA methylation6-11. Here we determined the structures of Arabidopsis DDM1 in complex with nucleosome in ADP-BeFx-bound, ADP-bound and nucleotide-free conformations. We show that DDM1 specifically recognizes the H4 tail and nucleosomal DNA. The conformational differences between ADP-BeFx-bound, ADP-bound and nucleotide-free DDM1 suggest a chromatin remodelling cycle coupled to ATP binding, hydrolysis and ADP release. This, in turn, triggers conformational changes in the DDM1-bound nucleosomal DNA, which alters the nucleosome structure and promotes DNA sliding. Together, our data reveal the molecular basis of chromatin remodelling by DDM1.

CDCA7 is a hemimethylated DNA adaptor for the nucleosome remodeler HELLS

Mutations of the SNF2 family ATPase HELLS and its activator CDCA7 cause immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome, characterized by hypomethylation at heterochromatin. The unique zinc-finger domain, zf-4CXXC_R1, of CDCA7 is widely conserved across eukaryotes but is absent from species that lack HELLS and DNA methyltransferases, implying its specialized relation with methylated DNA. Here we demonstrate that zf-4CXXC_R1 acts as a hemimethylated DNA sensor. The zf-4CXXC_R1 domain of CDCA7 selectively binds to DNA with a hemimethylated CpG, but not unmethylated or fully methylated CpG, and ICF disease mutations eliminated this binding. CDCA7 and HELLS interact via their N-terminal alpha helices, through which HELLS is recruited to hemimethylated DNA. While placement of a hemimethylated CpG within the nucleosome core particle can hinder its recognition by CDCA7, cryo-EM structure analysis of the CDCA7-nucleosome complex suggests that zf-4CXXC_R1 recognizes a hemimethylated CpG in the major groove at linker DNA. Our study provides insights into how the CDCA7-HELLS nucleosome remodeling complex uniquely assists maintenance DNA methylation.

Role of Epigenetic Factors in Response to Stress and Establishment of Somatic Memory of Stress Exposure in Plants

All species are well adapted to their environment. Stress causes a magnitude of biochemical and molecular responses in plants, leading to physiological or pathological changes. The response to various stresses is genetically predetermined, but is also controlled on the epigenetic level. Most plants are adapted to their environments through generations of exposure to all elements. Many plant species have the capacity to acclimate or adapt to certain stresses using the mechanism of priming. In most cases, priming is a somatic response allowing plants to deal with the same or similar stress more efficiently, with fewer resources diverted from growth and development. Priming likely relies on multiple mechanisms, but the differential expression of non-coding RNAs, changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and nucleosome repositioning play a crucial role. Specifically, we emphasize the role of BRM/CHR17, BRU1, FGT1, HFSA2, and H2A.Z proteins as positive regulators, and CAF-1, MOM1, DDM1, and SGS3 as potential negative regulators of somatic stress memory. In this review, we will discuss the role of epigenetic factors in response to stress, priming, and the somatic memory of stress exposures.