Senolytics dasatinib and quercetin in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: results of a phase I, single-blind, single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial on feasibility and tolerability

Current strategies for senescence treatment: Focused on theranostic performance of nanomaterials

Age-related diseases imposed heavy burdens to the healthcare systems globally, while cell senescence served as one fundamental molecular/cellular basis for these diseases. How to tackle the senescence-relevant problems is a hotspot for biomedical research. In this review article, the hallmarks and molecular pathways of cell senescence were firstly discussed, followed by the introduction of the current anti-senescence strategies, including senolytics and senomorphics. With suitable physical or chemical properties, multiple types of nanomaterials were used successfully in senescence therapeutics, as well as senescence detection. Based on the accumulating knowledges for senescence, the rules of how to use these nanoplatforms more efficiently against senescence were also summarized, including but not limited to surface modification, material-cargo interactions, factor responsiveness etc. The comparison of these "senescence-selective" nanoplatforms to other treatment options (prodrugs, ADCs, PROTACs, CART etc.) was also given. Learning from the past, nanotechnology can add more choice for treating age-related diseases, and provide more (diagnostic) information to further our understanding of senescence process.

Pulmonary fibrosis: from mechanisms to therapies

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic, progressive interstitial lung disease characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and abnormal fibroblast proliferation, which is mainly caused by air pollution, smoking, aging, occupational exposure, environmental pollutants exposure, and microbial infections. Although antifibrotic agents such as pirfenidone and nintedanib, approved by the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA), can slow the decline in lung function and disease progression, their side effects and delivery inefficiency limit the overall prognosis of PF. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective therapeutic targets and delivery approaches for PF in clinical settings. This review provides an overview of the pathogenic mechanisms, therapeutic drug targeting signaling pathways, and promising drug delivery strategies for treating PF.

Identification of Senomorphic miRNAs in Embryonic Progenitor and Adult Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by most cell types, transmitting crucial signaling molecules like proteins, small RNAs, and DNA. We previously demonstrated that EVs from murine and human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) functioned as senomorphics to suppress markers of senescence and the inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in cell culture and in aged mice. Here we demonstrate that EVs from additional types of human adult stem cells and embryonic progenitor cells have a senomorphic activity. Based on their miRNA profiles showing prevalence in stem cell EVs versus nonstem cell EVs and the number of age-related genes targeted, we identified eight miRNAs as potential senomorphic miRNAs. Analysis of these miRNAs by transfection into etoposide-induced senescent IMR90 human fibroblasts revealed that each of the miRNAs alone regulated specific senescence and SASP markers, but none had complete senomorphic activity. Evaluation of ~300 combinations of miRNAs for senotherapeutic activity identified a senomorphic cocktail of miR-181a-5p, miR-92a-3p, miR-21-5p, and miR-186-5p that markedly reduced the expression of p16INK4a, p21Cip1, IL-1β, and IL-6 and the percentage of SA-ß-gal-positive cells. Transcriptome analysis identified multiple pathways affected by the miRNA cocktail, including cellular senescence and inhibition of PCAF and HIPK2 in the p53 signaling pathway. Finally, treatment of aged mice with liposomes containing the four miRNA cocktail suppressed markers of senescence and inflammation in multiple tissues. These studies suggest that EVs derived from stem cells suppress senescence and inflammation, at least in part, through miRNAs and that a senomorphic miRNA cocktail could be used to target senescence and inflammation to extend health span.

Targeting Senescence with Apigenin Improves Chemotherapeutic Efficacy and Ameliorates Age-Related Conditions in Mice

Cellular senescence is a cell fate triggered by stressful stimuli and displays a hypersecretory feature, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Senescent cell burden increases with aging and contributes to age-related organ dysfunction and multiple chronic disorders. In this study, a large scale screening of a natural product library for senotherapeutic candidates is performed. Apigenin, a dietary flavonoid previously reported with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, exhibits capacity for targeting senescent cells as a senomorphic agent. This compound blocks the interactions between ATM/p38MAPK and HSPA8, preventing the transition of an acute stress-associated phenotype (ASAP) toward the SASP. Mechanistically, apigenin targets peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6), an intracellular redox-active molecule, suppressing the iPLA2 activity of PRDX6 and disrupting downstream reactions underlying SASP development. Apigenin reduces the severity of cancer cell malignancy promoted by senescent stromal cells in culture, while restraining chemoresistance when combined with chemotherapy in anticancer regimens. In preclinical trials, apigenin improves the physical function of animals with a premature aging-like state, alleviating physical frailty and cognitive impairment. Together, the study demonstrates the feasibility of exploiting a natural compound with senomorphic capacity to achieve geroprotective effects by modulating the SASP, thus providing a baseline for future exploration of natural agents for alleviating age-related conditions.

Nano-encapsulated senolytic cocktail attenuates germ cell senescence in female mice

Low-quality oocytes directly affect fertilization and embryonic development, contributing to infertility in women, while germ cell senescence leads to reduced germ cell numbers and decreased egg quality. Dasatinib and quercetin (D and Q), as senolytic drugs, have been extensively explored in different age-related diseases. However, their effects on in vitro cultured senescent oocytes and the molecular mechanisms underpinning ovarian aging remain elusive. Here, we report that a nano-encapsulated senolytic D + Q cocktail efficiently improves the quality of post-ovulatory aging oocyte in vitro and follicle quantity in ovaries in a cyclophosphamide (Cy)-induced premature ovarian failure (POF) mouse model. Cocktail supplementation to cultured oocytes potently reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, maintains spindle integrity, decreases fragmented oocyte frequencies, rescues mislocalized cortical granules (CGs) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and alleviates DNA damage and apoptosis. Importantly, the cocktail effectively ameliorates fertility deficits in the model. Transcriptome analysis shows cocktail administration to fertility-deficient mice not only up-regulates developmental gene expression but also reduces senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) accumulation. Therefore, our nano-encapsulated D + Q cocktail is a promising reagent for assisted reproductive technology and improving reproductive outcomes in POF.

Senolytic treatment alleviates cochlear senescence and delays age-related hearing loss in C57BL/6J mice

BACKGROUND

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is a prevalent sensory deficit that significantly affects quality of life in older individuals. Cellular senescence contributes to various age-related degenerative disorders. However, its effect on ARHL remains unclear.

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic potential of senolytics in attenuating cochlear senescence and delaying the progression of ARHL.

METHODS

The senolytic drugs dasatinib and quercetin (D + Q) were used to target senescent cells at different stages of ARHL in C57BL/6J mice. The impact of D + Q treatment on ARHL progression and cochlear degeneration was also assessed. Additionally, the protective effects of D + Q treatment were evaluated in HEI-OC1 auditory cells and cochlear explants. Transcriptomic analysis was conducted on cochlear explants subjected to different treatments.

RESULTS

D + Q treatment at an early stage of ARHL significantly delayed ARHL progression and alleviated cochlear degeneration in male and female C57BL/6J mice. Treatment of mice with normal hearing also mitigated age-related hair cell loss. In HEI-OC1 auditory cells, D + Q treatment exerted protective effects by alleviating the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Transcriptomic analysis of cochlear explants revealed that downregulation of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines was involved in the beneficial effects of D + Q treatment against cellular senescence. Mechanistically, D + Q treatment alleviated hair cell senescence via binding to NF-κB and inhibiting its activity.

CONCLUSION

Senolytics may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for attenuating cochlear senescence and slowing the progression of ARHL.

A bibliometric and visual analysis of the impact of senescence on tumor immunotherapy

Background

Recently, many studies have focused on the relationship between senescence and immunotherapy in cancer treatment. However, relatively few studies have examined the intrinsic links between the three. Whether these studies can act synergistically in the fight against cancer and the specific links between them are still unclear.

Methods

We extracted, quantified, and visualized data from the literature (n = 2396) for the period 2004-2023 after rigorous quality control using citespace, GraphPad Prism, the R software package, and VOSviewer.

Results

Linear fit analyses were generated to predict the number of annual publications and citations as a function of the top-performing authors, journals, countries, and affiliations academically over the past two decades such as Weiwei, Aging-us, China, and the UT MD Anderson Cancer Center. Vosviewer-based hierarchical clustering further categorized study characteristics into six clusters, including two major clusters of immunotherapy research, immunosenescence-related research factors, and timeline distributions suggesting that cellular senescence and tumor progression is a relatively new research cluster that warrants further exploration and development. Study characterization bursts and linear regression analyses further confirmed these findings and revealed other important results, such as aging (a = 1.964, R² = 0.6803) and immunotherapy (a = 16.38, R² = 0.8812). Furthermore, gene frequency analysis in this study revealed the most abundant gene, APOE, and SIRT1-7 proteins.

Conclusion

The combination of aging therapies with tumor immunotherapies is currently in its preliminary stages. Although senescence has the greatest impact on ICB therapies, mechanistic investigations, and drug development for APOE and sirt1-7 (Sirtuins family) targets may be the key to combining senescence therapies with immunotherapies in the treatment of tumors.

Thinking Outside the Therapeutic Box: The Potential of Polyphenols in Preventing Chemotherapy-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction

The numerous side effects and adverse health implications associated with chemotherapies have long plagued the field of cancer care. Whilst in some cases a curative measure, this highly toxic intervention consistently scores poorly on quantitative measures of tolerability and safety. Of these side effects, cardiac and microvascular defects pose the greatest health risk and are the leading cause of death amongst cancer survivors who do not succumb to relapse. In fact, in many low-grade cancers, the risk of recurrence is far outweighed by the cardiovascular risk of morbidity. As such, there is a pressing need to improve outcomes within these populations. Polyphenols are a group of naturally occurring metabolites that have shown potential vasoprotective effects. Studies suggest they possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, in addition to directly modulating vascular signalling pathways and gene expression. Leveraging these properties may help counteract the vascular toxicity induced by chemotherapy. In this review, we outline the main mechanisms by which the endothelium is damaged by chemotherapeutic agents and discuss the ability of polyphenols to counteract such side effects. We suggest future considerations that may help overcome some of the published limitations of these compounds that have stalled their clinical success. Finally, we briefly explore their pharmacological properties and how novel approaches could enhance their efficacy while minimising treatment-related side effects.

A novel platform for precise senolysis

The selective eradication of senescent cells using senolytic compounds represents a promising strategy to treat senescence-associated diseases like aging and cancer. However, many senolytics may cause systemic toxicity. Magkouta et al., writing in Nature Aging, introduced mGL392, an advanced senolytic platform utilizing a lipofuscin-binding domain scaffold conjugated with a senolytic drug (e.g., dasatinib). mGL392 effectively eliminates senescent cells in vitro and in vivo, reducing tumor size in melanoma models while minimizing systemic toxicity. Compared to existing senolytics, it offers improved specificity, reducing off-target effects. This innovation presents a safer and more effective approach for treating senescence-related diseases.

Use quercetin for pulmonary fibrosis: a preclinical systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is an age-related interstitial lung disease, which lacks effective drug treatment at present. Quercetin has been shown to have favorable anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties, and preliminary evidence suggests its potential efficacy and tolerability in PF patients. However, a comprehensive systematic review and evaluation of the protective effects and potential mechanisms of quercetin in PF models remains to be completed. Therefore, we conducted this study.

METHODS

The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched up to the April 1, 2024. CAMARADES was the methodological quality assessment tool. And statistical analyses were conducted with R and Stata 16.0. Origin was used for a three-dimensional (3D) dosage-intervention duration-efficacy model for quercetin treatment of PF.

RESULTS

A total of 20 studies, encompassing 44 independent experiments and involving 1019 animals, were included in the analysis. Meta-analysis revealed that quercetin significantly mitigated lung pathological tissue scores and the expression of lung fibrosis markers in PF animal models. Furthermore, quercetin significantly ameliorated inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and myofibroblast activation, cell senescence and apoptosis, and the markers expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Quercetin did not show significant hepatic and nephrotoxicity. The 3D dosage-intervention duration-efficacy model indicated that a dosing period over 20 days and dosages range of 5-100 mg/kg were appropriate modalities.

CONCLUSION

Herein, our study highlights the potential of quercetin in the treatment of PF and the available mechanisms.

Dasatinib and Quercetin Limit Gingival Senescence, Inflammation, and Bone Loss

Cellular senescence has emerged as one of the central hallmarks of aging and drivers of chronic comorbidities, including periodontal diseases. Senescence can also occur in younger tissues and instigate metabolic alterations and dysfunction, culminating in accelerated aging and pathological consequences. Senotherapeutics, such as the combination of dasatinib and quercetin (DQ), are being increasingly used to improve the clinical outcomes of chronic disorders and promote a healthy life span through the reduction of senescent cell burden and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Recent evidence suggests that senescent cells and SASP can contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases as well. In this study, we investigated the effect of DQ interventions on periodontal tissue health using preclinical models of aging. In vitro, DQ ameliorated biological signatures of senescence in human gingival keratinocytes upon persistent exposure to periodontal bacteria, Fusobacterium nucleatum, by modulating the levels of key senescence markers such as p16, SA-β-galactosidase, and lamin-B1 and inflammatory mediators associated with SASP including interleukin-8, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, and MMP-3. In vivo, the oral administration of DQ mitigated senescent cell burden and SASP in gingival tissues and reduced naturally progressing periodontal bone loss in aged mice. Collectively, our findings provide proof-of-concept evidence for translational studies and reveal that targeting gingival senescence and the senescence-associated secretome can be an effective strategy to improve periodontal health, particularly in vulnerable populations.

Enhancing immunity during ageing by targeting interactions within the tissue environment

Immunity declines with age. This results in a higher risk of age-related diseases, diminished ability to respond to new infections and reduced response to vaccines. The causes of this immune dysfunction are cellular senescence, which occurs in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissue, and chronic, low-grade inflammation known as 'inflammageing'. In this Review article, we highlight how the processes of inflammation and senescence drive each other, leading to loss of immune function. To break this cycle, therapies are needed that target the interactions between the altered tissue environment and the immune system instead of targeting each component alone. We discuss the relative merits and drawbacks of therapies that are directed at eliminating senescent cells (senolytics) and those that inhibit inflammation (senomorphics) in the context of tissue niches. Furthermore, we discuss therapeutic strategies designed to directly boost immune cell function and improve immune surveillance in tissues.

Fisetin as a Blueprint for Senotherapeutic Agents - Elucidating Geroprotective and Senolytic Properties with Molecular Modeling

Targeting senescent cells and the factors that accelerate this pathological state has recently emerged as a novel field in medicinal chemistry. As attention shifts to synthetic substances, studies on natural agents are often overlooked. In this paper, we present a detailed computational modeling study that encompasses quantum mechanics and molecular dynamics to elucidate the senotherapeutic activity of fisetin, a natural flavonoid. The mitochondrial environment, serving as a proxy for senescence, received special attention. Throughout the study, fisetin's outstanding geroprotective properties-exhibiting significant potential against ⋅OOH, O2⋅-, and ⋅OH radicals, surpassing those of Trolox or ascorbate-were identified. Furthermore, fisetin demonstrated a high capacity to restore oxidatively damaged biomolecules to their pristine forms, thereby renewing the functionality of proteins and amino acids. The senolytic properties were examined in terms of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL inhibition. The results indicated that fisetin not only binds effectively to these proteins but also, with appropriate modifications, may exhibit specific selectivity toward either target. This study highlights fisetin's remarkable activity in these areas and provides a molecular description of the underlying processes, paving the way for future research.

Senolytic treatment for low back pain

Senescent cells (SnCs) accumulate because of aging and external cellular stress throughout the body. They adopt a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and release inflammatory and degenerative factors that actively contribute to age-related diseases, such as low back pain (LBP). The senolytics, o-vanillin and RG-7112, remove SnCs in human intervertebral discs (IVDs) and reduce SASP release, but it is unknown whether they can treat LBP. sparc-/- mice, with LBP, were treated orally with o-vanillin and RG-7112 as single or combination treatments. Treatment reduced LBP and SASP factor release and removed SnCs from the IVD and spinal cord. Treatment also lowered degeneration scores in the IVDs, improved vertebral bone quality, and reduced the expression of pain markers in the spinal cord. Together, our data suggest RG-7112 and o-vanillin as potential disease-modifying drugs for LBP and other painful disorders linked to cell senescence.

Dasatinib and Quercetin Mitigate Age-Related Alveolar Bone Inflammaging and Neutrophil Infiltration

OBJECTIVE

Age-related alveolar bone resorption poses a major dental health challenge, yet its mechanisms and treatments are poorly understood. This study investigates the impact of dasatinib and quercetin (D + Q) treatment on senescent cells (SnCs), senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and neutrophil infiltration in aged alveolar bone, aiming to develop new strategies for combating age-related bone resorption.

METHODS

C57BL/6 mice (2 and 18 months) were used to examine alveolar bone resorption, inflammaging, and neutrophil infiltration. Aged mice received D + Q treatment to assess therapeutic effects. Key measurements included cementoenamel junction to the alveolar bone crest (CEJ-ABC) distance, periodontal ligament (PDL) thickness, osteometabolism markers, SnCs accumulation, SASP expression, and neutrophil infiltration.

RESULTS

Aged alveolar bone showed increased CEJ-ABC distance, atrophied periodontal ligament, and unbalanced osteometabolism, along with elevated SnCs, SASP, and neutrophils compared to young controls. D + Q treatment improved these conditions by reducing CEJ-ABC distance, enhancing periodontal ligament health, and boosting bone metabolism. It also lowered the expression of SnCs, SASP, and neutrophil markers.

CONCLUSION

D + Q treatment effectively mitigates alveolar bone aging by clearing SnCs, lowering SASP levels, and reducing neutrophil aggregation, presenting a novel approach for age-related bone resorption.

Advances in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis diagnosis and treatment

Significant advances have been made in diagnosing and treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in the last decade. The incidence and prevalence of IPF are increasing, and morbidity and mortality remain high despite the two Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications, pirfenidone and nintedanib. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new diagnostic tools and effective therapeutics to improve early, accurate diagnosis of IPF and halt or reverse the progression of fibrosis with a better safety profile. New diagnostic tools such as transbronchial cryobiopsy and genomic classifier require less tissue and generally have good safety profiles, and they have been increasingly utilized in clinical practice. Advances in artificial intelligence-aided diagnostic software are promising, but challenges remain. Both pirfenidone and nintedanib focus on growth factor-activated pathways to inhibit fibroblast activation. Novel therapies targeting different pathways and cell types (immune and epithelial cells) are being investigated. Biomarker-based personalized medicine approaches are also in clinical trials. This review aims to summarize recent diagnostic and therapeutic development in IPF.

New Horizons in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1: Cellular Senescence as a Therapeutic Target

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is considered a progeroid disease (i.e., causing premature aging). This hypervariable disease affects multiple systems, such as the musculoskeletal, central nervous, gastrointestinal, and others. Despite advances in understanding the underlying pathogenic mechanism of DM1, numerous gaps persist in our understanding, hindering elucidation of the heterogeneity and severity of its symptoms. Accumulating evidence indicates that the toxic intracellular RNA accumulation associated with DM1 triggers cellular senescence. These cells are in a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest and secrete a cocktail of cytokines, referred to as a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), that can have harmful effects on neighboring cells and more broadly. We hypothesize that cellular senescence contributes to the pathophysiology of DM1, and clearance of senescent cells is a promising therapeutic approach for DM1. We will discuss the therapeutic potential of different senotherapeutic drugs, especially senolytics that eliminate senescent cells, and senomorphics that reduce SASP expression.

Preliminary Data on the Senolytic Effects of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Extract Containing Agrimols for Immunosenescence in Middle-Aged Humans: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Comparison Study

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effects of agrimol-containing Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. extract (APE) for senescent immune cell removal in middle-aged Japanese adults with immunosenescence.

DESIGN AND SETTING

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study was conducted in Japan between June 2023 and April 2024.

PARTICIPANTS

110 individuals aged 40-59, selected based on CD8+ T cells with highly-expressing-senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-βGal).

INTERVENTION

Participants were randomly assigned to receive 50 mg APE containing 0.2 mg of agrimols or a placebo for eight consecutive weeks.

MEASUREMENTS

The primary endpoint was the change in the proportion of CD8+ T cells with high SA-βGal expression at 8 weeks of intake from the baseline. The secondary endpoints included the proportion of CD4+ T cells with high SA-βGal expression, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, and the ratio of various immune cells.

RESULTS

Of the 635 subjects screened, 110 with immunosenescence were included in this study. In total, 55 participants in the placebo group and 53 in the APE group completed the intervention. There were no statistically significant changes in either the primary or secondary endpoints due to APE intake. In the male population, the proportion of CD8+ T cells with high SA-βGal expression was reduced by APE intake (p = 0.044). Furthermore, the proportion of naïve CD8+ T cells increased and the number of effector memory CD8+ T cells decreased with the consumption of APE.

CONCLUSIONS

APE was suggested to reduce senescent immune cells, indicating its potential as a candidate senolytic agent for humans; however, the results of this study are preliminary data, and further research on APE is needed (clinical trial registration: UMIN000051574).

Antioxidant Senotherapy by Natural Compounds: A Beneficial Partner in Cancer Treatment

Aging is a general biological process inherent in all living organisms. It is characterized by progressive cellular dysfunction. For many years, aging has been widely recognized as a highly effective mechanism for suppressing the progression of malignant neoplasms. However, in recent years, increasing evidence suggests a "double-edged" role of aging in cancer development. According to these data, aging is not only a tumor suppressor that leads to cell cycle arrest in neoplastic cells, but also a cancer promoter that ensures a chronic proinflammatory and immunosuppressive microenvironment. In this regard, in our review, we discuss recent data on the destructive role of senescent cells in the pathogenesis of cancer. We also identify for the first time correlations between the modulation of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype and the antitumor effects of naturally occurring molecules.

Update of Aging Hallmarks in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is an epithelial-driven interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology characterized by the excessive proliferation of fibroblast populations that synthesize large amounts of extracellular matrix. In this devastating disorder, all aging hallmarks appear prematurely or are altered. This review highlights key findings about IPF characteristics recently recognized as hallmarks of aging, including mechanical alterations, inflammaging, dysbiosis, alternative splicing, and disabled macroautophagy. It also revisits the classic hallmarks of aging, which encompass stem cell exhaustion, cellular senescence, and altered intercellular communication. Enhancing our understanding of the fundamental processes that underlie the altered hallmarks of aging in IPF may facilitate the development of innovative experimental strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes.

Mechanisms and strategies of immunosenescence effects on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment: A comprehensive analysis and future directions

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most prevalent form of lung cancer, remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, particularly among elderly individuals. The phenomenon of immunosenescence, characterized by the progressive decline in immune cell functionality with aging, plays a pivotal role in NSCLC progression and contributes to the diminished efficacy of therapeutic interventions in older patients. Immunosenescence manifests through impaired immune surveillance, reduced cytotoxic responses, and increased chronic inflammation, collectively fostering a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the molecular, cellular, and genetic mechanisms of immunosenescence and its impact on immune surveillance and the tumor microenvironment (TME) in NSCLC. We explore how aging affects various immune cells, including T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages, and how these changes compromise the immune system's ability to detect and eliminate tumor cells. Furthermore, we address the challenges posed by immunosenescence to current therapeutic strategies, particularly immunotherapy, which faces significant hurdles in elderly patients due to immune dysfunction. The review highlights emerging technologies, such as single-cell sequencing and CRISPR-Cas9, which offer new insights into immunosenescence and its potential as a therapeutic target. Finally, we outline future research directions, including strategies for rejuvenating the aging immune system and optimizing immunotherapy for older NSCLC patients, with the goal of improving treatment efficacy and survival outcomes. These efforts hold promise for the development of more effective, personalized therapies for elderly patients with NSCLC.

Pharmacokinetics and safety of pirfenidone in individuals with chronic kidney disease stage G2 and G3a: A single-dose, Phase I, bridging study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Pirfenidone is an inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and is being developed for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). We assessed the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of a single dose of pirfenidone in individuals with CKD stages G2/G3a.

METHODS

In this phase I bridging study, patients with CKD stages G2 or G3a, aged 18-70 years, with a body mass index of 18-26 kg/m2, and glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ranging from 45 to 89 ml/min/1.73 m2, received a single oral dose of 400 mg pirfenidone capsules 30 min after a standard breakfast. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the two groups were measured and compared after blood and urine collection. The co-primary endpoints were the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 36 h (AUC0-36) and the maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) of pirfenidone. Safety was a secondary endpoint. The trial has been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (ChiCTR2300077297).

RESULTS

A total of 20 subjects participated in this study. There were no significant differences between the control group and the patient group (CKD stages G2/G3a) in terms of plasma Cmax, the time to reach the maximum observed concentration (Tmax), and elimination half-life(t1/2). However, the Vz/F of the patient group (CKD G2 stage) was significantly higher than that of the control group. Renal accumulation rate, renal clearance rate (CLr), and urine drug concentration also showed no significant differences. No severe adverse events occurred during the trial.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate that the PK and safety of pirfenidone are not influenced by renal function. Individuals with renal impairment may not require dose adjustments.

Geroscience in heart failure: the search for therapeutic targets in the shared pathobiology of human aging and heart failure

Age is a major risk factor for heart failure, but one that has been historically viewed as non-modifiable. Emerging evidence suggests that the biology of aging is malleable, and can potentially be intervened upon to treat age-associated chronic diseases, such as heart failure. While aging biology represents a new frontier for therapeutic target discovery in heart failure, the challenges of translating Geroscience research to the clinic are multifold. In this review, we propose a strategy that prioritizes initial target discovery in human biology. We review the rationale for starting with human omics, which has generated important insights into the shared (patho)biology of human aging and heart failure. We then discuss how this knowledge can be leveraged to identify the mechanisms of aging biology most relevant to heart failure. Lastly, we provide examples of how this human-first Geroscience approach, when paired with rigorous functional assessments in preclinical models, is leading to early-stage clinical development of gerotherapeutic approaches for heart failure.

Senolytic therapy combining Dasatinib and Quercetin restores the chondrogenic phenotype of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes by the release of pro-anabolic mediators

Cellular senescence is associated with various age-related disorders and is assumed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Based on this, we tested a senolytic combination therapy using Dasatinib (D) and Quercetin (Q) on aged isolated human articular chondrocytes (hACs), as well as in OA-affected cartilage tissue (OARSI grade 1-2). Stimulation with D + Q selectively eliminated senescent cells in both, cartilage explants and isolated hAC. Furthermore, the therapy significantly promoted chondroanabolism, as demonstrated by increased gene expression levels of COL2A1, ACAN, and SOX9, as well as elevated collagen type II and glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Additionally, D + Q treatment significantly reduced the release of SASP factors (IL6, CXCL1). RNA sequencing analysis revealed an upregulation of the anabolic factors, inter alia, FGF18, IGF1, and TGFB2, as well as inhibitory effects on cytokines and the YAP-1 signaling pathway, explaining the underlying mechanism of the chondroanabolic promotion upon senolytic treatment. Accordingly, stimulation of untreated hAC with conditioned medium of D + Q-treated cells similarly induced the expression of chondrogenic markers. Detailed analyses demonstrated that chondroanabolic effects could be mainly attributed to Dasatinib, while monotherapeutical application of Quercetin or Navitoclax did not promote the chondroanabolism. Overall, D + Q therapy restored the chondrogenic phenotype in OA hAC most likely by creating a pro-chondroanabolic environment through the reduction of SASP factors and upregulation of growth factors. This senolytic approach could therefore be a promising candidate for further testing as a disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug.

Targeting ATAD3A Phosphorylation Mediated by TBK1 Ameliorates Senescence-Associated Pathologies

Targeting cellular senescence, one of the hallmarks of aging and aging-related pathologies emerges as an effective strategy for anti-aging and cancer chemotherapy. Here, a switch from TBK1-OPTN axis to TBK1-ATAD3A axis to promote cellular senescence is shown. Mechanically, TBK1 protein is abnormally activated and localized to the mitochondria during senescence, which directly phosphorylates ATAD3A at Ser321. Phosphorylated ATAD3A is significantly elevated in cellular senescence as well as in physiological and pathological aging and is essential for suppressing Pink1-mediated mitophagy by facilitating Pink1 mitochondrial import. Inhibition of ATAD3A phosphorylation at Ser321 by either TBK1 deficiency or by a Ser321A mutation rescues the cellular senescence. A blocking peptide, TAT-PEP, specifically abrogating ATAD3A phosphorylation, results in elevated cell death by preventing doxorubicin-induced senescence, thus leading to enhanced tumor sensitivity to chemotherapy. TAT-PEP treatment also ameliorates various phenotypes associated with physiological aging. Collectively, these results reveal the TBK1-ATAD3A-Pink1 axis as a driving force in cellular senescence and suggest a potential mitochondrial target for anti-aging therapy.

Senescence as a therapeutic target in cancer and age-related diseases

Cellular senescence is a stress response that restrains the growth of aged, damaged or abnormal cells. Thus, senescence has a crucial role in development, tissue maintenance and cancer prevention. However, lingering senescent cells fuel chronic inflammation through the acquisition of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which contributes to cancer and age-related tissue dysfunction. Recent progress in understanding senescence has spurred interest in the development of approaches to target senescent cells, known as senotherapies. In this Review, we evaluate the status of various types of senotherapies, including senolytics that eliminate senescent cells, senomorphics that suppress the SASP, interventions that mitigate senescence and strategies that harness the immune system to clear senescent cells. We also summarize how these approaches can be combined with cancer therapies, and we discuss the challenges and opportunities in moving senotherapies into clinical practice. Such therapies have the potential to address root causes of age-related diseases and thus open new avenues for preventive therapies and treating multimorbidities.

Senescence and tissue fibrosis: opportunities for therapeutic targeting

Cellular senescence is a key hallmark of aging. It has now emerged as a key mediator in normal tissue turnover and is associated with a variety of age-related diseases, including organ-specific fibrosis and systemic sclerosis (SSc). This review discusses the recent evidence of the role of senescence in tissue fibrosis, with an emphasis on SSc, a systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease. We discuss the physiological role of these cells, their role in fibrosis, and that targeting these cells specifically could be a new therapeutic avenue in fibrotic disease. We argue that targeting senescent cells, with senolytics or senomorphs, is a viable therapeutic target in fibrotic diseases which remain largely intractable.

Senolytic Prodrugs: A Promising Approach to Enhancing Senescence-Targeting Intervention

Cellular senescence has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for aging and a wide range of age-related disorders. Despite the encouraging therapeutic impact of senolytic agents on improving lifespan and the outcomes of pharmacological intervention, the senolytic induced side effects pose barriers to clinical application. There is a pressing need for selective ablation of senescent cells (SnCs). The design of senolytic prodrugs has been demonstrated as a promising approach to addressing these issues. These prodrugs are generally designed via modification of senolytics with a cleavable galactose moiety to respond to the senescent biomarker - senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) to restore their therapeutic effects. In this Concept, we summarize the developments by categorizing these prodrugs into two classes: 1) galactose-modified senolytic prodrugs, in which sensing unit galactose is either directly conjugated to the drug or via a self-immolative linker and 2) bioorthogonal activation of senolytic prodrugs. In the bioorthogonal prodrug design, galactose is incorporated into dihydrotetrazine to sense SA-β-gal for click activation. Notably, in addition to repurposed chemotherapeutics and small molecule inhibitors, PROTACs and photodynamic therapy have been introduced as new senolytics in the prodrug design. It is expected that the senolytic prodrugs would facilitate translating small-molecule senolytics into clinical use.

Involvement of cellular senescence in the effect of X-irradiated human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells on human lung cancer A549 cell clonogenic potential

Ionizing radiation not only affects irradiated but also non-irradiated surrounding cells through intercellular communication, indicating that the former cells could affect the latter. The present study investigated the effect of X-irradiated normal human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells on the clonofenic potential of human lung cancer A549 cells by co-culturing them. Moreover, the relationship between the effects of co-culturing on the clonogenic potential of A549 cells and cellular senescence in WI-38 cells was investigated. The co-culture with 10-Gy-irradiated WI-38 cells and A549 cells enhanced the clonogenic potential of non- or X-irradiated A549 cells. Irradiated WI-38 cells exhibited high SA-β-gal activity, a cellular senescence hallmark. Importantly, treatment with senolytic drugs, which eliminate senescent cells, not only influenced high-SA-β-gal-activity cell percentages among the irradiated WI-38 cells but also the effect of irradiated WI-38 cells on the clonogenic potential of A549 cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that irradiated WI-38 cells promote A549 cell clonogenic potential and irradiated senescent WI-38 cells contribute to this effect.

Senolysis potentiates endothelial progenitor cell adhesion to and integration into the brain vasculature

BACKGROUND

One of the most severe consequences of ageing is cognitive decline, which is associated with dysfunction of the brain microvasculature. Thus, repairing the brain vasculature could result in healthier brain function.

METHODS

To better understand the potential beneficial effect of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in vascular repair, we studied the adhesion and integration of EPCs using the early embryonic mouse aorta-gonad-mesonephros - MAgEC 10.5 endothelial cell line. The EPC interaction with brain microvasculature was monitored ex vivo and in vivo using epifluorescence, laser confocal and two-photon microscopy in healthy young and old animals. The effects of senolysis, EPC activation and ischaemia (two-vessel occlusion model) were analysed in BALB/c and FVB/Ant: TgCAG-yfp_sb #27 mice.

RESULTS

MAgEC 10.5 cells rapidly adhered to brain microvasculature and some differentiated into mature endothelial cells (ECs). MAgEC 10.5-derived endothelial cells integrated into microvessels, established tight junctions and co-formed vessel lumens with pre-existing ECs within five days. Adhesion and integration were much weaker in aged mice, but were increased by depleting senescent cells using abt-263 or dasatinib plus quercetin. Furthermore, MAgEC 10.5 cell adhesion to and integration into brain vessels were increased by ischaemia and by pre-activating EPCs with TNFα.

CONCLUSIONS

Combining progenitor cell therapy with senolytic therapy and the prior activation of EPCs are promising for improving EPC adhesion to and integration into the cerebral vasculature and could help rejuvenate the ageing brain.

Hypoxia and aging: molecular mechanisms, diseases, and therapeutic targets

Aging is a complex biological process characterized by the gradual decline of cellular functions, increased susceptibility to diseases, and impaired stress responses. Hypoxia, defined as reduced oxygen availability, is a critical factor that influences aging through molecular pathways involving hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), oxidative stress, inflammation, and epigenetic modifications. This review explores the interconnected roles of hypoxia in aging, highlighting how hypoxic conditions exacerbate cellular damage, promote senescence, and contribute to age-related pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, metabolic dysfunctions, and pulmonary conditions. By examining the molecular mechanisms linking hypoxia to aging, we identify key pathways that serve as potential therapeutic targets. Emerging interventions such as HIF modulators, antioxidants, senolytics, and lifestyle modifications hold promise in mitigating the adverse effects of hypoxia on aging tissues. However, challenges such as the heterogeneity of aging, lack of reliable biomarkers, and safety concerns regarding hypoxia-targeted therapies remain. This review emphasizes the need for personalized approaches and advanced technologies to develop effective antiaging interventions. By integrating current knowledge, this review provides a comprehensive framework that underscores the importance of targeting hypoxia-induced pathways to enhance healthy aging and reduce the burden of age-related diseases.

Senolytic therapy preserves blood-brain barrier integrity and promotes microglia homeostasis in a tauopathy model

Cellular senescence, characterized by expressing the cell cycle inhibitory proteins, is evident in driving age-related diseases. Senescent cells play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of tau-mediated pathology, suggesting that targeting cell senescence offers a therapeutic potential for treating tauopathy associated diseases. This study focuses on identifying non-invasive biomarkers and validating their responses to a well-characterized senolytic therapy combining dasatinib and quercetin (D + Q), in a widely used tauopathy mouse model, PS19. We employed human-translatable MRI measures, including water extraction with phase-contrast arterial spin tagging (WEPCAST) MRI, T2 relaxation under spin tagging (TRUST), longitudinally assessed brain physiology and high-resolution structural MRI evaluated the brain regional volumes in PS19 mice. Our data reveal increased BBB permeability, decreased oxygen extraction fraction, and brain atrophy in 9-month-old PS19 mice compared to their littermate controls. (D + Q) treatment effectively preserves BBB integrity, rescues cerebral oxygen hypometabolism, attenuates brain atrophy, and alleviates tau hyperphosphorylation in PS19 mice. Mechanistically, D + Q treatment induces a shift of microglia from a disease-associated to a homeostatic state, reducing a senescence-like microglial phenotype marked by increased p16/Ink4a. D + Q-treated PS19 mice exhibit enhanced cue-associated cognitive performance in the tracing fear conditioning test compared to the vehicle-treated littermates, implying improved cognitive function by D + Q treatment. Our results pave the way for application of senolytic treatment as well as these noninvasive MRI biomarkers in clinical trials in tauopathy associated neurological disorders.

Therapeutic Potential of Nutraceuticals against Drug-Induced Liver Injury

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) continues to be a major concern in clinical practice, thus necessitating a need for novel therapeutic approaches to alleviate its impact on hepatic function. This review investigates the therapeutic potential of nutraceuticals against DILI, focusing on examining the underlying molecular mechanisms and cellular pathways. In preclinical and clinical studies, nutraceuticals, such as silymarin, curcumin, and N-acetylcysteine, have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in attenuating liver injury induced by diverse pharmaceutical agents. The molecular mechanisms underlying these hepatoprotective effects involve modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic pathways. Furthermore, this review examines cellular routes affected by these nutritional components focusing on their influence on hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and stellate cells. Key evidence highlights that autophagy modulation as well as unfolded protein response are essential cellular processes through which nutraceuticals exert their cytoprotective functions. In conclusion, nutraceuticals are emerging as promising therapeutic agents for mitigating DILI, by targeting different molecular pathways along with cell processes involved in it concurrently.

Aging, senescence, and cutaneous wound healing-a complex relationship

Cutaneous wound healing is a complex multi-step process that is highly controlled, ensuring efficient repair to damaged tissue and restoring tissue architecture. Multiple cell types play a critical role in wound healing, and perturbations in this can lead to non-healing wounds or scarring and fibrosis. Thus, the process is tightly regulated and controlled. Cellular senescence is defined as irreversible cell cycle arrest and is associated with various phenotypic changes and metabolic alterations and coupled to a secretory program. Its role in wound healing, at least in the acute setting, appears to help promote appropriate mechanisms leading to the complete restoration of tissue architecture. Opposing this is the role of senescence in chronic wounds where it can lead to either chronic non-healing wounds or fibrosis. Given the two opposing outcomes of wound healing in either acute or chronic settings, this has led to disparate views on the role of senescence in wound healing. This review aims to consolidate knowledge on the role of senescence and aging in wound healing, examining the nuances of the roles in the acute or chronic settings, and attempts to evaluate the modulation of this to promote efficient wound healing.

Cellular Senescence and Anti-Aging Strategies in Aesthetic Medicine: A Bibliometric Analysis and Brief Review

Background

Skin aging is the most obvious feature of human aging, and delaying aging has become a hot and difficult research topic in aesthetic medicine. The accumulation of dysfunctional senescent cells is one of the important mechanisms of skin aging, based on which a series of anti-aging strategies have been generated. In this paper, from the perspective of cellular senescence, we utilize bibliometrics and research review to explore the research hotspots and trends in this field, with a view to providing references for skin health and aesthetic medicine.

Methods

We obtained literature related to this field from the Web of Science Core Collection database from 1994 to 2024. Bibliometrix packages in R, CiteSpace, VOSviewer, Origin, and Scimago Graphica were utilized for data mining and visualization.

Results

A total of 2,796 documents were included in the analysis. The overall trend of publications showed a continuous and rapid increase from 2016-2023, but the total citations improved poorly over time. In this field, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Experimental Gerontology are core journals. Kim J, Lee JH, Lee S, Rattan SIS, Chung JH and Kim JH are the core authors in this field. Seoul National University is the first in terms of publications. Korea is the country with the most publications, but USA has the most total citations. Top 10 keywords include: gene-expression, skin, cellular senescence, cell, oxidative stress, antioxidants, in vitro, fibroblasts, mechanism, cancer. Current research trends are focused on neurodegeneration, skin rejuvenation, molecular docking, fibrosis, wound healing, SASP, skin barrier, and antioxidants. The core literature and references reflect topics such as the major molecular pathways in the aging process, and the relationship with tumors.

Conclusion

This field of research has been rapidly rising in recent years. Relevant research hotspots focus on oxidative stress, fibroblasts, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Anti-aging strategies targeting cellular senescence hold great promise, including removal of senescent cells or attenuation of SASP factors, corresponding to senolytics and senomorphics therapies, respectively.

Emerging roles of senolytics/senomorphics in HIV-related co-morbidities

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is known to cause cellular senescence and inflammation among infected individuals. While the traditional antiretroviral therapies (ART) have allowed the once fatal infection to be managed effectively, the quality of life of HIV patients on prolonged ART use is still inferior. Most of these individuals suffer from life-threatening comorbidities like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and diabetes, to name a few. Interestingly, cellular senescence is known to play a critical role in the pathophysiology of these comorbidities as well. It is therefore important to understand the role of cellular senescence in the disease progression and co-morbidity development in HIV-infected individuals. In this respect, use of senolytic/senomorphic drugs as combination therapy with ART would be beneficial for HIV patients. This review provides a critical analysis of the current literature to determine the potential and efficacy of using senolytics/senotherapeutics in managing HIV infection, latency, and associated co-morbidities in humans. The various classes of senolytics have been studied in detail to focus on their potential to combat against HIV infections and associated pathologies with advancing age.

Curcumin analogue EF24 prevents alveolar epithelial cell senescence to ameliorate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis via activation of PTEN

BACKGROUND

Treating Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remains challenging owing to its relentless progression, grim prognosis, and the scarcity of effective treatment options. Emerging evidence strongly supports the critical role of accelerated senescence in alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) in driving the progression of IPF. Consequently, targeting senescent AECs emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy for IPF.

PURPOSE

Curcumin analogue EF24 is a derivative of curcumin and shows heightened bioactivity encompassing anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-aging properties. The objective of this study was to elucidate the therapeutic potential and underlying molecular mechanisms of EF24 in the treatment of IPF.

METHODS

A549 and ATII cells were induced to become senescent using bleomycin. Senescence markers were examined using different methods including senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining, western blotting, and q-PCR. Mice were intratracheally administrated with bleomycin to induce pulmonary fibrosis. This was validated by micro-computed tomography (CT), masson trichrome staining, and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The role and underlying mechanisms of EF24 in IPF were determined in vitro and in vivo by evaluating the expressions of PTEN, AKT/mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway, and mitophagy using western blotting or flow cytometry.

RESULTS

We identified that the curcumin analogue EF24 was the most promising candidate among 12 compounds against IPF. EF24 treatment significantly reduced senescence biomarkers in bleomycin-induced senescent AECs, including SA-β-Gal, PAI-1, P21, and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). EF24 also effectively inhibited fibroblast activation which was induced by senescent AECs or TGF-β. We revealed that PTEN activation was integral for EF24 to inhibit AECs senescence by suppressing the AKT/mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway. Additionally, EF24 improved mitochondrial dysfunction through induction of mitophagy. Furthermore, EF24 administration significantly reduced the senescent phenotype induced by bleomycin in the lung tissues of mice. Notably, EF24 mitigates fibrosis and promotes overall health benefits in both the acute and chronic phases of IPF, suggesting its therapeutic potential in IPF treatment.

CONCLUSION

These findings collectively highlight EF24 as a new and effective therapeutic agent against IPF by inhibiting senescence in AECs.

Aerosol inhalation of total ginsenosides repairs acute lung injury and inhibits pulmonary fibrosis through SMAD2 signaling-mediated mechanism

BACKGROUND

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive lung disease caused by previous acute lung injury (ALI), but there is currently no satisfactory therapy available. Aerosol inhalation of medicine is an effective way for treating PF. Total ginsenosides (TG) shows potential for the treatment of ALI and PF, but the effects of inhaled TG remain unclear.

PURPOSE

To determine the therapeutic effects of TG in ALI and PF, to assess the superiority of the inhaled form of TG over the routine form, and to clarify the mechanism of action of inhaled TG.

METHODS

Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-QE-MS) was applied to determine the chemoprofile of TG. A mouse model of ALI and PF was established to evaluate the effects of inhaled TG by using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis, histopathological observation, hydroxyproline assay, and immunohistochemical analysis. Primary mouse lung fibroblasts (MLF) and human lung fibroblast cell line (HFL1) were applied to determine the in vitro effects and mechanism of TG by using cell viability assay, quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) assay, and western blot (WB) analysis.

RESULTS

The UPLC-QE-MS results revealed the main types of ginsenosides in TG, including Re (14.15 ± 0.42%), Rd (8.42 ± 0.49%), Rg1 (6.22 ± 0.42%), Rb3 (3.28 ± 0.01%), Rb2 (3.09 ± 0.00%), Rc (2.33 ± 0.01%), Rg2 (2.09 ± 0.04%), Rb1 (1.43 ± 0.24%), and Rf (0.13 ± 0.06%). Inhaled TG, at dosages of 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg significantly alleviated both ALI and PF in mice. Analyses of BALF and HE staining revealed that TG modulated the levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, and TGF-β1, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, and restored the alveolar architecture of the lung tissues. Furthermore, HE and Masson's trichrome staining demonstrated that TG markedly decreased fibroblastic foci and collagen fiber deposition, evidenced by the reduction of blue-stained collagen fibers. Hydroxyproline assay and immunohistochemical analyses indicated that TG significantly decreased hydroxyproline level and down-regulated the expression of Col1a1, Col3a1, and α-sma. The inhaled administration of TG demonstrated enhanced efficacy over the oral route when comparable doses were used. Additionally, inhaled TG showed superior safety and therapeutic profiles compared to pirfenidone, as evidenced by a CCK8 assay, which confirmed that TG concentrations ranging from 20 to 120 μg/ml were non-cytotoxic. qPCR and WB analyses revealed that TG, at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml, significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of smad2 induced by TGF-β1 and down-regulated the expression of fibrotic genes and proteins, including α-sma, Col1a1, Col3a1, and FN1, suggesting an anti-fibrotic mechanism mediated by the smad2 signaling pathway. In vitro, TG's safety and efficacy were also found to be superior to those of pirfenidone.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates, for the first time, the therapeutic efficacy of inhaled TG in treating ALI and PF. Inhaled TG effectively inhibits inflammation and reduces collagen deposition, with a particular emphasis on its role in modulating the Smad2 signaling pathway, which is implicated in the anti-fibrotic mechanism of TG. The study also highlights the superiority of inhaled TG over the oral route and its favorable safety profile in comparison to pirfenidone, positioning it as an ideal alternative for ALI and PF therapy.

Highlights from the 11th Bronchitis International Symposium: "Heterogeneity of Lung Disease in a Changing Environment," Groningen, The Netherlands, 2024

This meeting report provides an overview of the highlights of the Bronchitis XI international symposium, held in June 2024 in Groningen, The Netherlands. The theme of this year's symposium was "heterogeneity of lung disease in a changing environment," and the symposium contained five different sessions focused on (i) heterogeneity of chronic lung disease, (ii) environmental changes with impact on lung disease, (iii) the aging lung, (iv) bronchitis, and (v) innovative therapy. The highlights from each of these sessions will be discussed separately, providing an overview of latest studies, new data, and enthralling discussions.

PDIA2 is associated with the prognosis of prostate cancer, and downregulation of PDIA2 delays the progression of prostate cancer cells

Protein Disulfide-Isomerase A2 (PDIA2) is a gene that encodes proteins, responsible for protein folding and modification within cells. The development and course of many disorders are intimately linked to the aberrant expression of PDIA2. Nevertheless, more research is necessary to fully understand PDIA2's biological significance in pan-cancer, notably in prostate cancer (PCa). PDIA2 expression is elevated in various tumors and closely related to patient prognosis. Patients with prostate cancer who express PDIA2 high in particular have a bad prognosis in terms of progression-free survival. In addition, the upregulation of PDIA2 expression in prostate cancer patients is accompanied by higher Gleason scores, advanced tumor staging, lymph node metastasis, and elevated PSA levels. Detailed experiments further demonstrate that PDIA2 is a carcinogenic gene affecting prostate cancer cells' response to dasatinib therapy. For patients with prostate cancer, there is a clear positive connection between the expression level of PDIA2 and a bad prognosis. The prostate cancer treatment efficacy of dasatinib is hampered by PDIA2, which is intimately linked to the growth, invasion, and metastasis of PCa cells. In summary, our research highlights the potential of PDIA2 as a biomarker for the diagnosis and management of PCa.

Aging of alveolar type 2 cells induced by Lonp1 deficiency exacerbates pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and chronic disease that significantly impacts patient quality of life, and its incidence is on the rise. The pathogenesis of IPF remains poorly understood. Alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells are crucial in the onset and progression of IPF, yet the specific mechanisms involved are not well defined. Lon protease 1 (LONP1), known for its critical roles in various diseases, has an unclear function in IPF. Our research investigated the impact of Lonp1 gene deletion on AT2 cell functionality and its subsequent effect on IPF development. We generated a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model with a targeted Lonp1 knockout in AT2 cells and assessed the consequences on AT2 cell function and fibrosis progression. Additionally, we constructed the MLE12 cells with stable Lonp1 knockdown and utilized transcriptome sequencing to identify pathways altered by the Lonp1 knockdown. Our results indicated that mice with AT2 cell-specific Lonp1 knockout exhibited more severe fibrosis compared to controls. These mice exhibited a reduction in AT2 and AT1 cell populations, along with an increase in p53- and p21-positive AT2 cells. Lonp1 knockdown in MLE12 cells led to the upregulation of aging-associated pathways, with fibroblast growth factor 2 (Fgf2) gene emerging as a central gene interconnecting these pathways. Therefore, loss of Lonp1 appears to promote AT2 cell aging and exacerbate bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Fgf2 emerges as a pivotal downstream gene associated with cellular senescence. This study uncovers the role of the Lonp1 gene in pulmonary fibrosis, presenting a novel target for investigating the pathological mechanisms and potential therapeutic approaches for IPF.

A nutrigeroscience approach: Dietary macronutrients and cellular senescence

Cellular senescence, a process in which a cell exits the cell cycle in response to stressors, is one of the hallmarks of aging. Senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)-a heterogeneous set of secreted factors that disrupt tissue homeostasis and promote the accumulation of senescent cells-reprogram metabolism and can lead to metabolic dysfunction. Dietary interventions have long been studied as methods to combat age-associated metabolic dysfunction, promote health, and increase lifespan. A growing body of literature suggests that senescence is responsive to diet, both to calories and specific dietary macronutrients, and that the metabolic benefits of dietary interventions may arise in part through reducing senescence. Here, we review what is currently known about dietary macronutrients' effect on senescence and the SASP, the nutrient-responsive molecular mechanisms that may mediate these effects, and the potential for these findings to inform the development of a nutrigeroscience approach to healthy aging.

Therapeutic effects of flavonoids on pulmonary fibrosis: A preclinical meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The efficacy of flavonoid supplementation in animal models of pulmonary fibrosis has been demonstrated.

PURPOSE

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of flavonoids in animal models of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

STUDY DESIGN

Relevant studies (n = 45) were identified from English- and Chinese-language databases from the inception of the database until October 2023.

METHODS

Methodological quality was evaluated using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool. Statistical analyses were conducted using RevMan 5.3 and Stata 17.0. Lung inflammation and fibrosis score were the primary outcome indicators.

RESULTS

Flavonoids can alleviate pathological changes in the lungs. The beneficial effects of flavonoids on pulmonary fibrosis likely relate to their inhibition of inflammatory responses, restoration of oxidative and antioxidant homeostasis, and regulation of fibroblast proliferation, migration, and activation by transforming growth factor β1/mothers against the decapentaplegic homologue/AMP-activated protein kinase (TGF-β1/Smad3/AMPK), inhibitor kappa B alpha/nuclear factor-kappa B (IκBα/NF-κB), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, interleukin 6/signal transducer/activator of transcription 3 (IL6/STAT3), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Nrf2-Keap1) pathways.

CONCLUSION

Flavonoids are potential candidate compounds for the prevention and treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. However, extensive preclinical research is necessary to confirm the antifibrotic properties of natural flavonoids.

Senolytic Therapy Enabled by Senescent Cell-Sensitive Biomimetic Melanin Nano-Senolytics

Cellular senescence is a significant risk factor for aging and age-related diseases (ARD). The canonical senolytics Dasatinib and Quercetin (DQ) have shown promise in clearing senescent cells (SnCs); however, the lack of selectivity poses a challenge in achieving optimal outcomes. Despite the recent occurrence of nanomaterial-based approaches targeting SnCs, limited therapeutic effects, and potential toxicity still remain a major concern. Herein, a "double locks-like" nanoplatform is developed that integrated Galactan coating and mesoporous polydopamine to encase the senolytic drug DQ. By this way, DQ is only released in SnCs that are featured with higher levels of β-galactosidase (β-gal) and low PH. Additionally, the nanoparticles are equipped with 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (Tempo) to gain enhanced photothermal converting potential. Consequently, the synthesized nanosenolytics demonstrate remarkable specificity and efficacy in eradicating SnCs, and accordingly reverse pulmonary fibrosis in mice without affecting normal tissues. Upon exposure of near-infrared (NIR) light, the nanoparticles demonstrate to efficiently remove senescent tumor cells inducted by chemotherapy, thereby hindering the outgrowth and metastasis or breast cancer. Collectively, the present study develops an "On/Off" switchable nanoplatform in response to SnCs, and produces a more safe, efficient, and feasible way to delay aging or alleviate age-associated diseases.

ESL attenuates BLM-induced IPF in mice: Dual mediation of the TLR4/NF-κB and TGF-β1/PI3K/Akt/FOXO3a pathways

BACKGROUNDS

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a persistent and advanced pulmonary ailment. The roles of innate immunity and adaptive immunity are pivotal in the evolution of IPF. An ill-adjusted interaction between epithelial cells and immune cells is responsible for initiating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and sustaining chronic inflammation, thereby fostering fibrosis progression. The intricacy of IPF pathogenesis has hindered the availability of efficacious agents. Elephantopus scaber Linn. (ESL) is a canonical Chinese medicine with significant immunoregulatory effects, and its aqueous extract has been proven to attenuate IPF symptoms in bleomycin (BLM)-induced mice. However, the underlying mechanism through which ESL relieves IPF remains unclear.

AIM

To validate whether ESL reverses IPF by mediating the immune response and EMT.

METHODS

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and UPLC were used to identify the components and determine the concentrations of the specific compounds in the ESL. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were applied to predict the potential mechanism underlying the anti-IPF effect of ESL. BLM-induced IPF mice were used to validate the anti-IPF effect of ESL, and lung tissue was collected to test putative pathways involved in inflammation and EMT via immunohistochemistry (ICH), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting.

RESULTS

Sixty-one compounds were identified, and thirteen main ingredients were quantified in the ESL. In silico experiments predicted that the IPF-mediated reversal of adverse effects by ESL would be related to interruption of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-k-gene binding (NF-ĸB) inflammatory pathway and the transforming growth factor-beta l (TGF-β1)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/forkhead box O3 (FOXO3a) fibrosis pathway. In vivo experiments showed that ESL alleviates BLM-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis by reducing neutrophil aggregation and fibroblast foci, similar to the effects of the positive control drug pirfenidone (PFD). ESL markedly inhibited the transcription of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, which are downstream genes of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, the protein levels of TLR4 and p-NF-κB were correspondingly inhibited in response to ESL treatment. Additionally, ESL reverses BLM-induced changes in the expression of EMT-related biological characteristic indicators (collagen I [COLIA1], E-cadherin, and alpha smooth muscle actin [α-SMA]) at the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) level and markedly inhibits the expression of EMT-related upstream proteins (TGF-β1, p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-FOXO3a).

CONCLUSION

Our research suggested that ESL attenuates BLM-induced IPF through mediating the EMT process via the TGF-β1/PI3K/Akt/FOXO3a signaling pathway and inhibiting inflammation through the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, highlighting that ESL can serve as an immunoregulator for relieving the abnormal immune response and reversing the EMT in IPF.

Prophylactic senolytic treatment in aged mice reduces seizure severity and improves survival from Status Epilepticus

Increased vulnerability to seizures in aging has been well documented both clinically and in various models of aging in epilepsy. Seizures can exacerbate cognitive decline that is already prominent in aging. Senescent cells are thought to contribute to cognitive impairment in aging and clearing senescent cells with senolytic drugs improves cognitive function in animal models. It remains unclear whether senescent cells render the aged brain vulnerable to seizures. Here, we demonstrate that prophylactic senolytic treatment with Dasatinib and Quercetin (D&Q) reduced both seizure severity and mortality in aged C57BL/6J mice. We subjected the D&Q and VEH-treated aged mice to spatial memory testing before and after an acute seizure insult, Status Epilepticus [SE], which leads to epilepsy development. We found that senolytic therapy improved spatial memory before injury, however, spatial memory was not rescued after SE. Senescence-related proteins p16 and senescence-associated β-galactosidase were reduced in D&Q-treated aged mice. Our findings indicate that senescent cells increase seizure susceptibility in aging. Thus, prophylactically targeting senescent cells may prevent age-related seizure vulnerability.

Systematic transcriptomic analysis and temporal modelling of human fibroblast senescence

Cellular senescence is a diverse phenotype characterised by permanent cell cycle arrest and an associated secretory phenotype (SASP) which includes inflammatory cytokines. Typically, senescent cells are removed by the immune system, but this process becomes dysregulated with age causing senescent cells to accumulate and induce chronic inflammatory signalling. Identifying senescent cells is challenging due to senescence phenotype heterogeneity, and senotherapy often requires a combinatorial approach. Here we systematically collected 119 transcriptomic datasets related to human fibroblasts, forming an online database describing the relevant variables for each study allowing users to filter for variables and genes of interest. Our own analysis of the database identified 28 genes significantly up- or downregulated across four senescence types (DNA damage induced senescence (DDIS), oncogene induced senescence (OIS), replicative senescence, and bystander induced senescence) compared to proliferating controls. We also found gene expression patterns of conventional senescence markers were highly specific and reliable for different senescence inducers, cell lines, and timepoints. Our comprehensive data supported several observations made in existing studies using single datasets, including stronger p53 signalling in DDIS compared to OIS. However, contrary to some early observations, both p16 and p21 mRNA levels rise quickly, depending on senescence type, and persist for at least 8-11 days. Additionally, little evidence was found to support an initial TGFβ-centric SASP. To support our transcriptomic analysis, we computationally modelled temporal protein changes of select core senescence proteins during DDIS and OIS, as well as perform knockdown interventions. We conclude that while universal biomarkers of senescence are difficult to identify, conventional senescence markers follow predictable profiles and construction of a framework for studying senescence could lead to more reproducible data and understanding of senescence heterogeneity.

Exploring senescence as a modifier of β cell extracellular vesicles in type 1 diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a chronic metabolic disease resulting from insulin deficiency due to autoimmune loss of pancreatic β cells. In addition to β cell destruction, it is now accepted that β cell stress and dysfunction, such as senescence, plays a crucial role in the development of the disease. Accumulation of senescent β cells occurs during development of T1D in humans and contributes to the progression of T1D in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model. Senescent β cells are thought to exacerbate the inflammatory response within the islets by production and secretion of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from β cells have been shown to carry protein and microRNAs (miRNAs), influencing cellular signaling and may contribute to the development of T1D but it remains to be addressed how senescence impacts β cell EV cargo. In this minireview, we discuss emerging evidence that EV cargo proteins and miRNAs associated with senescence could contribute to the development of T1D and could suggest potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the regulation of SASP and elimination of senescent β cells in T1D. Future investigation exploring the intricate relationship between β cell senescence, EVs and miRNAs could pave the way for the development of novel diagnostic techniques and therapeutic interventions.

Dietary Polyphenols and Gut Microbiota Cross-Talk: Molecular and Therapeutic Perspectives for Cardiometabolic Disease: A Narrative Review

The intricate interplay between the gut microbiota and polyphenols has emerged as a captivating frontier in understanding and potentially harnessing the therapeutic potential of these bioactive compounds. Phenolic compounds, renowned for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties, are subject to intricate transformations within the gut milieu, where the diverse microbial ecosystem exerts profound effects on their metabolism and bioavailability. Conversely, polyphenols exhibit a remarkable capacity to modulate the composition and activity of the gut microbiota, fostering a bidirectional relationship that extends beyond mere nutrient processing. This symbiotic interaction holds significant implications for human health, particularly in cardiometabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, and cardiovascular disease. Through a comprehensive exploration of molecular interactions, this narrative review elucidates the reciprocal dynamics between the gut microbiota and polyphenols, unveiling novel avenues for therapeutic intervention in cardiometabolic disorders. By unravelling the intricate cross-talk between these two entities, this review underscores the multifaceted roles of polyphenols in overall health and the pivotal role of gut microbiota modulation as a promising therapeutic strategy in mitigating the burden of cardiometabolic diseases.

Cellular and Molecular Genetic Mechanisms of Lung Fibrosis Development and the Role of Vitamin D: A Review

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis remains a relevant problem of the healthcare system with an unfavorable prognosis for patients due to progressive fibrous remodeling of the pulmonary parenchyma. Starting with the damage of the epithelial lining of alveoli, pulmonary fibrosis is implemented through a cascade of complex mechanisms, the crucial of which is the TGF-β/SMAD-mediated pathway, involving various cell populations. Considering that a number of the available drugs (pirfenidone and nintedanib) have only limited effectiveness in slowing the progression of fibrosis, the search and justification of new approaches aimed at regulating the immune response, cellular aging processes, programmed cell death, and transdifferentiation of cell populations remains relevant. This literature review presents the key modern concepts concerning molecular genetics and cellular mechanisms of lung fibrosis development, based mainly on in vitro and in vivo studies in experimental models of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, as well as the latest data on metabolic features, potential targets, and effects of vitamin D and its metabolites.