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Zhao Y, Ji J, Wu Y, Chen S, Xu M, Cao X, Liu H, Wang Z, Bi H, Guan G, Tang R, Tao H, Zhang H. Nonylphenol and its derivatives: Environmental distribution, treatment strategy, management and future perspectives. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141377. [PMID: 38346514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, emerging pollutants, including nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE), have become a prominent topic. These substances are also classified as persistent organic pollutants. NP significantly affects the hormone secretion of organisms and exhibits neurotoxicity, which can affect the human hippocampus. Therefore, various countries are paying increased attention to NP regulation. NPEs are precursors of NPs and are widely used in the manufacture of various detergents and lubricants. NPEs can easily decompose into NPs, which possess strong biological and environmental toxicity. This review primarily addresses the distribution, toxicity mechanisms and performance, degradation technologies, management policies, and green alternative reagents of NPs and NPEs. Traditional treatment measures have been unable to completely remove NP from wastewater. With the progressively tightening management and regulatory policies, identifying proficient and convenient treatment methods and a sustainable substitute reagent with comparable product effectiveness is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhao
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Jie Ji
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yao Wu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Shiqi Chen
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Mengyao Xu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Xiang Cao
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Hanlin Liu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Hengyao Bi
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Guian Guan
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Ruixi Tang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Hong Tao
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - He Zhang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China.
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Wang Y, Zhao H, Yang J, Cao Z, Hao L, Gu Z. Exposure of nonylphenol promoted NLRP3 inflammasome and GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in allergic rhinitis mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 184:114435. [PMID: 38176579 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Studies have confirmed that the intake of nonylphenol (NP) can increase nasal symptoms, eosinophils, and Th2 responses in allergic rhinitis (AR) mice. However, the molecular mechanism of NP exacerbating AR inflammatory response remains unclear. Recent data suggest that NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis contributes to AR development. To investigate the effects of NP on NLRP3 inflammasomes and pyroptosis, an AR mouse model induced by ovalbumin (OVA) was established and treated with 0.5 mg/kg/d NP every other day. Nasal symptoms were evaluated after the final OVA instillation. Mast cells and Eosinophils in the nasal mucosa were observed using toluidine blue and Sirius red staining, respectively. The levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1, ASC, phospho-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65, interleukin (IL)-6, TNF-α, IL-18, GSDMD and IL-1β, were assessed by using immunohistochemical staining, ELISA, quantitative real-time PCR, or Western blot. Exposure to NP aggravates AR symptoms and promotes eosinophils, mast cells, and inflammatory factors release, along with significantly increased of NF-κB, NLRP3, Caspase-1, ASC, and GSDMD. It was concluded that NP exposure promotes NLRP3 inflammasome and GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis of the nasal mucosa. Targeted of NLRP3 and GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis may be a novel therapeutic strategy for AR exposed to NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiu Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, PR China
| | - He Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, PR China
| | - Liying Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, PR China.
| | - Zhaowei Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, PR China.
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Tao S, Yao Z, Li H, Wang Y, Qiao X, Yu Y, Li Y, Ning Y, Ge RS, Li S. Exposure to 4-nonylphenol compromises Leydig cell development in pubertal male mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115612. [PMID: 37866035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to 4-nonyl phenol (4-NP) on Leydig cell (LC) development and function remains poorly understood. We explored the effects of 4-NP on LC development and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Male (28-day-old) mice received orally 4-NP (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg/day) for 28 days. We found that 4-NP at ≥ 0.125 mg/kg markedly compromised serum testosterone levels and LC numbers. Gene and protein expression analysis demonstrated downregulation of key genes and their proteins involved in LC steroidogenesis, including Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, Hsd17b3, Hsd3b6, and Scarb1. Furthermore, exposure to 4-NP induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as reduced superoxide dismutase 1/2 and catalase (CAT). Apoptosis was also observed in LCs following exposure to 4-NP, as shown by an increased BAX/BCL2 ratio and caspase-3. A TM3 mouse LC line further confirmed that 4-NP induced ROS and the expression of apoptosis-related genes and proteins. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that 4-NP exposure compromises LC development through multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhui Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Zhiang Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xinyi Qiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Anaesthesiology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China, Key Laboratory of Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Anaesthesiology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China, Key Laboratory of Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Anaesthesiology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China, Key Laboratory of Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yangyang Ning
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Anaesthesiology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China, Key Laboratory of Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Anaesthesiology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China, Key Laboratory of Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Shijun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
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Penserini L, Cantoni B, Gabrielli M, Sezenna E, Saponaro S, Antonelli M. An integrated human health risk assessment framework for alkylphenols due to drinking water and crops' food consumption. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 325:138259. [PMID: 36871805 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The increasing overexploitation and pollution of freshater resources are potential threats for public health, causing cross-contamination among the interconnected environmental compartments (freshwater, soil, crops). In particular, contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) originating from anthropic activities are not completely removed by wastewater treatments plants. This leads to their presence in drinking water (DW) sources, soil and crops intended for human consumption due to discharges of treated wastewater in surface waters and direct wastewater reuse practices. Currently, health risk assessments are limited to single exposure sources without considering the multiple exposure routes to which humans are subjected. For instance, among CECs, bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol (NP), respectively, adversely affect immune and renal systems and have been frequently detected in DW and food, their major exposure sources for humans. Here, an integrated procedure is proposed to quantitatively assess health risk from CECs due to multiple exposure from the consumption of both DW and food, considering the relevant inter-connected environmental compartments. This procedure was applied to BPA and NP to calculate their probabilistic Benchmark Quotient (BQ), showing its potential in quantitatively apportioning the risk between contaminants and exposure sources, and its use as a decision support tool for prioritizing mitigation measures. Our results indicate that, even though the human health risk due to NP is not negligible, the estimated risk due to BPA is significantly higher, and the consumption of food from edible crops determines a higher risk compared to tap water. Hence, BPA is undoubtedly a contaminant to be prioritized, especially through mitigation actions aimed at its prevention and removal from food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Penserini
- Politecnico Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Beatrice Cantoni
- Politecnico Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Gabrielli
- Politecnico Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Sezenna
- Politecnico Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Sabrina Saponaro
- Politecnico Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Manuela Antonelli
- Politecnico Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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de Souza IR, Iulini M, Galbiati V, Silva EZM, Sivek TW, Rodrigues AC, Gradia DF, Pestana CB, Leme DM, Corsini E. An integrated in silico-in vitro investigation to assess the skin sensitization potential of 4-Octylphenol. Toxicology 2023; 493:153548. [PMID: 37207816 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in chemical toxicity testing is the possibility to protect human health against adverse effects with non-animal methods. In this paper, 4-Octylphenol (OP) was tested for skin sensitization and immunomodulatory effects using an integrated in silico-in vitro test approach. In silico tools (QSAR TOOLBOX 4.5, ToxTree and VEGA) were used together with several in vitro tests including HaCaT cells (quantification of IL-6; IL-8; IL-1α and IL-18 by ELISA and expression of genes TNF, IL1A, IL6 and IL8 by RT- qPCR), RHE model (quantification of IL-6; IL-8; IL-1α and IL-18 by ELISA) and THP-1 activation assay (CD86/CD54 expression and IL-8 release). Additionally, the immunomodulatory effect of OP was investigated using lncRNAs MALAT1 and NEAT1 expression and LPS-induced THP-1 activation (CD86/CD54 expression and IL-8 release). The in silico tools predicted OP as a sensitizer. In vitro tests are also concordant with the in silico prediction. OP increased IL-6 expression (HaCaT cells); IL-18 and IL-8 expressions (RHE model). An irritant potential was also shown by a great expression of IL-1α (RHE model); and increased expression of CD54 marker and IL-8 in THP-1 cells. Immunomodulatory effects of OP were demonstrated by the downregulation of NEAT1, MALAT1 (epigenetic markers), IL6 and IL8; and an increase in LPS-induced CD54 and IL-8 expressions. Overall, results indicate that OP is a skin sensitizer, being positive in three key events of the AOP for skin sensitization, also showing immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isisdoris Rodrigues de Souza
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Martina Iulini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Enzo Zini Moreira Silva
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Tainá Wilke Sivek
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Fiori Gradia
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Bomfim Pestana
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Ni C, Pan K, Xu J, Long X, Lin F, Nie Y, Yang Y, Yu J. Effects and mechanism of perinatal nonylphenol exposure on cardiac function and myocardial mitochondria in neonatal rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 258:114977. [PMID: 37146387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonylphenol (NP) is a common environmental endocrine disruptor that is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. However, the toxic effect of NP on mitochondria in the heart of offspring to exposed individuals remains exclusive. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether perinatal NP exposure causes mitochondrial damage in the hearts of offspring of exposed individuals and determine its mechanism of action through both animal and cell experiments. METHODS AND RESULTS For the in vivo experiment, pregnant rats were randomly divided into four groups: the control group (corn oil, C), low dose group (2.5 mg/kg/day, L-NP group), medium dose group (50 mg/kg/day, M-NP group), and high dose group (100 mg/kg/day, H-NP group), with 12 rats in each group. The NP concentration in the hearts of offspring at PND21 and PND90 increased with the increase of the NP dose. Perinatal NP exposure induced a gradual increase in systolic blood pressure in offspring at PND90. In the H-NP group, there was a high degree of inflammatory cell infiltration, myofibril breaks, inconspicuous or absent nuclei, and pink collagen deposition. At PND90, the membrane integrity of mitochondria in the H-NP group was disrupted, the cristae disorder was aggravated, and there was internal lysis with vacuolation. Compared to the control group, the mitochondrial membrane potential of offspring at PND21 and PND90 was decreased in each of the NP exposure groups. NP exposure decreased the activity of mitochondrial respiratory enzyme complex I (CI) and increased the activity of mitochondrial respiratory enzyme complex IV (CIV) in the offspring. At PND21 and PND90, the mRNA and protein expression levels of cardiac mitochondrial PGC-1α, NRF-1, and TFAM decreased with increasing NP dose in a dose-dependent manner. In the in vitro experiment, H9C2 cells were divided into the following four groups: the blank group, RSV group (15 μg/ml), RSV + NP group (15 μg/ml RSV + 120 mmol/L NP), and NP group (120 mmol/L). With increasing NP concentration, the cell survival rate gradually decreased. Compared to the control, the membrane potential was significantly decreased in the NP group; the protein expression levels of SIRT1, PGC-1α, NRF-1, and TFAM in the NP group were significantly lower. CONCLUSION Perinatal NP exposure caused mitochondrial damage and dysfunction in the offspring of exposed individuals in a dose-dependent manner. This toxic effect may be related to NP-induced mitochondrial pathology in the offspring and the inhibition of both gene and protein expression involved in the PGC-1α/NRF-1/TFAM mitochondrial biogenesis signaling pathway following NP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Ni
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China; Department of Medicine, Hubei College of Chinese Medicine, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, PR China
| | - Kai Pan
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China
| | - Xianping Long
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, PR China
| | - FangMei Lin
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China
| | - Yanling Nie
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China
| | - Yu Yang
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China.
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Li Z, Liu H, Han W, Zhu S, Liu C. NMN Alleviates NP-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment Through SIRT1 Pathway in PC-12 Cell. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2871-2883. [PMID: 36745337 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is widely used in the chemical industry; it accumulates in organisms through environmental contamination and causes learning memory impairment. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) has been found to have a positive effect on the treatment of central nervous-related diseases. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of NMN on NP-induced learning memory-related impairment in vitro and to further identify the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that NP induced oxidative stress and impaired the cholinergic system, 5-HT system in PC-12 cells. NMN alleviated NP-induced learning and memory impairment at the molecular level through alleviating oxidative stress and protective effects on the 5-HT system and cholinergic system. The 50 μM NP group significantly reduced the NAD+ content, and the relative expression of SIRT1, PGC-1α, Nrf2, MAOA, BDNF, and p-TrkB were significantly downregulated. Co-treatment of NMN with NP significantly reduced oxidative stress, improved the homeostasis of 5-HT and cholinergic system, enhanced the intracellular NAD+ content, and significantly upregulated the expression of SIRT1 pathway proteins. SIRT1 inhibitors reduced the expression of SIRT1 pathway-related proteins, which implied the impairment of learning and memory by NP and the protective effect of NMN might be achieved through the SIRT1-mediated PGC-1α/MAOA/BDNF signaling pathway. Overall, this study not only help us to understand the toxic mechanism of NP on learning memory impairment in vitro, but also have important reference significance to further explore the health care value of NMN and promote the development of related functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483#, Wu-Shan Ave., Tian-He District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483#, Wu-Shan Ave., Tian-He District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenna Han
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483#, Wu-Shan Ave., Tian-He District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483#, Wu-Shan Ave., Tian-He District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483#, Wu-Shan Ave., Tian-He District, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Analysis of Endocrine Disrupting Nonylphenols in Foods by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020269. [PMID: 36673360 PMCID: PMC9858244 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonylphenols (NPs) are classified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which are known to cause disorders in the endocrine systems of organisms. Due to their high lipophilicity and low degradability, these harmful substances are known to accumulate and persist in the environment, and even enter into the food chain. Analytical methods of liquid-liquid extraction using solid-phase extraction for sample clean-up combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were established to determine the presence of NPs in foods. This study aimed to develop and validate these methods using four food matrices representing high-fat and low-fat solid food, as well as high-fat and low-fat liquid food, groups. The single linear isomer 4-n-NP was used to validate the quantification of NPs, which exist in complex isomer mixtures. Our results showed good linearity, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.998 for all four matrices. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.37-1.79 and 1.11-5.41 μg/kg, respectively. Recovery rates were 86.8-108.6% and 92.6-101.9% for intraday and interday assays, respectively, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were below 12% for both assays. The method was applied to analyze 1185 domestic food samples consumed by Koreans, with NPs detected at concentration ranges of 2.57-269.07 μg/kg. Results for each food type over wide concentration ranges indicated that these compounds are highly dependent on the area of cultivation, and are affected by the levels of those contaminants in different environments. The contents of NPs in foods from animal sources were generally higher than those from plant sources, in particular being higher in the intestines than in lean tissue. The present findings could form the basis for determining the level of dietary exposure to NPs and how each food source contributes to it in South Korea.
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Xu L, Liang Y, Zhang R, Xu B, Liao C, Xie T, Wang D. Facilitated transport of microplastics and nonylphenol in porous media with variations in physicochemical heterogeneity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120297. [PMID: 36181937 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (Noph) has garnered worldwide concern as a typical endocrine disruptor due to its toxicity, estrogenic properties, and widespread contamination. To better elucidate the interaction of Noph with ubiquitously existing microplastics (MPs) and the potential interdependence of their transport behaviors, batch adsorption and column experiments were conducted, paired with mathematical modeling. Compared with sand, MPs and soil colloids show stronger adsorption affinity for Noph due to the formation of hydrogen bonding and the larger numbers of interaction sites that are available on solid surfaces. Limited amount of soil-colloid coating on sand grains significantly influenced transport behaviors and the sensitivity to solution chemistry. These coatings led to a monotonic increase in Noph retention and a nonmonotonic MPs retention in single systems because of the altered physicochemical properties. The mobility of both MPs and Noph was enhanced when they coexisted, resulting from their association, increased electrostatic repulsion, and competition on retention sites. Limited release of MPs and Noph (under reduced ionic strength (IS) and increased pH) indicated strong interactions in irreversible retention. The retention and release of Noph were independent of IS and solution pH. A one-site model with a blocking term and a two-site kinetic model well described the transport of MPs and Noph, respectively. Our findings highlight the essential roles of coexisting MPs and Noph on their transport behaviors, depending on their concentrations, IS, and physicochemical properties of the porous media. The new knowledge from this study refreshes our understanding of the co-transport of MPs and organic contaminants such as Noph in the subsurface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilin Xu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yan Liang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Bossco Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Nanning, 530007, China.
| | - Rupin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Baile Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Changjun Liao
- Guangxi Bossco Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Guangxi Bossco Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Dengjun Wang
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
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10
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Piazza CE, Mattos JJ, Brocardo GS, Bainy ACD. Effects of 4-n-nonylphenol in liver of male and female viviparous fish (Poecilia vivipara). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136565. [PMID: 36152831 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
4-n-Nonylphenol (NP) is one of the most toxic alkylphenols found in the environment. To evaluate the transcriptional effects of NP in the viviparous fish Poecilia vivipara, a hepatic transcriptome and qPCR analysis of genes were carried out. Guppies separated by sex were injected with two doses of NP (15 μg/g and 150 μg/g) or peanut oil (control). After 24 h, analysis of transcriptional level of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), Estrogen Nuclear Receptor Alpha (ESR1), Pregnane X Receptor (PXR), Cytochromes P450 (CYP1A, CYP2K1 and CYP3A30), Glutathione S-transferase A3 and Mu 3 (GSTa3 and GSTMu3), SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9 (SOX9), Vitellogenin-1 (VIT), ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily C Member 1 (ABCC1), Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2 (MRP2) and UDP Glucuronosyltransferase Family 1 Member A1 (UGT1A1) was evaluated. 205,046 transcripts were assembled and protein prediction resulted in 203,147 predicted peptides. In females, no significant changes were detected in the transcription of some phase I biotransformation and ABC transporter genes. AhR, PXR, GSTa3 and SOX9 genes where higher in the lower dose group (15 μg/g) compared to control. In male fish, no changes were observed in the transcript levels of the nuclear receptors, in endocrine disruption and phase I biotransformation genes. GSTa3 showed lower transcription in fish treated with both doses. ABCC1 was higher in guppies treated with the lower dose while MRP2 showed less transcripts. This short-term and low-dose exposure to NP caused changes that could serve as early indicators of deleterious processes. These results indicate P. vivipara as a good sentinel in biomonitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clei E Piazza
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry - LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Jacó J Mattos
- Aquaculture Pathology Research Center - NEPAQ, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Giulia S Brocardo
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry - LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Afonso C D Bainy
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry - LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88034-257, Brazil.
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11
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Nunes RF, Teixeira ACSC. An overview on surfactants as pollutants of concern: Occurrence, impacts and persulfate-based remediation technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134507. [PMID: 35395256 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are molecules that reduce interfacial energy and increase solubility of other pollutants in water. These properties make them suitable for various domestic and industrial applications, soil remediation, pesticide formulation, among others. The increase in their use and the lack of strict regulations regarding their disposal and management is a matter of concern and requires more attention since the release and distribution of these compounds into the environment can modify important water quality parameters. As a result of these changes, different toxicological effects to aquatic organisms are discussed and exposed herein. On this basis, we provide an overview of the classes of surfactants, as well as their occurrence in different aqueous matrices. In addition, existing regulations around the world regarding their concentration limit for different environments are discussed. Current research focuses on the application of conventional treatments, such as biological treatments; notwithstanding, more toxic and bioaccumulative products can be generated. Advanced Oxidation Processes are promising alternatives and have also been widely applied for the removal of surfactants. This study provides, for the first time, an overview of the application of persulfate-based processes for surfactants degradation based on recent literature findings, as well as the various factors related to the activation of the persulfate anions. This review also highlights the challenges and opportunities for future research to overcome the obstacles to the practical application of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Frinhani Nunes
- Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, tr. 3, 380, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Carlos Silva Costa Teixeira
- Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, tr. 3, 380, São Paulo, Brazil.
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12
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Motamedi M, Yerushalmi L, Haghighat F, Chen Z. Recent developments in photocatalysis of industrial effluents ։ A review and example of phenolic compounds degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133688. [PMID: 35074327 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Industrial expansion and increased water consumption have created water scarcity concerns. Meanwhile, conventional wastewater purification methods have failed to degrade recalcitrant pollutants efficiently. The present review paper discusses the recent advances and challenges in photocatalytic processes applied for industrial effluents treatment, with respect to phenolic compounds degradation. Key operational parameters including the catalyst loading, light intensity, initial pollutants concentration, pH, and type and concentrations of oxidants are evaluated and discussed. Compared to the other examined controlling parameters, pH has the highest effect on the photo-oxidation of contaminants by means of the photocatalyst ionization degree and surface charge. Furthermore, major phenolic compounds derived from industrial sources are comprehensively presented and the applicability of photocatalytic processes and the barriers in practical applications, including high energy demand, technical challenges, photocatalyst stability, and recyclability have been explored. The importance of energy consumption and operational costs for realistic large-scale processes are also discussed. Finally, research gaps in this area and the suggested direction for improving degradation efficiencies in industrial applications are presented. In the light of these premises, selective degradation processes in real water matrices such as untreated sewage are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Motamedi
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Laleh Yerushalmi
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Fariborz Haghighat
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, H3G 1M8, Canada.
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13
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Xia BT, He Y, Guo Y, Huang JL, Tang XJ, Wang JR, Tan Y, Duan P. Multi- and transgenerational biochemical effects of low-dose exposure to bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol on testicular interstitial (Leydig) cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:1032-1046. [PMID: 35005817 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-nonylphenol (NP) are well-known endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that have been proven to affect Leydig cell (LC) functions and testosterone production, but whether BPA and NP have multi- and transgenerational biochemical effects on Leydig cells (LCs) is unknown. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique that enables label-free and non-destructive analysis of the tissue specimen. Herein we employed FTIR coupled with chemometrics analysis to identify biomolecular changes in testicular interstitial (Leydig) cells of rats after chronic exposure to low doses of BPA and NP. Cluster segregations between exposed and control groups were observed based on the fingerprint region of 1800-900 cm-1 in all generations. The main biochemical alterations for segregation were amide I, amide II and nucleic acids. BPA and NP single and co-exposure induced significant differences in the ratio of amide I to amide II compared to the corresponding control group in all generations. BPA exposure resulted in remarkable changes of cellular gene transcription and DNA oxidative damage across all generations. Direct exposure to BPA, NP, and BPA&NP of F0 and F1 generations could significantly decrease lipid accumulation in LCs in the F2 and F3 generations. The overall findings revealed that single or co-exposure to BPA and NP at environmental concentrations affects the biochemical structures and properties of LCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Tong Xia
- Postgraduate Training Basement of Jinzhou Medicinal University, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Department of Urology, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University Union Training Base, Xiangyang, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, China
| | - Jiao-Long Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Tang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jian-Ru Wang
- Public Health and Management College, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Andrology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Biomedical Engineering College, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Peng Duan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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14
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Limmun W, Ishikawa N, Momotori J, Terasaki M, Sato T, Kikuchi K, Sasamoto M, Umita T, Ito A. Degradation of the endocrine-disrupting 4-nonylphenol by ferrate(VI): biodegradability and toxicity evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:18882-18890. [PMID: 34705206 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is an endocrine-disrupting and persistent chemical and is partially degraded in conventional wastewater treatment processes. Ferrate(VI) can be used as an environment-friendly oxidizing agent to mediate 4-NP degradation. Thus, this paper evaluates the biodegradability of 4-NP and its degradation products after the addition of ferrate(VI). The biodegradability was examined using NP labeled with 14C as a tracer and activated sludge microorganisms as an inoculum. The addition of ferrate(VI) to the 4-NP solution spiked with the tracer resulted in no remarkable decrease in the concentration of 14C, indicating incomplete mineralization of 4-NP and formation of degradation products. The degradation products from 4-NP with Fe(VI) were estimated based on mass spectra, which detected a unique peak at m/z 223 at low intensity. Four hydrogen atoms might have been added to 4-NP by degradation with Fe(VI). In addition, the effect of ferrate(VI) concentration on the estrogenic activity of 4-NP in an aqueous solution was investigated using a yeast bioassay. The results show that estrogenic activity was significantly decreased at a mass ratio of Fe(VI) to 4-NP greater than or equal to 2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warunee Limmun
- Department of Frontier Matters and Function Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda 4-3-5, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
- Department of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Prince of Chumphon Campus, 17/1, Chumko, Pathio, Chumphon, 86160, Thailand
| | - Nao Ishikawa
- Course of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of System Innovation Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda 4-3-5, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
| | - Jin Momotori
- Division of Regional Development and Creativity, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
| | - Masanori Terasaki
- Department of Regional Policy, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Takumu Sato
- Course of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of System Innovation Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda 4-3-5, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
| | - Kotaro Kikuchi
- Course of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of System Innovation Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda 4-3-5, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
| | - Makoto Sasamoto
- Technical Office, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda 4-3-5, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Umita
- Course of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of System Innovation Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda 4-3-5, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
| | - Ayumi Ito
- Course of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of System Innovation Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda 4-3-5, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan.
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15
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Feng Y, Wang A, Fu W, Song D. Growth performance, antioxidant response, biodegradation and transcriptome analysis of Chlorella pyrenoidosa after nonylphenol exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150507. [PMID: 34583075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorella pyrenoidosa was exposed to nonylphenol (NP) to investigate the tolerance, antioxidant response, removal efficiency, and biodegradation mechanism. We conducted studies on algal biomass, chlorophyll a content, and photosynthetic activity, and found that C. pyrenoidosa exhibited a high tolerance even at 8 mg L-1 of NP. Changes in peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities indicated that the NP-induced oxidative stress caused oxidant damage, which increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. After culturing for 120 h, the NP removal efficiency of C. pyrenoidosa was 89%, 59%, 49%, and 48% in the 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg L-1 treatment groups, respectively. Degradation intermediates determined by GC-MS suggested that the biodegradation of NP in C. pyrenoidosa originated from the long alkyl chain. In addition, transcriptome analysis indicated that NP affected photosynthesis, antioxidase, and oxidoreductase activity-related genes. In summary, our results indicated that C. pyrenoidosa is a species that exhibits high tolerance and biodegradation capacity toward NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ao Wang
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenxian Fu
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Donghui Song
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Chemistry and Food Technology (TUST), Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, Tianjin 300457, China.
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16
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Adsorption and fluorescence detection of nonylphenol in soil samples by cotton fabrics coated with molecularly imprinted polymers/carbon dots. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Wang W, Yuan W, Xu EG, Li L, Zhang H, Yang Y. Uptake, translocation, and biological impacts of micro(nano)plastics in terrestrial plants: Progress and prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111867. [PMID: 34389347 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Micro(nano)plastics are emerging environmental contaminants of concern. The prevalence of micro(nano)plastics in soils has aroused increasing interest regarding their potential effects on soil biota including terrestrial plants. With the rapid increase in published studies on plant uptake and impacts of micro(nano)plastics, a review summarizing the current research progress and highlighting future needs is warranted. A growing body of evidence indicates that many terrestrial plants can potentially take up micro(nano)plastics via roots and translocate them to aboveground portions via the vascular system, primarily driven by the transpiration stream. Exposure to micro(nano)plastics can cause a variety of effects on the biometrical, biochemical, and physiological parameters of terrestrial plants, but the specific effects vary considerably as a function of plastic properties, plant species, and experimental conditions. The presence of micro(nano)plastics can also affect the bioavailability of other associated toxicants to terrestrial plants. Based on analysis of the available literature, this review identifies current knowledge gaps and suggests prospective lines for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Wang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Wenke Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - Lianzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation, School of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yuyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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18
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Xu K, Jiao L, Wang C, Bu Y, Tang Y, Qiu L, Zhang Q, Wang L. Nonylphenol photodegradation by novel ternary MIL-100(Fe)/ZnFe 2O 4/PCN composite under visible light irradiation via double charge transfer process. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 111:93-103. [PMID: 34949377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) residues, as a typical endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC), frequently exist in sewage, surface water, groundwater and even drinking water, which poses a serious threat to human health due to its bioaccumulation. In order to remove NP, a series of MIL-100(Fe)/ZnFe2O4/flake-like porous carbon nitride (MIL/ZC) was synthesized through in-situ synthesis at room temperature. High performance of ternary MIL/ZC is used to degrade NP under visible light irradiation. The results show that 30MIL/ZC2 (20 wt.% ZnFe2O4) ternary composite had the best photocatalytic activity (99.84%) when the dosage was 30 mg. Further mechanism analysis shows that the excellent photocatalytic activity of 30MIL/ZC2 could be ascribed to the double charge transfer process between flake-like porous carbon nitride (PCN) and other catalysts in the ternary heterojunction, and the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs was more effective. In addition, the 30MIL/ZC2 also showed high stability after five cycles of the photodegradation reaction. Furthermore, the active substance (•O2-) was considered to be the main active substance in the NP degradation process. Based on the research results, the possible photocatalytic reaction mechanism of 30MIL/ZC2 ternary composite was proposed and discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Xu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Li Jiao
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Chuqiao Wang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yiming Bu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yuling Tang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Liwei Qiu
- Changzhou Cheff Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Qiuya Zhang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
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19
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Gao R, Wang H, Abdurahman A, Liang W, Lu X, Wei S, Zeng F. Insight into the hetero-interactions of 4-nonylphenol with dissolved organic matter: multiple spectroscopic methods, 1H NMR study and principal component analysis. RSC Adv 2022; 12:22416-22424. [PMID: 36105990 PMCID: PMC9364969 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03739d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between heterogeneous dissolved organic matter (DOM) and nonylphenols (NPs) is essential for predicting their behavior and fate in the environment. Herein, we firstly obtained different MW-fractionated humic acids (HAs) using the ultrafiltration method. Afterward, the molecular weight (MW)-dependent interactions of HAs with 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) were analysed by excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching, UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and principal component analysis (PCA). EEM spectra indicated that the quenching mechanism was static. In the binding process, the higher MW fractions showed stronger interaction with 4-NP than the lower MW counterparts, exhibiting a clear MW-dependent interaction heterogeneity. The interaction constants for the 4-NP–HAs system were suppressed as the ionic strength decreased and pH increased, which was especially obvious in the binding of 4-NP to the lower MW-fractionated HAs. The FTIR spectra revealed that hydroxyl and aromatics were involved in the interaction process of HA fractions with 4-NP. It was also found from 1H NMR that π–π interactions between aromatic rings of 4-NP and MW-fractionated HAs were responsible for the complexation. The correlation analysis and PCA results indicated that aromaticity and MW play important roles in the interaction process and confirmed an obvious interaction heterogeneity among MW-fractionated HAs samples. This work highlighted MW-dependent interaction heterogeneities of HA, which suggested that heterogeneity in MW distribution should be taken into consideration when exploring the fate and biogeochemistry cycling of 4-NP from contaminated environments. Multiple spectroscopic methods, 1H NMR study and PCA were used to investigate the heterointeractions of 4-nonylphenol with humic acids.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Abliz Abdurahman
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Weiqian Liang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Xiaotian Lu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Shuyin Wei
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Feng Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
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20
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Stoykova P, Ohkawa H, Inui H. Simple monitoring of endocrine-disrupting chemicals using transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing medaka estrogen receptor. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131633. [PMID: 34325267 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are widespread contaminants that severely affect the endocrine systems of living organisms. In addition to the conventional instrument-based approaches for quantifying organic pollutants, a monitoring method using transgenic plants has also been proposed. Plants carrying a recombinant receptor gene combined with a reporter gene represent a system for the easy detection of ligands that specifically bind to the receptor molecule. Here, the EDC detection sensitivity of transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the medaka (Oryzias latipes) estrogen receptor (mER) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) genes, was assessed. Four transgenic Arabidopsis lines, obtained by transformation with expression plasmids constructed using combinations of two types of the ligand-binding domains of mER, the DNA-binding domain of LexA and the transactivation domain of VP16 in the chimeric receptors, showed significant induction of GFP when germinated on a medium contaminated with 1 ng/mL 4-t-octylphenol (OP). The most sensitive XmEV19-2 plants detected 0.1 ng/mL OP and 1 pg/mL 17β-estradiol. GFP expression was suppressed by the insecticides imidacloprid and fipronil, whereas perfluorooctanesulfonic acid induced it at 0.1 ng/mL. Experiments with river water-based medium showed that XmEV19-2 can be used for monitoring polluted waters, detecting OP at concentrations as low as 5 ng/mL. Notably, XmEV19-2 showed a significant decrease in root length when grown on 0.1 ng/mL OP. mER transgenic plants can be a promising tool for simple monitoring of EDCs, without the need for extraction and concentration steps in sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya Stoykova
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan; AgroBioInstitute, 8 "Dragan Tsankov" Blvd, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Hideo Ohkawa
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Inui
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
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21
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Xu X, Wang X, Li X, Liu Q. A theoretical study on the photodegradation mechanism of the endocrine disrupting chemical p-nonylphenol induced by OH in water. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 173:113107. [PMID: 34743070 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) has attracted significant attention because of its widespread environmental presence, toxicity, and pseudo-estrogen properties. Photolysis is the main degradation pathway of many organic pollutants in water. In this study, the photodegradation mechanism of p-nonylphenol (p-NP) induced by OH in water was investigated using the density functional theory (DFT). Based on the calculations of charges using natural population analysis (NPA), the reaction of OH with NP included the carbon addition of a benzene ring and the hydrogen extraction of a phenolic hydroxyl group. The structures of all reactants, products, and intermediates were optimized at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level. Using vibrational frequency and intrinsic reaction coordinate analyses, the transition state and its reaction pathway were confirmed. Additionally, the solvent effect results showed the reaction preferably took place in water. Our results provide a theoretical basis for understanding the transformative process and assessing the potential risk of NP in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Xudong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Qingzhi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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22
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Erarpat S, Bodur S, Chormey DS, Öz E, Bakırdere S. Sensitive Determination of 4-n-Nonylphenol in Domestic Wastewater and Liquid Detergent by Binary Solvent Microextraction (BSME) and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) with Matrix Matching Calibration. ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1985511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sezin Erarpat
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Bodur
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Dotse Selali Chormey
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ersoy Öz
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Statistics, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Ankara, Turkey
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23
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Oliveira KMGD, Carvalho EHDS, Santos Filho RD, Sivek TW, Thá EL, Souza IRD, Coelho LDDS, Pimenta MEB, Oliveira GARD, Oliveira DPD, Cestari MM, Leme DM. Single and mixture toxicity evaluation of three phenolic compounds to the terrestrial ecosystem. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 296:113226. [PMID: 34252852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are primarily studied regarding endocrine-mediated effects in mammals and fish. However, EDCs can cause toxicity by mechanisms outside the endocrine system, and, as they are released continuously into soils, they may pose risks to terrestrial organisms. In this work, the plant Allium cepa and the earthworm Eisenia foetida were used as test systems to evaluate the toxicity and cyto-/geno-toxicity of three environmental phenols known as EDCs (Bisphenol A - BPA, Octylphenol - OP, Nonylphenol - NP). The tested phenols were evaluated in environmentally relevant concentrations (μg/L) and in single forms and mixture. BPA, OP, and NP did not inhibit the seed germination and root development in A. cepa in their single forms and mixture. However, all single forms of the tested phenols caused cellular and DNA damages in A. cepa, and although these effects persist in the mixtures, the effects were verified at lower levels. These phenols caused acute toxicity to E. foetida after 48 h of exposure and at both conditions evaluated (single forms and mixture); however, unlike A. cepa, in earthworms, mixtures and single forms presented the same level of effects, indicating that interspecies physiological different might influence the mixture toxicity. In summary, our results suggest that BPA, OP, and NP are toxicants to earthworm and cyto-/geno-toxicants to monocotyledonous plants at low concentrations. However, interaction among these phenols reduces the magnitude of their individual effects (antagonistic effect) in the plant test system. Therefore, this study draws attention to the need to raise knowledge about the ecotoxicity of phenolic compounds to help predict their ecological risks and protect non-target terrestrial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketelen Michele Guilherme de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Departament of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo Dos Santos Filho
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Departament of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Tainá Wilke Sivek
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Departament of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Emanoela Lundgren Thá
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Departament of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Irisdoris Rodrigues de Souza
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Departament of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Lauren Dalat de Sousa Coelho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Environmental Toxicology Research Laboratory (EnvTox), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Maria Eunice Bertelli Pimenta
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Environmental Toxicology Research Laboratory (EnvTox), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Gisele Augusto Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Environmental Toxicology Research Laboratory (EnvTox), Goiânia, GO, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle Palma de Oliveira
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta Margarete Cestari
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Departament of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Departament of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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24
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Bhandari G, Bagheri AR, Bhatt P, Bilal M. Occurrence, potential ecological risks, and degradation of endocrine disrupter, nonylphenol, from the aqueous environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130013. [PMID: 33647677 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is considered a potential endocrine-disrupting chemical affecting humans and the environment. Due to widespread occurrence in the aquatic environment and neuro-, immuno, reproductive, and estrogenic effects, nonylphenol calls for considerable attention from the scientific community, researchers, government officials, and the public. It can persist in the environment, especially soil, for a long duration because of its high hydrophobic nature. Nonylphenol is incorporated into the water matrices via agricultural run-off, wastewater effluents, agricultural sources, and groundwater leakage from the soil. In this regard, assessment of the source, fate, toxic effect, and removal of nonylphenol seems a high-priority concern. Remediation of nonylphenol is possible through physicochemical and microbial methods. Microbial methods are widely used due to ecofriendly in nature. The microbial strains of the genera, Sphingomonas, Sphingobium, Pseudomonas, Pseudoxanthomonas, Thauera, Novosphingonium, Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas, Clostridium, Arthrobacter, Acidovorax, Maricurvus, Rhizobium, Corynebacterium, Rhodococcus, Burkholderia, Acinetobacter, Aspergillus, Pleurotus, Trametes, Clavariopsis, Candida, Phanerochaete, Bjerkandera, Mucor, Fusarium and Metarhizium have been reported for their potential role in the degradation of NP via its metabolic pathway. This study outlines the recent information on the occurrence, origin, and potential ecological and human-related risks of nonylphenol. The current development in the removal of nonylphenol from the environment using different methods is discussed. Despite the significant importance of nonylphenol and its effects on the environment, the number of studies in this area is limited. This review gives an in-depth understanding of NP occurrence, fate, toxicity, and remediation from the environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Bhandari
- Department of Biotechnology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China.
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25
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Bereketoglu C, Nacar G, Sari T, Mertoglu B, Pradhan A. Transcriptomic analysis of nonylphenol effect on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10794. [PMID: 33614281 PMCID: PMC7882136 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is a bioaccumulative environmental estrogen that is widely used as a nonionic surfactant. We have previously examined short-term effects of NP on yeast cells using microarray technology. In the present study, we investigated the adaptive response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742 cells to NP exposure by analyzing genome-wide transcriptional profiles using RNA-sequencing. We used 2 mg/L NP concentration for 40 days of exposure. Gene expression analysis showed that a total of 948 genes were differentially expressed. Of these, 834 genes were downregulated, while 114 genes were significantly upregulated. GO enrichment analysis revealed that 369 GO terms were significantly affected by NP exposure. Further analysis showed that many of the differentially expressed genes were associated with oxidative phosphorylation, iron and copper acquisition, autophagy, pleiotropic drug resistance and cell cycle progression related processes such as DNA and mismatch repair, chromosome segregation, spindle checkpoint activity, and kinetochore organization. Overall, these results provide considerable information and a comprehensive understanding of the adaptive response to NP exposure at the gene expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceyhun Bereketoglu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Iskenderun Technical University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Gozde Nacar
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugba Sari
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bulent Mertoglu
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ajay Pradhan
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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26
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Rani M, Rachna, Yadav J, Shanker U. Efficient degradation of nonylphenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol by sunlight responsive hexacyanocobaltates nanostructures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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27
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Jiang L, Wang B, Liang J, Pan B, Yang Y, Lin Y. Reduced phytotoxicity of nonylphenol on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants by earthworm casts. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:115020. [PMID: 32574893 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations as high as thousands of milligrams per kilogram (dry weight) of nonylphenol (NP), an endocrine-disrupting chemical of great concern, have been reported in soil. Soil is considered one of the primary pathways for exposure of crop plants to NP. However, there have been few studies on the toxicity of soil NP to crop plants, especially with comprehensive consideration of the application of organic fertiliser which is a common agricultural practice. In this study, tomato plants were grown in soils treated with NP in the presence and/or absence of earthworm casts (EWCs). After four weeks, we tested the physiological and biochemical responses (accumulative levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion radicals (O2-·), total chlorophyll content, degree of membrane lipid peroxidation, activities of defence-related enzymes, and level of DNA damage) and the changes in plant growth (elongation and biomass). The growth inhibition, reactive oxygen species (H2O2 and O2-·) accumulation, decrease in chlorophyll content, increase in activity of defence-related enzymes (including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase), enhancement of membrane lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage in NP-treated seedlings were clearly reversed by the intervention of EWCs. In particular, the suppressed elongation, biomass, and chlorophyll content in tomato plants exposed to NP alone were significantly restored by EWCs to even greater levels than those of the undisturbed control. In other words, EWCs could efficiently invigorate the photosynthesis of crops via up-regulating the chlorophyll content, thereby overwhelming the NP stress on plant growth. Accordingly, except for reducing the bioavailability of soil NP as reported in our previous study, EWCs could also help crop plants to cope with NP stress by strengthening their stress resistance ability. Our findings are of practical significance for the formulation of strategies to relieve the negative effects of soil NP on crop growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Jingqi Liang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Yong Lin
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
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28
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Mahalakshmi R, Pugazhendhi A, Brindhadevi K, Ramesh N. Analysis of Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) from tannery sediments using LC–MS and their environmental risks. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Built-in electric field-assisted step-scheme heterojunction of carbon nitride-copper oxide for highly selective electrochemical detection of p-nonylphenol. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Lutterbeck CA, Machado ÊL, Sanchez-Barrios A, Silveira EO, Layton D, Rieger A, Lobo EA. Toxicity evaluation of hospital laundry wastewaters treated by microbial fuel cells and constructed wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:138816. [PMID: 32361440 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hospital laundries generate high wastewater volumes with the presence of several contaminants. Nevertheless, few studies have investigated the toxicity of these effluents and looked for treatment alternatives that might reduce this eventual toxicity. So, the present study assessed the performance of an integrated system combining a microbial fuel cell (MBFC) and a constructed wetland (CW) to reduce toxic effects of wastewaters generated at a hospital laundry. After collection, raw effluents remained 7 days at the first unit (MBFC) of integrated system. Afterward, they were transferred to the second unit (CW) unit where remained more 7 days totaling a hydraulic detention time of 14 days. The toxicity evaluation involved three different organisms: Daphnia magna (acute ecotoxicity), Lactuca sativa (phytotoxicity) and Allium cepa (phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and genotoxicity). Got results revealed an extremely acute ecotoxicity against D. magna, high phytotoxic effects in the L. sativa and A. cepa assays, and genotoxicity in the A. cepa assay for the untreated effluents. Furthermore, no significant incidence of micronuclei was observed in the raw wastewaters. Regarding the treatment, after the first stage, it was possible to verify that MBFC reduced the toxicity of the wastewaters only in some tested assays (endpoints) while after the CW (second stage) the effluents presented a complete absence of toxicity of the investigated bioassays. Therefore, the use of the integrated system combining two environmentally friendly technologies can be considered promising, since both MBFC and CW presented a complimentary effect with excellent results regarding the reduction of the overall toxicity of hospital laundry wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alexandre Lutterbeck
- Graduate Program in Environmental Technology, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul - UNISC, Av. Independência, 2293, 96815-900 Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Ênio Leandro Machado
- Graduate Program in Environmental Technology, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul - UNISC, Av. Independência, 2293, 96815-900 Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Andrea Sanchez-Barrios
- Graduate Program in Environmental Technology, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul - UNISC, Av. Independência, 2293, 96815-900 Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genetics, Department of Biology and Pharmacy, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Elizandro Oliveira Silveira
- Laboratory of Ecotechnology and Applied Limnology, Institute of Hydraulic Research - IPH, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Layton
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genetics, Department of Biology and Pharmacy, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil; Biology Program, Universidad del Quindío, Carrera 15, calle 12 Norte, Armenia, Quindío, Colombia
| | - Alexandre Rieger
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genetics, Department of Biology and Pharmacy, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Alcayaga Lobo
- Graduate Program in Environmental Technology, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul - UNISC, Av. Independência, 2293, 96815-900 Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Vargas-Berrones K, Bernal-Jácome L, Díaz de León-Martínez L, Flores-Ramírez R. Emerging pollutants (EPs) in Latin América: A critical review of under-studied EPs, case of study -Nonylphenol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138493. [PMID: 32320876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (EPs) represent a significant risk to human, ecological and environmental health. Although progress has been made in establishing monitoring in environmental matrices, health effects, legislation and control, there are still problems associated with regional bias and the types of EPs commonly assessed, which may underestimate the risk to health. In Latin America there are limited reports on environmental monitoring of EPs and it is generally focused on wastewater. This review identifies the current research deficiencies for emerging contaminants in the Latin American region, and we address the case of nonylphenol as an under-studied EP in the region. Nonylphenol is a degradation product of nonylphenol ethoxylate, which is a surfactant widely used in the manufacture of detergents in Latin America, environmental concentrations have been reported, predominantly in water, and the possible effects on species in this region have been also described. The importance of the review of this compound in the region lies in the fact that the Rotterdam Convention has catalogued nonylphenol as a severely restricted compound, so it is necessary to establish measures for its restriction and change to a sustainable technology. Finally, the example of NP presented in this review highlights the lack of regulation in Latin America regarding to EPs, resulting in the contamination of wastewater, effluents, rivers and drinking water. It is imperative to determine the potential effects, occurrence and concentration levels to improve the regulation of these pollutants in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Vargas-Berrones
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Luis Bernal-Jácome
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado Edificio P. Facultad de Ingeniería, Dr. Manuel Nava #8, Zona Universitaria, C.P. 78290 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
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32
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Yu J, Tuo F, Luo Y, Xu J. Effect of gestational and lactational nonylphenol exposure on airway inflammation in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic rat pups. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 250:126244. [PMID: 32113099 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of gestational and lactational nonylphenol (NP) exposure on airway inflammation in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic pups. Dams were gavaged with NP at dose levels of 25 mg/kg/day (low dose), 50 mg/kg/day (middle dose), 100 mg/kg/day (high dose) and groundnut oil alone (vehicle control) respectively from gestational day 7 to postnatal day 21. The results showed that the NP content in the lung tissues of pups in the 100 mg/kg NP group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P = 0.004). In the 100 mg/kg NP group, the infiltration of lymphocytes and eosinophils with thicken smooth muscle layer and inflammatory cells in the lumen were observed in the lung tissues of pups. Osmiophilic lamellar bodies were found in the cytoplasm of type II epithelial cells; mitochondria were clearly swollen. Compared with the control group, the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) in BALF (P = 0.042) and ovalbumin-specific serum immunoglobulin E (OVA-sIgE) (P = 0.005) in the OVA group were significantly higher. 25 mg/kg NP-OVA co-exposure synergistically decreased nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) mRNA expression in the lung tissues of pups; Exposure to 50 mg/kg NP combined with OVA antagonized the increased expression of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) mRNA in the lung tissue. The combined exposure to 50 mg/kg NP and OVA synergistically increased HMGB1 protein expression in the lung tissues. 25 mg/kg NP-OVA co-exposure antagonized the increased nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) protein expression in the lung tissues. There was a positive correlation between NP content and HMGB1 protein expression in the lung tissue of asthmatic pups (r = 0.602, P < 0.001). In conclusion, gestational and lactational exposure to 100 mg/kg NP in maternal rats exacerbated airway inflammation in OVA-induced asthmatic pups, and there is an interactive effect between NP and OVA. When the perinatal rats were exposed to 100 mg/kg NP, the levels of HMGB1 and NF-κB in the lung tissues of OVA-induced asthmatic pups were increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - FangXu Tuo
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Ya Luo
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, PR China.
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33
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Nerín C, Su QZ, Vera P, Mendoza N, Ausejo R. Influence of nonylphenol from multilayer plastic films on artificial insemination of sows. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6519-6528. [PMID: 32424797 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Artificial insemination is common practice in mass livestock farming. Recently, it was shown that chemicals leaching from multilayer plastic bags affect the fertility of boars, although common quality tests did not show any impact on the sperm. It is not clear whether this incidence was a single case or whether it could be a systematic problem. Therefore, we studied six multilayer plastic bags. A total of 49 compounds were found, but most of them were at very low intensity. Nonylphenols in the range of 19-99 μg/g plastic were found. Migration tests using water and 10% ethanol as simulants, to mimic the behavior of semen with the extender, were performed. The most interesting migrants in terms of potential reprotoxicity were identified as nonylphenols. The identification in depth demonstrated the presence of 10 isomers of nonylphenol with a total concentration range between 16 to 58 μg/Kg simulant, among other migrants at lower concentration. The influence of these nonylphenols and their maximum tolerable concentration in direct contact with semen from boars was studied. Motility, viability, mitochondrial activity and acrosomes reacted were significantly affected at 10 mg/Kg of nonylphenols in contact with the sperm, but in vitro penetration rate was significantly decreased with only 2 mg/Kg. Insight into the mode of action is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Qi-Zhi Su
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Vera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Noelia Mendoza
- Department of Research and Development, Magapor SL, 50600 Ejea de los Caballeros, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raquel Ausejo
- Department of Research and Development, Magapor SL, 50600 Ejea de los Caballeros, Zaragoza, Spain
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Ji X, Li N, Yang R, Rao K, Ma M, Wang Z. The steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC1) and 3 (SRC3) recruitment as a novel molecular initiating event of 4-n-nonylphenol in estrogen receptor α-mediated pathways. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:109958. [PMID: 31767456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the action of steroid receptor coactivators (SRCs) has been recognized to be an important molecular initiating event (MIE) in estrogenic adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). However, the role of SRCs in the molecular mechanisms of many highly concerned environmental estrogens remains poorly understood. In this study, the widely studied environmental estrogen, 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP), was used as a typical pollutant to study SRCs recruitment in its estrogenic effects. In MCF7 cell proliferation (E-SCREEN) assay and MVLN cell assay, 4-n-NP showed significant estrogenic potency that involved an increase in estrogen receptor α (ERα), SRC1 and SRC3 transcript levels. Moreover, 4-n-NP was found to induce estrogen response element (ERE)-mediated activity via ERα in MVLN cells. To investigate the mechanism by which SRCs recruitment is induced by 4-n-NP-ERα, a coactivators recruitment assay was performed, and the results showed that 4-n-NP-ERα recruited both SRC1 and SRC3, whereas it failed to recruit SRC2. Similarly, it had no interaction with SRC2 in the ERα-SRC2 two-hybrid yeast assay. This is the first report to investigate the novel MIE of SRCs recruitment in 4-n-NP-ERα-induced estrogenicity. Overall, our results suggest that the action of 4-n-NP on estrogenic effects involves the following MIEs: the activation of ERα, the recruitment of SRC1 and SRC3, and the induction of ERE-mediated activity. The findings also provide valuable insights into the MIE associated with the different SRCs that are recruited in the adverse outcome pathways of environmental estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Ji
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Beijing Water Quality Monitoring Center for South-to-North Water Diversion, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Kaifeng Rao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Huang J, Chen S, Wu W, Chen H, Guo K, Tang J, Li J. Insights into redox mediator supplementation on enhanced volatile fatty acids production from waste activated sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:27052-27062. [PMID: 31317436 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge (WAS) for recycling valuable volatile fatty acids (VFAs) is economically valuable. However, the fermentation of protein is the rate-limiting step of VFA production with WAS as a substrate. In this study, the effect of redox mediators (RMs, i.e., riboflavin and lawsone) on the enhanced production of VFAs from WAS was investigated. The results indicate that both RMs can promote protein-dependent fermentation, increasing maximum VFA accumulation by 43.9% and 42.5% respectively. In cultures supplemented with riboflavin and lawsone, VFA production was highly correlated with protease activities, but not with α-glucosidase activities. This implies that RMs affected the redox reaction of amino acids degradation, resulting in an increased release of ammonia. Sequencing results showed that RMs significantly increased the abundance of bacteria related to VFA fermentation and protein/amino acid degradation at the levels of phylum, class, order, family, and even genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Huang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Room 112, The 6th Building, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China.
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
| | - Susu Chen
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Room 112, The 6th Building, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Wu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Room 112, The 6th Building, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huiping Chen
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Room 112, The 6th Building, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangyin Guo
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Room 112, The 6th Building, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Tang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Room 112, The 6th Building, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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