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Yu M, Sui PF, Tang YF, Zhang T, Liu S, Fu XZ, Luo JL, Liu S. Visualizing Electrochemical CO 2 Conversion via the Emerging Scanning Electrochemical Microscope: Fundamentals, Applications and Perspectives. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301778. [PMID: 38741551 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development and maturity of electrochemical CO2 conversion involving cathodic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) and anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), conventional ex situ characterizations gradually fall behind in detecting real-time products distribution, tracking intermediates, and monitoring structural evolution, etc. Nevertheless, advanced in situ techniques, with intriguing merits like good reproducibility, facile operability, high sensitivity, and short response time, can realize in situ detection and recording of dynamic data, and observe materials structural evolution in real time. As an emerging visual technique, scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) presents local electrochemical signals on various materials surface through capturing micro-current caused by reactants oxidation and reduction. Importantly, SECM holds particular potentials in visualizing reactive intermediates at active sites and obtaining instantaneous morphology evolution images to reveal the intrinsic reactivity of active sites. Therefore, this review focuses on SECM fundamentals and its specific applications toward CO2RR and OER, mainly including electrochemical behavior observation on local regions of various materials, target products and onset potentials identification in real-time, reaction pathways clarification, reaction kinetics exploration under steady-state conditions, electroactive materials screening and multi-techniques coupling for a joint utilization. This review undoubtedly provides a leading guidance to extend various SECM applications to other energy-related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulin Yu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Peng-Fei Sui
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yu-Feng Tang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Xian-Zhu Fu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Jing-Li Luo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Subiao Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
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Wetzel A, Morell D, von der Au M, Wittstock G, Ozcan O, Witt J. Transpassive Metal Dissolution vs. Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Implication for Alloy Stability and Electrocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317058. [PMID: 38369613 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) are gaining interest in corrosion and electrocatalysis research due to their electrochemical stability across a broad pH range and the design flexibility they offer. Using the equimolar CrCoNi alloy, we observe significant metal dissolution in a corrosive electrolyte (0.1 M NaCl, pH 2) concurrently with the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in the transpassive region, despite the absence of hysteresis in polarization curves or other obvious corrosion indicators. We present a characterization scheme to delineate the contribution of OER and alloy dissolution, using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) for OER-onset detection, and quantitative chemical analysis with inductively coupled-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ultraviolet visible light (UV/Vis) spectrometry to elucidate metal dissolution processes. In situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM) revealed that the transpassive metal dissolution on CrCoNi is dominated by intergranular corrosion. These results have significant implications for the stability of MPEAs in corrosion systems, emphasizing the necessity of analytically determining metal ions released from MPEA electrodes into the electrolyte when evaluating Faradaic efficiencies of OER catalysts. The release of transition metal ions not only reduces the Faradaic efficiency of electrolyzers but may also cause poisoning and degradation of membranes in electrochemical reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annica Wetzel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und, Prüfung (BAM) Institution, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl v. Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstrasse 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Morell
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und, Prüfung (BAM) Institution, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus von der Au
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und, Prüfung (BAM) Institution, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl v. Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstrasse 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ozlem Ozcan
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und, Prüfung (BAM) Institution, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Witt
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und, Prüfung (BAM) Institution, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
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Lee W, Kim S, Cho K. Quantitative Evaluations on Ozone Evolution Electrocatalysts by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Oxidative Water Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18529-18537. [PMID: 36245147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study valorized scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) for the detection of dissolved O3, which is increasingly in demand for water treatment. Au ultramicroelectrodes biased at 0.62 V RHE provided superior activity and selectivity for O3 reduction, compared to Pt analogues. It allowed quantitative in situ interrogation of ozone evolution reaction (OZER) electrocatalysts with unprecedented estimations on the OZER overpotential. The difference in onset potentials between the OZER and the competing oxygen evolution reaction (OER) primarily accounted for the OZER current efficiency (CE) on boron-doped diamond (BDD, 1.4% at 10 mA cm-2 in 0.5 M H2SO4), Ni-Sb-doped SnO2 (NSS, 10.8%), and SiOx-coated NSS (NSS/SiOx, 34.4%). SECM areal scans in tandem with elemental mapping perspicuously visualized the improved OZER activity by the SiOx overlayer on NSS. A shift in the charge transfer coefficient further rationalized the elevated OZER selectivity on NSS/SiOx, in association with the weakened Sn-O bond strength confirmed by valence band X-ray photoelectron spectra. The invigorated OZER on NSS/SiOx effectively accelerated the degradation of a model aqueous pollutant (4-chlorophenol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Woonghee Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangwoo Cho
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University International Campus, Incheon21983, Republic of Korea
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Santana Santos C, Jaato BN, Sanjuán I, Schuhmann W, Andronescu C. Operando Scanning Electrochemical Probe Microscopy during Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4972-5019. [PMID: 36972701 PMCID: PMC10168669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical probe microscopy (SEPM) techniques can disclose the local electrochemical reactivity of interfaces in single-entity and sub-entity studies. Operando SEPM measurements consist of using a SEPM tip to investigate the performance of electrocatalysts, while the reactivity of the interface is simultaneously modulated. This powerful combination can correlate electrochemical activity with changes in surface properties, e.g., topography and structure, as well as provide insight into reaction mechanisms. The focus of this review is to reveal the recent progress in local SEPM measurements of the catalytic activity of a surface toward the reduction and evolution of O2 and H2 and electrochemical conversion of CO2. The capabilities of SEPMs are showcased, and the possibility of coupling other techniques to SEPMs is presented. Emphasis is given to scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Bright Nsolebna Jaato
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Sanjuán
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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Iffelsberger C, Wert S, Matysik FM, Pumera M. Catalyst Formation and In Operando Monitoring of the Electrocatalytic Activity in Flow Reactors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:35777-35784. [PMID: 34283572 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flow reactors are of increasing importance and have become crucial devices due to their wide application in chemical synthesis, electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), or electrochemical waste water treatment. In many of these applications, catalyst materials such as transition-metal chalcogenides (TMCs) for the HER, provide the desired electrochemical reactivity for the HER. Generally, the flow electrolyzers' performance is evaluated as the overall output, but the decrease in activity of the electrolyzer is due to localized failure of the catalyst. Herein, we present a method for the spatially resolved (tens of micrometers) In Operando analysis of the catalytic activity under real operation conditions as well as the localized deposition of the catalyst in an operating model flow reactor. For these purposes, scanning electrochemical microscopy was applied for MoSx catalyst deposition and for localized tracking of the TMC activity with a resolution of 25 μm. This approach offers detailed information about the catalytic performance and should find broad application for the characterization and optimization of flow reactor catalysis under real operational conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Iffelsberger
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Wert
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Real-Time Analysis of Oxygen Gradient in Oocyte Respiration Using a High-Density Microelectrode Array. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11080256. [PMID: 34436058 PMCID: PMC8393405 DOI: 10.3390/bios11080256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Physiological events related to oxygen concentration gradients provide valuable information to determine the state of metabolizing biological cells. The existing oxygen sensing methods (i.e., optical photoluminescence, magnetic resonance, and scanning electrochemical) are well-established and optimized for existing in vitro analyses. However, such methods also present various limitations in resolution, real-time sensing performance, complexity, and costs. An electrochemical imaging system with an integrated microelectrode array (MEA) would offer attractive means of measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR) based on the cell’s two-dimensional (2D) oxygen concentration gradient. This paper presents an application of an electrochemical sensor platform with a custom-designed complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-based microchip and its Pt-coated surface MEA. The high-density MEA provides 16,064 individual electrochemical pixels that cover a 3.6 mm × 3.6 mm area. Utilizing the three-electrode configuration, the system is capable of imaging low oxygen concentration (18.3 µM, 0.58 mg/L, or 13.8 mmHg) at 27.5 µm spatial resolution and up to 4 Hz temporal resolution. In vitro oxygen imaging experiments were performed to analyze bovine cumulus-oocytes-complexes cells OCR and oxygen flux density. The integration of a microfluidic system allows proper bio-sample handling and delivery to the MEA surface for imaging. Finally, the imaging results are processed and presented as 2D heatmaps, representing the dissolved oxygen concentration in the immediate proximity of the MEA. This paper provides the results of real-time 2D imaging of OCR of live cells/tissues to gain spatial and temporal dynamics of target cell metabolism.
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Zhao H, Liu M, Jiang T, Xu J, Zhang H, Yu C, Liu Z, Wang Y, Tang L. Ultrasensitive monitoring of DNA damage associated with free radicals exposure using dynamic carbon nanotubes bridged interdigitated electrode array. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105672. [PMID: 32248022 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There are currently increasingly concerns over DNA damage related to free radicals due to their vital roles in human health, especially high-performance detection method. Herein, we report an ultra- sensitive monitoring of DNA damage associated with free radicals exposure using interdigitated electrode (IDE) array for the first time. The proposed IDE array was equipped with DNA-wrapped carbon nanotube-based bridges, which utilized the DNA damage mechanism due to the free radicals' attack and the efficient electrical detection nature of the interdigitated electrode. Experiments have been performed, and the results showed the device's capability for detecting DNA damage induced by multiple free radicals generated from different sources, including the Fenton reaction, UV radiation and cigarette smoke, showing the promising ability for DNA damage detection. In addition, the carbon nanotubes bridge-based interdigitated electrode sensor enabled different levels of sensing of DNA damage with great sensitivity and a wide detection range. It was illustrated that the ultrasensitive detection of free radicals generated from ultraviolet radiation (15 min - 125 min), cigarette smoke tar (1 μg/mL to 10 μg/mL) and Fenton reaction under different concentration of H2O2 (2.5 pM - 100 pM), have been detected successfully. Typically, the IDE array supports further performance improvement for the electrochemical detection in an ultrasensitive and high throughput route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Study, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering; International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Misha Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Study, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering; International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jinjin Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Study, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huirong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Study, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chaofan Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Study, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zipeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Study, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Study, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Longhua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering; International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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Counihan MJ, Setwipatanachai W, Rodríguez‐López J. Interrogating the Surface Intermediates and Water Oxidation Products of Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Counihan
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 Untied States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
| | - Worapol Setwipatanachai
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 Untied States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez‐López
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 Untied States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
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Liu ZQ. Enhancing Antioxidant Effect against Peroxyl Radical-Induced Oxidation of DNA: Linking with Ferrocene Moiety! CHEM REC 2019; 19:2385-2397. [PMID: 30946536 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a major member in the family of reactive oxygen species, peroxyl radical is able to abstract hydrogen atom from 4-position of ribose, leading to the collapse of DNA strand. Thus, inhibiting oxidative stress with exogenous antioxidants acts as a promising strategy to protect the integrity of DNA structure and is thereby suggested to be a pathway against developments of related diseases. Ferrocene as an organometallic scaffold is widely applied in the design of organometallic drugs, and redox of Fe(II)/Fe(III) in ferrocene offers advantage for providing electron to radicals. Presented herein are our ongoing studies on ferrocene-appended antioxidants, including McMurry reaction applied to construct ferrocifen; Aldol condensation used to prepare ferrocenyl curcumin; Povarov reaction employed to prepare ferrocenyl quinoline; Biginelli reaction used to construct ferrocenyl dihydropyrimidine; Groebke reaction used to synthesize ferrocenyl imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine; and Passerini three-component reaction as well as Ugi four-component reaction applied to synthesize α-acyloxycarboxamide and bisamide, respectively. It is found that ferrocene moiety is able to enhance antioxidative effect of the aforementioned scaffolds even without the aid of phenolic hydroxyl group. The role of ferrocene in enhancing antioxidative effect can be attributable to trapping radicals, decreasing oxidative potential, and increasing the affinity toward DNA strand. Therefore, ferrocene is worthy to be taken into consideration in the design of drugs in relation to DNA oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Qun Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, No.2519 Jiefang Road, Changchun, 130021, China
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Raith T, Iffelsberger C, Vatsyayan P, Matysik FM. Impacts of Forced Convection Generated via High Precision Stirring on Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Experiments in Feedback Mode. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Raith
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors; University of Regensburg; 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Christian Iffelsberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors; University of Regensburg; 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Preety Vatsyayan
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors; University of Regensburg; 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors; University of Regensburg; 93053 Regensburg Germany
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