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Zhuo L, Guo M, Zhang S, Wu J, Wang M, Shen Y, Peng X, Wang Z, Jiang W, Huang W. Structure-activity relationship study of 1,6-naphthyridinone derivatives as selective type II AXL inhibitors with potent antitumor efficacy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116090. [PMID: 38169272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The role of AXL in various oncogenic processes has made it an attractive target for cancer therapy. Currently, kinase selectivity profiles, especially circumventing MET inhibition, remain a scientific issue of great interest in the discovery of selective type II AXL inhibitors. Starting from a dual MET/AXL-targeted lead structure from our previous work, we optimized a 1,6-naphthyridinone series using molecular modeling-assisted compound design to improve AXL potency and selectivity over MET, resulting in the potent and selective type II AXL-targeted compound 25c. This showed excellent AXL inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.1 nM) and 343-fold selectivity over the highly homologous kinase MET in biochemical assays. Moreover, compound 25c significantly inhibited AXL-driven cell proliferation, dose-dependently suppressed 4T1 cell migration and invasion, and induced apoptosis. Compound 25c also showed noticeable antitumor efficacy in a BaF3/TEL-AXL xenograft model at well-tolerated doses. Overall, this study presented a potent and selective type II AXL-targeted lead compound for further drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsheng Zhuo
- Postdoctoral Station for Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Mengqin Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Siyi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Junbo Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hengyang Central Hospital, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Postdoctoral Station for Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xue Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Weifan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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2
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Fang F, Dai Y, Wang H, Ji Y, Liang X, Peng X, Li J, Zhao Y, Li C, Wang D, Li Y, Zhang D, Zhang D, Geng M, Liu H, Ai J, Zhou Y. Structure-based drug discovery of novel fused-pyrazolone carboxamide derivatives as potent and selective AXL inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4918-4933. [PMID: 38045061 PMCID: PMC10692477 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As a novel and promising antitumor target, AXL plays an important role in tumor growth, metastasis, immunosuppression and drug resistance of various malignancies, which has attracted extensive research interest in recent years. In this study, by employing the structure-based drug design and bioisosterism strategies, we designed and synthesized in total 54 novel AXL inhibitors featuring a fused-pyrazolone carboxamide scaffold, of which up to 20 compounds exhibited excellent AXL kinase and BaF3/TEL-AXL cell viability inhibitions. Notably, compound 59 showed a desirable AXL kinase inhibitory activity (IC50: 3.5 nmol/L) as well as good kinase selectivity, and it effectively blocked the cellular AXL signaling. In turn, compound 59 could potently inhibit BaF3/TEL-AXL cell viability (IC50: 1.5 nmol/L) and significantly suppress GAS6/AXL-mediated cancer cell invasion, migration and wound healing at the nanomolar level. More importantly, compound 59 oral administration showed good pharmacokinetic profile and in vivo antitumor efficiency, in which we observed significant AXL phosphorylation suppression, and its antitumor efficacy at 20 mg/kg (qd) was comparable to that of BGB324 at 50 mg/kg (bid), the most advanced AXL inhibitor. Taken together, this work provided a valuable lead compound as a potential AXL inhibitor for the further antitumor drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Drug Discovery & Development Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinchun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuewu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xia Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yangrong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chunpu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Danyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yazhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Meiyu Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jing Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Drug Discovery & Development Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
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3
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Mong MA. Vitamin K and the Visual System-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081948. [PMID: 37111170 PMCID: PMC10143727 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K occupies a unique and often obscured place among its fellow fat-soluble vitamins. Evidence is mounting, however, that vitamin K (VK) may play an important role in the visual system apart from the hepatic carboxylation of hemostatic-related proteins. However, to our knowledge, no review covering the topic has appeared in the medical literature. Recent studies have confirmed that matrix Gla protein (MGP), a vitamin K-dependent protein (VKDP), is essential for the regulation of intraocular pressure in mice. The PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) study, a randomized trial involving 5860 adults at risk for cardiovascular disease, demonstrated a 29% reduction in the risk of cataract surgery in participants with the highest tertile of dietary vitamin K1 (PK) intake compared with those with the lowest tertile. However, the specific requirements of the eye and visual system (EVS) for VK, and what might constitute an optimized VK status, is currently unknown and largely unexplored. It is, therefore, the intention of this narrative review to provide an introduction concerning VK and the visual system, review ocular VK biology, and provide some historical context for recent discoveries. Potential opportunities and gaps in current research efforts will be touched upon in the hope of raising awareness and encouraging continued VK-related investigations in this important and highly specialized sensory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Mong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Veteran Affairs North Texas Health Care Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75216, USA
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4
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Chan S, Zhang Y, Wang J, Yu Q, Peng X, Zou J, Zhou L, Tan L, Duan Y, Zhou Y, Hur H, Ai J, Wang Z, Ren X, Zhang Z, Ding K. Discovery of 3-Aminopyrazole Derivatives as New Potent and Orally Bioavailable AXL Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15374-15390. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shingpan Chan
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yunong Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie Wang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qiuchun Yu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xia Peng
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Zou
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Licheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Tan
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yunxin Duan
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hoon Hur
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Ai
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaomei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ke Ding
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital (Huaqiao Hospital), Jinan University, #601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
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5
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Wu S, Liao M, Li M, Sun M, Xi N, Zeng Y. Structure-based discovery of potent inhibitors of Axl: design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1246-1264. [PMID: 36325401 PMCID: PMC9579923 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00153e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Commonly overexpressed in many cancers and associated with tumor growth, metastasis, drug resistance, and poor overall survival, Axl has emerged as a promising target for cancer therapy. However, the availability of new chemical forms for Axl inhibition is limited. Herein, we present the development and characterization of novel Axl inhibitors, including the design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of a series of diphenylpyrimidine-diamine derivatives. Most of these compounds exhibited remarkable activity against the Axl kinase. In particular, the promising compound m16 showed the highest enzymatic inhibitory potency (IC50 = 5 nM) and blocked multiple tumor cells' proliferation potencies (the CC50 of 4 out of 42 cancer cell lines <100 nM). Furthermore, compound m16 also possessed preferable pharmacokinetic profiles and liver microsome stability. All these favorable results make m16 a good leading therapeutic candidate for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 PR China
- Ningbo University School of Medicine 818 Fenghua Road Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 China
- Sunshine Lake Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd Dongyangguang Hi-tech Park Dongguan Guangdong 523871 China
| | - Min Liao
- Sunshine Lake Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd Dongyangguang Hi-tech Park Dongguan Guangdong 523871 China
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Minxiong Li
- Sunshine Lake Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd Dongyangguang Hi-tech Park Dongguan Guangdong 523871 China
| | - Mingming Sun
- Ningbo University School of Medicine 818 Fenghua Road Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 China
- Sunshine Lake Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd Dongyangguang Hi-tech Park Dongguan Guangdong 523871 China
| | - Ning Xi
- Ningbo University School of Medicine 818 Fenghua Road Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 China
- Sunshine Lake Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd Dongyangguang Hi-tech Park Dongguan Guangdong 523871 China
| | - Youlin Zeng
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 PR China
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6
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Disatham J, Brennan L, Jiao X, Ma Z, Hejtmancik JF, Kantorow M. Changes in DNA methylation hallmark alterations in chromatin accessibility and gene expression for eye lens differentiation. Epigenetics Chromatin 2022; 15:8. [PMID: 35246225 PMCID: PMC8897925 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-022-00440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methylation at cytosines (mCG) is a well-known regulator of gene expression, but its requirements for cellular differentiation have yet to be fully elucidated. A well-studied cellular differentiation model system is the eye lens, consisting of a single anterior layer of epithelial cells that migrate laterally and differentiate into a core of fiber cells. Here, we explore the genome-wide relationships between mCG methylation, chromatin accessibility and gene expression during differentiation of eye lens epithelial cells into fiber cells. Results Whole genome bisulfite sequencing identified 7621 genomic loci exhibiting significant differences in mCG levels between lens epithelial and fiber cells. Changes in mCG levels were inversely correlated with the differentiation state-specific expression of 1285 genes preferentially expressed in either lens fiber or lens epithelial cells (Pearson correlation r = − 0.37, p < 1 × 10–42). mCG levels were inversely correlated with chromatin accessibility determined by assay for transposase-accessible sequencing (ATAC-seq) (Pearson correlation r = − 0.86, p < 1 × 10–300). Many of the genes exhibiting altered regions of DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility and gene expression levels in fiber cells relative to epithelial cells are associated with lens fiber cell structure, homeostasis and transparency. These include lens crystallins (CRYBA4, CRYBB1, CRYGN, CRYBB2), lens beaded filament proteins (BFSP1, BFSP2), transcription factors (HSF4, SOX2, HIF1A), and Notch signaling pathway members (NOTCH1, NOTCH2, HEY1, HES5). Analysis of regions exhibiting cell-type specific alterations in DNA methylation revealed an overrepresentation of consensus sequences of multiple transcription factors known to play key roles in lens cell differentiation including HIF1A, SOX2, and the MAF family of transcription factors. Conclusions Collectively, these results link DNA methylation with control of chromatin accessibility and gene expression changes required for eye lens differentiation. The results also point to a role for DNA methylation in the regulation of transcription factors previously identified to be important for lens cell differentiation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13072-022-00440-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Disatham
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Lisa Brennan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Xiaodong Jiao
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhiwei Ma
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Fielding Hejtmancik
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marc Kantorow
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
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7
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1,3,4-Oxadiazole-containing hybrids as potential anticancer agents: Recent developments, mechanism of action and structure-activity relationships. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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8
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Xu D, Sun D, Wang W, Peng X, Zhan Z, Ji Y, Shen Y, Geng M, Ai J, Duan W. Discovery of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives as potent Axl inhibitors: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113497. [PMID: 33957388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Axl has emerged as an attractive target for cancer therapy due to its strong correlation with tumor growth, metastasis, poor survival, and drug resistance. Herein, we report the design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigation of a series of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives as new Axl inhibitors. Among them, the most promising compound 13b showed high enzymatic and cellular Axl potencies. Furthermore, 13b possessed preferable pharmacokinetic properties and displayed promising therapeutic effect in BaF3/TEL-Axl xenograft tumor model. Compound 13b may serve as a lead compound for new antitumor drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Deqiao Sun
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xia Peng
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhengsheng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yinchun Ji
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yanyan Shen
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Meiyu Geng
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jing Ai
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Xiangshan Branch Lane, Xihu District, Hangzhou, 330106, China.
| | - Wenhu Duan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
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9
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Davies KTJ, Yohe LR, Almonte J, Sánchez MKR, Rengifo EM, Dumont ER, Sears KE, Dávalos LM, Rossiter SJ. Foraging shifts and visual preadaptation in ecologically diverse bats. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1839-1859. [PMID: 32293071 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Changes in behaviour may initiate shifts to new adaptive zones, with physical adaptations for novel environments evolving later. While new mutations are commonly considered engines of adaptive change, sensory evolution enabling access to new resources might also arise from standing genetic diversity, and even gene loss. We examine the relative contribution of molecular adaptations, measured by positive and relaxed selection, acting on eye-expressed genes associated with shifts to new adaptive zones in ecologically diverse bats from the superfamily Noctilionoidea. Collectively, noctilionoids display remarkable ecological breadth, from highly divergent echolocation to flight strategies linked to specialized insectivory, the parallel evolution of diverse plant-based diets (e.g., nectar, pollen and fruit) from ancestral insectivory, and-unusually for echolocating bats-often have large, well-developed eyes. We report contrasting levels of positive selection in genes associated with the development, maintenance and scope of visual function, tracing back to the origins of noctilionoids and Phyllostomidae (the bat family with most dietary diversity), instead of during shifts to novel diets. Generalized plant visiting was not associated with exceptional molecular adaptation, and exploration of these novel niches took place in an ancestral phyllostomid genetic background. In contrast, evidence for positive selection in vision genes was found at subsequent shifts to either nectarivory or frugivory. Thus, neotropical noctilionoids that use visual cues for identifying food and roosts, as well as for orientation, were effectively preadapted, with subsequent molecular adaptations in nectar-feeding lineages and the subfamily Stenodermatinae of fig-eating bats fine-tuning pre-existing visual adaptations for specialized purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina T J Davies
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Laurel R Yohe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, USA.,Department of Geology & Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jesus Almonte
- Independent Scientist, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Miluska K R Sánchez
- Escuela Profesional de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Piura, Piura, Peru
| | - Edgardo M Rengifo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Ecologia Aplicada, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.,Centro de Investigación Biodiversidad Sostenible (BioS), Lima, Peru
| | - Elizabeth R Dumont
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Karen E Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liliana M Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, USA.,Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Stephen J Rossiter
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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10
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Xu C, Han Y, Xu S, Wang R, Yue M, Tian Y, Li X, Zhao Y, Gong P. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new Axl kinase inhibitors containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole acetamide moiety as novel linker. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 186:111867. [PMID: 31757525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Using the principle of bioisosteric replacement, we present a structure-based design approach to obtain new Axl kinase inhibitors with significant activity at the kinase and cellular levels. Through a stepwise structure-activity relationships exploration, a series of 6,7-disubstituted quinoline derivatives, which contain 1,3,4-oxadiazol acetamide moiety as novel Linker, were ultimately synthesized with Axl as the primary target. Most of them exhibited moderate to excellent activity, with IC50 values ranging from 0.032 to 1.54 μM against the tested cell lines. Among them, the most promising compound 47e, as an Axl kinase inhibitor (IC50 = 10 nM), shows remarkable cytotoxicity against A549, HT-29, PC-3, MCF-7, H1975 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. More importantly, 47e also shows a significant inhibitory effect on EGFR-TKI resistant NSCLC cell lines H1975/gefitinib. Meanwhile, this study provides a novel type of linker for Axl kinase inhibitors, namely 1,3,4-oxadiazol acetamide moiety, which is out of the scope of the "5- atoms role ".
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Affiliation(s)
- Congjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Yufei Han
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Sicong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Ruxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Ming Yue
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yanfang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China.
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Jung J, Lee YJ, Choi YH, Park EM, Kim HS, Kang JL. Gas6 Prevents Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Alveolar Epithelial Cells via Production of PGE 2, PGD 2 and Their Receptors. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070643. [PMID: 31247991 PMCID: PMC6678614 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is important in organ fibrosis. We hypothesized that growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) and its underlying mechanisms play roles in the prevention of EMT in alveolar epithelial cells (ECs). In this study, to determine whether Gas6 prevents TGF-β1-induced EMT in LA-4 and primary alveolar type II ECs, real-time PCR and immunoblotting in cell lysates and ELISA in culture supernatants were performed. Migration and invasion assays were performed using Transwell chambers. Pretreatment of ECs with Gas6 inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT based on cell morphology, changes in EMT marker expression, and induction of EMT-activating transcription factors. Gas6 enhanced the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGD2 as well as of their receptors. COX-2 inhibitors and antagonists of PGE2 and PGD2 receptors reversed the inhibition of TGF-β1-induced EMT, migration, and invasion by Gas6. Moreover, knockdown of Axl or Mer reversed the enhancement of PGE2 and PGD2 and suppression of EMT, migration and invasion by Gas6. Our data suggest Gas6-Axl or -Mer signalling events may reprogram ECs to resist EMT via the production of PGE2, PGD2, and their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Jung
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea.
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea.
| | - Ye-Ji Lee
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea.
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea.
| | - Youn-Hee Choi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea.
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea.
| | - Eun-Mi Park
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea.
| | - Hee-Sun Kim
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea.
| | - Jihee L Kang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea.
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea.
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Molecular modelling studies for 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide derivatives as anticancer agents. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2019.100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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13
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Du W, Brekken RA. Does Axl have potential as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:955-966. [PMID: 30244621 PMCID: PMC6292430 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1527315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Metastasis, therapy resistance, and immunosuppression are dominant characteristics of pancreatic tumors. Strategies that enhance the efficacy of standard of care and/or immune therapy are likely the most efficient route to improve overall survival in this disease. Areas covered: Axl, a member of the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, MerTK) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is involved in cell plasticity, chemoresistance, immune suppression, and metastasis in various cancers, including pancreatic cancer. This review provides an overview of Axl and its function in normal conditions, summarizes the regulation and function of Axl in cancer, and highlights the contribution of Axl to pancreatic cancer as well as its potential as a therapeutic target. Expert opinion: Axl is an attractive therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer because it contributes to many of the roadblocks that hamper therapeutic efficacy. Clinical evidence supporting Axl inhibition in pancreatic cancer is currently limited; however, multiple clinical trials have been initiated or are in the planning phase to test the effect of inhibiting Axl in conjunction with standard therapy in pancreatic cancer patients. We anticipate that these studies will provide robust validation of Axl as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
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Growth arrest-specific gene 6 transfer promotes mesenchymal stem cell survival and cardiac repair under hypoxia and ischemia via enhanced autocrine signaling and paracrine action. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 660:108-120. [PMID: 30365934 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Poor cell viability after transplantation has restricted the therapeutic capacity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for cardiac dysfunction after myocardial infarction (MI). Growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) encodes a secreted γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)-containing protein that functions in cell growth, adhesion, chemotaxis, mitogenesis and cell survival. In this study, we genetically modified MSCs with Gas6 and evaluated cell survival, cardiac function, and infarct size in a rat model of MI via intramyocardial delivery. Functional studies demonstrated that Gas6 transfer significantly reduced MSC apoptosis, increased survival of MSCs in vitro and in vivo, and that Gas6-engineered MSCs (MSCGas6)-treated animals had smaller infarct size and showed remarkably functional recovery as compared with control MSCs (MSCNull)-treated animals. Mechanistically, Gas6 could enhance phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling and improve hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α)-driven secretion of four major growth factors (VEGF, bFGF, SDF and IGF-1) in MSCs under hypoxia in an Axl-dependent autocrine manner. The paracrine action of MSCGas6 was further validated by coculture neonatal rat cardiomyocytes with conditioned medium from hypoxia-treated MSCGas6, as well as by pretreatment cardiomyocytes with the specific receptor inhibitors of VEGF, bFGF, SDF and IGF-1. Collectively, our data suggest that Gas6 may advance the efficacy of MSC therapy for post-infarcted heart failure via enhanced Gas6/Axl autocrine prosurvival signaling and paracrine cytoprotective action.
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15
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Effect of AXL on the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:785-790. [PMID: 28673000 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in the United States. AXL, which is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinases, has been established as a strong candidate for the targeted therapy of cancer. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of AXL in NSCLC; in particular the molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of AXL in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis demonstrated that AXL, EMT-inducing Twist and the mesenchymal marker N-cadherin were upregulated, and the epithelial markers E-cadherin and β-cadherin were downregulated, in the PC9 NSCLC cell line. Furthermore, downregulation of AXL expression by RNA interference was shown to inhibit cell growth by inducing the apoptosis of PC9 cells, as demonstrated by MTT and flow cytometry analyses. Notably, inhibition of AXL attenuated the regulation of EMT-associated genes, specifically downregulating Twist and N-cadherin, and upregulating E-cadherin and β-cadherin. Conversely, downregulation of Twist did not affect the expression levels of AXL. These results suggested that AXL may inhibit the EMT by the regulation of EMT-associated genes in the PC9 cell line. The results of the present study indicated that AXL may have a role in the regulation of EMT and the cell cycle of the PC9 cells; thus suggesting that AXL may have clinical significance in the design of therapeutic strategies targeting NSCLC and EMT signaling pathways.
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Miner JJ, Sene A, Richner JM, Smith AM, Santeford A, Ban N, Weger-Lucarelli J, Manzella F, Rückert C, Govero J, Noguchi KK, Ebel GD, Diamond MS, Apte RS. Zika Virus Infection in Mice Causes Panuveitis with Shedding of Virus in Tears. Cell Rep 2016; 16:3208-3218. [PMID: 27612415 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus that causes congenital abnormalities and Guillain-Barré syndrome. ZIKV infection also results in severe eye disease characterized by optic neuritis, chorioretinal atrophy, and blindness in newborns and conjunctivitis and uveitis in adults. We evaluated ZIKV infection of the eye by using recently developed mouse models of pathogenesis. ZIKV-inoculated mice developed conjunctivitis, panuveitis, and infection of the cornea, iris, optic nerve, and ganglion and bipolar cells in the retina. This phenotype was independent of the entry receptors Axl or Mertk, given that Axl(-/-), Mertk(-/-), and Axl(-/-)Mertk(-/-) double knockout mice sustained levels of infection similar to those of control animals. We also detected abundant viral RNA in tears, suggesting that virus might be secreted from lacrimal glands or shed from the cornea. This model provides a foundation for studying ZIKV-induced ocular disease, defining mechanisms of viral persistence, and developing therapeutic approaches for viral infections of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Miner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US.
| | - Abdoulaye Sene
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US
| | - Justin M Richner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US
| | - Amber M Smith
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US
| | - Andrea Santeford
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US
| | - Norimitsu Ban
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Francesca Manzella
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Claudia Rückert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jennifer Govero
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US
| | - Kevin K Noguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US; Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US; Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Tan L, Zhang Z, Gao D, Luo J, Tu ZC, Li Z, Peng L, Ren X, Ding K. 4-Oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide Derivatives as New Axl Kinase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6807-25. [PMID: 27379978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
- School
of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Donglin Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinfeng Luo
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zheng-Chao Tu
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- School
of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lijie Peng
- School
of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaomei Ren
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
- School
of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ke Ding
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
- School
of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
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18
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Rostoker R, Abelson S, Genkin I, Ben-Shmuel S, Sachidanandam R, Scheinman EJ, Bitton-Worms K, Orr ZS, Caspi A, Tzukerman M, LeRoith D. CD24(+) cells fuel rapid tumor growth and display high metastatic capacity. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:78. [PMID: 26040280 PMCID: PMC4479226 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breast tumors are comprised of distinct cancer cell populations which differ in their tumorigenic and metastatic capacity. Characterization of cell surface markers enables investigators to distinguish between cancer stem cells and their counterparts. CD24 is a well-known cell surface marker for mammary epithelial cells isolation, recently it was suggested as a potential prognostic marker in a wide variety of malignancies. Here, we demonstrate that CD24+ cells create intra-tumor heterogeneity, and display highly metastatic properties. Methods The mammary carcinoma Mvt1 cells were sorted into CD24− and CD24+ cells. Both subsets were morphologically and phenotypically characterized, and tumorigenic capacity was assessed via orthotopic inoculation of each subset into the mammary fat pad of wild-type and MKR mice. The metastatic capacity of each subset was determined with the tail vein metastasis assay. The role of CD24 in tumorigenesis was further examined with shRNA technology. GFP-labeled cells were monitored in vivo for differentiation. The genetic profile of each subset was analyzed using RNA sequencing. Results CD24+ cells displayed a more spindle-like cytoplasm. The cells formed mammospheres in high efficiency and CD24+ tumors displayed rapid growth in both WT and MKR mice, and were more metastatic than CD24- cells. Interestingly, CD24-KD in CD24+ cells had no effect both in vitro and in vivo on the various parameters studied. Moreover, CD24+ cells gave rise in vivo to the CD24− that comprised the bulk of the tumor. RNA-seq analysis revealed enrichment of genes and pathways of the extracellular matrix in the CD24+ cells. Conclusion CD24+ cells account for heterogeneity in mammary tumors. CD24 expression at early stages of the cancer process is an indication of a highly invasive tumor. However, CD24 is not a suitable therapeutic target; instead we suggest here new potential targets accounting for early differentiated cancer cells tumorigenic capacity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0589-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Rostoker
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR) and the Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Rambam Medical Center, P.O.B 9602, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Sagi Abelson
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Inna Genkin
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR) and the Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Rambam Medical Center, P.O.B 9602, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Sarit Ben-Shmuel
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR) and the Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Rambam Medical Center, P.O.B 9602, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Ravi Sachidanandam
- Department of Oncological Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai and the James J Peters VA Medical Center, New York, USA.
| | - Eyal J Scheinman
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR) and the Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Rambam Medical Center, P.O.B 9602, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Keren Bitton-Worms
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR) and the Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Rambam Medical Center, P.O.B 9602, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Zila Shen Orr
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR) and the Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Rambam Medical Center, P.O.B 9602, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Avishay Caspi
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR) and the Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Rambam Medical Center, P.O.B 9602, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Maty Tzukerman
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR) and the Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Rambam Medical Center, P.O.B 9602, Haifa, 31096, Israel. .,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Ji R, Meng L, Li Q, Lu Q. TAM receptor deficiency affects adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:633-44. [PMID: 25487541 PMCID: PMC4414696 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9636-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Tyro3, Axl and Mertk (TAM) subfamily of receptor protein tyrosine kinases functions in cell growth, differentiation, survival, and most recently found, in the regulation of immune responses and phagocytosis. All three receptors and their ligands, Gas6 (growth arrest-specific gene 6) and protein S, are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). TAM receptors play pivotal roles in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Loss of these receptors causes a comprised neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult hippocampus. TAM receptors have a negative regulatory effect on microglia and peripheral antigen-presenting cells, and play a critical role in preventing overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines detrimental to the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of adult neuronal stem cells (NSCs). Besides, these receptors also play an intrinsic trophic function in supporting NSC survival, proliferation, and differentiation into immature neurons. All these events collectively ensure a sustained neurogenesis in adult hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lingbin Meng
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Qiutang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Qingxian Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Shibata T, Ismailoglu UB, Kittan NA, Moreira AP, Coelho AL, Chupp GL, Kunkel SL, Lukacs NW, Hogaboam CM. Role of growth arrest-specific gene 6 in the development of fungal allergic airway disease in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 51:615-25. [PMID: 24810144 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0049oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth arrest-specific gene (Gas)6 is a secreted vitamin K-dependent protein with pleiotropic effects via activation of receptor tyrosine kinase Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk receptors, but little is known about its role in allergic airway disease. We investigated the role of Gas6 in the development of fungal allergic airway disease in mice. The immune response was evaluated in Gas6-deficient (Gas6-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice and in recombinant Gas6-treated WT mice during Aspergillus fumigatus-induced allergic airway disease. Gas6 plasma levels were significantly elevated in adult clinical asthma of all severities compared with subjects without asthma. In a murine model of fungal allergic airway disease, increased protein expression of Axl and Mertk were observed in the lung. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), whole lung Th2 cytokine levels, goblet cell metaplasia, and peribronchial fibrosis were ameliorated in Gas6-/- mice compared with WT mice with fungal allergic airway disease. Intranasal Gas6 administration into WT mice had a divergent effect on airway inflammation and AHR. Specifically, a total dose of 2 μg of exogenous Gas6 (i.e., low dose) significantly increased whole lung Th2 cytokine levels and subsequent AHR, whereas a total dose of 7 μg of exogenous Gas6 (i.e., high dose) significantly suppressed Th1 and Th2 cytokines and AHR compared with appropriate control groups. Mechanistically, Gas6 promoted Th2 activation via its highest affinity receptor Axl expressed by myeloid DCs. Intranasal administration of Gas6 consistently exacerbated airway remodeling compared with control WT groups. These results demonstrate that Gas6 enhances several features of fungal allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Shibata
- 1 Immunology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Abstract
The control of cellular growth and proliferation is key to the maintenance of homeostasis. Survival, proliferation, and arrest are regulated, in part, by Growth Arrest Specific 6 (Gas6) through binding to members of the TAM receptor tyrosine kinase family. Activation of the TAM receptors leads to downstream signaling through common kinases, but the exact mechanism within each cellular context varies and remains to be completely elucidated. Deregulation of the TAM family, due to its central role in mediating cellular proliferation, has been implicated in multiple diseases. Axl was cloned as the first TAM receptor in a search for genes involved in the progression of chronic to acute-phase leukemia, and has since been established as playing a critical role in the progression of cancer. The oncogenic nature of Axl is demonstrated through its activation of signaling pathways involved in proliferation, migration, inhibition of apoptosis, and therapeutic resistance. Despite its recent discovery, significant progress has been made in the development of effective clinical therapeutics targeting Axl. In order to accurately define the role of Axl in normal and diseased processes, it must be analyzed in a cell type-specific context.
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Lee YJ, Park HJ, Woo SY, Park EM, Kang JL. RhoA/Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling after Growth Arrest–Specific Protein 6/Mer Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Engagement Promotes Epithelial Cell Growth and Wound Repair via Upregulation of Hepatocyte Growth Factor in Macrophages. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:563-77. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.215673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Laurance S, Lemarié CA, Blostein MD. Growth arrest-specific gene 6 (gas6) and vascular hemostasis. Adv Nutr 2012; 3:196-203. [PMID: 22516727 PMCID: PMC3648720 DOI: 10.3945/an.111.001826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gas6 (growth arrest-specific 6) belongs structurally to the family of plasma vitamin K-dependent proteins. Gas6 has a high structural homology with the natural anticoagulant protein S, sharing the same modular composition. Interestingly, despite the presence of a γ-carboxyglutamic acid domain in its structure, no role in the coagulation cascade has been identified for gas6. Gas6 has been shown to be involved in vascular homeostasis and more precisely is involved in proliferation, apoptosis, efferocytosis, leukocyte migration, and sequestration and platelet aggregation. It is also involved in the activation of different cell types, from platelets to endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Thus, it has been shown to play a role in several pathophysiological processes such as atherosclerosis, cancer, and thrombosis. Interestingly, studies using gas6 null mice highlighted that gas6 may represent a novel potential target for anticoagulant therapy, because these animals are protected from lethal venous thromboembolism without excessive bleeding. However, the mechanism in thrombus occurrence remains to be further explored. In the present review, we will focus on the role of gas6 in innate immunity, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and cancer-related events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark D. Blostein
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, and,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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24
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Zhong Z, Wang Y, Guo H, Sagare A, Fernández JA, Bell RD, Barrett TM, Griffin JH, Freeman RS, Zlokovic BV. Protein S protects neurons from excitotoxic injury by activating the TAM receptor Tyro3-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway through its sex hormone-binding globulin-like region. J Neurosci 2010; 30:15521-34. [PMID: 21084607 PMCID: PMC3012432 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4437-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticoagulant factor protein S (PS) protects neurons from hypoxic/ischemic injury. However, molecular mechanisms mediating PS protection in injured neurons remain unknown. Here, we show mouse recombinant PS protects dose-dependently mouse cortical neurons from excitotoxic NMDA-mediated neuritic bead formation and apoptosis by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway (EC(50) = 26 ± 4 nm). PS stimulated phosphorylation of Bad and Mdm2, two downstream targets of Akt, which in neurons subjected to pathological overstimulation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) increased the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) levels and reduced the proapoptotic p53 and Bax levels. Adenoviral transduction with a kinase-deficient Akt mutant (Ad.Akt(K179A)) resulted in loss of PS-mediated neuronal protection, Akt activation, and Bad and Mdm2 phosphorylation. Using the TAM receptors tyrosine kinases Tyro3-, Axl-, and Mer-deficient neurons, we showed that PS protected neurons lacking Axl and Mer, but not Tyro3, suggesting a requirement of Tyro3 for PS-mediated protection. Consistent with these results, PS dose-dependently phosphorylated Tyro3 on neurons (EC(50) = 25 ± 3 nm). In an in vivo model of NMDA-induced excitotoxic lesions in the striatum, PS dose-dependently reduced the lesion volume in control mice (EC(50) = 22 ± 2 nm) and protected Axl(-/-) and Mer(-/-) transgenic mice, but not Tyro3(-/-) transgenic mice. Using different structural PS analogs, we demonstrated that the C terminus sex hormone-binding globulin-like (SHBG) domain of PS is critical for neuronal protection in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our data show that PS protects neurons by activating the Tyro3-PI3K-Akt pathway via its SHGB domain, suggesting potentially a novel neuroprotective approach for acute brain injury and chronic neurodegenerative disorders associated with excessive activation of NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhong
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, and
| | - Yaoming Wang
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, and
| | - Huang Guo
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, and
| | - Abhay Sagare
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, and
| | - José A. Fernández
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Robert D. Bell
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, and
| | - Theresa M. Barrett
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, and
| | - John H. Griffin
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Robert S. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, and
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, and
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25
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Llacuna L, Bárcena C, Bellido-Martín L, Fernández L, Stefanovic M, Marí M, García-Ruiz C, Fernández-Checa JC, de Frutos PG, Morales A. Growth arrest-specific protein 6 is hepatoprotective against murine ischemia/reperfusion injury. Hepatology 2010; 52:1371-9. [PMID: 20730776 PMCID: PMC2947564 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Growth arrest-specific gene 6 (GAS6) promotes growth and cell survival during tissue repair and development in different organs, including the liver. However, the specific role of GAS6 in liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury has not been previously addressed. Here we report an early increase in serum GAS6 levels after I/R exposure. Moreover, unlike wild-type (WT) mice, Gas6(-/-) mice were highly sensitive to partial hepatic I/R, with 90% of the mice dying within 12 hours of reperfusion because of massive hepatocellular injury. I/R induced early hepatic protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation in WT mice but not in Gas6(-/-) mice without significant changes in c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation or nuclear factor kappa B translocation, whereas hepatic interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) messenger RNA levels were higher in Gas6(-/-) mice versus WT mice. In line with the in vivo data, in vitro studies indicated that GAS6 induced AKT phosphorylation in primary mouse hepatocytes and thus protected them from hypoxia-induced cell death, whereas GAS6 diminished lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine expression (IL-1β and TNF) in murine macrophages. Finally, recombinant GAS6 treatment in vivo not only rescued GAS6 knockout mice from severe I/R-induced liver damage but also attenuated hepatic damage in WT mice after I/R. CONCLUSION Our data have revealed GAS6 to be a new player in liver I/R injury that is emerging as a potential therapeutic target for reducing postischemic hepatic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Llacuna
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS-CIBEK, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Bárcena
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS-CIBEK, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Laura Fernández
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Milica Stefanovic
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS-CIBEK, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Marí
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS-CIBEK, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS-CIBEK, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José C. Fernández-Checa
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS-CIBEK, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain,Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Albert Morales
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS-CIBEK, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Geatrell JC, Mui (Iryn) Gan P, Mansergh FC, Kisiswa L, Jarrin M, Williams LA, Evans MJ, Boulton ME, Wride MA. Apoptosis gene profiling reveals spatio-temporal regulated expression of the p53/Mdm2 pathway during lens development. Exp Eye Res 2009; 88:1137-51. [PMID: 19450442 PMCID: PMC2706329 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is emerging for apoptosis gene expression in the lens during development. Therefore, here we used a filter array to assess expression of 243 apoptosis-related genes in the developing postnatal mouse lens using (33)P labelled cDNA synthesized from p7 and p14 mouse lenses. We demonstrated that 161 apoptosis-related genes were expressed at levels significantly above background and 20 genes were potentially significantly differentially expressed (P<0.05) by at least 2-fold between p7 and p14. We used RT-PCR to confirm expression of these genes in newborn, p7, p14 and 4 wk mouse lens cDNA samples. Expression of 19/20 of the genes examined was confirmed, while 5 genes (Huntingtin, Mdm2, Dffa, galectin-3 and Mcl-1) were confirmed as differentially regulated between p7 and p14. RT-PCR was also used to examine the expression of the chick homologues of the most-highly expressed and/or potentially differentially regulated genes in chick embryo lenses at E6-E16. The majority of genes expressed in the postnatal mouse lens were also expressed in the chick embryo lens. Western blotting confirmed developmentally regulated expression of Axl and Mcl-1 during mouse lens development and of Mdm2, Mdm4/X and p53 during mouse and chick lens development. Western blotting also revealed the presence of p53 and Mdm4/X splice variants and/or proteolytic cleavage products in the developing lens. Since Mdm2 is a regulator of the tumour suppressor gene p53, we chose to thoroughly investigate the spatio-temporal expression patterns of p53, Mdm2 and the functionally related Mdm4/X in mouse lens development at E12.5-E16.5 using immunocytochemistry. We also examined Mdm2 expression patterns during chick lens development at E6-E16 and Mdm4/X and p53 at E14. Expression of Mdm2, Mdm4/X and p53 was spatio-temporally regulated in various compartments of the developing lens in both mouse and chick, including lens epithelial and lens fibre cells, indicating potential roles for these factors in regulation of lens epithelial cell proliferation and/or lens fibre cell differentiation This study provides a thorough initial analysis of apoptosis gene expression in the postnatal mouse lens and provides a resource for further investigation of the roles in lens development of the apoptosis genes identified. Furthermore, building on the array studies, we present the first spatio-temporal analysis of expression of p53 pathway molecules (p53, Mdm2 and Mdm4/X) in both developing mouse and chick lenses, suggesting a potential role for the p53/Mdm2 pathway in lens development, which merits further functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny C. Geatrell
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3LU, UK
| | - Peng Mui (Iryn) Gan
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3LU, UK
| | - Fiona C. Mansergh
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3US, UK
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Lilian Kisiswa
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3LU, UK
| | - Miguel Jarrin
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3LU, UK
- Mason Eye Institute, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, Columbia University, MO 65212, USA
| | - Llinos A. Williams
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3LU, UK
| | - Martin J. Evans
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3US, UK
| | - Mike E. Boulton
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3LU, UK
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael A. Wride
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3LU, UK
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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27
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Linger RMA, Keating AK, Earp HS, Graham DK. TAM receptor tyrosine kinases: biologic functions, signaling, and potential therapeutic targeting in human cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2008; 100:35-83. [PMID: 18620092 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tyro-3, Axl, and Mer constitute the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) characterized by a conserved sequence within the kinase domain and adhesion molecule-like extracellular domains. This small family of RTKs regulates an intriguing mix of processes, including cell proliferation/survival, cell adhesion and migration, blood clot stabilization, and regulation of inflammatory cytokine release. Genetic or experimental alteration of TAM receptor function can contribute to a number of disease states, including coagulopathy, autoimmune disease, retinitis pigmentosa, and cancer. In this chapter, we first provide a comprehensive review of the structure, regulation, biologic functions, and downstream signaling pathways of these receptors. In addition, we discuss recent evidence which suggests a role for TAM receptors in oncogenic mechanisms as family members are overexpressed in a spectrum of human cancers and have prognostic significance in some. Possible strategies for targeted inhibition of the TAM family in the treatment of human cancer are described. Further research will be necessary to evaluate the full clinical implications of TAM family expression and activation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M A Linger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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28
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Bellido-Martín L, de Frutos PG. Vitamin K-dependent actions of Gas6. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2008; 78:185-209. [PMID: 18374195 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(07)00009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gas6 (growth arrest-specific gene 6) is the last addition to the family of plasma vitamin K-dependent proteins. Gas6 was cloned and characterized in 1993 and found to be similar to the plasma anticoagulant protein S. Soon after it was recognized as a growth factor-like molecule, as it interacted with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) of the TAM family; Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK. Since then, the role of Gas6, protein S, and the TAM receptors has been found to be important in inflammation, hemostasis, and cancer, making this system an interesting target in biomedicine. Gas6 employs a unique mechanism of action, interacting through its vitamin K-dependent Gla module with phosphatidylserine-containing membranes and through its carboxy-terminal LG domains with the TAM membrane receptors. The fact that these proteins are affected by anti-vitamin K therapy is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Bellido-Martín
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute for Biomedical Research of Barcelona, IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain
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29
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Microbial patterns signaling via Toll-like receptors 2 and 5 contribute to epithelial repair, growth and survival. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1393. [PMID: 18167552 PMCID: PMC2148109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells (ECs) continuously interact with microorganisms and detect their presence via different pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Ligation of epithelial TLRs by pathogens is usually associated with the induction of pro-inflammatory mediators and antimicrobial factors. In this study, using human airway ECs as a model, we found that detection of microbial patterns via epithelial TLRs directly regulates tissue homeostasis. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and microbial patterns signaling via TLR2 and TLR5 induce a set of non-immune epithelial responses including cell migration, wound repair, proliferation, and survival of primary and cancerous ECs. Using small interfering RNA (siRNA) gene targeting, receptor-tyrosine kinase microarray and inhibition studies, we determined that TLR and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mediate the stimulating effect of microbial patterns on epithelial repair. Microbial patterns signaling via Toll-like receptors 2 and 5 contribute to epithelial repair, growth and survival. This effect is independent of hematopoietic and other cells as well as inflammatory cytokines suggesting that epithelia are able to regulate their integrity in an autonomous non-inflammatory manner by sensing microbes directly via TLRs.
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30
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Hafizi S, Dahlbäck B. Gas6 and protein S. Vitamin K-dependent ligands for the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily. FEBS J 2006; 273:5231-44. [PMID: 17064312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gas6 and protein S are two homologous secreted proteins that depend on vitamin K for their execution of a range of biological functions. A discrete subset of these functions is mediated through their binding to and activation of the receptor tyrosine kinases Axl, Sky and Mer. Furthermore, a hallmark of the Gas6-Axl system is the unique ability of Gas6 and protein S to tether their non receptor-binding regions to the negatively charged membranes of apoptotic cells. Numerous studies have shown the Gas6-Axl system to regulate cell survival, proliferation, migration, adhesion and phagocytosis. Consequently, altered activity/expression of its components has been detected in a variety of pathologies such as cancer and vascular, autoimmune and kidney disorders. Moreover, Axl overactivation can equally occur without ligand binding, which has implications for tumorigenesis. Further knowledge of this exquisite ligand-receptor system and the circumstances of its activation should provide the basis for development of novel therapies for the above diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sassan Hafizi
- Lund University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section for Clinical Chemistry, Wallenberg Laboratory, University Hospital Malmö, Sweden.
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31
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Lafdil F, Chobert MN, Couchie D, Brouillet A, Zafrani ES, Mavier P, Laperche Y. Induction of Gas6 protein in CCl4-induced rat liver injury and anti-apoptotic effect on hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 2006; 44:228-39. [PMID: 16799993 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The protein product of the growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) is a secreted ligand for tyrosine kinase receptors, among which Axl is the most widely distributed and displays the highest affinity for Gas6. The Gas6/Axl signaling pathway has been increasingly implicated in growth and survival processes occurring during development and tissue repair. In liver, after an acute or chronic injury, repair involves macrophages and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) activated into myofibroblastic cells (HSC/MFB), which produce cytokines and matrix proteins. We investigated the expression and the role of Gas6 and its receptor Axl in liver repair. Three days after CCl4-induced liver injury in the rat, we detected the expression of Gas6 in ED1-positive macrophages as well as in desmin-positive HSC, which accumulated in injured areas. Axl, the high-affinity receptor for Gas6, was detected in macrophages, HSC, and HSC/MFB. In vitro, expression of gamma-carboxylated Gas6 was strongly induced in HSC along with their transformation into myofibroblasts, and it exerted an anti-apoptotic effect on both HSC and HSC/MFB mediated by the Axl/PI3-kinase/Akt pathway. In conclusion, Gas6 is a survival factor for these cells and we suggest that Gas6, secreted by macrophages and HSC/MFB in vivo after liver injury, promotes HSC and HSC/MFB survival and might support transient HSC/MFB accumulation during liver healing.
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32
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Tu Q, Valverde P, Chen J. Osterix enhances proliferation and osteogenic potential of bone marrow stromal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:1257-65. [PMID: 16466699 PMCID: PMC2831616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Osterix (Osx) is a zinc-finger-containing transcription factor that is expressed in osteoblasts of all endochondral and membranous bones. In Osx null mice osteoblast differentiation is impaired and bone formation is absent. In this study, we hypothesized that overexpression of Osx in murine bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) would be able to enhance their osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization in vitro. Retroviral transduction of Osx in BMSC cultured in non-differentiating medium did not affect expression of Runx2/Cbfa1, another key transcription factor of osteoblast differentiation, but induced an increase in the expression of other markers associated with the osteoblastic lineage including alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. Retroviral transduction of Osx in BMSC also increased their proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and ability to form bone nodules. These events occurred without significant changes in the expression of alpha1(II) procollagen or lipoprotein lipase, which are markers of chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation, respectively.
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33
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Shieh YS, Lai CY, Kao YR, Shiah SG, Chu YW, Lee HS, Wu CW. Expression of axl in lung adenocarcinoma and correlation with tumor progression. Neoplasia 2005; 7:1058-64. [PMID: 16354588 PMCID: PMC1501169 DOI: 10.1593/neo.05640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Revised: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We used the Transwell system to select highly invasive cell lines from minimally invasive parent cells, and we compared gene expression in paired cell lines with high and low invasive potentials. Axl was relatively overexpressed in the highly invasive cell lines when compared with their minimally invasive counterparts. However, there is only limited information about the role of Axl in cancer invasion. The biologic function of Axl in tumor invasion was investigated by overexpression of full-length Axl in minimally invasive cells and by siRNA knockdown of Axl expression in highly invasive cells. Overexpression of Axl in minimally invasive cells increased their invasiveness. siRNA reduced cell invasiveness as Axl was downregulated in highly invasive cells. We further investigated the protein expression of Axl by immunohistochemistry and its correlation with clinicopathologic features. Data from a study of 58 patient specimens showed that Axl immunoreactivity was statistically significant with respect to lymph node status (P < .0001) and the patient's clinical stage (P < .0001). Our results demonstrate that Axl protein kinase seems to play an important role in the invasion and progression of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shing Shieh
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiung-Ya Lai
- President Laboratory, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Rung Kao
- President Laboratory, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shine-Gwo Shiah
- President Laboratory, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Wen Chu
- President Laboratory, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Herng-Sheng Lee
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Wen Wu
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- President Laboratory, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
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Valverde P, Tu Q, Chen J. BSP and RANKL induce osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption synergistically. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20:1669-79. [PMID: 16059638 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Revised: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED RANKL and BSP are upregulated in several bone resorptive disorders. However, the mechanisms by which these two factors might induce osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption synergistically under pathological conditions remain largely unknown. INTRODUCTION RANKL and bone sialoprotein II (BSP) have been shown to be upregulated in the serum of individuals with abnormally high osteoclastogenic and bone resorptive activities. Here we provide experimental evidence that RANKL and BSP induce osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption synergistically but mediate opposite effects in osteoclast survival and apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS RAW264.7 cells and mouse bone marrow-derived monocytes/macrophages were treated with human recombinant BSP in the presence and absence of RANKL. TRACP stainings, bone resorption assays, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation analyses, and semiquantitative RT-PCR were used to evaluate the effects of BSP in osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Survival, DNA condensation, and caspase activity assays were used to determine the putative effects of BSP in osteoclast survival and apoptosis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS RANKL induced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption at a higher extent in the presence than in the absence of BSP in RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived monocytes/macrophages. c-Src-dependent c-Cbl phosphorylation was 8-fold higher in RAW264.7 cells treated with BSP and RANKL than in those treated with RANKL alone. Furthermore, BSP and RANKL activated the master regulator of osteoclastogenesis nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-2 and increased the mRNA expression of other differentiation markers such as cathepsin K or TRACP. Inhibition of c-Src activity or chelating intracellular calcium inhibited the synergistic effects in bone resorption and the phosphorylation of the c-Src substrate c-Cbl. Inhibition of calcineurin or intracellular calcium elevation inhibited the synergistic effects in osteoclastogenesis and decreased NFAT-2 nuclear levels. On the other hand, BSP and RANKL mediated opposite effects in osteoclast survival and apoptosis. Thus, BSP increased survival and decreased apoptosis markers in differentiated RANKL-treated RAW267.5 cells and RANKL/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)-treated bone marrow-derived monocytes/macrophages. In addition, RAW267.5 cells treated with BSP and RANKL exhibited decreased activation of the proapoptotic Jun N-terminal kinase pathway and increased activation of anti-apoptotic AKT pathway than cells treated with RANKL or BSP alone. Taken together, our findings suggest that BSP contributes to RANKL-mediated bone resorption by inducing osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast survival and decreasing osteoclast apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Valverde
- Department of General Dentistry, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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35
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Valverde P. Effects of Gas6 and hydrogen peroxide in Axl ubiquitination and downregulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 333:180-5. [PMID: 15958209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase Axl has been shown to be activated by its ligand Gas6 and by oxidative stress in the form of hydrogen peroxide. However, the regulatory mechanisms controlling the levels of Axl upon Gas6 binding or oxidative stress have not been elucidated. This report demonstrates that Gas6-induced downregulation of Axl is blocked by inhibitors of endocytosis and lysosomal degradation, but not by inhibitors of proteosomal activity. Furthermore, it is shown that binding of Axl to Gas6 induces the phosphorylation and ubiquitination of Axl and the interaction of Axl with the ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl. Importantly, hydrogen peroxide induces Axl tyrosine phosphorylation but not its ubiquitination, determining the inhibition of Axl downregulation. These results suggest that as shown for other receptor tyrosine kinases, ubiquitination of Axl is needed to ensure its proper degradation in the lysosome, and that oxidative stress may inhibit Axl ubiquitination and downregulation.
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Wang H, Chen Y, Ge Y, Ma P, Ma Q, Ma J, Wang H, Xue S, Han D. Immunoexpression of Tyro 3 family receptors--Tyro 3, Axl, and Mer--and their ligand Gas6 in postnatal developing mouse testis. J Histochem Cytochem 2005; 53:1355-64. [PMID: 15956026 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.5a6637.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyro 3 family receptors contain three members-Tyro 3, Axl, and Mer-that are essential regulators of mammalian spermatogenesis. However, their exact expression patterns in testis are unclear. In this study, we examined the localizations of Tyro 3, Axl, Mer, and their ligand Gas6 in postnatal mouse testes by immunohistochemistry. All three members and their ligand were continuously expressed in different testicular cells during postnatal development. Tyro 3 was expressed only in Sertoli cells with a varied distribution during testis development. At day 3 postnatal, Tyro 3 was distributed in overall cytoplasmic membrane and cytoplasm of Sertoli cells. From day 14 to day 35 postnatal, Tyro 3 appeared on Sertoli cell processes toward the adlumenal compartment of seminiferous tubules. A stage-dependent Tyro 3 immunoexpression in Sertoli cells was shown by adulthood testis at day 56 postnatal with higher expression at stages I-VII and lower level at stages IX-XII. Axl showed a similar expression pattern to Tyro 3, except for some immunopositive Leydig cells detected in mature testis. In contrast, immunostaining of Mer was detected mainly in primitive spermatogonia and Leydig cells, whereas a relative weak signal was found in Sertoli cells. Gas6 was strongly expressed in Leydig cells, and a relative weak staining signal was seen in primitive spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. These immunoexpression patterns of Tyro 3 family receptors and ligand in testis provide a basis to further study their functions and mechanisms in regulating mammalian spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Hall MO, Obin MS, Heeb MJ, Burgess BL, Abrams TA. Both protein S and Gas6 stimulate outer segment phagocytosis by cultured rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2005; 81:581-91. [PMID: 15949798 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2005.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Survival of the retina requires the daily phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments (OS) by the overlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). OS phagocytosis by cultured RPE requires serum and we have recently shown that the vitamin K-dependent serum protein, Gas6, can completely replace serum in this process. Surprisingly, however, we show here that 4-month-old Gas6 knockout mice have normal appearing retinas, except for a reduced ratio of outer segment to inner segment length. We also show that removal of Gas6 from serum does not abrogate the ability of serum to support OS phagocytosis by rat RPE. Both of these findings suggest the presence of an additional serum ligand that is able to support OS phagocytosis by RPE cells. Protein S (PS) is a vitamin K-dependent serum protein with a high degree of structural similarity to Gas6, and a well characterized role in blood coagulation. We report here that recombinant rat PS is able to stimulate OS phagocytosis, and similar to Gas6, it does so through a Mer-dependent mechanism. This is the first demonstration of a common role for Gas6 and PS in any biological process. The existence of redundant ligands for Mer-dependent OS phagocytosis underscores the critical role of this process in the maintenance of retinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Hall
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA Medical Center, 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7008, USA.
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Abstract
The brain is enriched with sphingolipids, which are important membrane constituents and major lipid signaling molecules that have a role in motor and cognitive behavior. Vitamin K has been implicated in brain sphingolipid metabolism for more than 30 years. The in vitro and in vivo studies to date suggest a role of vitamin K in the regulation of multiple enzymes involved in sphingolipid metabolism within the myelin-rich regions in the brain. However, the precise mechanisms of action are not well understood. Further, the physiological consequences of the observed effects of vitamin K on sphingolipid metabolism have not been systematically studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Denisova
- Nutrition and Neurocognition Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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Janes SM, Ofstad TA, Campbell DH, Watt FM, Prowse DM. Transient activation of FOXN1 in keratinocytes induces a transcriptional programme that promotes terminal differentiation: contrasting roles of FOXN1 and Akt. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:4157-68. [PMID: 15316080 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The forkhead transcription factor FOXN1 is required for normal cutaneous and thymic epithelial development. Mutations in FOXN1 give rise to the nude phenotype in mice, rats and man. However, the genes that are regulated by FOXN1 are unknown. To investigate FOXN1 function we expressed an inducible form of the protein, FOXN1ER, that is activated by 4-hydroxytamoxifen in primary human epidermal keratinocytes. Transient activation of FOXN1 decreased the proportion of keratinocytes that formed actively growing clones attributable to stem cell founders and increased the number of abortive clones, without inducing apoptosis. Within 24 hours the majority of cells had initiated terminal differentiation, as assessed by involucrin expression. We performed a cDNA microarray experiment to analyse changes in the transcription of approximately 6000 genes. Following FOXN1 activation we detected increases of two fold or greater in the RNA levels of over 30 genes. Genes promoting growth arrest, survival and differentiation featured prominently and markers of early events in keratinocyte differentiation were also detected. Since one of the induced genes was Akt we investigated whether Akt played a role in terminal differentiation. Activation of PI 3-kinase but not Akt was necessary for FOXN1-induced differentiation. In reconstituted epidermis FOXN1 promoted early stages of terminal differentiation whereas Akt activation was sufficient to induce late stages, including formation of the cornified layers. These results establish a role for FOXN1 in initiation of terminal differentiation and implicate Akt in subsequent events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam M Janes
- Keratinocyte Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
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Yanagita M. The role of the vitamin K-dependent growth factor Gas6 in glomerular pathophysiology. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2004; 13:465-70. [PMID: 15199298 DOI: 10.1097/01.mnh.0000133981.63053.e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The product of growth arrest-specific gene 6 (gas6) is a unique vitamin K-dependent growth-potentiating factor for vascular smooth muscle cells, and anticoagulant warfarin inhibits the activation process of the protein. It has been reported that Gas6 is also a mitogen for mesangial cells, and that warfarin inhibits mesangial cell proliferation by blocking the activation of Gas6. A recent series of studies has revealed the in-vivo roles of Gas6 and its receptor Axl in the progression of various kidney diseases. This review summarizes these studies and discusses the possible interventions targeting the Gas6/Axl pathway to prevent the progression of kidney diseases. RECENT FINDINGS The expression of Gas6 and Axl is upregulated in an acute model of glomerulonephritis in rats, and the interference of the Gas6/Axl pathway by warfarin or the extracellular domain of Axl inhibits the progression of diseases. Induction of chronic glomerulonephritis in Gas6 mice results in less mortality, proteinuria, and histological changes of kidneys compared to wild-type mice. Administration of recombinant Gas6 reverses these phenotypes. Expression of Gas6 is also upregulated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy, and administration of low-dose warfarin decreases albuminuria and hypertrophy of glomeruli. Possible roles of Gas6 are also reported in renal allograft dysfunction of rats and humans. SUMMARY The importance of the Gas6/Axl pathway has been implicated in many types of kidney disease. Further investigations on the role of the Gas6/Axl pathway in human kidney diseases and the development of specific antagonists targeting the pathway are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Yanagita
- Yanagisawa Orphan Receptor Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, Tokyo, Japan.
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