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Grimm M, Großmann L, Senekowitsch S, Rump A, Polli JE, Dressman J, Weitschies W. Enteric-Coated Capsules Providing Reliable Site-Specific Drug Delivery to the Distal Ileum. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2828-2837. [PMID: 38723178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Nefecon, a targeted-release capsule formulation of budesonide approved for the reduction of proteinuria in adults with primary immunoglobulin A nephropathy, targets overproduction of galactose-deficient immunoglobulin A type 1 in the Peyer's patches at the gut mucosal level. To investigate whether the commercial formulation of Nefecon capsules reliably releases budesonide to the distal ileum, a human study was conducted with test capsules reproducing the delayed-release function of Nefecon capsules. Caffeine was included in the test capsules as a marker for capsule opening in the gut since it appears rapidly in saliva after release from orally administered dosage forms. Magnetic resonance imaging with black iron oxide was used to determine the capsule's position in the gut at the time caffeine was first measured in saliva and additionally to directly visualize dispersion of the capsule contents in the gut. In vitro dissolution results confirmed that the test capsules had the same delayed-release characteristics as Nefecon capsules. In 10 of 12 human volunteers, the capsule was demonstrated to open in the distal ileum; in the other two subjects, it opened just past the ileocecal junction. These results compared favorably with the high degree of variability seen in other published imaging studies of delayed-release formulations targeting the gut. The test capsules were shown to reliably deliver their contents to the distal ileum, the region with the highest concentration of Peyer's patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Grimm
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald 17487, Germany
| | - Linus Großmann
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald 17487, Germany
| | | | - Adrian Rump
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald 17487, Germany
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald 17487, Germany
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2
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Moutaharrik S, Palugan L, Cerea M, Meroni G, Casagni E, Roda G, Martino PA, Gazzaniga A, Maroni A, Foppoli A. Colon Drug Delivery Systems Based on Swellable and Microbially Degradable High-Methoxyl Pectin: Coating Process and In Vitro Performance. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:508. [PMID: 38675167 PMCID: PMC11054370 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral colon delivery systems based on a dual targeting strategy, harnessing time- and microbiota-dependent release mechanisms, were designed in the form of a drug-containing core, a swellable/biodegradable polysaccharide inner layer and a gastroresistant outer film. High-methoxyl pectin was employed as the functional coating polymer and was applied by spray-coating or powder-layering. Stratification of pectin powder required the use of low-viscosity hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in water solution as the binder. These coatings exhibited rough surfaces and higher thicknesses than the spray-coated ones. Using a finer powder fraction improved the process outcome, coating quality and inherent barrier properties in aqueous fluids. Pulsatile release profiles and reproducible lag phases of the pursued duration were obtained from systems manufactured by both techniques. This performance was confirmed by double-coated systems, provided with a Kollicoat® MAE outer film that yielded resistance in the acidic stage of the test. Moreover, HM pectin-based coatings manufactured by powder-layering, tested in the presence of bacteria from a Crohn's disease patient, showed earlier release, supporting the role of microbial degradation as a triggering mechanism at the target site. The overall results highlighted viable coating options and in vitro release characteristics, sparking new interest in naturally occurring pectin as a coating agent for oral colon delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Moutaharrik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Pharmaceutical Technology and Legislation “M.E. Sangalli”, University of Milan, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Palugan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Pharmaceutical Technology and Legislation “M.E. Sangalli”, University of Milan, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Cerea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Pharmaceutical Technology and Legislation “M.E. Sangalli”, University of Milan, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Meroni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, One Health Unit, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Casagni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Medicinal Chemistry “P. Pratesi”, University of Milan, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Roda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Medicinal Chemistry “P. Pratesi”, University of Milan, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Piera Anna Martino
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, One Health Unit, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gazzaniga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Pharmaceutical Technology and Legislation “M.E. Sangalli”, University of Milan, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Pharmaceutical Technology and Legislation “M.E. Sangalli”, University of Milan, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Anastasia Foppoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Pharmaceutical Technology and Legislation “M.E. Sangalli”, University of Milan, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy
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3
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Azehaf H, Benzine Y, Tagzirt M, Skiba M, Karrout Y. Microbiota-sensitive drug delivery systems based on natural polysaccharides for colon targeting. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103606. [PMID: 37146964 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Colon targeting is an ongoing challenge, particularly for the oral administration of biological drugs or local treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In both cases, drugs are known to be sensitive to the harsh conditions of the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and, thus, must be protected. Here, we provide an overview of recently developed colonic site-specific drug delivery systems based on microbiota sensitivity of natural polysaccharides. Polysaccharides act as a substrate for enzymes secreted by the microbiota located in the distal part of GIT. The dosage form is adapted to the pathophysiology of the patient and, thus, a combination of bacteria-sensitive and time-controlled release or pH-dependent systems can be used for delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Azehaf
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Youcef Benzine
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - M Tagzirt
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1011, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - M Skiba
- University of Rouen, Galenic Pharmaceutical Team, INSERM U1239, UFR of Health, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Youness Karrout
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008, F-59000 Lille, France.
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McCoubrey LE, Favaron A, Awad A, Orlu M, Gaisford S, Basit AW. Colonic drug delivery: Formulating the next generation of colon-targeted therapeutics. J Control Release 2023; 353:1107-1126. [PMID: 36528195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Colonic drug delivery can facilitate access to unique therapeutic targets and has the potential to enhance drug bioavailability whilst reducing off-target effects. Delivering drugs to the colon requires considered formulation development, as both oral and rectal dosage forms can encounter challenges if the colon's distinct physiological environment is not appreciated. As the therapeutic opportunities surrounding colonic drug delivery multiply, the success of novel pharmaceuticals lies in their design. This review provides a modern insight into the key parameters determining the effective design and development of colon-targeted medicines. Influential physiological features governing the release, dissolution, stability, and absorption of drugs in the colon are first discussed, followed by an overview of the most reliable colon-targeted formulation strategies. Finally, the most appropriate in vitro, in vivo, and in silico preclinical investigations are presented, with the goal of inspiring strategic development of new colon-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E McCoubrey
- 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Alessia Favaron
- 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Atheer Awad
- 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Mine Orlu
- 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Abdul W Basit
- 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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5
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Corrie L, Gulati M, Awasthi A, Vishwas S, Kaur J, Khursheed R, Porwal O, Alam A, Parveen SR, Singh H, Chellappan DK, Gupta G, Kumbhar P, Disouza J, Patravale V, Adams J, Dua K, Singh SK. Harnessing the dual role of polysaccharides in treating gastrointestinal diseases: As therapeutics and polymers for drug delivery. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 368:110238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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6
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Nanoencapsulation of aptamer-functionalized 5-Fluorouracil liposomes using alginate/chitosan complex as a novel targeting strategy for colon-specific drug delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Awad A, Madla CM, McCoubrey LE, Ferraro F, Gavins FK, Buanz A, Gaisford S, Orlu M, Siepmann F, Siepmann J, Basit AW. Clinical translation of advanced colonic drug delivery technologies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114076. [PMID: 34890739 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery to the colon offers a myriad of benefits, including treatment of local diseases, direct access to unique therapeutic targets and the potential for increasing systemic drug bioavailability and efficacy. Although a range of traditional colonic delivery technologies are available, these systems exhibit inconsistent drug release due to physiological variability between and within individuals, which may be further exacerbated by underlying disease states. In recent years, significant translational and commercial advances have been made with the introduction of new technologies that incorporate independent multi-stimuli release mechanisms (pH and/or microbiota-dependent release). Harnessing these advanced technologies offers new possibilities for drug delivery via the colon, including the delivery of biopharmaceuticals, vaccines, nutrients, and microbiome therapeutics for the treatment of both local and systemic diseases. This review details the latest advances in colonic drug delivery, with an emphasis on emerging therapeutic opportunities and clinical technology translation.
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8
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García MA, Varum F, Al-Gousous J, Hofmann M, Page S, Langguth P. In Vitro Methodologies for Evaluating Colon-Targeted Pharmaceutical Products and Industry Perspectives for Their Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020291. [PMID: 35214024 PMCID: PMC8876830 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several locally acting colon-targeted products to treat colonic diseases have been recently developed and marketed, taking advantage of gastrointestinal physiology to target delivery. Main mechanisms involve pH-dependent, time-controlled and/or enzymatic-triggered release. With site of action located before systemic circulation and troublesome colonic sampling, there is room for the introduction of meaningful in vitro methods for development, quality control (QC) and regulatory applications of these formulations. A one-size-fits-all method seems unrealistic, as the selection of experimental conditions should resemble the physiological features exploited to trigger the release. This article reviews the state of the art for bio-predictive dissolution testing of colon-targeted products. Compendial methods overlook physiological aspects, such as buffer molarity and fluid composition. These are critical for pH-dependent products and time-controlled systems containing ionizable drugs. Moreover, meaningful methods for enzymatic-triggered products including either bacteria or enzymes are completely ignored by pharmacopeias. Bio-predictive testing may accelerate the development of successful products, although this may require complex methodologies. However, for high-throughput routine testing (e.g., QC), simplified methods can be used where balance is struck between simplicity, robustness and transferability on one side and bio-predictivity on the other. Ultimately, bio-predictive methods can occupy a special niche in terms of supplementing plasma concentration data for regulatory approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A. García
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany; (M.A.G.); (J.A.-G.)
| | - Felipe Varum
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (F.V.); (M.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Jozef Al-Gousous
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany; (M.A.G.); (J.A.-G.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael Hofmann
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (F.V.); (M.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Susanne Page
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (F.V.); (M.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Peter Langguth
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany; (M.A.G.); (J.A.-G.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Deshayes C, Arafath MN, Apaire-Marchais V, Roger E. Drug Delivery Systems for the Oral Administration of Antimicrobial Peptides: Promising Tools to Treat Infectious Diseases. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 3:778645. [PMID: 35146486 PMCID: PMC8821882 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2021.778645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have a great potential to face the global expansion of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) associated to the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. AMPs are usually composed of 10–50 amino acids with a broad structural diversity and present a range of antimicrobial activities. Unfortunately, even if the oral route is the most convenient one, currently approved therapeutic AMPs are mostly administrated by the intravenous route. Thus, the development of novel drug delivery systems (DDSs) represents a promising opportunity to protect AMPs from chemical and enzymatic degradation through the gastrointestinal tract and to increase intestinal permeability leading to high bioavailability. In this review, the classification and properties as well as mechanisms of the AMPs used in infectiology are first described. Then, the different pharmaceutical forms existing in the market for oral administration are presented. Finally, the formulation technologies, including microparticle- and nanoparticle-based DDSs, used to improve the oral bioavailability of AMPs are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emilie Roger
- University of Angers, INSERM, CNRS, MINT, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
- *Correspondence: Emilie Roger
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10
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Jereb R, Opara J, Bajc A, Petek B. Evaluating the Impact of Physiological Properties of the Gastrointestinal Tract On Drug In Vivo Performance Using Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling and Virtual Clinical Trials. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3069-3081. [PMID: 33878322 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The physiological properties of the gastrointestinal tract, such as pH, fluid volume, bile salt concentration, and gastrointestinal transit time, are highly variable in vivo. These properties can affect the dissolution and absorption of a drug, depending on its properties and formulation. The effect of gastrointestinal physiology on the bioperformance of a drug was studied in silico for a delayed-release pantoprazole tablet and an immediate-release dolutegravir tablet. Physiologically based absorption models were developed and virtual clinical trials were performed. Reasons for the variability in drug bioperformance between subjects were investigated, taking into account differences in gastrointestinal tract characteristics, pharmacokinetic parameters, and additional parameters (e.g., permeability). Default software parameters describing gastrointestinal physiology in the fasted and fed states, and variation in these parameters, were altered to match variability in these parameters reported in vivo. The altered model physiologies better described the variability of gastrointestinal conditions, and therefore the results of virtual trials using these physiologies are likely to be more relevant in vivo. With such altered gastrointestinal physiologies used to develop models, it is possible to obtain additional knowledge and improve the understanding of subject-formulation interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Jereb
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., a Sandoz Company, Verovškova ulica 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jerneja Opara
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., a Sandoz Company, Verovškova ulica 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleksander Bajc
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., a Sandoz Company, Verovškova ulica 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Petek
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., a Sandoz Company, Verovškova ulica 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Local delivery of macromolecules to treat diseases associated with the colon. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 136-137:2-27. [PMID: 30359631 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for intestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, and colonic bacterial infections are typically small molecule oral dosage forms designed for systemic delivery. The intestinal permeability hurdle to achieve systemic delivery from oral formulations of macromolecules is challenging, but this drawback can be advantageous if an intestinal region is associated with the disease. There are some promising formulation approaches to release peptides, proteins, antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, RNA, and probiotics in the colon to enable local delivery and efficacy. We briefly review colonic physiology in relation to the main colon-associated diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, infection, and colorectal cancer), along with the impact of colon physiology on dosage form design of macromolecules. We then assess formulation strategies designed to achieve colonic delivery of small molecules and concluded that they can also be applied some extent to macromolecules. We describe examples of formulation strategies in preclinical research aimed at colonic delivery of macromolecules to achieve high local concentration in the lumen, epithelial-, or sub-epithelial tissue, depending on the target, but with the benefit of reduced systemic exposure and toxicity. Finally, the industrial challenges in developing macromolecule formulations for colon-associated diseases are presented, along with a framework for selecting appropriate delivery technologies.
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12
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Evaluating the clinical importance of bacterial degradation of therapeutic agents in the lower intestine of adults using adult fecal material. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 125:142-150. [PMID: 30273661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Optimize adult fecal material composition for evaluating the clinical importance of bacterial degradation of therapeutic agents in the lower intestine (distal small intestine, D-SI and proximal colon, P-COL). Evaluate the usefulness of optimized fecal material in the evaluation of bacterial degradation of five model highly permeable drugs: two nitroreductase substrates (nitrendipine and nimodipine), three drugs for which published data indicate no impact of bacterial degradation on in vivo performance (levodopa, budesonide and rivaroxaban) and one prodrug (sulfasalazine, an azoreductase substrate) from which a locally acting on the mucosa of the lower intestine drug is derived (mesalamine). METHODS 30 min and 95 min were used as point estimates of maximum bacterial degradation half-lives for bacterial degradation in D-SI or in P-COL, respectively, to be clinically important, i.e. for at least 20% reduction in absorption from D-SI or P-COL to occur. Optimization of fecal material was based on recently reported degradation profiles of metronidazole (a nitroreductase substrate) and olsalazine (an azoreductase substrate) in the lower intestine of healthy adults which are clinically important. Model compounds were tested in optimized fecal materials and data were evaluated vs. existing in vivo data in adults. RESULTS Simulated ileal bacteria (SIB) consisted of 5.5% (w/v) stools in normal saline and simulated colonic bacteria (SCoB) consisted of 8.3% (w/v) stools in normal saline. For all model compounds, data in SIB and SCoB were in line with available information in adults. [Degradation half-life in SIB/Degradation half-life in SCoB] ≈ [Stool content in SCoB/Stool content in SIB] ≈ 1.5, i.e. bacterial degradation in SIB could be predicted from bacterial degradation in SCoB. CONCLUSION Data in SCoB only are useful for evaluating whether bacterial degradation in P-COL and in D-SI is likely to be clinically important for orally administered, highly permeable drugs or prodrugs which act locally after bacterial degradation. The usefulness of this approach in cases where enzymes other than nitroreductases or azoreductases are involved requires further confirmation.
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Pentafragka C, Symillides M, McAllister M, Dressman J, Vertzoni M, Reppas C. The impact of food intake on the luminal environment and performance of oral drug products with a view to in vitro and in silico simulations: a PEARRL review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:557-580. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Using the type of meal and dosing conditions suggested by regulatory agencies as a basis, this review has two specific objectives: first, to summarize our understanding on the impact of food intake on luminal environment and drug product performance and second, to summarize the usefulness and limitations of available in vitro and in silico methodologies for the evaluation of drug product performance after food intake.
Key findings
Characterization of the luminal environment and studies evaluating product performance in the lumen, under conditions suggested by regulatory agencies for simulating the fed state, are limited. Various in vitro methodologies have been proposed for evaluating drug product performance in the fed state, but systematic validation is lacking. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling approaches require the use of in vitro biorelevant data and, to date, have been used primarily for investigating the mechanisms via which an already observed food effect is mediated.
Summary
Better understanding of the impact of changes induced by the meal administration conditions suggested by regulatory agencies on the luminal fate of the drug product is needed. Relevant information will be useful for optimizing the in vitro test methods and increasing the usefulness of PBPK modelling methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pentafragka
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mira Symillides
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Gadalla HH, El-Gibaly I, Soliman GM, Mohamed FA, El-Sayed AM. Amidated pectin/sodium carboxymethylcellulose microspheres as a new carrier for colonic drug targeting: Development and optimization by factorial design. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 153:526-534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Kuentz M, Holm R, Elder DP. Methodology of oral formulation selection in the pharmaceutical industry. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 87:136-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Gamma scintigraphic studies on guar gum-based compressed coated tablets for colonic delivery of theophylline in healthy volunteers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Oliveira EGD, Campos RDS, Machado AS, Pereira JF, Araújo TGD. Avaliação da Goma Guar no desenvolvimento de comprimidos matriciais de liberação controlada de teofilina. POLIMEROS 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi formular e avaliar comprimidos de liberação controlada. Comprimidos de liberação controlada de teofilina foram preparadas pelo método de compressão direta usando dois polímeros como, o HPMC K 100M (polímero hidrofílico) e a Goma Guar (Polímero natural), isolado ou em mistura (GG:HPMC 3:1) e GG:HPMC 1:3). Os comprimidos foram caracterizados através do peso médio, diâmetro, altura, dureza, friabilidade. Todos os resultados estiveram em conformidade com os limites aceitáveis. O ensaio de intumescimento foi realizado em água destilada durante 4 horas, sendo determinado pela diferença de peso do comprimido seco e intumescido. O ensaio de dissolução foi realizado em água destilada (900 mL, 37 ± 0,5ºC, 50 rpm, aparato II) durante 8 horas. Os resultados demonstraram que a Goma guar isolada não possui capacidade de retardar a liberação da teofilina por 8 horas. Comprimidos matriciais contendo GG:HPMC (3:1) apresentaram um melhor controle de liberação da teofilina.
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Analysis of small intestinal transit and colon arrival times of non-disintegrating tablets administered in the fasted state. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 75:131-41. [PMID: 25769525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study individual data on tablet gastrointestinal transit times (i.e. gastric emptying, small intestinal transit, ileocecal junction residence, and colon arrival times) were obtained from literature in order to present and analyze their distributions and relationships. The influence of the time of food intake after tablet administration in fasted state on gastrointestinal transit times was additionally evaluated. There were 114 measurements from subjects who received the first meal at 4h after tablet administration. Approximately 32% of the tablets arrived into the colon before the meal intake at 4h. An evident increase in the frequency of colon arrival of tablets within 40min after the meal intake at 4h post-dose was observed, where approximately 39% of all tablets arrived into the colon. This is in accordance with findings described in literature where a meal ingested several hours post-dose accelerates tablet transit through the terminal ileum and shortens the transit through the small intestine. The median (min, max) of gastric emptying, small intestinal transit, and colon arrival times in the group where the first meal intake was at 4h post-dose is 35 (0,192), 215 (60,544), and 254 (117,604) minutes, respectively. The dependence of colon arrival times on gastric emptying times was described by the nonparametric regression curve, and compared with the presumed interval of colon arrival times, calculated by summation of observed gastric emptying times and frequently cited small intestinal transit time interval, i.e. 3-4h. For shorter gastric emptying times the trend of colon arrival times was within the presumed interval. At short gastric emptying times many observation points are also within the presumed interval since this interval coincides with short period after meal intake at 4h post-dose. Additionally, in numerous occasions relatively long ileocecal junction residence times were obtained, which may be important information from the point of view of drug absorption. The findings of gastrointestinal transit times are important and should be taken into consideration when predicting the in vivo performance of dosage forms after oral administration.
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Wei X, Lu Y, Qi J, Wu B, Chen J, Xu H, Wu W. An in situ crosslinked compression coat comprised of pectin and calcium chloride for colon-specific delivery of indomethacin. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:298-305. [PMID: 24471938 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2013.879965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of pectin for colon-specific drug delivery has been extensively investigated; however, when used alone, pectin is often compromised due to its high solubility. This study explored the feasibility of using an in situ compression-coated crosslinking system, composed of pectin and calcium chloride, for colon-specific drug delivery. A pectin/calcium chloride (P/Ca) coating was compressed onto a core tablet. The colon specificity of the compression-coated tablet was verified by dissolution, pharmacokinetics and scintigraphy with (99m)Tc labeling. The in situ pectin and calcium chloride gel slowed the release of indomethacin. The lag time varied between 3 h and 7 h depending on the amount of calcium chloride and the coating weight. Pectinase triggered the release of indomethacin from the compression-coated tablet, which was then accelerated by the calcium chloride in the coating layer. The compression-coated tablet had a prolonged tmax and apparent t1/2, as well as a decreased Cmax and AUC0-t, compared with the core tablet counterpart. Evaluation with γ-scintigraphy verified colon-specific delivery of the compression-coated tablet. In conclusion, the P/Ca in situ crosslinking system worked well for colon-specific drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Wei
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of Ministry of Education and PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , China and
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Malayandi R, Kondamudi PK, Ruby PK, Aggarwal D. Biopharmaceutical considerations and characterizations in development of colon targeted dosage forms for inflammatory bowel disease. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2013; 4:187-202. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-013-0185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Varum F, Hatton G, Basit A. Food, physiology and drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2013; 457:446-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Combination of Pectin and Eudargit RS and Eudragit RL in the Matrix of Pellets Prepared by Extrusion - Spheronization for Possible Colonic Delivery of 5-Amino Salicylic Acid. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.8350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Akhgari A, Abbaspour M, Moradkhanizadeh M. Combination of Pectin and Eudargit RS and Eudragit RL in the Matrix of Pellets Prepared by Extrusion-Spheronization for Possible Colonic Delivery of 5-Amino Salicylic Acid. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2013. [DOI: 10.17795/jjnpp-8350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Akhgari A, Abbaspour M, Moradkhanizadeh M. Combination of Pectin and Eudargit RS and Eudragit RL in the Matrix of Pellets Prepared by Extrusion-Spheronization for Possible Colonic Delivery of 5-Amino Salicylic Acid. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2013; 8:86-92. [PMID: 24624194 PMCID: PMC3941906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different methods have been studied for targeting drugs to the colon, such as pH-based, time dependent and bacterially degradable systems. However, due to variations in physiological conditions of patients, one system alone could not be completely reliable on colonic drug delivery. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was preparation and evaluation of a novel colon-specific drug delivery system for 5-ASA (mesalazine) pellets using pectin as a microbially degradable polymeric carrier and Eudragit RS (ERS) and Eudragit RL (ERL) as time-dependent polymers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Formulations were constructed based on a multilevel full factorial design. Pellets were prepared via extrusion - spheronization and evaluated for physicochemical properties, image analysis, SEM, FT-IR, DSC and in vitro drug release studies in the simulated gastric fluid with pH = 1.2 (SGF), simulated intestinal fluid with pH = 6.8 (SIF) and simulated colonic fluid with pH = 6.8 in presence of pectinolytic enzyme (SCF). RESULTS It was shown that in the presence of pectin, formulations without ERL had a relative resistance to drug release in SGF. Pellets containing pectin and the least amount of ERS had the highest burst release effect in SCF. On the other hand, increasing in amount of ERS in the formulations caused a sustained drug release. Presence of pectin in formulations containing ERS and ERL caused sensitivity of formulations to pectinolytic enzyme which can suitable for a colon specific drug delivery system. CONCLUSIONS It was shown that combination of pectin and eudragits can relatively control drug release in the upper GI. On the other hand, pectin degraded in the presence of pectinase and formulations were susceptible to the colonic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Akhgari
- Nanotechnology Research Center and School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Abbaspour
- Nanotechnology Research Center and School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran,Corresponding author: Mohammadreza Abbaspour, Nanotechnology Research Center and School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran. Tel./Fax: +98-6113738381, E-mail:
| | - Meysam Moradkhanizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center and School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
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Shukla RK, Tiwari A. Carbohydrate polymers: Applications and recent advances in delivering drugs to the colon. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biopolymers have been used extensively in the pharmaceutical field. Pectin, a biopolymer, has several unique properties that enable it to be used as an excipient or carrier for oral drug delivery systems. Accordingly, several investigators have identified the benefits of pectin-based delivery systems for oral drug administration. AREAS COVERED This review first describes the chemical structure, source and production, degree of esterification and gel formation properties of pectin. The application of pectin in various oral drug delivery platforms is also discussed, that is, controlled release systems, gastro-retentive systems, colon-specific delivery systems and mucoadhesive delivery systems. EXPERT OPINION Pectin from different sources provides different gelling abilities, due to variations in molecular size and chemical composition. Like other natural polymers, a major problem with pectin is inconsistency in reproducibility between samples, which may result in poor reproducibility in delivery characteristics. Scintigraphic studies and in vivo studies, in both animals and human volunteers, demonstrate the successful development of a pectin-based colon-specific drug delivery system. Pectin-based controlled release systems, gastro-retentive systems and mucoadhesive systems present promising approaches for increasing the bioavailability of drugs, but are in their infancy. A lack of direct correlation between in vitro release and in vivo absorption studies is a major concern with these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornsak Sriamornsak
- Silpakorn University, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand.
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Lai H, Zhu F, Yuan W, He N, Zhang Z, Zhang X, He Q. Development of multiple-unit colon-targeted drug delivery system by using alginate:in vitroandin vivoevaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:1347-56. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.575163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Corá LA, Américo MF, Oliveira RB, Serra CHR, Baffa O, Evangelista RC, Oliveira GF, Miranda JRA. Biomagnetic Methods: Technologies Applied to Pharmaceutical Research. Pharm Res 2010; 28:438-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wilson CG. The transit of dosage forms through the colon. Int J Pharm 2010; 395:17-25. [PMID: 20576492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Colonic transit is a subject of great relevance when considering in vivo/in vitro relationships for oral controlled release dosage forms. Our knowledge of colonic motility has first come from the clinic, where measurement of the whole gut transit of different excreted markers was used as a method of discriminating pathologies. X-ray contrast, although widely available, was used sparing due to the accumulating dosimetry associated with each exposure. Although such methods were used for swallowing studies, gamma scintigraphy allowed physicians to measure colon function with a more moderate radiation burden. The ability to label meal and dosage form separately and to measure dispersion with more certainty, prompted the use in pharmaceutical sciences; finally, the relationship between blood concentrations and transit of different sized dosage began to be understood. This mini-review considers the development of colon transit measurements and how different designs of clinical assessment assist in elucidating size and shape influence on colon transit in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow G4 0NR, Scotland, UK.
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Salbu L, Bauer-Brandl A, Tho I. Direct compression behavior of low- and high-methoxylated pectins. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:18-26. [PMID: 20013080 PMCID: PMC2850496 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-009-9349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate possible usefulness of pectins for direct compression of tablets. The deformation behavior of pectin grades of different degree of methoxylation (DM), namely, 5%, 10%, 25%, 35%, 40%, 50%, and 60% were, examined in terms of yield pressures (YP) derived from Heckel profiles for both compression and decompression and measurements of elastic recovery after ejection. All pectin grades showed a high degree of elastic recovery. DM 60% exhibited most plastic deformation (YP 70.4 MPa) whereas DM 5% (104.6 MPa) and DM 10% (114.7 MPa) least. However, DM 60% gave no coherent tablets, whereas tablet tensile strengths for DM 5% and DM 10% were comparable to Starch 1500®. Also, Heckel profiles were similar to Starch 1500®. For sieved fractions (180–250 and 90–125 μm) of DM 25% and DM 40% originating from the very same batch, YPs were alike, indicating minor effects of particle size. These facts indicate that DM is important for the compaction behavior, and batch-to-batch variability should also be considered. Therefore, pectins of low degree of methoxylation may have a potential as direct compression excipients.
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Konjac glucomannan and xanthan gum as compression coat for colonic drug delivery: experimental and theoretical evaluations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-009-0299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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