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Yu Z, Xu C, Song B, Zhang S, Chen C, Li C, Zhang S. Tissue fibrosis induced by radiotherapy: current understanding of the molecular mechanisms, diagnosis and therapeutic advances. J Transl Med 2023; 21:708. [PMID: 37814303 PMCID: PMC10563272 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains the leading cause of death around the world. In cancer treatment, over 50% of cancer patients receive radiotherapy alone or in multimodal combinations with other therapies. One of the adverse consequences after radiation exposure is the occurrence of radiation-induced tissue fibrosis (RIF), which is characterized by the abnormal activation of myofibroblasts and the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix. This phenotype can manifest in multiple organs, such as lung, skin, liver and kidney. In-depth studies on the mechanisms of radiation-induced fibrosis have shown that a variety of extracellular signals such as immune cells and abnormal release of cytokines, and intracellular signals such as cGAS/STING, oxidative stress response, metabolic reprogramming and proteasome pathway activation are involved in the activation of myofibroblasts. Tissue fibrosis is extremely harmful to patients' health and requires early diagnosis. In addition to traditional serum markers, histologic and imaging tests, the diagnostic potential of nuclear medicine techniques is emerging. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapies are the traditional treatments for radiation-induced fibrosis. Recently, some promising therapeutic strategies have emerged, such as stem cell therapy and targeted therapies. However, incomplete knowledge of the mechanisms hinders the treatment of this disease. Here, we also highlight the potential mechanistic, diagnostic and therapeutic directions of radiation-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuxiang Yu
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chaoyu Xu
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bin Song
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, 610051, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (Mianyang Central Hospital), Mianyang, 621099, China
| | - Shihao Zhang
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221200, China
| | - Changlong Li
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, 610051, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (Mianyang Central Hospital), Mianyang, 621099, China.
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2
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Yalcin B, Yay AH, Tan FC, Özdamar S, Yildiz OG. Investigation of the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin on experimental liver damage by radiation. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 246:154477. [PMID: 37148837 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the inevitable treatment approaches for several types of cancer. We aimed to show the protective and therapeutic effects of daily use of melatonin on liver tissues subjected to a single dose of 10 Gy (gamma-ray) total body radiation. Rats were divided into 6 groups, of which 10 were in each: control, sham, melatonin, radiation, radiation+melatonin, and melatonin+radiation. The rats received 10 Gy of external radiation throughout their entire bodies. The rats were given 10 mg/kg/day of melatonin intraperitoneally before or after radiation treatment, depending on the group. Histological methods, immunohistochemical analysis (Caspase-3, Sirtuin-1, α-SMA, NFΚB-p65), biochemical analysis by ELİSA (SOD, CAT, GSH-PX, MDA, TNF-α, TGF-β, PDGF, PGC-1α) and the Comet assay as a marker of DNA damage were applied to the liver tissues. Histopathological examinations showed structural changes in the liver tissue of the radiation group. Radiation treatment increased the immunoreactivity of Caspase-3, Sirtuin-1 and α-SMA, but these effects were relatively attenuated in the melatonin-treated groups. The melatonin+radiation group had statistically significant results close to those of the control group, in terms of Caspase-3, NFΚB-p65 and Sirtuin-1 immunoreactivity. In melatonin treated groups, hepatic biochemical markers, MDA, SOD, TNF-α, TGF-β levels, and DNA damage parameters were decreased. Administration of melatonin before and after radiation has beneficial effects, but using it before radiation may be more efficient. Accordingly, daily melatonin usage could mitigate ionizing radiation induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Yalcin
- Adıyaman University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Adıyaman, Turkey.
| | - Arzu Hanım Yay
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Kayseri, Turkey; Erciyes University, Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fazile Cantürk Tan
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Saim Özdamar
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Oğuz Galip Yildiz
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Kayseri, Turkey
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3
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Wu T, Orschell CM. The delayed effects of acute radiation exposure (DEARE): characteristics, mechanisms, animal models, and promising medical countermeasures. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1066-1079. [PMID: 36862990 PMCID: PMC10330482 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2187479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Terrorist use of nuclear weapons and radiation accidents put the human population at risk for exposure to life-threatening levels of radiation. Victims of lethal radiation exposure face potentially lethal acute injury, while survivors of the acute phase are plagued with chronic debilitating multi-organ injuries for years after exposure. Developing effective medical countermeasures (MCM) for the treatment of radiation exposure is an urgent need that relies heavily on studies conducted in reliable and well-characterized animal models according to the FDA Animal Rule. Although relevant animal models have been developed in several species and four MCM for treatment of the acute radiation syndrome are now FDA-approved, animal models for the delayed effects of acute radiation exposure (DEARE) have only recently been developed, and there are no licensed MCM for DEARE. Herein, we provide a review of the DEARE including key characteristics of the DEARE gleaned from human data as well as animal, mechanisms common to multi-organ DEARE, small and large animal models used to study the DEARE, and promising new or repurposed MCM under development for alleviation of the DEARE. CONCLUSIONS Intensification of research efforts and support focused on better understanding of mechanisms and natural history of DEARE are urgently needed. Such knowledge provides the necessary first steps toward the design and development of MCM that effectively alleviate the life-debilitating consequences of the DEARE for the benefit of humankind worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christie M Orschell
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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4
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Zhou YJ, Tang Y, Liu SJ, Zeng PH, Qu L, Jing QC, Yin WJ. Radiation-induced liver disease: beyond DNA damage. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:506-526. [PMID: 36214587 PMCID: PMC9928481 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2131163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced liver disease (RILD), also known as radiation hepatitis, is a serious side effect of radiotherapy (RT) for hepatocellular carcinoma. The therapeutic dose of RT can damage normal liver tissue, and the toxicity that accumulates around the irradiated liver tissue is related to numerous physiological and pathological processes. RILD may restrict treatment use or eventually deteriorate into liver fibrosis. However, the research on the mechanism of radiation-induced liver injury has seen little progress compared with that on radiation injury in other tissues, and no targeted clinical pharmacological treatment for RILD exists. The DNA damage response caused by ionizing radiation plays an important role in the pathogenesis and development of RILD. Therefore, in this review, we systematically summarize the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in RILD. Such an analysis is essential for preventing the occurrence and development of RILD and further exploring the potential treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jie Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Si Jian Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Hui Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Li Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Cheng Jing
- The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wen Jun Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
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5
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Tibetan Medicine Shi-Wei-Gan-Ning-San Alleviates Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Chronic Liver Injury by Inhibiting TGF-β1 in Wistar Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2011876. [PMID: 36016677 PMCID: PMC9398689 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2011876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Shi-Wei-Gan-Ning-San (SWGNS) is a classic Tibetan prescription, which has obvious clinical effects in the treatment of viral hepatitis, fatty liver, liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and other liver injuries. However, animal studies and mechanism studies are still lacking. This study aimed to investigate its hepatoprotective efficacy and pharmacological mechanism in animal experiments. Methods. Chronic liver injury was induced by oral administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in Wistar rats for 13 weeks. SWGNS was administered orally to rats at doses of 235, 705, and 1410 mg/kg for 13 weeks. Blood samples were collected for biochemical, ELISA, and radioimmunoassay. Livers were harvested for H&E and immunohistochemical staining. The major constituents of SWGNS were analyzed by HPLC. In vitro experiments were used to explore the protective effect of Crocin on BRL-3A in the environment of H2O2. Results. SWGNS reversed weight loss is induced by CCl4. Serum assays showed that SWGNS reduced CCl4-induced alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and γ-glutamyltransferase levels and increased the total protein and albumin levels. Histopathological evaluation showed that SWGNS alleviated hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammation. Furthermore, SWNGS reduced CCl4-induced elevations of TGF-β1, hyaluronic acid, laminin, and collagen IV in serum and reduced the high expression of α-SMA in tissues. Moreover, Crocin I and II are the main components of SWGNS. Crocin attenuated the damaging effects of H2O2 on BRL-3A. Conclusions. In conclusion, SWGNS alleviated CCl4-induced chronic liver injury by inhibiting the TGF-β1 pathway. This plays an important role in promoting traditional Tibetan medicine in clinical practice.
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6
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Nie X, Yu Q, Li L, Yi M, Wu B, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Han H, Yuan X. Kinsenoside Protects Against Radiation-Induced Liver Fibrosis via Downregulating Connective Tissue Growth Factor Through TGF-β1 Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:808576. [PMID: 35126163 PMCID: PMC8814438 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.808576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced liver fibrosis (RILF) is a serious complication of the radiotherapy of liver cancer, which lacks effective prevention and treatment measures. Kinsenoside (KD) is a monomeric glycoside isolated from Anoectochilus roxburghii, which has been reported to show protective effect on the early progression of liver fibrosis. However, the role of KD in affecting RILF remains unknown. Here, we found that KD alleviated RILF via downregulating connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) through TGF-β1 signaling. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with 20 mg/kg KD per day for 8 weeks after a single 30Gy irradiation on the right part of liver, and tumor-bearing nude mice were administered with 30 mg/kg KD per day after a single fraction of 10Gy on the tumor inoculation site. Twenty-four weeks postirradiation, we found that the administration of KD after irradiation resulted in decreased expression of α-SMA and fibronectin in the liver tissue while had no adverse effect on the tumor radiotherapy. Besides, KD inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) postirradiation via targeting CTGF as indicated by the transcriptome sequencing. Results of the pathway enrichment and immunohistochemistry suggested that KD reduced the expression of TGF-β1 protein after radiotherapy, and exogenous TGF-β1 induced HSCs to produce α-SMA and other fibrosis-related proteins. The content of activated TGF-β1 in the supernatant decreased after treatment with KD. In addition, KD inhibited the expression of the fibrosis-related proteins by regulating the TGF-β1/Smad/CTGF pathway, resulting in the intervention of liver fibrosis. In conclusion, this study revealed that KD alleviated RILF through the regulation of TGFβ1/Smad/CTGF pathway with no side effects on the tumor therapy. KD, in combination with blocking the TGF-β1 pathway and CTGF molecule or not, may become the innovative and effective treatment for RILF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Nie
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Minxiao Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bili Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongbiao Huang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hu Han
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hu Han, ; Xianglin Yuan,
| | - Xianglin Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hu Han, ; Xianglin Yuan,
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7
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Ramos IPR, Dias ML, Nunes De Moraes AC, Meireles Ferreira FG, Souza SAL, Gutfilen B, Barboza T, Ferreira Pimentel C, Paz Batista CM, Kasai-Brunswick TH, Fortes FDSDA, De Andrade CBV, Goldenberg RCDS. Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Treatment Before Radiotherapy Protects Against Radiation-Induced Liver Disease in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:725084. [PMID: 34867327 PMCID: PMC8634713 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.725084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced liver disease (RILD) remains a major problem resulting from radiotherapy. In this scenario, immunotherapy with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) arises as an attractive approach that might improve the injured liver. Here, we investigated G-CSF administration’s impact before and after liver irradiation exposure using an association of alcohol consumption and local irradiation to induce liver disease model in C57BL/6 mice. Male and female mice were submitted to a previous alcohol-induced liver injury protocol with water containing 5% alcohol for 90 days. Then, the animals were treated with G-CSF (100 μg/kg/d) for 3 days before or after liver irradiation (18 Gy). At days 7, 30, and 60 post-radiation, non-invasive liver images were acquired by ultrasonography, magnetic resonance, and computed tomography. Biochemical and histological evaluations were performed to verify whether G-CSF could prevent liver tissue damage or reverse the acute liver injury. Our data showed that the treatment with G-CSF before irradiation effectively improved morphofunctional parameters caused by RILD, restoring histological arrangement, promoting liver regeneration, preserving normal organelles distribution, and glycogen granules. The amount of OV-6 and F4/80-positive cells increased, and α-SMA positive cells’ presence was normalized. Additionally, prior G-CSF administration preserved serum biochemical parameters and increased the survival rates (100%). On the other hand, after irradiation, the treatment showed a slight improvement in survival rates (79%) and did not ameliorate RILD. Overall, our data suggest that G-CSF administration before radiation might be an immunotherapeutic alternative to radiotherapy planning to avoid RILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isalira Peroba Rezende Ramos
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem-CENABIO, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marlon Lemos Dias
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, INCT-REGENERA, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sergio Augusto Lopes Souza
- Departamento de Radiologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca Gutfilen
- Departamento de Radiologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago Barboza
- Departamento de Radiologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cibele Ferreira Pimentel
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, INCT-REGENERA, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Terapia e Fisiologia Celular e Molecular-LTFCM, Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste-UEZO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biomedicina Translacional-BIOTRANS (UEZO-UNIGRANRIO-InMETRO), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Cintia Marina Paz Batista
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tais Hanae Kasai-Brunswick
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem-CENABIO, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, INCT-REGENERA, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Da Silva De Azevedo Fortes
- Laboratório de Terapia e Fisiologia Celular e Molecular-LTFCM, Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste-UEZO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biomedicina Translacional-BIOTRANS (UEZO-UNIGRANRIO-InMETRO), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Cherley Borba Vieira De Andrade
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departmento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Regina Coeli Dos Santos Goldenberg
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, INCT-REGENERA, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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Zhu W, Zhang X, Yu M, Lin B, Yu C. Radiation-induced liver injury and hepatocyte senescence. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:244. [PMID: 34531376 PMCID: PMC8446062 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced liver injury (RILI) is a major complication of radiotherapy during treatment for liver cancer and other upper abdominal malignant tumors that has poor pharmacological therapeutic options. A series of pathological changes can be induced by radiation. However, the underlying mechanism of RILI remains unclear. Radiation can induce cell damage via direct energy deposition or reactive free radical generation. Cellular senescence can be observed due to the DNA damage response (DDR) caused by radiation. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) secreted from senescent cells can cause chronic inflammation and aggravate liver dysfunction for a long time. Oxidative stress further activates the signaling pathway of the inflammatory response and affects cellular metabolism. miRNAs clearly have differential expression after radiation treatment and take part in RILI development. This review aims to systematically profile the overall mechanism of RILI and the effects of radiation on hepatocyte senescence, laying foundations for the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengli Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingru Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaohui Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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9
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Xiao L, Zhang H, Yang X, Mahati S, Wu G, Xiaheding Y, Bao YX, Xiao H. Role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway in radiation-induced liver injury. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2020; 36:990-997. [PMID: 32729224 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is one of critical cytokines in radiation-induced liver injury. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are activated in the early stage of radiation-induced liver injury. However, it is currently unclear whether phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K/Akt) signal pathway is activated in radiation-induced liver injury. Herein, male Sprague-Dawley rats were irradiated with 6 MV X-rays (30 Gy) on the right liver. Next, Hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson staining, and electron microscopy were performed to examine pathological changes. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess the expression of TGF-β1, α-SMA, and p-Akt (S473) in liver tissues. In vitro, rat HSC cell line HSC-T6 cells were given different doses of 6 MV X-ray irradiation (10 and 20 Gy) and treated with LY294002. The expression of α-SMA and p-Akt in mRNA and protein levels were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactioin (RT-PCR) and Western blot. TGF-β1 expression was detected by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). After irradiation, the liver tissues showed obvious pathological changes, indicating the establishment of the radiation-induced liver injury. Expression levels of TGF-β1, α-SMA, and p-Akt (S473) protein in liver tissues were significantly increased after irradiation, and this increase was in a time-dependent manner, suggesting the activation of HSC and PI3K/Akt signal pathway. in vitro experiments showed that the TGF-β1 secreted by HSCs, and the expression of Akt and α-SMA at mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased in irradiation groups. However, the expression of TGF-β1, Akt, and α-SMA were significantly decreased in PI3K/Akt signal pathway inhibitor LY294002-treated group. Our results suggest that during radiation-induced liver injury, HSCs are activated by TGF-β1-mediated PI3K/Akt signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiao
- Cancer Center of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,School of Public Health of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Cancer Center of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Cancer Center of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Shaya Mahati
- Cancer Center of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ge Wu
- Cancer Center of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yiliyaer Xiaheding
- Cancer Center of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yong-Xing Bao
- Cancer Center of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- School of Public Health of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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10
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Bakshi HA, Zoubi MSA, Faruck HL, Aljabali AAA, Rabi FA, Hafiz AA, Al-Batanyeh KM, Al-Trad B, Ansari P, Nasef MM, Charbe NB, Satija S, Mehta M, Mishra V, Gupta G, Abobaker S, Negi P, Azzouz IM, Dardouri AAK, Dureja H, Prasher P, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Silva MWD, Tanani ME, McCarron PA, M. Tambuwala M. Dietary Crocin is Protective in Pancreatic Cancer while Reducing Radiation-Induced Hepatic Oxidative Damage. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061901. [PMID: 32604971 PMCID: PMC7353213 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the fatal causes of global cancer-related deaths. Although surgery and chemotherapy are standard treatment options, post-treatment outcomes often end in a poor prognosis. In the present study, we investigated anti-pancreatic cancer and amelioration of radiation-induced oxidative damage by crocin. Crocin is a carotenoid isolated from the dietary herb saffron, a prospect for novel leads as an anti-cancer agent. Crocin significantly reduced cell viability of BXPC3 and Capan-2 by triggering caspase signaling via the downregulation of Bcl-2. It modulated the expression of cell cycle signaling proteins P53, P21, P27, CDK2, c-MYC, Cyt-c and P38. Concomitantly, crocin treatment-induced apoptosis by inducing the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol. Microarray analysis of the expression signature of genes induced by crocin showed a substantial number of genes involved in cell signaling pathways and checkpoints (723) are significantly affected by crocin. In mice bearing pancreatic tumors, crocin significantly reduced tumor burden without a change in body weight. Additionally, it showed significant protection against radiation-induced hepatic oxidative damage, reduced the levels of hepatic toxicity and preserved liver morphology. These findings indicate that crocin has a potential role in the treatment, prevention and management of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid A. Bakshi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK; (M.W.D.S.); (P.A.M.)
- Correspondence: or (H.A.B.); (H.L.F.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Mazhar S Al Zoubi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 566, Jordan;
| | - Hakkim L. Faruck
- Department of Mathematics and Sciences, College of Arts and Applied Sciences, Dhofar University, Salalah 211, Oman
- Correspondence: or (H.A.B.); (H.L.F.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 566, Jordan;
| | - Firas A. Rabi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan;
| | - Amin A. Hafiz
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khalid M Al-Batanyeh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid 566, Jordan; (K.M.A.-B.); (B.A.-T.)
| | - Bahaa Al-Trad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid 566, Jordan; (K.M.A.-B.); (B.A.-T.)
| | - Prawej Ansari
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK;
| | - Mohamed M. Nasef
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD13DH, UK;
| | - Nitin B. Charbe
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 340, Región Metropolitana, Chile;
| | - Saurabh Satija
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (S.S.); (M.M.); (V.M.)
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Meenu Mehta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (S.S.); (M.M.); (V.M.)
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (S.S.); (M.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India;
| | - Salem Abobaker
- Department of Gynecology, European Competence Center for Ovarian Cancer, Campus Virchow, Klinikum Charite-Universitatmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Poonam Negi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Sultanpur, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India;
| | - Ibrahim M. Azzouz
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitat Berlin, Chariteplatz1, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Ashref Ali K Dardouri
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD13DH, UK;
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India;
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India;
| | - Dinesh K. Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Sultanpur, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India;
| | - Mateus Webba Da Silva
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK; (M.W.D.S.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Mohamed El Tanani
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan;
| | - Paul A. McCarron
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK; (M.W.D.S.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK; (M.W.D.S.); (P.A.M.)
- Correspondence: or (H.A.B.); (H.L.F.); (M.M.T.)
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11
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Jiang L, Jia H, Tang Z, Zhu X, Cao Y, Tang Y, Yu H, Cao J, Zhang H, Zhang S. Proteomic Analysis of Radiation-Induced Acute Liver Damage in a Rabbit Model. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819889508. [PMID: 31827415 PMCID: PMC6886284 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819889508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced liver damage (RILD) has become a limitation in radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. We established a rabbit model of RILD by CyberKnife. Electron microscopy analysis revealed obvious nuclear atrophy and disposition of fat in the nucleus after irradiation. We then utilized a mass spectrometry-based label-free relative quantitative proteomics approach to compare global proteomic changes of rabbit liver in response to radiation. In total, 2365 proteins were identified, including 338 proteins that were significantly dysregulated between irradiated and nonirradiated liver tissues. These differentially expressed proteins included USP47, POLR2A, CSTB, MCFD2, and CSNK2A1. Real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed that USP47 and CABLES1 transcripts were significantly higher in irradiated liver tissues, whereas MCFD2 and CSNK2A1 expressions were significantly reduced. In Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins analysis, differentially expressed proteins were annotated and divided into 24 categories, including posttranslational modification, protein turnover, and chaperones. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that the enriched pathways in dysregulated proteins included the vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) signaling pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and the adipocytokine signaling pathway. The identification of proteins and pathways is crucial toward elucidating the radiation response process of the liver, which may facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingong Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Jia
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhicheng Tang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangsen Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huojun Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College (China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital), Chengdu, China
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12
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Yuan B, Chen Y, Wu Z, Zhang L, Zhuang Y, Zhao X, Niu H, Cheng JCH, Zeng Z. Proteomic Profiling of Human Hepatic Stellate Cell Line LX2 Responses to Irradiation and TGF-β1. J Proteome Res 2018; 18:508-521. [PMID: 30489086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main target of radiation damage and primarily contribute to the development of radiation-induced liver fibrosis. However, the molecular events underlying the radiation-induced activation of HSCs are not fully elucidated. In the present study, human HSC line LX2 was treated with X-ray irradiation and/or TGF-β1, and profibrogenic molecules were evaluated. The iTRAQ LC-MS/MS technology was performed to identify global protein expression profiles in LX2 following exposure to different stimuli. Irradiation or TGF-β1 alone increased expression of α-SMA, collagen 1, CTGF, PAI-1, and fibronectin. Irradiation and TGF-β1 cooperatively induced expression of these profibrotic markers. In total, 102, 137, 155 dysregulated proteins were identified in LX2 cell samples affected by irradiation, TGF-β1, or cotreatment, respectively. Bioinformatic analyses showed that the three differentially expressed protein sets were commonly associated with cell cycle and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum. The expression of a set of proteins was properly validated: CDC20, PRC1, KIF20A, CCNB1, SHCBP, TACC3 were upregulated upon irradiation or irradiation and TGF-β1 costimulation, whereas SPARC and THBS1 were elevated by TGF-β1 or TGF-β1 plus irradiation treatment. Furthermore, CDC20 inhibition suppressed expression of profibrotic markers in irradiated and TGF-β1-stimulated LX2 cells. Detailed data on potential molecular mechanisms causing the radiation-induced HSC activation presented here would be instrumental in developing radiotherapy strategies that minimize radiation-induced liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoying Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Yuhan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , China
| | - Zhifeng Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Xiaomei Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Hao Niu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jason Chia-Hsien Cheng
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Departments of Oncology , National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
| | - Zhaochong Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
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13
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Nakano R, Ohira M, Kobayashi T, Imaoka Y, Mashima H, Yamaguchi M, Honmyo N, Okimoto S, Hamaoka M, Shimizu S, Kuroda S, Tahara H, Ide K, Ohdan H. Independent risk factors that predict bile leakage after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Cohort study. Int J Surg 2018; 57:1-7. [PMID: 30036692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile leakage is a major cause of morbidity after hepatectomy. This study aimed to identify the predictive factors for bile leakage after hepatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between January 2011 and December 2016, 556 patients underwent a liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with curative intent, and were enrolled to participate in this study. The incidence of postoperative bile leakage (POBL) was determined and the predictive factors for POBL were identified using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS POBLs occurred in 28 patients (5.0%). The multivariate analysis identified a history of stereotactic body radiotherapy, a body mass index <20 kg/m2, Child-Pugh class B cirrhosis, a central hepatectomy, and an operation time ≥375 min as risk factors that were associated with POBL. When the study cohort was grouped according to the number of the predictive factors present, the incidence of POBL increased as the number of the extant independent predictive factors increased. The POBL rate was 45.0% in patients with ≥3 predictive factors. CONCLUSION We determined that POBL was associated with operative mortality and identified five independent predictive factors associated with POBL. Risk stratification using these predictive factors may be useful for identifying patients at a high risk of POBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nakano
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohira
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan; Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yuki Imaoka
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mashima
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Megumi Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Naruhiko Honmyo
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Sho Okimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Michinori Hamaoka
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Seiichi Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kuroda
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tahara
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ide
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohdan
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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14
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Kim J, Jung Y. Radiation-induced liver disease: current understanding and future perspectives. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e359. [PMID: 28729640 PMCID: PMC5565955 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although radiotherapy (RT) is used for the treatment of cancers, including liver cancer, radiation-induced liver disease (RILD) has emerged as a major limitation of RT. Radiation-induced toxicities in nontumorous liver tissues are associated with the development of numerous symptoms that may limit the course of therapy or have serious chronic side effects, including late fibrosis. Although the clinical characteristics of RILD patients have been relatively well described, the understanding of RILD pathogenesis has been hampered by a lack of reliable animal models for RILD. Despite efforts to develop suitable experimental animal models for RILD, current animal models rarely present hepatic veno-occlusive disease, the pathological hallmark of human RILD patients, resulting in highly variable results in RILD-related studies. Therefore, we introduce the concept and clinical characteristics of RILD and propose a feasible explanation for RILD pathogenesis. In addition, currently available animal models of RILD are reviewed, focusing on similarities with human RILD and clues to understanding the mechanisms of RILD progression. Based on these findings from RILD research, we present potential therapeutic strategies for RILD and prospects for future RILD studies. Therefore, this review helps broaden our understanding for developing effective treatment strategies for RILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
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15
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Zhang P, Cui W, Hankey KG, Gibbs AM, Smith CP, Taylor-Howell C, Kearney SR, MacVittie TJ. Increased Expression of Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF) in Multiple Organs After Exposure of Non-Human Primates (NHP) to Lethal Doses of Radiation. HEALTH PHYSICS 2015; 109:374-90. [PMID: 26425899 PMCID: PMC4593333 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to sufficiently high doses of ionizing radiation is known to cause fibrosis in many different organs and tissues. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2), a member of the CCN family of matricellular proteins, plays an important role in the development of fibrosis in multiple organs. The aim of the present study was to quantify the gene and protein expression of CTGF in a variety of organs from non-human primates (NHP) that were previously exposed to potentially lethal doses of radiation. Tissues from non-irradiated NHP and NHP exposed to whole thoracic lung irradiation (WTLI) or partial-body irradiation with 5% bone marrow sparing (PBI/BM5) were examined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Expression of CTGF was elevated in the lung tissues of NHP exposed to WTLI relative to the lung tissues of the non-irradiated NHP. Increased expression of CTGF was also observed in multiple organs from NHP exposed to PBI/BM5 compared to non-irradiated NHP; these included the lung, kidney, spleen, thymus, and liver. These irradiated organs also exhibited histological evidence of increased collagen deposition compared to the control tissues. There was significant correlation of CTGF expression with collagen deposition in the lung and spleen of NHP exposed to PBI/BM5. Significant correlations were observed between spleen and multiple organs on CTGF expression and collagen deposition, respectively, suggesting possible crosstalk between spleen and other organs. These data suggest that CTGF levels are increased in multiple organs after radiation exposure and that inflammatory cell infiltration may contribute to the elevated levels of CTGF in multiple organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21201 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Room 604, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Wanchang Cui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21201 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Room 604, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Corresponding authors: Wanchang Cui, ; Phone: 410-706-5282; Fax: 410-706-5270. Thomas J. MacVittie, ; Phone: 410-706-5274; Fax: 410-706-5270
| | - Kim G. Hankey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21201 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Room 604, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Allison M. Gibbs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21201 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Room 604, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Cassandra P. Smith
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21201 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Room 604, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Cheryl Taylor-Howell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21201 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Room 604, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Sean R. Kearney
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21201 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Room 604, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Thomas J. MacVittie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21201 10 South Pine Street, MSTF Room 604, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Corresponding authors: Wanchang Cui, ; Phone: 410-706-5282; Fax: 410-706-5270. Thomas J. MacVittie, ; Phone: 410-706-5274; Fax: 410-706-5270
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16
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Du S, Bouquet S, Lo CH, Pellicciotta I, Bolourchi S, Parry R, Barcellos-Hoff MH. Attenuation of the DNA damage response by transforming growth factor-beta inhibitors enhances radiation sensitivity of non-small-cell lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 91:91-9. [PMID: 25835621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether transforming growth factor (TGF)-β inhibition increases the response to radiation therapy in human and mouse non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND MATERIALS TGF-β-mediated growth response and pathway activation were examined in human NSCLC NCI-H1299, NCI-H292, and A549 cell lines and murine Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cells. Cells were treated in vitro with LY364947, a small-molecule inhibitor of the TGF-β type 1 receptor kinase, or with the pan-isoform TGF-β neutralizing monoclonal antibody 1D11 before radiation exposure. The DNA damage response was assessed by ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) or Trp53 protein phosphorylation, γH2AX foci formation, or comet assay in irradiated cells. Radiation sensitivity was determined by clonogenic assay. Mice bearing syngeneic subcutaneous LLC tumors were treated with 5 fractions of 6 Gy and/or neutralizing or control antibody. RESULTS The NCI-H1299, A549, and LLC NSCLC cell lines pretreated with LY364947 before radiation exposure exhibited compromised DNA damage response, indicated by decreased ATM and p53 phosphorylation, reduced γH2AX foci, and increased radiosensitivity. The NCI-H292 cells were unresponsive. Transforming growth factor-β signaling inhibition in irradiated LLC cells resulted in unresolved DNA damage. Subcutaneous LLC tumors in mice treated with TGF-β neutralizing antibody exhibited fewer γH2AX foci after irradiation and significantly greater tumor growth delay in combination with fractionated radiation. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of TGF-β before radiation attenuated DNA damage recognition and increased radiosensitivity in most NSCLC cells in vitro and promoted radiation-induced tumor control in vivo. These data support the rationale for concurrent TGF-β inhibition and RT to provide therapeutic benefit in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shisuo Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Sophie Bouquet
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Chen-Hao Lo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ilenia Pellicciotta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Shiva Bolourchi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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17
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Tanguturi SK, Wo JY, Zhu AX, Dawson LA, Hong TS. Radiation therapy for liver tumors: ready for inclusion in guidelines? Oncologist 2014; 19:868-79. [PMID: 25001265 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the historically limited role of radiotherapy in the management of primary hepatic malignancies, modern advances in treatment design and delivery have renewed enthusiasm for radiation as a potentially curative treatment modality. Surgical resection and/or liver transplantation are traditionally regarded as the most effective forms of therapy, although the majority of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma present with locally advanced or unresectable disease on the basis of local vascular invasion or inadequate baseline hepatobiliary function. In this context, many efforts have focused on nonoperative treatment approaches including novel systemic therapies, transarterial chemoembolization, ethanol ablation, radiofrequency ablation, and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). This review aims to summarize modern advances in radiotherapy, particularly SBRT, in the treatment of primary hepatic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam K Tanguturi
- Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Y Wo
- Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew X Zhu
- Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura A Dawson
- Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theodore S Hong
- Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Imaeda M, Ishikawa H, Yoshida Y, Takahashi T, Ohkubo Y, Musha A, Komachi M, Nakazato Y, Nakano T. Long-term pathological and immunohistochemical features in the liver after intraoperative whole-liver irradiation in rats. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2014; 55:665-673. [PMID: 24566720 PMCID: PMC4099997 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) has become particularly important recently for treatment of liver tumors, but there are few experimental investigations pertaining to radiation-induced liver injuries over long-term follow-up periods. Thus, the present study examined pathological liver features over a 10-month period using an intraoperative whole-liver irradiation model. Liver function tests were performed in blood samples, whereas cell death, cell proliferation, and fibrotic changes were evaluated pathologically in liver tissues, which were collected from irradiated rats 24 h, 1, 2, 4 and 40 weeks following administration of single irradiation doses of 0 (control), 15 or 30 Gy. The impaired liver function, increased hepatocyte number, and decreased apoptotic cell proportion observed in the 15 Gy group, but not the 30 Gy group, returned to control group levels after 40 weeks; however, the Ki-67 indexes in the 15 Gy group were still higher than those in the control group after 40 weeks. Azan staining showed a fibrotic pattern in the irradiated liver in the 30 Gy group only, but the expression levels of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) in both the 15 and 30 Gy groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). There were differences in the pathological features of the irradiated livers between the 15 Gy and 30 Gy groups, but TGF-β1 and α-SMA expression patterns supported the gradual progression of radiation-induced liver fibrosis in both groups. These findings will be useful in the future development of protective drugs for radiation-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Imaeda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishikawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Medicine, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yukari Yoshida
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takeo Takahashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamodatsujido, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
| | - Yu Ohkubo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi Musha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Mayumi Komachi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakazato
- Department of Pathology, Hidaka Hospital, 886 Nakao, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0001, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Wang S, Hyun J, Youn B, Jung Y. Hedgehog Signaling Regulates the Repair Response in Mouse Liver Damaged by Irradiation. Radiat Res 2013; 179:69-75. [DOI: 10.1667/rr3091.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
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20
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Westbury C, Yarnold J. Radiation Fibrosis — Current Clinical and Therapeutic Perspectives. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2012; 24:657-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Osteopontin contributes to TGF-β1 mediated hepatic stellate cell activation. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:2883-91. [PMID: 22661273 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Liver fibrosis is characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix. Our previous study found that osteopontin (OPN) increased in plasma of cirrhotic patients and indicative of cirrhosis staging. The present study was designed to investigate the expression of OPN in liver tissues and plasma of cirrhotic patients and further explore the role of OPN in human hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. METHODS We used immunohistochemical staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate the expression level of OPN in liver tissues and plasma from cirrhotic patients, respectively. We produced lentivirus particles and infected target cell to manipulate OPN expression. Infection efficiency was determined by real-time RT-PCR and western blot. Cell proliferation was determined using CCK8 assay, and phenotypes of HSC activation were determined by real-time RT-PCR. OPN promoter activity was determined by dual luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS We found that OPN expression in human cirrhotic liver tissues was upregulated compared to normal controls. In addition, its expression correlated with Child-Pugh classification, MELD score and the occurrence of complications. We further explored OPN level in patients' plasma and showed that its level correlated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). In human HSC cell line LX-2, we found that change of OPN expression level could not only affect the proliferation of cells but also the TGF-β1 mediated HSC activation. Moreover, OPN was increased by TGF-β1 stimulation and regulated by TGF-β1 at transcription level. CONCLUSIONS OPN is upregulated in liver tissues and plasma of cirrhotic patients and promotes TGF-β1 mediated HSC activation.
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Zhou LY, Wang ZM, Gao YB, Wang LY, Zeng ZC. Stimulation of hepatoma cell invasiveness and metastatic potential by proteins secreted from irradiated nonparenchymal cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 84:822-8. [PMID: 22420973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether factors secreted by irradiated liver nonparenchymal cells (NPCs) may influence invasiveness and/or metastatic potential of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and to elucidate a possible mechanism for such effect. METHODS AND MATERIALS Primary rat NPCs were cultured and divided into irradiated (10-Gy X-ray) and nonirradiated groups. Forty-eight hours after irradiation, conditioned medium from irradiated (SR) or nonirradiated (SnonR) cultures were collected and added to sublethally irradiated cultures of the hepatoma McA-RH7777 cell line. Then, hepatoma cells were continuously passaged for eight generations (RH10Gy-SR and RH10Gy-SnonR). The invasiveness and metastatic potential of McA-RH7777, RH10Gy-SnonR, and RH10Gy-SR cells were evaluated using an in vitro gelatinous protein (Matrigel) invasion and an in vivo metastasis assay. In addition, SR and SnonR were tested using rat cytokine antibody arrays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS In vitro gelatinous protein invasion assay indicated that the numbers of invading cells was significantly higher in RH10Gy-SR (40 ± 4.74) than in RH10Gy-SnonR (30.6 ± 3.85) cells, and lowest in McA-RH7777 (11.4 ± 3.56) cells. The same pattern was observed in vivo in a lung metastasis assay, as evaluated by number of metastatic lung nodules seen with RH10Gy-SR (28.83 ± 5.38), RH10Gy-SnonR (22.17 ± 4.26), and McA-RH7777 (8.3 ± 3.8) cells. Rat cytokine antibody arrays and ELISA demonstrated that metastasis-promoting cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6), circulating growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor and epidermal growth factor), and metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) were upregulated in SR compared with SnonR. CONCLUSIONS Radiation can increase invasiveness and metastatic potential of sublethally irradiated hepatoma cells, and soluble mediators released from irradiated NPCs promote this potential. Increased secretion of metastasis-related cytokines and factors from NPCs after irradiation may be a possible mechanism for the radiation-induced invasiveness and metastatic potential of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Yuan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Christiansen H, Moriconi F, Rave-Fränk M, Malik IA, Hess CF, Ramadori G. In Regard to “Radiation-Induced Liver Fibrosis is Mitigated by Gene Therapy Inhibiting Transforming Growth Factor-β Signalling in the Rat” by Shi-Suo Du et al. (Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;78:1513–1523). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 80:960; author reply 960-1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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