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Hung JH, Teng CF, Hung HC, Chen YL, Chen PJ, Ho CL, Chuang CH, Huang W. Genomic instabilities in hepatocellular carcinoma: biomarkers and application in immunotherapies. Ann Hepatol 2024; 29:101546. [PMID: 39147130 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2024.101546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest cancers. For patients with advanced HCC, liver function decompensation often occurs, which leads to poor tolerance to chemotherapies and other aggressive treatments. Therefore, it remains critical to develop effective therapeutic strategies for HCC. Etiological factors for HCC are complex and multifaceted, including hepatitis virus infection, alcohol, drug abuse, chronic metabolic abnormalities, and others. Thus, HCC has been categorized as a "genomically unstable" cancer due to the typical manifestation of chromosome breakage and aneuploidy, and oxidative DNA damage. In recent years, immunotherapy has provided a new option for cancer treatments, and the degree of genomic instability positively correlates with immunotherapy efficacies. This article reviews the endogenous and exogenous causes that affect the genomic stability of liver cells; it also updates the current biomarkers and their detection methods for genomic instabilities and relevant applications in cancer immunotherapies. Including genomic instability biomarkers in consideration of cancer treatment options shall increase the patients' well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hsiang Hung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Feng Teng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Organ Transplantation Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Chin Hung
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Chen
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Jun Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Liang Ho
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsiang Chuang
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wenya Huang
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Diseases and Signal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan..
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2
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Allam WR, Hegazy MT, Hussein MA, Zoheir N, Quartuccio L, El-Khamisy SF, Ragab G. A comparative study of different antiviral treatment protocols in HCV related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11840. [PMID: 38782988 PMCID: PMC11116471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60490-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The treatment of HCV and its sequelae are used to be predominantly based on Interferon (IFN). However, this was associated with significant adverse events as a result of its immunostimulant capabilities. Since their introduction, the directly acting antiviral drugs (DAAs), have become the standard of care to treat of HCV and its complications including mixed cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (MCV). In spite of achieving sustained viral response (SVR), there appeared many reports describing unwelcome complications such as hepatocellular and hematological malignancies as well as relapses. Prolonged inflammation induced by a multitude of factors, can lead to DNA damage and affects BAFF and APRIL, which serve as markers of B-cell proliferation. We compared, head-to-head, three antiviral protocols for HCV-MCV treatment As regards the treatment response and relapse, levels of BAFF and APRIL among pegylated interferon α-based and free regimens (Sofosbuvir + Ribavirin; SOF-RIBA, Sofosbuvir + Daclatasvir; SOF-DACLA). Regarding clinical response HCV-MCV and SVR; no significant differences could be identified among the 3 different treatment protocols, and this was also independent form using IFN. We found no significant differences between IFN-based and free regimens DNA damage, markers of DNA repair, or levels of BAFF and APRIL. However, individualized drug-to-drug comparisons showed many differences. Those who were treated with IFN-based protocol showed decreased levels of DNA damage, while the other two IFN-free groups showed increased DNA damage, being the worst in SOF-DACLA group. There were increased levels of BAFF through follow-up periods in the 3 protocols being the best in SOF-DACLA group (decreased at 24 weeks). In SOF-RIBA, CGs relapsed significantly during the follow-up period. None of our patients who were treated with IFN-based protocol had significant clinico-laboratory relapse. Those who received IFN-free DAAs showed a statistically significant relapse of constitutional manifestations. Our findings suggest that IFN-based protocols are effective in treating HCV-MCV similar to IFN-free protocols. They showed lower levels of DNA damage and repair. We believe that our findings may offer an explanation for the process of lymphoproliferation, occurrence of malignancies, and relapses by shedding light on such possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Tharwat Hegazy
- Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- School of Medicine, Newgiza University (NGU), Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Hussein
- Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Naguib Zoheir
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Luca Quartuccio
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Area (DAME), University Hospital "Santa Maria Della Misericordia", University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Sherif F El-Khamisy
- Center for Genomics, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt.
- The Healthy Lifespan and the Institute of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Gaafar Ragab
- Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
- School of Medicine, Newgiza University (NGU), Giza, Egypt.
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3
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Curtis NL, Ruda GF, Brennan P, Bolanos-Garcia VM. Deregulation of Chromosome Segregation and Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is an intricate cell signaling system that ensures the high fidelity and timely segregation of chromosomes during cell division. Mistakes in this process can lead to the loss, gain, or rearrangement of the genetic material. Gross chromosomal aberrations are usually lethal but can cause birth and development defects as well as cancer. Despite advances in the identification of SAC protein components, important details of the interactions underpinning chromosome segregation regulation remain to be established. This review discusses the current understanding of the function, structure, mode of regulation, and dynamics of the assembly and disassembly of SAC subcomplexes, which ultimately safeguard the accurate transmission of a stable genome to descendants. We also discuss how diverse oncoviruses take control of human cell division by exploiting the SAC and the potential of this signaling circuitry as a pool of drug targets to develop effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L. Curtis
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Gian Filippo Ruda
- Target Discovery Institute and Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Brennan
- Target Discovery Institute and Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Victor M. Bolanos-Garcia
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
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4
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Taheri F, Goudarzi H, Faghihloo E. Aneuploidy and oncoviruses. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2076. [PMID: 31407416 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Seven oncogenic viruses are known for tumorigenesis and contribute to 12% of all human cancers. The oncogenic factors, the target tissue, and pathology of cancer vary among these viruses with several mechanisms proposed for the initiation and development of cancer. Aneuploidy in cells is associated with anomalies in chromosome number that can be a hallmark of cancer, a disease defined by expanded proliferative potential. In this review, we summarize the different mechanisms of aneuploidy and furthermore discuss recent findings of the role of viral oncoproteins in inducing cellular aneuploidy that might facilitate tumorigenesis. Improved understanding of viral oncogenesis may help to find new strategies for controlling virus-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Taheri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Faghihloo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Perez S, Gevor M, Davidovich A, Kaspi A, Yamin K, Domovich T, Meirson T, Matityahu A, Brody Y, Stemmer SM, El-Osta A, Haviv I, Onn I, Gal-Tanamy M. Dysregulation of the cohesin subunit RAD21 by Hepatitis C virus mediates host-virus interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:2455-2471. [PMID: 30698808 PMCID: PMC6412124 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the leading cause of chronic hepatitis, which often results in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCV possesses an RNA genome and its replication is confined to the cytoplasm. Yet, infection with HCV leads to global changes in gene expression, and chromosomal instability (CIN) in the host cell. The mechanisms by which the cytoplasmic virus affects these nuclear processes are elusive. Here, we show that HCV modulates the function of the Structural Maintenance of Chromosome (SMC) protein complex, cohesin, which tethers remote regions of chromatin. We demonstrate that infection of hepatoma cells with HCV leads to up regulation of the expression of the RAD21 cohesin subunit and changes cohesin residency on the chromatin. These changes regulate the expression of genes associated with virus-induced pathways. Furthermore, siRNA downregulation of viral-induced RAD21 reduces HCV infection. During mitosis, HCV infection induces hypercondensation of chromosomes and the appearance of multi-centrosomes. We provide evidence that the underlying mechanism involves the viral NS3/4 protease and the cohesin regulator, WAPL. Altogether, our results provide the first evidence that HCV induces changes in gene expression and chromosome structure of infected cells by modulating cohesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Perez
- Molecular Virology Lab, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- Cancer Personalized Medicine and Diagnostic Genomics Lab, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Michael Gevor
- Molecular Virology Lab, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- Chromosome Instability and Dynamics Lab, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Ateret Davidovich
- Molecular Virology Lab, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Antony Kaspi
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katreena Yamin
- Chromosome Instability and Dynamics Lab, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Tom Domovich
- Molecular Virology Lab, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Tomer Meirson
- Cell Migration and Invasion Laboratory, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Avi Matityahu
- Chromosome Instability and Dynamics Lab, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Yehuda Brody
- The Broad institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Salomon M Stemmer
- Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Izhak Haviv
- Cancer Personalized Medicine and Diagnostic Genomics Lab, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Itay Onn
- Chromosome Instability and Dynamics Lab, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Meital Gal-Tanamy
- Molecular Virology Lab, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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6
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Curtis NL, Bolanos-Garcia VM. The Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C): A Versatile E3 Ubiquitin Ligase. Subcell Biochem 2019; 93:539-623. [PMID: 31939164 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28151-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
In the present chapter we discuss the essential roles of the human E3 ubiquitin ligase Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) in mitosis as well as the emerging evidence of important APC/C roles in cellular processes beyond cell division control such as regulation of genomic integrity and cell differentiation of the nervous system. We consider the potential incipient role of APC/C dysregulation in the pathophysiology of the neurological disorder Alzheimer's disease (AD). We also discuss how certain Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) viruses take control of the host's cell division regulatory system through harnessing APC/C ubiquitin ligase activity and hypothesise the plausible molecular mechanisms underpinning virus manipulation of the APC/C. We also examine how defects in the function of this multisubunit protein assembly drive abnormal cell proliferation and lastly argue the potential of APC/C as a promising therapeutic target for the development of innovative therapies for the treatment of chronic malignancies such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L Curtis
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, England, UK
| | - Victor M Bolanos-Garcia
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, England, UK.
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7
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Wang SC, Lai KR, Li CY, Chiang CS, Yu GY, Sakamoto N, Tu WY, Hsieh MH, Huang JF, Chuang WL, Dai CY, Yu ML. The Paradoxical Effects of Different Hepatitis C Viral Loads on Host DNA Damage and Repair Abilities. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0164281. [PMID: 28052067 PMCID: PMC5215444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced hepatic stress is associated with increased oxidative DNA damage and has been implicated in hepatic inflammation. However, HCV infection and replication are uneven and vary among individual hepatocytes. To investigate the effect of the viral load on host DNA damage, we used an Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein gene (EYFP)-tagged HCV virus to distinguish between HCV intracellular high viral load (HVL) cells and low viral load (LVL) cells. The cell sorting efficiency was confirmed by the high expression of the HCV polyprotein. We found DNA damage γ-H2AX foci in the HVL population. Comet assays demonstrated that HVL was related to the extent of the DNA strand breaks. Surprisingly, the DNA qPCR arrays and western blotting showed that the damage-related genes GPX2, MRE11, phospho-ATM, and OGG1 were significantly up-regulated in LVL cells but inversely down-regulated or consistently expressed in HVL cells. The colony survival assay to examine the repair abilities of these cells in response to irradiation showed that the LVL cells were more resistant to irradiation and had an increased ability to repair radiation-induced damage. This study found that intracellular viral loads drove cellular DNA damage levels but suppressed damage-related gene expression. However, the increase in damage-related gene expression in the LVL cells may be affected by ROS from the HVL cells. These findings provide new insights into the distinct DNA damage and repair responses resulting from different viral loads in HCV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chi Wang
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ru Lai
- Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Li
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shiun Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Guann-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wen-Yu Tu
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsuan Hsieh
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jee-Fu Huang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Long Chuang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Lipid and Glycomedicine Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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8
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Rao CV, Asch AS, Yamada HY. Frequently mutated genes/pathways and genomic instability as prevention targets in liver cancer. Carcinogenesis 2016; 38:2-11. [PMID: 27838634 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of liver cancer has increased in recent years. Worldwide, liver cancer is common: more than 600000 related deaths are estimated each year. In the USA, about 27170 deaths due to liver cancer are estimated for 2016. Liver cancer is highly resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. For all stages combined, the 5-year survival rate is 15-17%, leaving much to be desired for liver cancer prevention and therapy. Heterogeneity, which can originate from genomic instability, is one reason for poor outcome. About 80-90% of liver cancers are hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and recent cancer genome sequencing studies have revealed frequently mutated genes in HCC. In this review, we discuss the cause of the tumor heterogeneity based on the functions of genes that are frequently mutated in HCC. We overview the functions of the genes that are most frequently mutated (e.g. TP53, CTNNB1, AXIN1, ARID1A and WWP1) that portray major pathways leading to HCC and identify the roles of these genes in preventing genomic instability. Notably, the pathway analysis suggested that oxidative stress management may be critical to prevent accumulation of DNA damage and further mutations. We propose that both chromosome instability (CIN) and microsatellite instability (MIN) are integral to the hepatic carcinogenesis process leading to heterogeneity in HCC and that the pathways leading to heterogeneity may be targeted for prognosis, prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinthalapally V Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), 975 NE 10th Street BRC1207, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA and
| | - Adam S Asch
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hiroshi Y Yamada
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), 975 NE 10th Street BRC1207, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA and
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9
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Wang Y, Jiang Y, Zhou J, Song W, Li J, Wang M, Chen J, Xu R, Zhang J, Ma F, Chen YH, Ma Y. Hepatitis C virus promotes hepatocellular carcinogenesis by targeting TIPE2, a new regulator of DNA damage response. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:15265-15274. [PMID: 27696294 PMCID: PMC5126206 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain enigmatic. Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8-like 2 (TIPE2), a new negative regulator of immunity, plays significant roles in modulating inflammation and tumorigenesis. We hypothesized that TIPE2 might be involved in the development of HCV-induced HCC. To test this hypothesis, the expression of TIPE2 was determined by Western blot in the tumor and pericarcinomatous tissues collected from ten HCV-positive HCC patients; the interaction between TIPE2 and HCV-encoded non-structural proteins was analyzed by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays, and tumorigenesis and its mechanisms were studied in cell models and nude mice. Our results demonstrated that the expression of TIPE2 was significantly reduced in HCC tissues compared to that in the paracarcinoma tissues. HCV-encoded non-structural protein NS5A could specifically interact with TIPE2 and induce its degradation. Downregulation of TIPE2 by shRNA in cell lines increased genomic DNA damage and promoted cell colony formation in vitro and tumorigenesis in nude mice. In contrast, overexpression of TIPE2 had an opposite effect. Downregulation of TIPE2 by NS5A is associated with genomic DNA instability and HCV-induced HCC development. Thus, TIPE2 may be a new therapeutic target for the treatment of HCV-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Engineering Antibody Medicine, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Yinan Jiang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Jinxue Zhou
- Zhengzhou University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Wuhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Engineering Antibody Medicine, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Mingli Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Engineering Antibody Medicine, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Jiuge Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Engineering Antibody Medicine, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Engineering Antibody Medicine, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Engineering Antibody Medicine, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Fanni Ma
- Henan Key Laboratory of Engineering Antibody Medicine, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Youhai H Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yuanfang Ma
- Henan Key Laboratory of Engineering Antibody Medicine, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China.
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10
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Wang SC, Yang JF, Wang CL, Huang CF, Lin YY, Chen YY, Lo CT, Lee PY, Wu KT, Lin CI, Hsieh MH, Chuang HY, Ho CK, Yu ML, Dai CY. Distinct subpopulations of hepatitis C virus infectious cells with different levels of intracellular hepatitis C virus core protein. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2016; 32:487-493. [PMID: 27742031 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite the clear clinical importance of virus-associated HCC, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unclarified. Oxidative stress, in particular, DNA lesions associated with oxidative damage, plays a major role in carcinogenesis, and is strongly linked to the development of many cancers, including HCC. However, in identifying hepatocytes with HCV viral RNA, estimates of the median proportion of HCV-infected hepatocytes have been found as high as 40% in patients with chronic HCV infection. In order to explore the gene alternation and association between different viral loads of HCV-infected cells, we established a method to dissect high and low viral load cells and examined the expression of DNA damage-related genes using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction array. We found distinct expression patterns of DNA damage-related genes between high and low viral load cells. This study provides a new method for future study on virus-associated gene expression research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chi Wang
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Fu Yang
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ling Wang
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Huang
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yin Lin
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-You Chen
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ting Lo
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Lee
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ta Wu
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-I Lin
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsuan Hsieh
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Chuang
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kung Ho
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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11
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Rao CV, Asch AS, Yamada HY. Emerging links among Chromosome Instability (CIN), cancer, and aging. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:791-803. [PMID: 27533343 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy was predicted to cause cancer. To test the prediction, various Chromosome Instability (CIN) mice models that carry transgenic mutations in mitotic regulators have been created. The availability of these mice has aided researchers in discovering connections between CIN, cancer, and aging. This review will focus on recent interdisciplinary findings regarding how CIN and aneuploidy affect carcinogenesis, immune dysfunction, and aging. High CIN can be generated in vivo by various intrinsic alterations (e.g., gene mutation, epigenetic modification) and extrinsic/environmental challenges (e.g., biological, chemical, biophysical), while immune surveillance, cell death, and natural turnover can remove cells with CIN. CIN itself is mutagenic and may cause further cellular mutations, which can be carcinogenic. Mitotically damaged cells can activate senescence-related tumor suppressors (e.g., p21WAF1 , p27KIP1 , p16INK4A ), which may lead to tissue-level senescence/aging through inflammatory paracrine mechanisms called Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) and Senescence Inflammatory Response (SIR). Organs with high CIN show altered gene expressions in both organ-specific and non-specific manners. Organ-specific gene expression signatures include activation of oncogenic pathways. Non-organ-specific gene expression signatures include metabolic changes and downregulations in immune functions. Immune surveillance normally targets senescent cells and tetraploid cells, a form of aneuploidy, for elimination. However, with partial immune dysfunction, immune surveillance is weakened with systemic CIN. In this case, more senescent cells and aneuploid cells survive, which further leads to an inflammatory, pro-tumorigenic, and senescent/aging microenvironment. We also discuss how we may intervene in this sequence of events to prevent CIN- or age-related carcinogenesis and/or some aspects of tissue aging. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinthalapally V Rao
- Department of Medicine, Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Stephenson Cancer Center, Hematology/Oncology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Adam S Asch
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Hematology/Oncology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Hiroshi Y Yamada
- Department of Medicine, Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Stephenson Cancer Center, Hematology/Oncology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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12
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Rao CV, Sanghera S, Zhang Y, Biddick L, Reddy A, Lightfoot S, Janakiram NB, Mohammed A, Dai W, Yamada HY. Systemic Chromosome Instability Resulted in Colonic Transcriptomic Changes in Metabolic, Proliferation, and Stem Cell Regulators in Sgo1-/+ Mice. Cancer Res 2016; 76:630-42. [PMID: 26833665 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Colon cancer is the second most lethal cancer and is predicted to claim 49,700 lives in the United States this year. Chromosome instability (CIN) is observed in 80% to 90% of colon cancers and is thought to contribute to colon cancer progression and recurrence. To investigate the impact of CIN on colon cancer development, we developed shugoshin-1 (Sgo1) haploinsufficient (-/+) mice, an animal model focusing on mitotic error-induced CIN. In this study, we analyzed signature changes in the colonic transcriptome of Sgo1(-/+) mice to examine the molecular events underlying the altered carcinogenesis profiles in Sgo1(-/+) mice. We performed next-generation sequencing of normal-looking colonic mucosal tissue from mice treated with the carcinogen azoxymethane after 24 weeks. Transcriptome profiling revealed 349 hits with a 2-fold expression difference threshold (217 upregulated genes, 132 downregulated genes, P < 0.05). Pathway analyses indicated that the Sgo1-CIN tissues upregulated pathways known to be activated in colon cancer, including lipid metabolism (z score 4.47), Notch signaling (4.47), insulin signaling (3.81), and PPAR pathways (3.75), and downregulated pathways involved in immune responses including allograft rejection (6.69) and graft-versus-host disease (6.54). Notably, stem cell markers were also misregulated. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that systemic CIN results in transcriptomic changes in metabolism, proliferation, cell fate, and immune responses in the colon, which may foster a microenvironment amenable to cancer development. Therefore, therapeutic approaches focusing on these identified pathways may be valuable for colon cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinthalapally V Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Saira Sanghera
- College of Arts & Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Laura Biddick
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Arun Reddy
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Stan Lightfoot
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Naveena B Janakiram
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Altaf Mohammed
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, Tuxedo, New York
| | - Hiroshi Y Yamada
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
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Yamada HY, Zhang Y, Reddy A, Mohammed A, Lightfoot S, Dai W, Rao CV. Tumor-promoting/progressing role of additional chromosome instability in hepatic carcinogenesis in Sgo1 (Shugoshin 1) haploinsufficient mice. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:429-40. [PMID: 25740822 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A major etiological risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is infection by Hepatitis viruses, especially hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus do not cause aggressive activation of an oncogenic pathway, but they transactivate a broad array of genes, cause chronic inflammation, and, through interference with mitotic processes, lead to mitotic error-induced chromosome instability (ME-CIN). However, how ME-CIN is involved in the development of HCC remains unclear. Delineating the effect of ME-CIN on HCC development should help in identifying measures to combat HCC. In this study, we used ME-CIN model mice haploinsufficient in Shugoshin 1 (Sgo1(-/+)) to assess the role of ME-CIN in HCC development. Treatment with the carcinogen azoxymethane caused Sgo1(-/+) ME-CIN model mice to develop HCCs within 6 months, whereas control mice developed no HCC (P < 0.003). The HCC development was associated with expression of early HCC markers (glutamine synthetase, glypican 3, heat shock protein 70, and the serum marker alpha fetoprotein), although without fibrosis. ME-CIN preceded the expression of HCC markers, suggesting that ME-CIN is an important early event in HCC development. In 12-month-old untreated Sgo1 mice, persistent DNA damage, altered gene expression, and spontaneous HCCs were observed. Sgo1 protein accumulated in response to DNA damage in vitro. Overall, Sgo1(-/+)-mediated ME-CIN strongly promoted/progressed development of HCC in the presence of an initiator carcinogen, and it had a mild initiator effect by itself. Use of the ME-CIN model mice should help in identifying drugs to counteract the effects of ME-CIN and should accelerate anti-HCC drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Y Yamada
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development Program, Department of Medicine, Hem/Onc Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), 975 NE 10th st. BRC1207, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development Program, Department of Medicine, Hem/Onc Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), 975 NE 10th st. BRC1207, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Arun Reddy
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development Program, Department of Medicine, Hem/Onc Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), 975 NE 10th st. BRC1207, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Altaf Mohammed
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development Program, Department of Medicine, Hem/Onc Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), 975 NE 10th st. BRC1207, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Stan Lightfoot
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development Program, Department of Medicine, Hem/Onc Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), 975 NE 10th st. BRC1207, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, New York 10987
| | - Chinthalapally V Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development Program, Department of Medicine, Hem/Onc Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), 975 NE 10th st. BRC1207, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
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Yuan W, Huang T, Yu J, Zeng L, Lian B, He Q, Li Y, Zhang X, Zhou F, Xie L. Comparative analysis of viral protein interaction networks in Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus infected HCC. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1844:271-9. [PMID: 23774196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previously, the different mechanisms of HBV infection and HCV infection were studied experimentally. Multiple studies also compared the differential network between HBV induced HCC and HCV induced HCC based on gene expression data. However network level comparison combining viral-human interaction network and dysfunctional protein interaction network for HBV and HCV-HCC has rarely been done before. In this work we did some pioneer job in construction of HBV/HCV viral dysfunctional network in HCC, in hope of investigating viral infection impact on the change of genome expression and eventually, the development of HCC. We found that HBx, the main HBV viral protein, directly acted on the gene groups of cell cycle, which could perfectly explain the dominant cell proliferation effect shown in the dysfunctional network of HBV-HCC. On the other hand, multiple important HCV viral proteins including CORE, NS3 and NS5A were found to target very important cancer related proteins such as TP53 and SMAD3, but no direct targeting to major immune response or inflammation related proteins. Therefore the dominant activation of immune response and inflammation related pathways shown in dysfunctional network of HCV-HCC might not be a direct effect of HCV infection. They might have been an indirect demonstration of activated cancer promoting pathways. Similar approaches may as well be applied to other important virus infection caused human diseases to help elucidate the mechanisms of virus-host interaction, and even help with investigations on anti-virus based therapies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Computational Proteomics, Systems Biology & Clinical Implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilan Yuan
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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Avanzi S, Alvisi G, Ripalti A. How virus persistence can initiate the tumorigenesis process. World J Virol 2013; 2:102-9. [PMID: 24175234 PMCID: PMC3785046 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v2.i2.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human oncogenic viruses are defined as necessary but not sufficient to initiate cancer. Experimental evidence suggests that the oncogenic potential of a virus is effective in cells that have already accumulated a number of genetic mutations leading to cell cycle deregulation. Current models for viral driven oncogenesis cannot explain why tumor development in carriers of tumorigenic viruses is a very rare event, occurring decades after virus infection. Considering that viruses are mutagenic agents per se and human oncogenic viruses additionally establish latent and persistent infections, we attempt here to provide a general mechanism of tumor initiation both for RNA and DNA viruses, suggesting viruses could be both necessary and sufficient in triggering human tumorigenesis initiation. Upon reviewing emerging evidence on the ability of viruses to induce DNA damage while subverting the DNA damage response and inducing epigenetic disturbance in the infected cell, we hypothesize a general, albeit inefficient hit and rest mechanism by which viruses may produce a limited reservoir of cells harboring permanent damage that would be initiated when the virus first hits the cell, before latency is established. Cells surviving virus generated damage would consequently become more sensitive to further damage mediated by the otherwise insufficient transforming activity of virus products expressed in latency, or upon episodic reactivations (viral persistence). Cells with a combination of genetic and epigenetic damage leading to a cancerous phenotype would emerge very rarely, as the probability of such an occurrence would be dependent on severity and frequency of consecutive hit and rest cycles due to viral reinfections and reactivations.
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La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, Vicari E, D'Agata R, Calogero AE. Sperm DNA damage in patients with chronic viral C hepatitis. Eur J Intern Med 2012; 23:e19-24. [PMID: 22153543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the conventional and biofunctional parameters of sperm in young infertile patients with Hepatitis C (HCV) infection. METHODS Forty HCV patients with primary infertility, aged 27 to 42 years (mean 36.4 years) and twenty HCV patients with secondary infertility aged 28 to 45 years (mean 35.0±2.8 years), underwent hormonal and sperm analysis in addition to the determination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations in the sperm and flow-cytometric evaluation. The following biofunctional sperm parameters were evaluated by flow cytometry: DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane potential, chromatin condensation, and the rate of early apoptosis. RESULTS Overall, patients with HCV showed significantly worse median values of conventional and biofunctional sperm parameters than control subjects, including sperm density (31.7 vs. 80.4 million/ml), forward motility (9.4 vs. 25%), normal forms (15.4 vs. 24.8%), DNA fragmentation (6.6 vs. 2.2%), low MMP (45.5 vs. 8%), an early apoptosis rate (5 vs. 2.7%), and abnormal chromatin (18.9 vs. 13.9%). Finally, HCV patients had significantly higher basal (250 vs. 75×10(3)/cpm) and stimulated (550 vs. 120×10(3)/cpm) ROS levels in semen compared to control subjects. None of the examined parameters (sperm, hormonal, biofunctional and assessment of oxidative status in the semen) was significantly different between HCV patients with primary and secondary infertilities. DISCUSSION These results confirm that HCV infection has a negative impact on sperm parameters. The overlap of the results observed in the two groups of HCV patients supports the hypothesis that HCV infection may cause to alterations in sperm parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro La Vignera
- Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Internal Medicine and Master in Andrological, Human Reproduction and Biotechnology Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Catania University, Italy.
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Xu Y, Tong W, Pan T, Li J, Sun S, Shao J, Ding H, Toyoda T, Yuan Z. Hepatitis C virus NS5B protein delays s phase progression in human hepatocyte-derived cells by relocalizing cyclin-dependent kinase 2-interacting protein (CINP). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:26603-15. [PMID: 21628470 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.225672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle dysregulation is a critical event in virus infection-associated tumorigenesis. Previous studies have suggested that hepatitis C virus NS5B modulates cell cycle progression in addition to participating in RNA synthesis as an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. However, the molecular mechanisms have thus far remained unclear. In this study, a HepG2 Tet-On NS5B stable cell line was generated to confirm the effect of NS5B on the cell cycle. To better understand the role of NS5B in cell cycle regulation, yeast two-hybrid assays were performed using a human liver cDNA library. The cyclin-dependent kinase 2-interacting protein (CINP) was identified. The interaction between NS5B and CINP was further demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro assays, and their association was found to be indispensable for S phase delay and cell proliferation suppression. Further experiments indicated that NS5B relocalized CINP from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Directly knocking down CINP by specific siRNA resulted in a significant alteration in the DNA damage response and expression of cell cycle checkpoint proteins, including an increase in p21 and a decrease in phosphorylated Retinoblastoma and Chk1. Similar results were observed in cells expressing NS5B, and the effects were partially reversed upon ectopic overexpression of CINP. These studies suggest that the DNA damage response might be exploited by NS5B to hinder cell cycle progression. Taken together, our data demonstrate that NS5B delays cells in S phase through interaction with CINP and relocalization of the protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Such effects might contribute to hepatitis C virus persistence and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
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Li L, Hashiyada M, Kume M, Fukumoto M, Yamamoto Y, Funayama M, Yamamoto Y, Fukumoto M. A case of hepatocellular carcinoma developed after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Pathol Int 2010; 60:795-7. [PMID: 21091839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2010.02601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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de Almeida TMB, Leitão RMC, Carrilho FJ, Sonohara S. Micronuclei formation in liver fibrosis samples from patients infected by hepatitis C virus. Genet Mol Biol 2010; 33:418-21. [PMID: 21637406 PMCID: PMC3036101 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572010005000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic research on fibrosis outset and its progression in chronic hepatitis (CH) by hepatitis C virus (HCV) are limited. The lack of cytogenetic data led us to investigate the presence of micronuclei (MNi), as a sign of genomic damage. Hepatocytes of hepatic parenchyma from 62 cases diagnosed with CH associated with HCV and displaying different degrees of fibrosis (F1-F4) were analyzed. These data were compared to 15 cases without fibrosis (F0). Twelve healthy liver parenchyma samples were included as control. All samples were obtained from paraffin-embedded archival material. Micronucleated hepatocytes (MN-Heps) were analyzed through Feulgen/Fast-green staining. Results showed that the rates of MN-Heps in the F4 group were statistically significant (p < 0.05) and higher than those in the control group. Like results were also obtained on comparing F4 with F0, F1, F2 and F3 cases. Conversely, differences were not significant (p > 0.05) on comparing F0, F1, F2, F3, one against the other, as well as individual versus control. Although chromosomal losses in CH were detected, it was shown that liver parenchyma with fibrosis in the initial stages (F1-F3) cannot be considered cytogenetically abnormal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terezinha M. B. de Almeida
- Disciplina de Oncologia, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SPBrazil
| | | | - Flair J. Carrilho
- Disciplina de Gastroenterologia Clínica-Hepatologia, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SPBrazil
| | - Shigueko Sonohara
- Disciplina de Oncologia, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SPBrazil
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Park CY, Choi SH, Kang SM, Kang JI, Ahn BY, Kim H, Jung G, Choi KY, Hwang SB. Nonstructural 5A protein activates beta-catenin signaling cascades: implication of hepatitis C virus-induced liver pathogenesis. J Hepatol 2009; 51:853-64. [PMID: 19726098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The nonstructural 5A (NS5A) protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been implicated in HCV-induced liver pathogenesis. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling has also been involved in tumorigenesis. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of HCV pathogenesis, we examined the potential effects of HCV NS5A protein on Wnt/beta-catenin signal transduction cascades. METHODS The effects of NS5A protein on beta-catenin signaling cascades in hepatic cells were investigated by luciferase reporter gene assay, confocal microscopy, immunoprecipitation assay, and immunoblot analysis. RESULTS beta-Catenin-mediated transcriptional activity is elevated by NS5A protein, in the context of HCV replication, and by infection of cell culture-produced HCV. NS5A protein directly interacts with endogenous beta-catenin and colocalizes with beta-catenin in the cytoplasm. NS5A protein inactivates glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and increases subsequent accumulation of beta-catenin in HepG2 cells. beta-Catenin was also accumulated in HCV patients' liver tissues. In addition, the accumulation of beta-catenin in HCV replicon cells requires both activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and inactivation of GSK3beta. CONCLUSIONS NS5A activates beta-catenin signaling cascades through increasing the stability of beta-catenin. This modulation is accomplished by the protein interplay between viral and cellular signaling transducer. These data suggest that NS5A protein may directly be involved in Wnt/beta-catenin-mediated liver pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Yong Park
- National Research Laboratory of Hepatitis C Virus and Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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Yasunaga J, Jeang KT. Viral transformation and aneuploidy. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:733-740. [PMID: 19326462 PMCID: PMC2760603 DOI: 10.1002/em.20480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Human tumor viruses are associated with a variety of human malignancies, and it is estimated that 15% of all human cancers have a viral etiology. An abnormality in chromosomal ploidy or aneuploidy is a hallmark of cancers. In normal cells, euploidy is governed by several factors including an intact spindle assembly checkpoint, accurate centrosome duplication, and proper cytokinesis. Viral oncoproteins are suggested to perturb the cellular machineries for chromosomal segregation creating aneuploidy which can lead to the malignant transformation of infected cells. Here, we review in brief some of the mechanisms used by viruses that can cause cellular aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Yasunaga
- Molecular Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Saitou K, Mizumoto K, Nishimura T, Kai C, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. Hepatitis C virus-core protein facilitates the degradation of Ku70 and reduces DNA-PK activity in hepatocytes. Virus Res 2009; 144:266-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Safarinejad MR, Kolahi AA, Iravani S. Evaluation of semen variables, sperm chromosomal abnormalities and reproductive endocrine profile in patients with chronic hepatitis C. BJU Int 2009; 105:79-86. [PMID: 19594736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate reproductive endocrine profile, sperm chromosomal abnormalities, and semen quality in patients with chronic hepatitis C. PATIENTS, SUBJECTS AND METHODS In all, 82 patients with chronic hepatitis C, aged 18-60 years, were recruited for the study; 76 age-matched healthy male volunteers served as controls. All participants provided a medical history and had a complete physical examination and routine semen analysis. Two blood samples were drawn from each participant at 15-min intervals to determine the resting levels of luteinizing-hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, testosterone, oestradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin. The hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis was assessed using the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) test. All participants also received an injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and serum testosterone was determined before the hCG injection and on the third day afterwards. Conventional karyotype analysis and triple-colour fluorescence in situ hybridization for chromosomes X, Y and 18 were conducted in all patients and controls. RESULTS The mean basal serum levels for LH, FSH, and testosterone in patients with hepatitis C was significantly lower than the mean for normal controls (P = 0.01). The injection of GnRH analogue did not yield significantly higher FSH and LH levels in the patients than in normal controls (P = 0.001). In patients with chronic hepatitis C, the mean total sperm count, motility and normal morphology was significantly lower than in controls (P = 0.001). There was a significantly greater frequency of disomy in men with chronic hepatitis C than controls for chromosomes 18, X, and Y (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Patients with chronic hepatitis C are at risk of showing sperm chromosomal abnormalities, the incidence of which is higher in patients with more advanced disease. Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism is caused by the selective loss of pituitary gonadotrophin function. Further studies are needed to replicate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Safarinejad
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University (MC), Tehran, Iran.
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24
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p53 immunocytochemistry and TP53 gene mutations in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2009; 47:35-42. [PMID: 19419935 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-009-0003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is regarded as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), mostly in patients with liver cirrhosis. Present study aimed at evaluation of cellular expression of p53 protein, genetic TP53 changes in liver samples and anti-p53 in serum of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. The expression of p53 protein were analysed by immunocytochemistry in liver biopsies from adult patients with chronic, long-lasting hepatitis C. In order to detect TP53 mutations, PCR/SSCP and sequencing were performed. Antibodies against p53 in serum were determined using enzyme immunoassay (ELISA).In two out of 14 examined patients TP53 point mutations were detected in the liver samples. In the first patient, a substitution of C to T was demonstrated in position 1 of the codon 250, resulting in substitution of proline by serine. The other patient carried a substitution of C to G in position 13274 of the intron 6. The patient carrying mutation in the codon 250 demonstrated morphological traits of liver cirrhosis and had high number of p53-immunoreactive cell nuclei in tissue. None of the patients manifested elevated titres of serum anti-p53. In the liver, significant positive correlations were disclosed between expression of p53 on one hand and grading and staging on the other. A negative correlation was disclosed between cellular expression of p53 and duration time of infection. In conclusions, genetic changes in TP53 can be detected also in non-neoplastic lesions linked to chronic HCV infection.
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25
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McGivern DR, Lemon SM. Tumor suppressors, chromosomal instability, and hepatitis C virus-associated liver cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2009; 4:399-415. [PMID: 18928409 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the only known RNA virus with an exclusively cytoplasmic life cycle that is associated with cancer. The mechanisms by which it causes cancer are unclear, but chronic immune-mediated inflammation and associated oxidative chromosomal DNA damage probably play a role. Compelling data suggest that the path to hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C shares some important features with the mechanisms of transformation employed by DNA tumor viruses. Interactions of viral proteins with key regulators of the cell cycle, the retinoblastoma-susceptibility protein, p53, and possibly DDX5 and DDX3 lead to enhanced cellular proliferation and may also compromise multiple cell-cycle checkpoints that maintain genomic integrity, thus setting the stage for carcinogenesis. Dysfunctional DNA damage and mitotic spindle checkpoints resulting from these interactions may promote chromosomal instability and leave the hepatocyte unable to control DNA damage caused by oxidative stress mediated by HCV proteins, alcohol, and immune-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R McGivern
- The Center for Hepatitis Research, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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26
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Walters KA, Syder AJ, Lederer SL, Diamond DL, Paeper B, Rice CM, Katze MG. Genomic analysis reveals a potential role for cell cycle perturbation in HCV-mediated apoptosis of cultured hepatocytes. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000269. [PMID: 19148281 PMCID: PMC2613535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of liver injury associated with chronic HCV infection, as well as the individual roles of both viral and host factors, are not clearly defined. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that direct cytopathic effects, in addition to immune-mediated processes, play an important role in liver injury. Gene expression profiling during multiple time-points of acute HCV infection of cultured Huh-7.5 cells was performed to gain insight into the cellular mechanism of HCV-associated cytopathic effect. Maximal induction of cell-death-related genes and appearance of activated caspase-3 in HCV-infected cells coincided with peak viral replication, suggesting a link between viral load and apoptosis. Gene ontology analysis revealed that many of the cell-death genes function to induce apoptosis in response to cell cycle arrest. Labeling of dividing cells in culture followed by flow cytometry also demonstrated the presence of significantly fewer cells in S-phase in HCV-infected relative to mock cultures, suggesting HCV infection is associated with delayed cell cycle progression. Regulation of numerous genes involved in anti-oxidative stress response and TGF-beta1 signaling suggest these as possible causes of delayed cell cycle progression. Significantly, a subset of cell-death genes regulated during in vitro HCV infection was similarly regulated specifically in liver tissue from a cohort of HCV-infected liver transplant patients with rapidly progressive fibrosis. Collectively, these data suggest that HCV mediates direct cytopathic effects through deregulation of the cell cycle and that this process may contribute to liver disease progression. This in vitro system could be utilized to further define the cellular mechanism of this perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathie-Anne Walters
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Syder
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sharon L. Lederer
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Deborah L. Diamond
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bryan Paeper
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Charles M. Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Katze
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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27
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Wu SC, Chang SC, Wu HY, Liao PJ, Chang MF. Hepatitis C virus NS5A protein down-regulates the expression of spindle gene Aspm through PKR-p38 signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:29396-404. [PMID: 18728014 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802821200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus often causes persistent infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. Studies have demonstrated the roles of viral nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) in the induction of chromosome aneuploidy, but the molecular mechanisms are not clear. In this study, hydrodynamics-based in vivo transfection was applied to a mouse system. Mouse hepatocytes that successfully expressed NS5A protein were isolated by laser capture microdissection. Gene expression profiles of the NS5A-expressing hepatocytes were examined by an Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarray system. Aspm (abnormal spindle-like, microcephaly associated), which encodes the mitotic spindle protein ASPM, was identified to be differentially expressed in the absence and the presence of NS5A. The down-regulation of Aspm mRNA and ASPM protein was confirmed by real time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, respectively, both in mouse model systems and in viral subgenomic replicon and in vitro transfection culturing systems. In addition, cultured cells that constitutively expressed NS5A protein showed G(2)/M cell cycle block and chromosome aneuploidy. Overexpression of ASPM relieved the G(2)/M cell cycle block. Furthermore, NS5A protein repressed the promoter activity of Aspm gene in a dose-dependent manner. The regulatory effect was abolished when amino acid substitutions P2209L, T2214A, and T2217G known to interrupt the NS5A-PKR interaction were introduced into the NS5A protein. This indicates that the down-regulation of Aspm expression is via the PKR-p38 signaling pathway. These results suggest that NS5A protein down-regulates the expression of the mitotic spindle protein ASPM and induces aberrant mitotic cell cycle associated with chromosome instability and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Chi Wu
- Institutes of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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28
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Evdokimova VN, Butterfield LH. Alpha-fetoprotein and other tumour-associated antigens for immunotherapy of hepatocellular cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:325-36. [PMID: 18294103 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.3.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer death, with few treatment options for advanced disease. OBJECTIVES Here, we review the aetiology of HCC and focus on recent data on tumour-associated antigens (TAA) for HCC, their functions and potential use as immunological targets for immune-based therapy for HCC. In addition, we examine some aspects of antigen presentation within the liver. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) has been investigated for many years as a TAA, and has been tested in recent clinical trials. More recently, additional TAA have been identified and new therapeutic approaches have been investigated which may be testable clinically in this difficult disease setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria N Evdokimova
- University of Pittsburgh, Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Research Pavilion, Room 1.32, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Mazzanti R, Gramantieri L, Bolondi L. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and clinical aspects. Mol Aspects Med 2007; 29:130-43. [PMID: 18061252 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most frequent solid cancers that kills more than 650,000 people around the world each year. Though great improvements have been done in last 10 years on the understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in liver oncogenesis, the prognosis of patients affected by liver cancer is still poor for most of them. Even in those where a relatively early diagnosis is done, the course of the disease is often fatal due to the underlying liver cirrhosis. In this review authors report the most recent findings on the pathogenesis of liver cancer and on therapeutic approaches, included those emerging from the most recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mazzanti
- Department of Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Istituto Toscano Tumori, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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De Mitri MS, Cassini R, Bagaglio S, Morsica G, Andreone P, Marino N, Bernardi M. Evolution of hepatitis C virus non-structural 5A gene in the progression of liver disease to hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2007; 27:1126-33. [PMID: 17845542 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between the hepatitis C virus (HCV) non-structural 5A (NS5A) protein of HCV and the protein kinase R (PKR), which is an effector of the cellular antiviral response and has been defined as a tumour suppressor, may affect the control of protein synthesis and cell growth. AIM We investigated the genetic evolution of the NS5A region in the NS5A PKR-binding domain (NS5A-PKRbd) of patients with HCV 1b-related cirrhosis who subsequently developed or not hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS The quasispecies composition of NS5A-PKRbd was inferred by sequencing an average of 15 clones per sample in specimens obtained from 26 patients with cirrhosis who developed or not HCC during a follow-up of 5 years. RESULTS At baseline, 13/17 patients with final HCC and six out of nine patients with cirrhosis who subsequently did not develop HCC harboured a wild-type (wt) strain master sequence. Over time, the prevalence of wt strain was higher in patients who developed HCC with respect to those who maintained the cirrhosis status (15/17 vs 4/9, respectively; P=0.0166). CONCLUSION The maintenance of or evolution to the wt strain of the NS5A domain in cirrhotic patients with final HCC highlights the central role of NS5A protein in the viral life cycle and in the progression of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stella De Mitri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardioangiology, Hepatology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Balsano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Sanità Pubblica (MISP), University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
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Abstract
Molecular Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular CarcinomaThe most important risk factors for the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV), high dietary exposure to hepatic carcinogen aflatoxin B1 and alcohol abuse. Hepatitis B virus exerts its effects through integration of the viral DNA into the hepatocyte genome, or through acting as transcriptional regulator for several cellular proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. Hepatitis C virus may affect hepatocytes via the transcriptional regulation activity of the HCV core protein or via the HCV non structural proteins NS5A, NS5B and NS2, interfering with the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis. Environmental exposure to aflatoxin B1 can cause a specific missense mutation in codon 249 of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene. Habitual alcohol consumption leads to production of reactive oxygen species and peroxidation damage to DNA. The objective of this review is to make you acquainted with the most common risk factors and the most frequent genetic aberrations associated with the development of HCC.
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