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Getsy PM, Coffee GA, Bates JN, Parran T, Hoffer L, Baby SM, MacFarlane PM, Knauss ZT, Damron DS, Hsieh YH, Bubier JA, Mueller D, Lewis SJ. The cell-permeant antioxidant D-thiol ester D-cysteine ethyl ester overcomes physical dependence to morphine in male Sprague Dawley rats. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1444574. [PMID: 39253377 PMCID: PMC11381264 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1444574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of morphine to decrease cysteine transport into neurons by inhibition of excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAA3) may be a key molecular mechanism underlying the acquisition of physical and psychological dependence to morphine. This study examined whether co-administration of the cell-penetrant antioxidant D-thiol ester, D-cysteine ethyl ester (D-CYSee), with morphine, would diminish the development of physical dependence to morphine in male Sprague Dawley rats. Systemic administration of the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (NLX), elicited pronounced withdrawal signs (e.g., wet-dog shakes, jumps, rears, circling) in rats that received a subcutaneous depot of morphine (150 mg/kg, SC) for 36 h and continuous intravenous infusion of vehicle (20 μL/h, IV). The NLX-precipitated withdrawal signs were reduced in rats that received an infusion of D-CYSee, but not D-cysteine, (both at 20.8 μmol/kg/h, IV) for the full 36 h. NLX elicited pronounced withdrawal signs in rats treated for 48 h with morphine (150 mg/kg, SC), plus continuous infusion of vehicle (20 μL/h, IV) that began at the 36 h timepoint of morphine treatment. The NLX-precipitated withdrawal signs were reduced in rats that received a 12 h infusion of D-CYSee, but not D-cysteine, (both at 20.8 μmol/kg/h, IV) that began at the 36 h timepoint of morphine treatment. These findings suggest that D-CYSee may attenuate the development of physical dependence to morphine and reverse established dependence to the opioid in male Sprague Dawley rats. Alternatively, D-CYSee may simply suppress the processes responsible for NLX-precipitated withdrawal. Nonetheless, D-CYSee and analogues may be novel therapeutics for the treatment of opioid use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Gregory A Coffee
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - James N Bates
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Theodore Parran
- Center for Medical Education, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lee Hoffer
- Department of Anthropology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Santhosh M Baby
- Section of Biology, Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Horsham, PA, United States
| | - Peter M MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Zackery T Knauss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Derek S Damron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Yee-Hsee Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | - Devin Mueller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Stephen J Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Bates JN, Getsy PM, Coffee GA, Baby SM, MacFarlane PM, Hsieh YH, Knauss ZT, Bubier JA, Mueller D, Lewis SJ. Lipophilic analogues of D-cysteine prevent and reverse physical dependence to fentanyl in male rats. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1336440. [PMID: 38645835 PMCID: PMC11026688 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1336440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
We examined whether co-injections of the cell-permeant D-cysteine analogues, D-cysteine ethyl ester (D-CYSee) and D-cysteine ethyl amide (D-CYSea), prevent acquisition of physical dependence induced by twice-daily injections of fentanyl, and reverse acquired dependence to these injections in freely-moving male Sprague Dawley rats. Injection of the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone HCl (NLX, 1.5 mg/kg, IV), elicited a series of withdrawal phenomena that included cardiorespiratory and behavioral responses, and falls in body weight and body temperature, in rats that received 5 or 10 injections of fentanyl (125 μg/kg, IV), and the same number of vehicle co-injections. Regarding the development of physical dependence, the NLX-precipitated withdrawal phenomena were markedly reduced in fentanyl-injected rats that had received co-injections of D-CYSee (250 μmol/kg, IV) or D-CYSea (100 μmol/kg, IV), but not D-cysteine (250 μmol/kg, IV). Regarding reversal of established dependence to fentanyl, the NLX-precipitated withdrawal phenomena in rats that had received 10 injections of fentanyl (125 μg/kg, IV) was markedly reduced in rats that received co-injections of D-CYSee (250 μmol/kg, IV) or D-CYSea (100 μmol/kg, IV), but not D-cysteine (250 μmol/kg, IV), starting with injection 6 of fentanyl. This study provides evidence that co-injections of D-CYSee and D-CYSea prevent the acquisition of physical dependence, and reverse acquired dependence to fentanyl in male rats. The lack of effect of D-cysteine suggests that the enhanced cell-penetrability of D-CYSee and D-CYSea into cells, particularly within the brain, is key to their ability to interact with intracellular signaling events involved in acquisition to physical dependence to fentanyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N. Bates
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Paulina M. Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Gregory A. Coffee
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Santhosh M. Baby
- Section of Biology, Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Horsham, PA, United States
| | - Peter M. MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Yee-Hsee Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Zackery T. Knauss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | | | - Devin Mueller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Salman IM. Key challenges in exploring the rat as a preclinical neurostimulation model for aortic baroreflex modulation in hypertension. Hypertens Res 2024; 47:399-415. [PMID: 37919429 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrode-based electrophysiological interfaces with peripheral nerves have come a long way since the 1960s, with several neurostimulation applications witnessing widespread clinical implementation since then. In resistant hypertension, previous clinical trials have shown that "carotid" baroreflex stimulation using device-based baroreflex activation therapy (BAT) can effectively lower blood pressure (BP). However, device-based "aortic" baroreflex stimulation remains untouched for clinical translation. The rat is a remarkable animal model that facilitates exploration of mechanisms pertaining to the baroreceptor reflex and preclinical development of novel therapeutic strategies for BP modulation and hypertension treatment. Specifically, the aortic depressor nerve (ADN) in rats carries a relatively pure population of barosensitive afferent neurons, which enable selective investigation of the aortic baroreflex function. In a rat model of essential hypertension, the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), we have recently investigated the aortic baroreceptor afferents as an alternate target for BP modulation, and showed that "low intensity" stimulation is able to evoke clinically meaningful reductions in BP. Deriving high quality short-term and long-term data on aortic baroreflex modulation in rats is currently hampered by a number of unresolved experimental challenges, including anatomical variations across rats which complicates identification of the ADN, the use of unrefined neurostimulation tools or paradigms, and issues arising from anesthetized and conscious surgical preparations. With the goal of refining existing experimental protocols designed for preclinical investigation of the baroreflex, this review seeks to outline current challenges hindering further progress in aortic baroreflex modulation studies in rats and present some practical considerations and recently emerging ideas to overcome them. Aortic baroreflex modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Salman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Bates JN, Getsy PM, Coffee GA, Baby SM, MacFarlane PM, Hsieh YH, Knauss ZT, Bubier JA, Mueller D, Lewis SJ. L-cysteine ethyl ester prevents and reverses acquired physical dependence on morphine in male Sprague Dawley rats. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1303207. [PMID: 38111383 PMCID: PMC10726967 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1303207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the acquisition of addiction/dependence on morphine may result from the ability of the opioid to diminish the transport of L-cysteine into neurons via inhibition of excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAA3). The objective of this study was to determine whether the co-administration of the cell-penetrant L-thiol ester, L-cysteine ethyl ester (L-CYSee), would reduce physical dependence on morphine in male Sprague Dawley rats. Injection of the opioid-receptor antagonist, naloxone HCl (NLX; 1.5 mg/kg, IP), elicited pronounced withdrawal phenomena in rats which received a subcutaneous depot of morphine (150 mg/kg) for 36 h and were receiving a continuous infusion of saline (20 μL/h, IV) via osmotic minipumps for the same 36 h period. The withdrawal phenomena included wet-dog shakes, jumping, rearing, fore-paw licking, 360° circling, writhing, apneas, cardiovascular (pressor and tachycardia) responses, hypothermia, and body weight loss. NLX elicited substantially reduced withdrawal syndrome in rats that received an infusion of L-CYSee (20.8 μmol/kg/h, IV) for 36 h. NLX precipitated a marked withdrawal syndrome in rats that had received subcutaneous depots of morphine (150 mg/kg) for 48 h) and a co-infusion of vehicle. However, the NLX-precipitated withdrawal signs were markedly reduced in morphine (150 mg/kg for 48 h)-treated rats that began receiving an infusion of L-CYSee (20.8 μmol/kg/h, IV) at 36 h. In similar studies to those described previously, neither L-cysteine nor L-serine ethyl ester (both at 20.8 μmol/kg/h, IV) mimicked the effects of L-CYSee. This study demonstrates that 1) L-CYSee attenuates the development of physical dependence on morphine in male rats and 2) prior administration of L-CYSee reverses morphine dependence, most likely by intracellular actions within the brain. The lack of the effect of L-serine ethyl ester (oxygen atom instead of sulfur atom) strongly implicates thiol biochemistry in the efficacy of L-CYSee. Accordingly, L-CYSee and analogs may be a novel class of therapeutics that ameliorate the development of physical dependence on opioids in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N. Bates
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Paulina M. Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Gregory A. Coffee
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Santhosh M. Baby
- Section of Biology, Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Horsham, PA, United States
| | - Peter M. MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Yee-Hsee Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Zackery T. Knauss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | | | - Devin Mueller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Salgado HC, Brognara F, Ribeiro AB, Lataro RM, Castania JA, Ulloa L, Kanashiro A. Autonomic Regulation of Inflammation in Conscious Animals. Neuroimmunomodulation 2023; 30:102-112. [PMID: 37232031 DOI: 10.1159/000530908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioelectronic medicine is a novel field in modern medicine based on the specific neuronal stimulation to control organ function, cardiovascular, and immune homeostasis. However, most studies addressing neuromodulation of the immune system have been conducted on anesthetized animals, which can affect the nervous system and neuromodulation. Here, we review recent studies involving conscious experimental rodents (rats and mice) to better understand the functional organization of neural control of immune homeostasis. We highlight typical experimental models of cardiovascular regulation, such as electrical activation of the aortic depressor nerve or the carotid sinus nerve, bilateral carotid occlusion, the Bezold-Jarisch reflex, and intravenous administration of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide. These models have been used to investigate the relationship between neuromodulation of the cardiovascular and immune systems in conscious rodents (rats and mice). These studies provide critical information about the neuromodulation of the immune system, particularly the role of the autonomic nervous system, i.e., the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches acting both centrally (hypothalamus, nucleus ambiguus, nucleus tractus solitarius, caudal ventrolateral medulla, and rostral ventrolateral medulla), and peripherally (particularly spleen and adrenal medulla). Overall, the studies in conscious experimental models have certainly highlighted to the reader how the methodological approaches used to investigate cardiovascular reflexes in conscious rodents (rats and mice) can also be valuable for investigating the neural mechanisms involved in inflammatory responses. The reviewed studies have clinical implications for future therapeutic approaches of bioelectronic modulation of the nervous system to control organ function and physiological homeostasis in conscious physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helio Cesar Salgado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Brognara
- Department of Nursing, General and Specialized, Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Maria Lataro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Jaci Airton Castania
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Medical Sciences Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Low intensity stimulation of aortic baroreceptor afferent fibers as a potential therapeutic alternative for hypertension treatment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12242. [PMID: 35851099 PMCID: PMC9293925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotid baroreceptor stimulation has been clinically explored for antihypertensive benefits, but neuromodulation of aortic baroreceptor afferents remains unexplored for potential translation into the clinic. Published studies have used supramaximal stimulations, which are unphysiological and energy inefficient. The objective of the present study was to identify optimal low-charge nerve stimulation parameters that would provide a clinically-relevant (20–30 mmHg) decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) in anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats. Stimulations of 20 s were delivered to the left aortic depressor nerve (ADN) of these rats using low ranges of pulse amplitudes (≤ 0.6 mA), widths (≤ 0.5 ms) and frequencies (≤ 5 Hz). We also assessed the effects of continuous (20 s) versus intermittent (5 s ON/3 s OFF and 5 s ON/3 s OFF for 20 s) stimulation on MAP, heart rate (HR), mesenteric (MVR) and femoral (FVR) vascular resistance using low (5 Hz) and high (15 Hz) frequencies. Lower pulse amplitudes (0.2 mA) produced 9 ± 2 to 18 ± 2 mmHg decreases in MAP. Higher pulse amplitudes (0.4 mA) produced a median MAP reduction of 28 ± 4 mmHg at 0.2 ms and 5 Hz, with no added benefit seen above 0.4 mA. Continuous and intermittent low frequency stimulation at 0.4 mA and 0.2 ms produced similar sustained decreases in MAP, HR, MVR and FVR. Continuous high frequency stimulation at 0.4 mA and 0.2 ms produced larger reductions in MAP, HR, MVR and FVR compared with all low frequency and/or intermittent high frequency stimulations. We conclude from these findings that “low intensity intermittent” electrical stimulation is an effective alternate way for neuromodulation of the aortic baroreceptor afferents and to evoke a required restoration of MAP levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats. This approach enables low energy consumption and markedly lowers the excessive decreases in MAP and hemodynamic disturbances elicited by continuous high-charge injection protocols.
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Salman IM, Ameer OZ, McMurray S, Giarola AS, Sridhar A, Lewis SJ, Hsieh YH. Laterality Influences Central Integration of Baroreceptor Afferent Input in Male and Female Sprague Dawley Rats. Front Physiol 2020; 11:499. [PMID: 32536876 PMCID: PMC7269127 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the effects of baroreceptor afferents laterality and sexual dimorphism on the expression of cardiovascular reflex responses to baroreflex activation in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Under urethane anesthesia, rats of either sex (total n = 18) were instrumented for left, right and bilateral aortic depressor nerve (ADN) stimulation (1–40 Hz, 0.2 ms, 0.4 mA for 20 s) and measurement of mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and mesenteric (MVR) and femoral (FVR) vascular resistance. Female rats were matched for the diestrus phase of the estrus cycle. Left, right and bilateral ADN stimulation evoked frequency-dependent drops in MAP, HR, and MVR, and increases in FVR. Irrespective of sex, left and bilateral ADN stimulation as compared to right-sided stimulation mediated greater reflex reductions in MAP, HR, and MVR but not in FVR. In males, reflex bradycardic responses were greater in response to bilateral stimulation relative to both left- and right-sided stimulation. In females, left ADN stimulation evoked the largest increase in FVR. Left and bilateral ADN stimulations evoked greater reductions in MAP and MVR while left-sided stimulation produced larger increases in FVR in females compared with males. All other reflex responses to ADN stimulation were relatively comparable between males and females. These results show a differential baroreflex processing of afferent neurotransmission promoted by left versus right baroreceptor afferent inputs and sexual dimorphism in the expression of baroreflex responses in rats of either sex. Collectively, these data add to our understanding of physiological mechanisms pertaining to baroreflex control in both males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Salman
- College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Omar Z Ameer
- College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheridan McMurray
- Department of Disease Biology, Galvani Bioelectronics, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra S Giarola
- Department of Disease Biology, Galvani Bioelectronics, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Arun Sridhar
- Department of Disease Biology, Galvani Bioelectronics, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Lewis
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Yee-Hsee Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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8
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Santos-Almeida FM, Domingos-Souza G, Meschiari CA, Fávaro LC, Becari C, Castania JA, Lopes A, Cunha TM, Moraes DJA, Cunha FQ, Ulloa L, Kanashiro A, Tezini GCSV, Salgado HC. Carotid sinus nerve electrical stimulation in conscious rats attenuates systemic inflammation via chemoreceptor activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6265. [PMID: 28740186 PMCID: PMC5524712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated a critical functional connection between the autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) nervous and the immune systems. The carotid sinus nerve (CSN) conveys electrical signals from the chemoreceptors of the carotid bifurcation to the central nervous system where the stimuli are processed to activate sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent signals. Here, we reported that chemoreflex activation via electrical CSN stimulation, in conscious rats, controls the innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide attenuating the plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). By contrast, the chemoreflex stimulation increases the plasma levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10). This chemoreflex anti-inflammatory network was abrogated by carotid chemoreceptor denervation and by pharmacological blockade of either sympathetic - propranolol - or parasympathetic - methylatropine – signals. The chemoreflex stimulation as well as the surgical and pharmacological procedures were confirmed by real-time recording of hemodynamic parameters [pulsatile arterial pressure (PAP) and heart rate (HR)]. These results reveal, in conscious animals, a novel mechanism of neuromodulation mediated by the carotid chemoreceptors and involving both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gean Domingos-Souza
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - César A Meschiari
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Laura Campos Fávaro
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Christiane Becari
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Jaci A Castania
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Davi J A Moraes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Center of Immunology and Inflammation. Rutgers- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Geisa C S V Tezini
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Helio C Salgado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão, Preto, 14049-900, Brazil.
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