1
|
Tang Q, Lu Y, Diao S, Yang Y, Liang M, Zhou H, Zhang G. Formaldehyde-free and durable phosphorus-containing cotton flame retardant with -N=P-(N) 3- and reactive ammonium phosphoric acid groups. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129293. [PMID: 38199543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
A flame retardant (FR) hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene diethylenetriamine ammonium phosphoric acid (HDAPA) was synthesized. Vertical flammability test and limiting oxygen index (LOI) results showed that cotton samples finished with HDAPA solutions (15 % and 20 %) could pass vertical flame retardancy test, and LOIs reached 30.1 % and 35.4 % even after 50 laundering cycles according to AATCC 61-2013 3A washing standard (3A), performing flame retardancy and washing durability. Meanwhile, Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses suggested that HDAPA was grafted on cotton fibers through -P(=O)-O-C covalent bond. Total heat release (1.98 MJ/m2) and char residue (16.2 %) of HDAPA treated cotton were much lower than those (4.26 MJ/m2, 3.2 %) of untreated cotton. Thermogravimetry results showed HDAPA changed thermal decomposition pathway of cotton fabric, which was further supported by thermogravimetric-Fourier infrared spectrometer results, revealing HDAPA performed a condensed phase flame retardancy mechanism. Scanning electron microscopy implied HDAPA entered amorphous region of cotton fibers to react with cellulose. Mechanical properties of HDAPA treated cotton decreased a little. Although the synthesis process used formaldehyde but no free formaldehyde released. In consequence, the aforementioned results indicated that the introduction of -N=P-(N)3- and -P(=O)(O-NH4+)2 groups to FR was an viable method to improve flame retardancy and durability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yonghua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shuo Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mengxiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guangxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zemła M, Michałowski S, Prociak A. Synthesis and Characterization of Flame Retarded Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Different Types of Blowing Agents. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7217. [PMID: 38005146 PMCID: PMC10673181 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, rigid polyurethane foams modified with non-halogenated flame retardant were obtained. The foams were synthesized using two systems containing different blowing agents. In the first one, cyclopentane and water were used as a mixture of blowing agents, and in the second one, only water was used as a chemical blowing agent. The systems were modified with the additive phosphorus flame retardant Roflam F5. The obtained modified foams were tested for their flammability and basic properties, such as apparent density, closed-cell contents and analyses of the cell structures, thermal conductivity, mechanical properties, and water absorption. Increasing the content of Roflam F5 caused a decrease in temperature during the combustion of the material and extended the burning time. The addition of 1.0 wt.% phosphorus derived from Roflam F5 caused the modified rigid polyurethane foam to become a self-extinguishing material. The increase in the content of Roflam F5 caused a decrease in the total heat release and the maximum heat release rate during the pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry. The foams with the highest content of flame retardant and foamed with a chemical-physical and chemical blowing agent had a lower total heat release by 19% and 11%, respectively, compared to reference foams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zemła
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | | | - Aleksander Prociak
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luo Y, Geng Z, Zhang W, He J, Yang R. Strategy for Constructing Phosphorus-Based Flame-Retarded Polyurethane Elastomers for Advanced Performance in Long-Term. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3711. [PMID: 37765565 PMCID: PMC10537912 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane elastomer (PUE), which is widely used in coatings for construction, transportation, electronics, aerospace, and other fields, has excellent physical properties. However, polyurethane elastomers are flammable, which limits their daily use, so the flame retardancy of polyurethane elastomers is very important. Reactive flame retardants have the advantages of little influence on the physical properties of polymers and low tendency to migrate out. Due to the remarkable needs of non-halogenated flame retardants, phosphorus flame retardant has gradually stood out as the main alternative. In this review, we focus on the fire safety of PUE and provide a detailed overview of the current molecular design and mechanisms of reactive phosphorus-containing, as well as P-N synergistic, flame retardants in PUE. From the structural characteristics, several basic aspects of PUE are overviewed, including thermal performance, combustion performance, and mechanical properties. In addition, the perspectives on the future advancement of phosphorus-containing flame-retarded polyurethane elastomers (PUE) are also discussed. Based on the past research, this study provides prospects for the application of flame-retarded PUE in the fields of self-healing materials, bio-based materials, wearable electronic devices, and solid-state electrolytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhishuai Geng
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sunflower Oil as a Renewable Resource for Polyurethane Foams: Effects of Flame-Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235282. [PMID: 36501676 PMCID: PMC9737309 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, polyurethane (PU) manufacturers seek green alternatives for sustainable production. In this work, sunflower oil is studied as a replacement and converted to a reactive form through epoxidation and oxirane opening to produce rigid PU foams. Confirmatory tests such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and hydroxyl value among others were performed to characterize the synthesized polyol. Despite the versatility of rigid PU foams, they are highly flammable, which makes eco-friendly flame retardants (FRs) desired. Herein, expandable graphite (EG) and dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP), both non-halogenated FR, were incorporated under different concentrations to prepare rigid PU foams. Their effects on the physio-mechanical and fire-quenching properties of the sunflower oil-based PU foams were elucidated. Thermogravimetric and compression analysis showed that these foams presented appreciable compressive strength along with good thermal stability. The closed-cell contents (CCC) were around 90% for the EG-containing foams and suffered a decrease at higher concentrations of DMMP to 72%. The burning test showed a decrease in the foam's flammability as the neat foam had a burning time of 80 s whereas after the addition of 13.6 wt.% of EG and DMMP, separately, there was a decrease to 6 and 2 s, respectively. Hence, our research suggested that EG and DMMP could be a more viable alternative to halogen-based FR for PU foams. Additionally, the adoption of sunflower polyol yielded foams with results comparable to commercial ones.
Collapse
|
5
|
Howell BA. Thermal Degradation of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224929. [PMID: 36433056 PMCID: PMC9695522 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new organophosphorus flame retardants for polymeric materials is spurred by relatively low toxicity, effectiveness, and demand for replacement of more traditional materials. To function, these compounds must decompose in a degrading polymer matrix to form species which promote modification of the solid phase or generate active radical moieties that escape to the gas phase and interrupt combustion propagating reactions. An understanding of the decomposition process for these compounds may provide insight into the nature of flame retardant action which they may offer and suggest parameters for the synthesis of effective new organophosphorus flame retardants. The thermal degradation of a series of organophosphorus esters varying in the level of oxygenation at phosphorus-alkyl phosphate, aryl phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate-has been examined. Initial degradation in all cases corresponds to elimination of a phosphorus acid. However, the facility with which this occurs is strongly dependent on the level of oxygenation at phosphorus. For alkyl phosphates elimination occurs rapidly at relatively low temperature. The same process occurs at somewhat higher temperature for aryl phosphates. Elimination of a phosphorus acid from phosphonate or phosphinate occurs more slowly and at much higher temperature. Further, the acids formed from elimination rapidly degrade further to evolve volatile species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bob A Howell
- Science of Advanced Materials, Center for Applications in Polymer Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859-0001, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
GOSSIAUX A, BELLAYER S, ORTGIES S, WAGENER T, KÖNIG A, DUQUESNE S. Systematic study of the condensed phase of phosphorus-based flame retarded foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
7
|
Yadav A, de Souza FM, Dawsey T, Gupta RK. Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar Yadav
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Felipe M. de Souza
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Tim Dawsey
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang R, Gu G, Li M, Li J. Preparation of flame‐retardant rigid polyurethane foam with bio‐based phosphorus‐containing polyols and expandable graphite. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Guozhang Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Jinchun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A Phosphorous-Based Bi-Functional Flame Retardant Based on Phosphaphenanthrene and Aluminum Hypophosphite for an Epoxy Thermoset. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911256. [PMID: 36232556 PMCID: PMC9569656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A phosphorous-based bi-functional compound HPDAl was used as a reactive-type flame retardant (FR) in an epoxy thermoset (EP) aiming to improve the flame retardant efficiency of phosphorus-based compounds. HPDAl, consisting of two different P-groups of aluminum phosphinate (AHP) and phosphophenanthrene (DOPO) with different phosphorous chemical environments and thus exerting different FR actions, exhibited an intramolecular P-P groups synergy and possessed superior flame-retardant efficiency compared with DOPO or AHP alone or the physical combination of DOPO/AHP in EP. Adding 2 wt.% HPDAl made EP composites acquire a LOI value of 32.3%, pass a UL94 V-0 rating with a blowing-out effect, and exhibit a decrease in the heat/smoke release. The flame retardant modes of action of HPDAl were confirmed by the experiments of the scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy–gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (TG-FTIR-GC/MS). The results indicate that the phosphorous-based FRs show different influences on the flame retardancy of composites, mainly depending on their chemical structures. HPDAl had a flame inhibition effect in the gas phase and a charring effect in the condensed phase, with a well-balanced distribution of P content in the gas/condensed phase. Furthermore, the addition of HPDAl hardly impaired the mechanical properties of the matrix due to the link by chemical bonds between them.
Collapse
|
10
|
He Z, Jia D, Wang L, Gao A, zeng Z, Wang X. Highly dispersed red phosphorus produced by mechanical milling for enhanced flame retardancy of polyurethane-based foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
11
|
Chan YY, Schartel B. It Takes Two to Tango: Synergistic Expandable Graphite–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Combinations in Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132562. [PMID: 35808608 PMCID: PMC9269610 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high flammability and smoke toxicity of polyurethane foams (PUFs) during burning, distinct efficient combinations of flame retardants are demanded to improve the fire safety of PUFs in practical applications. This feature article focuses on one of the most impressive halogen-free combinations in PUFs: expandable graphite (EG) and phosphorus-based flame retardants (P-FRs). The synergistic effect of EG and P-FRs mainly superimposes the two modes of action, charring and maintaining a thermally insulating residue morphology, to bring effective flame retardancy to PUFs. Specific interactions between EG and P-FRs, including the agglutination of the fire residue consisting of expanded-graphite worms, yields an outstanding synergistic effect, making this approach the latest champion to fulfill the demanding requirements for flame-retarded PUFs. Current and future topics such as the increasing use of renewable feedstock are also discussed in this article.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zemła M, Prociak A, Michałowski S. Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foams Modified with Phosphorus Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010102. [PMID: 35012126 PMCID: PMC8747242 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foams (RPURF) containing a bio-polyol from rapeseed oil and different phosphorus-based flame retardants were obtained. Triethyl phosphate (TEP), dimethyl propane phosphonate (DMPP) and cyclic phosphonates Addforce CT 901 (20 parts per hundred polyol by weight) were used in the synthesis of RPURF. The influence of used flame retardants on foaming process, cell structure, and physical-mechanical properties as well as flammability of RPURF were examined. The addition of flame retardants influenced the parameters of the cellular structure and decreased compressive strength. All obtained foam materials had a low thermal conductivity coefficient, which allows them to be used as thermal insulation. The research results of bio-based RPURF were compared with foams obtained without bio-polyol. All modified materials had an oxygen index above 21 vol%; therefore, they can be classified as self-extinguishing materials. The analysis of parameters obtained after the cone calorimeter test showed that the modified RPURF have a lower tendency to fire development compared to the reference foams, which was particularly noticeable for the materials with the addition of DMPP.
Collapse
|
13
|
Li X, Yu Z, Zhang L. Synthesis of a green reactive flame‐retardant polyether polyol and its application. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Laboratory for the Complex Utilization of Petro‐resources and Biomass, School of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Zaiqian Yu
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Laboratory for the Complex Utilization of Petro‐resources and Biomass, School of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Long Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Laboratory for the Complex Utilization of Petro‐resources and Biomass, School of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu D, Yu K, Qian K, Zhao W. Effect of tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate in combination with aluminum hypophosphite and melamine polyphosphate on flame retardancy and thermal decomposition of rigid polyurethane foams. J CELL PLAST 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x211001957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
RPUF with tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP), melamine polyphosphate (MPP) and aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) alone, as well as their binary and ternary blends, were prepared via a one-step process. The effect of TCPP in combination with AHP and MPP on flame retardancy and thermal decomposition in the RPUF has been investigated. The results show that adding TCPP, MPP and AHP into RPUF simultaneously can significantly ensure the uniform cell structure, enhance the compressive strength, thermal stability and fire resistance of RPUF, decrease the thermal conductivity, the release of toxic HCN at high temperature. TGA results indicate that partial substitution of TCPP with MPP and AHP could improve the char residue. When the content of TCPP is 10 wt%, the optimal ratio of MPP and DPER was 1/2, the TCPP10/MPP3.3/AHP6.7/RPUF sample reached a V1 rating in vertical UL-94 test with a limiting oxygen index of 27.4%. The compressive strength and specific compressive strength (compressive strength/density) for TCPP10/MPP3.3/AHP6.7/RPUF sample increased about 82.6% and 44.3% compared to that of pure RPUF, respectively. The cone calorimeter test results showed that adding EG, MPP and AHP into RPUF simultaneously can significantly decrease the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR) and smoke emission behavior of RPUF sample. Based on these facts, a potential flame-retardant mechanism was proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daifang Xu
- Clothing Engineering Research Center of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Design, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kejing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Clothing Engineering Research Center of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Bo G, Xu X, Tian X, Wu J, He X, Xu L, Yan Y. Synthesis and characterization of flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams derived from gutter oil biodiesel. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
Flame Retardance and Char Analysis of an Eco-Friendly Polyurethane Hyperbranched Hybrid Using the Sol–Gel Method. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13020486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study used the sol–gel method to synthesize a non-halogenated, hyperbranched flame retardant containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon (HBNPSi), which was then added to a polyurethane (PU) matrix to form an organic–inorganic hybrid material. Using 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of P- and Si-mapping, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, this study determined the organic and inorganic dispersity, morphology, and flame retardance mechanism of the hybrid material. The condensation density of the hybrid material PU/HBNPSi was found to be 74.4%. High condensation density indicates a dense network structure of the material. The P- and Si-mapping showed that adding inorganic additives in quantities of either 20% or 40% results in homogeneous dispersion of the inorganic fillers in the polymer matrix without agglomeration, indicating that the organic and inorganic phases had excellent compatibility. In the burning test, adding HBNPSi to PU made the material pass the UL-94 test at the V2 level, unlike the pristine PU, which did not meet the standard. The results demonstrate that after non-halogenated flame retardant was added to PU, the material’s flammability and dripping were lower, thereby proving that flame retardants containing elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon exert an excellent flame-retardant synergistic effect.
Collapse
|
18
|
Development and Characterization of "Green Open-Cell Polyurethane Foams" with Reduced Flammability. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13235459. [PMID: 33266256 PMCID: PMC7730901 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the cell structure and selected properties of polyurethane (PUR) foams, based on two types of hydroxylated used cooking oil and additionally modified with three different flame retardants. Bio-polyols from municipal waste oil with different chemical structures were obtained by transesterification with triethanolamine (UCO_TEA) and diethylene glycol (UCO_DEG). Next, these bio-polyols were used to prepare open-cell polyurethane foams of very low apparent densities for thermal insulation applications. In order to obtain foams with reduced flammability, the PUR systems were modified with different amounts (10–30 parts per hundred polyol by weight—php) of flame retardants: TCPP (tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate), TEP (triethyl phosphate), and DMPP (dimethyl propylphosphonate). The flame retardants caused a decrease of the PUR formulations reactivity. The apparent densities of all the foams were comparable in the range 12–15 kg/m3. The lowest coefficients of thermal conductivity were measured for the open-cell PUR foams modified with DMPP. The lowest values of heat release rate were found for the foams based on the UCO_TEA and UCO_DEG bio-polyols that were modified with 30 php of DMPP.
Collapse
|
19
|
TG/DTA-FTIR as a method for analysis of tall oil based rigid polyurethane foam decomposition gaseous products in a low oxygen environment. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
20
|
Zarzyka I, Pacześniak T, Frącz W. Rigid polyurethane foams modified with borate and oxamide groups – Preparation and properties. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20943093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this work the results of the research on modification of rigid polyurethane foams properties by new polyols with borate and oxamide groups have been presented. Propylene glycols — the products of hydroxyalkylation of N,N′-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)oxamide bis(dihydrogenborate) by excess of propylene carbonate (PC) was used as a polyol component. The new polyols have been foamed using polymeric 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, water and triethylamine. The modification of the foam structure by oxamide and borate groups guarantees their low water uptake, very good heat-insulating properties, good dimension stability and decreases their flammability, and does not worsen their mechanical properties and thermal stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Zarzyka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pacześniak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
| | - Wiesław Frącz
- Department of Integrated Design Systems and Tribology, Faculty of Mechanics and Technology, Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Influence of the catalyst concentration on the chemical structure, the physical properties and the fire behavior of rigid polyisocyanurate foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
22
|
Zhu H, Xu S. Preparation of Flame-Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foams by Combining Modified Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin and Phosphorus Flame Retardants. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:9658-9667. [PMID: 32391451 PMCID: PMC7203688 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, ethylene glycol-modified melamine-formaldehyde resin (EMF) was synthesized from ethylene glycol, paraformaldehyde, and melamine, and then rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) were prepared using EMF, polyols and polyisocyanate. The effects of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) on the flame retardancy, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and morphology of the prepared RPUFs were studied. It is shown that the flame-retardant performance of EMF-filled RPUFs can be enhanced by the addition of APP and DMMP. Thus, APP and DMMP can synergistically improve the flame retardancy of RPUFs. APP has good smoke suppression, while DMMP can increase the total smoke production and CO/CO2 weight ratio during the combustion of RPUFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for
Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, East China University
of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shiai Xu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for
Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, East China University
of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mishra VK, Patel RH. Synthesis and characterization of flame retardant polyurethane: Effect of castor oil polyurethane on its properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
24
|
Vothi H, Nguyen C, Hoang D, Kim J. Novel phosphonate-based phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardants and their use as synergists when applied with OP1240 in glass fiber-reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate). Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
Incorporation of Comonomer exo-5-(Diphenylphosphato)Isosorbide-2- endo-Acrylate to Generate Flame Retardant Poly(Styrene). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122038. [PMID: 31835304 PMCID: PMC6960599 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A phosphorus containing acrylate monomer has been constructed from isosorbide, a renewable biomaterial. Treatment of isosorbide with diphenylchlorophosphate generates a mixture of phosphorus esters from which exo-5-(diphenylphosphato)isosorbide-2-endo-ol may be isolated using column chromatography. Conversion of the alcohol to the corresponding acrylate by treatment with acroyl chloride provides a reactive acryloyl monomer containing a diphenylphosphato unit. Copolymerization of this monomer, at levels to provide 1% or 2% phosphorus incorporation, with styrene generates a polymer with substantially diminished flammability compared to that for styrene homopolymer.
Collapse
|
26
|
Exploring the Contribution of Two Phosphorus-Based Groups to Polymer Flammability via Pyrolysis-Combustion Flow Calorimetry. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12182961. [PMID: 31547298 PMCID: PMC6766270 DOI: 10.3390/ma12182961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
From a set of around 100 phosphorus-containing polymers tested in pyrolysis–combustion flow calorimetry, the contributions to flammability of two phosphorus-containing pendant groups (called 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and PO3) were calculated using an advanced method previously proposed and validated. The flammability properties include total heat release (THR) and heat release capacity (HRC) measured in standard conditions, i.e., anaerobic pyrolysis and complete combustion. The calculated contributions are in good agreement with the main modes of action of both phosphorus groups, i.e., flame inhibition for DOPO and char promotion for PO3. Moreover, the results provide first conclusions about the cooperative interaction between phosphorus and nitrogen, as well as the influence of the architecture of tested co-polymers.
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Improving the Flame Retardance of Polyisocyanurate Foams by Dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-Oxide-Containing Additives. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11081242. [PMID: 31357499 PMCID: PMC6723653 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new flame retardants (FR) based on dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide (BPPO) incorporating acrylates and benzoquinone were developed previously. In this study, we examine the fire behavior of the new flame retardants in polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams. The foam characteristics, thermal decomposition, and fire behavior are investigated. The fire properties of the foams containing BPPO-based derivatives were found to depend on the chemical structure of the substituents. We also compare our results to state-of-the-art non-halogenated FR such as triphenylphosphate and chemically similar phosphinate, i.e. 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10- phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), based derivatives to discuss the role of the phosphorus oxidation state.
Collapse
|
29
|
Li L, Chen Y, Wu X, Xu B, Qian L. Bi‐phase flame‐retardant effect of dimethyl methylphosphonate and modified ammonium polyphosphate on rigid polyurethane foam. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linshan Li
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Yajun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Xingde Wu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Goedderz D, Weber L, Markert D, Schießer A, Fasel C, Riedel R, Altstädt V, Bethke C, Fuhr O, Puchtler F, Breu J, Döring M. Flame retardant polyester by combination of organophosphorus compounds and an NOR radical forming agent. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Goedderz
- Ernst‐Berl Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular ScienceTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich‐Weiss‐Straße 4, Darmstadt D‐64287 Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF Schlossgartenstraße 6, Darmstadt D‐64289 Germany
| | - Lais Weber
- Ernst‐Berl Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular ScienceTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich‐Weiss‐Straße 4, Darmstadt D‐64287 Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF Schlossgartenstraße 6, Darmstadt D‐64289 Germany
| | - Daniel Markert
- Ernst‐Berl Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular ScienceTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich‐Weiss‐Straße 4, Darmstadt D‐64287 Germany
| | - Alexander Schießer
- Mass Spectrometry, Department of ChemistryTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich‐Weiss‐Straße 4, Darmstadt D‐64287 Germany
| | - Claudia Fasel
- Institut für MaterialwissenschaftTechnische Universität Darmstadt Otto‐Bernd‐Straße 3, Darmstadt D‐64287 Germany
| | - Ralf Riedel
- Institut für MaterialwissenschaftTechnische Universität Darmstadt Otto‐Bernd‐Straße 3, Darmstadt D‐64287 Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth D‐95447 Germany
| | - Christian Bethke
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth D‐95447 Germany
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institut für Nanotechnologie (INT) und Karlsruher Nano‐Micro‐Facility (KNMF)Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1, Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Florian Puchtler
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bayreuth Universitätstraße 30, Bayreuth D‐95440 Germany
| | - Josef Breu
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bayreuth Universitätstraße 30, Bayreuth D‐95440 Germany
| | - Manfred Döring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF Schlossgartenstraße 6, Darmstadt D‐64289 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bi Z, Huo L, Kong Q, Li F, Chen J, Ahmad A, Wei X, Xie L, Chen CM. Structural Evolution of Phosphorus Species on Graphene with a Stabilized Electrochemical Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:11421-11430. [PMID: 30801167 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus doping is an effective approach to tailor the surface chemistry of carbon materials. In this work, two-dimensional graphene, as a simplified model for all sp2 hybrid carbon allotropes, is employed to explore the surface chemistry of P-doped carbon materials. Thermally reduced graphene oxide, with abundant residual oxygen functionalities, is doped by phosphorus heteroatoms through H3PO4 activation, followed by passivation in an inert atmosphere. The structural evolution of the phosphorus species in the carbon lattice during the thermal treatment is systematically studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy with the assistance of first-principles calculations. The C3-P═O configuration is identified as the most stable structure in the graphene lattice and plays a key role in stabilizing the electrochemical interface between the electrode and electrolyte. These features enable an electrode based on P-doped graphene to exhibit an enlarged potential window of 1.5 V in an aqueous electrolyte, a remarkable improved cycling stability, and an ultralow leak current. Therefore, this contribution provides insights for designing phosphorus-doped carbon materials toward electrocatalysis, energy-related applications, and so forth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Taiyuan 030001 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Li Huo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Taiyuan University of Technology , No.79, Yingze Street , Wanbolin District, Taiyuan 030024 , China
| | - Qingqiang Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Taiyuan 030001 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Taiyuan 030001 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Jingpeng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Taiyuan 030001 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Aziz Ahmad
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Taiyuan 030001 , China
| | - Xianxian Wei
- School of Environment and Safety , Taiyuan University of Science and Technology , Taiyuan 030024 , China
| | - Lijing Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Taiyuan 030001 , China
| | - Cheng-Meng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Taiyuan 030001 , China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lenz J, Pospiech D, Komber H, Paven M, Albach R, Mentizi S, Langstein G, Voit B. Synthesis of the H-phosphonate dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide and the phospha-Michael addition to unsaturated compounds. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
33
|
Xi W, Qian L, Li L. Flame Retardant Behavior of Ternary Synergistic Systems in Rigid Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E207. [PMID: 30960191 PMCID: PMC6419037 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to explore flame retardant systems with higher efficiency in rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs), aluminum hydroxide (ATH), [bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-methyl-phosphonic acid dimethyl ester (BH) and expandable graphite (EG) were employed in RPUF for constructing ternary synergistic flame retardant systems. Compared with binary BH/EG systems and aluminum oxide (AO)/BH/EG, ATH/BH/EG with the same fractions in RPUFs demonstrated an increase in the limited oxygen index value, a decreased peak value of heat release rate, and a decreased mass loss rate. In particular, it inhibited smoke release. During combustion, ATH in ternary systems decomposed and released water, which captured the phosphorus-containing products from pyrolyzed BH to generate polyphosphate. The polyphosphate combined with AO from ATH and the expanded char layer from EG, forming a char layer with a better barrier effect. In ternary systems, ATH, BH, and EG can work together to generate an excellent condensed-phase synergistic flame retardant effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fine Chemicals, Shandong Ocean Chemical Industry Scientific Research Institute, Weifang 262737, China.
- School of Materials Science & Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science & Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Linjie Li
- School of Materials Science & Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Phosphorus Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials from Gallic Acid and Other Naturally Occurring Multihydroxybenzoic Acids. INT J POLYM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/7237236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of polymer and polymer additives from renewable biosources is becoming increasingly prominent. This reflects increasing concerns about sustainability, environmental quality, and human health. Bioproducts produced in nature are generally inexpensive and benign in the environment. Moreover, degradation of derivatives does not yield toxic products. Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is found widely in nature and has long been touted for its medicinal qualities. 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is also produced by several plants, most notably buckwheat. Both compounds, as the anilide and methyl ester, respectively, have been converted to a series of phosphorus esters, both phosphonate and phosphate. Esters have been fully characterized using spectroscopic and thermal methods. These compounds display good flame retardancy at low loadings in DGEBA epoxy resin.
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
|
37
|
Pang XY, Chang WS, Chang R, Weng MQ. Influence of Titanium Dioxide Modified Expandable Graphite and Ammonium Polyphosphate on Combustion Behavior and Physicomechanical Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam. INT POLYM PROC 2018. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this research, the individual influence and synergistic behavior between titanium dioxide modified expendable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on combustion behavior and physicomechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) were investigated. Combustion behavior was evaluated by limiting oxygen index, and vertical-combustion tests. Thermal stability was studied via thermogravimetric/differential thermal gravimetric (TG/DTG) analysis. Results showed that the modified expendable graphite presented better thermal stability and flame retardancy for RPUF than the normal expandable graphite. Furthermore, the combination of the modified expendable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate with the mass ratio of 1 : 1 caused the RPUF to exhibit better flame retardancy, compression strength and high temperature thermal stability. Especially, the compression strength of this polymer composite sharply increased by 52.4 % over RPUF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X.-Y. Pang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
- Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province , Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
| | - W.-S. Chang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
| | - R. Chang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
| | - M.-Q. Weng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Huang Y, Yang Y, Ma J, Yang J. Preparation of ferric phosphonate/phosphinate and their special action on flame retardancy of epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Huang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composite and Functional Materials; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang 621010 China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composite and Functional Materials; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang 621010 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang 621010 China
| | - Jiajun Ma
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composite and Functional Materials; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang 621010 China
| | - Junxiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composite and Functional Materials; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang 621010 China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pang XY, Chang R, Weng MQ. Halogen-free flame retarded rigid polyurethane foam: The influence of titanium dioxide modified expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy and thermal stability. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yan Pang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
- Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Ran Chang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Meng-Qi Weng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yang R, Wang B, Han X, Ma B, Li J. Synthesis and characterization of flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam based on a reactive flame retardant containing phosphazene and cyclophosphonate. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
41
|
|
42
|
Lorenzetti A, Dittrich B, Schartel B, Roso M, Modesti M. Expandable graphite in polyurethane foams: The effect of expansion volume and intercalants on flame retardancy. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Lorenzetti
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - B. Dittrich
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM); Berlin 12205 Germany
| | - B. Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM); Berlin 12205 Germany
| | - M. Roso
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - M. Modesti
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cao ZJ, Dong X, Fu T, Deng SB, Liao W, Wang YZ. Coated vs. naked red phosphorus: A comparative study on their fire retardancy and smoke suppression for rigid polyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
44
|
Xi W, Qian L, Huang Z, Cao Y, Li L. Continuous flame-retardant actions of two phosphate esters with expandable graphite in rigid polyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
45
|
Lorenzetti A, Choi SY, Roso M, Modesti M, McNally T. Effect of dual functional ionic liquids on the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride). Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
46
|
Hoang D, Nguyen T, An H, Kim J. Organo-phosphorus flame retardants for unsaturated polyester derived from recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate). Macromol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-016-4072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
47
|
Ding H, Wang J, Wang C, Chu F. Synthesis of a novel phosphorus and nitrogen-containing bio-based polyols and its application in flame retardant polyurethane sealant. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
48
|
Shang K, Liao W, Wang J, Wang YT, Wang YZ, Schiraldi DA. Nonflammable Alginate Nanocomposite Aerogels Prepared by a Simple Freeze-Drying and Post-Cross-Linking Method. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:643-50. [PMID: 26675804 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nonflammable materials based on renewable ammonium alginate and nano fillers (nanoscale magnesium hydroxide, nanoscale aluminum hydroxide, layered double hydroxide, sodium montmorillonite, and Kaolin) were fabricated through a simple, environmentally friendly freeze-drying process, in which water was used as a solvent. A simple and economic post-cross-linking method was used to obtain homogeneous samples. The microstructure of the cross-linked alginate aerogels show three-dimensional networks. These materials exhibit low densities (0.064-0.116 g cm(-3)), low thermal conductivities (0.024-0.046 W/m K), and useful mechanical strengths (0.7-3.5 MPa). The aerogels also exhibit high thermal stabilities and achieve inherent nonflammability with limiting oxygen indexes (LOI) higher than 60. Related properties were conducted and analyzed by cone calorimeter (CC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These results combine to suggest promising prospects for use of these aerogel nanocomposites in a range of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wang Liao
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu-Tao Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China
| | - David A Schiraldi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kim W, Hoang D, Vothi H, Nguyen C, Giang T, An H, Kim J. Synthesis, flame retardancy, and thermal degradation behaviors of novel organo-phosphorus compounds derived from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). Macromol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-016-4012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
50
|
Zhou K, Tang G, Jiang S, Gui Z, Hu Y. Combination effect of MoS2 with aluminum hypophosphite in flame retardant ethylene-vinyl acetate composites. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04861g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of flame retardant ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) composites, with different aluminum hypophosphite (AHP), melamine cyanurate (MCA) and MoS2 content, has been prepared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keqing Zhou
- Faculty of Engineering
- China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
- Ma'anshan
- P. R. China
| | - Saihua Jiang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Zhou Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|