1
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Zhong X, Song Y, Zheng Q. Payne effect and Mullins effect of silica filled butadiene rubber nanocomposites vulcanizates and their unextractable gels. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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2
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Le Cam JB, Tayeb A, Charlès S. First evidence and characterization of strain-induced crystallization heterogeneity in natural rubber under homogeneous strain states. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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3
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Le Cam JB. Fast Evaluation and Comparison of the Energy Performances of Elastomers from Relative Energy Stored Identification under Mechanical Loadings. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030412. [PMID: 35160404 PMCID: PMC8839231 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The way in which elastomers use mechanical energy to deform provides information about their mechanical performance in situations that require substantial characterization in terms of test time and cost. This is especially true since it is usually necessary to explore many chemical compositions to obtain the most relevant one. This paper presents a simple and fast approach to characterizing the mechanical and energy behavior of elastomers, that is, how they use the mechanical energy brought to them. The methodology consists of performing one uniaxial cyclic tensile test with a simultaneous temperature measurement. The temperature measurement at the specimen surface is processed with the heat diffusion equation to reconstruct the heat source fields, which in fact amounts to surface calorimetry. Then, the part of the energy involved in the mechanical hysteresis loop that is not converted into heat can be identified and a quantity γse is introduced for evaluating the energy performance of the materials. This quantity is defined as an energy ratio and assesses the ability of the material to store and release a certain amount of mechanical energy through reversible microstructure changes. Therefore, it quantifies the relative energy that is not used to damage the material, for example to propagate cracks, and that is not dissipated as heat. In this paper, different crystallizable materials have been considered, filled and unfilled. This approach opens many perspectives to discriminate, in an accelerated way, the factors affecting these energetic performances of elastomers, at the first order are obviously the formulation, the aging and the mechanical loading. In addition, such an approach is well adapted to better characterize the elastocaloric effects in elastomeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Benoît Le Cam
- Institut de Physique UMR 6251 CNRS de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Université de Rennes 1, Bât. 10B, CEDEX, 35042 Rennes, France
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Le Mouellic P, Charlès S, Le Cam JB, Boyard N, Bailleul JL, Gaudry T, Veillé JM. Thermomechanical Behaviour and Interface of Overmoulded Soft Thermoplastic Vulcanizate Elastomers. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195704. [PMID: 34640099 PMCID: PMC8510455 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The influence of melt injection temperature on the thermomechanical behaviour of soft–soft overmoulded vulcanized thermoplastic elastomers (TPV) with different elastic properties was studied. Samples with two different overmoulding temperatures were tested under uniaxial loading conditions. The full deformation and temperature fields in each TPV were determined using digital image correlation technique and infrared thermography, respectively. The maximum interface strength was found to be equal to 70N for a maximum injection temperature of 260∘C, which is consistent with the fact that high temperatures promote interdiffusion between the molten TPV and the TPV insert. The two TPV have different stiffness, leading to a significant change of the interface position along the specimens during stretching and to a significant necking in the softer material. The zone of influence of the interface in terms of stretch gradient is very different in size from one TPV to the other. In addition, thermal investigations have shown that the elasticity of the two TPV is due to both entropic and non-entropic effects, the former being the most significant at large strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Le Mouellic
- Cooper Standard, Route des Eaux, 35503 Vitré, France; (T.G.); (J.-M.V.)
- Laboratoire de Thermocinétique de L’école Polytechnique de L’université de Nantes, UMR CNRS 6607, rue Christian Pauc, BP 50609, CEDEX 3, 44306 Nantes, France; (N.B.); (J.-L.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sylvain Charlès
- Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Physique UMR 6251 CNRS de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bât. 10B, CEDEX, 35042 Rennes, France; (S.C.); (J.-B.L.C.)
| | - Jean-Benoît Le Cam
- Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Physique UMR 6251 CNRS de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bât. 10B, CEDEX, 35042 Rennes, France; (S.C.); (J.-B.L.C.)
| | - Nicolas Boyard
- Laboratoire de Thermocinétique de L’école Polytechnique de L’université de Nantes, UMR CNRS 6607, rue Christian Pauc, BP 50609, CEDEX 3, 44306 Nantes, France; (N.B.); (J.-L.B.)
| | - Jean-Luc Bailleul
- Laboratoire de Thermocinétique de L’école Polytechnique de L’université de Nantes, UMR CNRS 6607, rue Christian Pauc, BP 50609, CEDEX 3, 44306 Nantes, France; (N.B.); (J.-L.B.)
| | - Thierry Gaudry
- Cooper Standard, Route des Eaux, 35503 Vitré, France; (T.G.); (J.-M.V.)
| | - Jean-Marc Veillé
- Cooper Standard, Route des Eaux, 35503 Vitré, France; (T.G.); (J.-M.V.)
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Le Cam JB, Albouy PA, Charlès S. Comparison between x-ray diffraction and quantitative surface calorimetry based on infrared thermography to evaluate strain-induced crystallinity in natural rubber. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:044902. [PMID: 32357740 DOI: 10.1063/1.5141851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The crystallinity of stretched crystallizable rubbers is classically evaluated using x-ray diffraction (XRD). As crystallization is a strongly exothermal phenomenon, quantitative surface calorimetry from infrared thermography offers an interesting alternative to XRD for determining the crystallinity. In this paper, the two measurement techniques have been used for evaluating the strain-induced crystallinity of the same unfilled natural rubber. This study provides the first comparison between the two techniques. The results obtained highlight the very satisfactory agreement between the two measurements, which opens a simple way for evaluating the strain-induced crystallinity from temperature measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-B Le Cam
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes), UMR 6251, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - P-A Albouy
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - S Charlès
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes), UMR 6251, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Chen P, Zhao J, Lin Y, Chang J, Meng L, Wang D, Chen W, Chen L, Li L. In situ characterization of strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber by synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction: construction of a crystal network at low temperatures. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:734-743. [PMID: 30633295 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02126k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of natural rubber (NR) at descending temperatures as low as -60 °C is systematically investigated by in situ synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction (SR-WAXD) measurement. The detailed structural evolution of NR during SIC is studied in the strain-temperature space, where up to four regions are defined depending on the SR-WAXD results. In region I, the molecular chains begin to be oriented under tensile loading. The onset of crystallization happens in the very beginning of region II, and the NR crystal acts as a new physical cross-linking point to form a crystal network, namely the series model. The further increment of crystallinity (> ca. 8%) leads to the transition of the crystal network from the series model to the parallel model in region III. The crystal network is finally accomplished in region IV, where the crystallinity remains almost constant. Interestingly, regions III and IV exist only in the intermediate-temperature zone II (-40 °C to -10 °C), which are missing in zones I (-10 °C to 25 °C) and III (-60 °C to -40 °C). This suggests that sufficient crystallinity (χII-III > ca. 8%) is required to form the parallel model. The new crystal network provides a deep understanding of SIC of NR considering the microscopic features, i.e. oriented amorphous component, the onset of crystallization and crystallinity evolution and its correlation with the macroscopic stress-strain curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinzhang Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Jingyun Zhao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Yuanfei Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. and South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiarui Chang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Lingpu Meng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Daoliang Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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Zhang J, Xue F, Wang Y, Zhang X, Han S. Strain energy-based rubber fatigue life prediction under the influence of temperature. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180951. [PMID: 30473840 PMCID: PMC6227971 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at the problem of the fatigue life prediction of rubber under the influence of temperature, the effects of thermal ageing and fatigue damage on the fatigue life of rubber under the influence of temperature are analysed and a fatigue life prediction model is established by selecting strain energy as a fatigue damage parameter based on the uniaxial tensile data of dumbbell rubber specimens at different temperatures. Firstly, the strain energy of rubber specimens at different temperatures is obtained by the Yeoh model, and the relationship between it and rubber fatigue life at different temperatures is fitted by the least-square method. Secondly, the function formula of temperature and model parameters is obtained by the least-square polynomial fitting. Finally, another group of rubber specimens is tested at different temperatures and the fatigue characteristics are predicted by using the proposed prediction model under the influence of temperature, and the results are compared with the measured results. The results show that the predicted value of the model is consistent with the measured value and the average relative error is less than 22.26%, which indicates that the model can predict the fatigue life of this kind of rubber specimen at different temperatures. What's more, the model proposed in this study has a high practical value in engineering practice of rubber fatigue life prediction at different temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Zhang
- College of Transportation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxian Xue
- College of Transportation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanling Han
- College of Transportation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, People's Republic of China
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8
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Loukil M, Corvec G, Robin E, Miroir M, Le Cam JB, Garnier P. Stored energy accompanying cyclic deformation of filled rubber. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Le Cam JB. Energy storage due to strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber: The physical origin of the mechanical hysteresis. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Lachhab A, Robin E, Le Cam JB, Mortier F, Tirel Y, Canevet F. Thermomechanical analysis of polymeric foams subjected to cyclic loading: Anelasticity, self-heating and strain-induced crystallization. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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12
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Xie Z, Wei C, Guyomar D, Sebald G. Validity of Flory's model for describing equilibrium strain-induced crystallization (SIC) and thermal behavior in natural rubber. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Sebald G, Xie Z, Guyomar D. Fatigue effect of elastocaloric properties in natural rubber. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:rsta.2015.0302. [PMID: 27402933 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the framework of elastocaloric (eC) refrigeration, the fatigue effect on the eC effect of natural rubber (NR) is investigated. Repetitive deformation cycles at engineering strain regime from 1 to 6 results in a rapid rupture (approx. 800 cycles). Degradation of properties and fatigue life are then investigated at three different strain regimes with the same strain amplitude: before onset strain of strain-induced crystallization (SIC) (strain regime of 0-3), onset strain of melting (strain regime of 2-5) and high strain of SIC (strain regime of 4-7). Strain of 0-3 leads to a low eC effect and cracking after 2000 cycles. Strain of 2-5 and 4-7 results in an excellent crack growth resistance and much higher eC effect with adiabatic temperature changes of 3.5 K and 4.2 K, respectively, thanks to the effect of SIC. The eC stress coefficient index γ (ratio between eC temperature change and applied stress) for strains of 2-5 and 4-7 are γ2-5=4.4 K MPa(-1) and γ4-7=1.6 K MPa(-1), respectively, demonstrating the advantage of the strain regime 2-5. Finally, a high-cycle test up to 1.7×10(5) cycles is successfully applied to the NR sample with very little degradation of eC properties, constituting an important step towards cooling applications.This article is part of the themed issue 'Taking the temperature of phase transitions in cool materials'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael Sebald
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, LGEF, EA682, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Zhongjian Xie
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, LGEF, EA682, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Daniel Guyomar
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, LGEF, EA682, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
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14
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Complex dependence on the elastically active chains density of the strain induced crystallization of vulcanized natural rubbers, from low to high strain rate. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Musto S, Barbera V, Maggio M, Mauro M, Guerra G, Galimberti M. Crystallinity and crystalline phase orientation of poly(1,4-cis-isoprene) fromHevea brasiliensisandTaraxacum kok-saghyz. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Musto
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta; Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano (I) Italy
| | - Vincenzina Barbera
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta; Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano (I) Italy
| | - Mario Maggio
- Department of Chemistry and Biology; Università di Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano SA Italy
| | - Marco Mauro
- Department of Chemistry and Biology; Università di Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano SA Italy
| | - Gaetano Guerra
- Department of Chemistry and Biology; Università di Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano SA Italy
| | - Maurizio Galimberti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta; Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano (I) Italy
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16
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Influence of strain rate and temperature on the onset of strain induced crystallization in natural rubber. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Fu X, Huang G, Xie Z, Xing W. New insights into reinforcement mechanism of nanoclay-filled isoprene rubber during uniaxial deformation by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02123e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of a denser network domain formed by incorporation of filler and its vital role in determining the strain-induced crystallization behavior of nanocomposites is proved by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Guangsu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Zhengtian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Wang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
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18
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Candau N, Chazeau L, Chenal JM, Gauthier C, Ferreira J, Munch E, Thiaudière D. Strain induced crystallization and melting of natural rubber during dynamic cycles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:15331-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00384a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The investigation on strain-induced crystallization, during complete cycles at high frequencies, highlighted for the first time the concomitant effects of the strain rate, memory of the chain alignment and self-heating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Catherine Gauthier
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin
- Centre de Technologies
- 63040 Clermont Ferrand Cedex 9
- France
| | | | - Etienne Munch
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin
- Centre de Technologies
- 63040 Clermont Ferrand Cedex 9
- France
| | - Dominique Thiaudière
- Synchrotron SOLEIL – Ligne de lumière DIFFABS
- L'orme des Merisiers
- Saint Aubin
- 91192 Gif sur Yvette
- France
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19
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Samaca Martinez J, Balandraud X, Toussaint E, Le Cam JB, Berghezan D. Thermomechanical analysis of the crack tip zone in stretched crystallizable natural rubber by using infrared thermography and digital image correlation. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Candau N, Laghmach R, Chazeau L, Chenal JM, Gauthier C, Biben T, Munch E. Strain-Induced Crystallization of Natural Rubber and Cross-Link Densities Heterogeneities. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5006843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Candau
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, F-69621, Lyon, France
- MATEIS, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5510, F-69621, Lyon, France
| | - Rabia Laghmach
- MATEIS, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5510, F-69621, Lyon, France
- Institut
Lumière Matière, UMR5306 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Chazeau
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, F-69621, Lyon, France
- MATEIS, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5510, F-69621, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Marc Chenal
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, F-69621, Lyon, France
- MATEIS, INSA-Lyon, CNRS UMR5510, F-69621, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Gauthier
- Centre
de technologies, Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 63040 Clermont Ferrand Cedex 9, France
| | - Thierry Biben
- Institut
Lumière Matière, UMR5306 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Etienne Munch
- Centre
de technologies, Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 63040 Clermont Ferrand Cedex 9, France
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Samaca Martinez JR, Le Cam JB, Balandraud X, Toussaint E, Caillard J. New elements concerning the Mullins effect: A thermomechanical analysis. Eur Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Mechanisms of deformation in crystallizable natural rubber. Part 2: Quantitative calorimetric analysis. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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