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Zhang J, Wang J, Zhu C, Singh RP, Chen W. Chickpea: Its Origin, Distribution, Nutrition, Benefits, Breeding, and Symbiotic Relationship with Mesorhizobium Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:429. [PMID: 38337962 PMCID: PMC10856887 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), encompassing the desi and kabuli varieties, is a beloved pulse crop globally. Its cultivation spans over fifty countries, from the Indian subcontinent and southern Europe to the Middle East, North Africa, the Americas, Australia, and China. With a rich composition of carbohydrates and protein, constituting 80% of its dry seed mass, chickpea is also touted for its numerous health benefits, earning it the title of a 'functional food'. In the past two decades, research has extensively explored the rhizobial diversity associated with chickpea and its breeding in various countries across Europe, Asia, and Oceania, aiming to understand its impact on the sustainable yield and quality of chickpea crops. To date, four notable species of Mesorhizobium-M. ciceri, M. mediterraneum, M. muleiense, and M. wenxiniae-have been reported, originally isolated from chickpea root nodules. Other species, such as M. amorphae, M. loti, M. tianshanense, M. oportunistum, M. abyssinicae, and M. shonense, have been identified as potential symbionts of chickpea, possibly acquiring symbiotic genes through lateral gene transfer. While M. ciceri and M. mediterraneum are widely distributed and studied across chickpea-growing regions, they remain absent in China, where M. muleiense and M. wenxiniae are the sole rhizobial species associated with chickpea. The geographic distribution of chickpea rhizobia is believed to be influenced by factors such as genetic characteristics, competitiveness, evolutionary adaptation to local soil conditions, and compatibility with native soil microbes. Inoculating chickpea with suitable rhizobial strains is crucial when introducing the crop to new regions lacking indigenous chickpea rhizobia. The introduction of a novel chickpea variety, coupled with the effective use of rhizobia for inoculation, offers the potential not only to boost the yield and seed quality of chickpeas, but also to enhance crop productivity within rotation and intercropped systems involving chickpea and other crops. Consequently, this advancement holds the promise to drive forward the cause of sustainable agriculture on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.W.); (C.Z.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jingqi Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cancan Zhu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Raghvendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Research and Development, Biotechnology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India;
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Zhang J, Wang N, Li S, Wang J, Feng Y, Wang E, Li Y, Yang T, Chen W. The Effect of Different Rhizobial Symbionts on the Composition and Diversity of Rhizosphere Microorganisms of Chickpea in Different Soils. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3421. [PMID: 37836161 PMCID: PMC10575130 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is currently the third most important legume crop in the world. It could form root nodules with its symbiotic rhizobia in soils and perform bio-nitrogen fixation. Mesorhizobium ciceri is a prevalent species in the world, except China, where Mesorhizobium muleiense is the main species associated with chickpea. There were significant differences in the competitive ability between M. ciceri and M. muleiense in sterilized and unsterilized soils collected from Xinjiang, China, where chickpea has been grown long term. In unsterilized soils, M. muleiense was more competitive than M. ciceri, while in sterilized soils, the opposite was the case. In addition, the competitive ability of M. ciceri in soils of new areas of chickpea cultivation was significantly higher than that of M. muleiense. It was speculated that there might be some biological factors in Xinjiang soils of China that could differentially affect the competitive nodulation of these two chickpea rhizobia. To address this question, we compared the composition and diversity of microorganisms in the rhizosphere of chickpea inoculated separately with the above two rhizobial species in soils from old and new chickpea-producing regions. RESULTS Chickpea rhizosphere microbial diversity and composition varied in different areas and were affected significantly due to rhizobial inoculation. In general, eight dominant phyla with 34 dominant genera and 10 dominant phyla with 47 dominant genera were detected in the rhizosphere of chickpea grown in soils of Xinjiang and of the new zones, respectively, with the inoculated rhizobia. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were dominant at the phylum level in the rhizosphere of all soils. Pseudomonas appeared significantly enriched after inoculation with M. muleiense in soils from Xinjiang, a phenomenon not found in the new areas of chickpea cultivation, demonstrating that Pseudomonas might be the key biological factor affecting the competitive colonization of M. muleiense and M. ciceri there. CONCLUSIONS Different chickpea rhizobial inoculations of M. muleiense and M. ciceri affected the rhizosphere microbial composition in different sampling soils from different chickpea planting areas. Through high throughput sequencing and statistical analysis, it could be found that Pseudomonas might be the key microorganism influencing the competitive nodulation of different chickpea rhizobia in different soils, as it is the dominant non-rhizobia community in Xinjiang rhizosphere soils, but not in other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shuo Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jingqi Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yufeng Feng
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Entao Wang
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 11340, Mexico
| | - Youguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- College of Biological Sciences, Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Tang M, Wang H, Qi X, He T, Zhang B, Wang E, Yu M, Wang B, Wang F, Liu Z, Liu X. Diversification of Sinorhizobium populations associated with Medicago polymorpha and Medicago lupulina in purple soil of China. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1055694. [PMID: 36687603 PMCID: PMC9846747 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1055694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The double selection of environment adaptation and host specificity forced the diversification of rhizobia in nature. In the tropical region of China, Medicago polymorpha and Medicago lupulina are widely distributed, particularly in purple soil. However, the local distribution and diversity of rhizobia associated with these legumes has not been systematically investigated. To this end, root nodules of M. polymorpha and M. lupulina grown in purple soil at seven locations in Yunnan Province of China were collected for rhizobial isolation. The obtained rhizobia were characterized by RFLP of 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer, BOXAIR fingerprinting, and phylogeny of housekeeping and symbiosis genes. As result, a total of 91 rhizobial strains were classified into species Sinorhizobium medicae and S. meliloti, while three nodC gene types were identified among them. S. medicae containing nodC of type I was dominant in farmlands associated with M. polymorpha; while S. meliloti harboring nodC of type III was dominant in wild land nodulated by M. lupulina. For both rhizobial species, greater genetic diversity was detected in the populations isolated from their preferred host plant. A high level of genetic differentiation was observed between the two Sinorhizobium species, and gene flow was evident within the populations of the same species derived from different soil types, indicating that rhizobial evolution is likely associated with the soil features. To examine the effects of environmental features on rhizobial distribution, soil physicochemical traits and rhizobial genotypes were applied for constrained analysis of principle coordinates, which demonstrated that soil features like pH, nitrogen and sodium were the principle factors governing the rhizobial geographical distribution. Altogether, both S. medicae and S. meliloti strains could naturally nodulate with M. polymorpha and M. lupulina, but the rhizobium-legume symbiosis compatibility determined by both the host species and soil factors was also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding City, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding City, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding City, China
| | - Teng He
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding City, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding City, China
| | - Entao Wang
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding City, China
| | - Beinan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding City, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration for Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming City, China
| | - Zhongkuan Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China,*Correspondence: Zhongkuan Liu, ; Xiaoyun Liu,
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding City, China,*Correspondence: Zhongkuan Liu, ; Xiaoyun Liu,
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Zhang J, Li S, Wang N, Chen W, Feng X, Jia B, Zhao Y, Yang T, Zong X. The introduced strain Mesorhizobium ciceri USDA3378 is more competitive than an indigenous strain in nodulation of chickpea in newly introduced areas of China. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:1171-1181. [PMID: 35793390 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare the competitive advantage of two chickpea nodulating rhizobia strains (an indigenous strain Mesorhizobium muleiense CCBAU 83963T and an introduced strain Mesorhizobium ciceri USDA 3378) in different soils originated from new chickpea cultivation areas of China. The results showed that USDA 3378 had a significant competitive advantage in nodulation, with nodulation occupation rates ranging from 84.6% to 100% in all the sampled soils. According to the efficiency of symbiosis under single inoculation, chickpea plants inoculated with USDA 3378 showed better symbiotic performance based on the plant dry weight, leaf chlorophyll content and nodule numbers. The chickpea plants inoculated with USDA 3378 formed nodules about 2 days earlier than those inoculated with CCBAU 83963T . The higher growth in media and the stronger adsorption on chickpea roots of USDA 3378 when mixed with CCBAU 83963T may explain why USDA3378 shows a competitive advantage. The results from this study will contribute towards the development of effective chickpea rhizobial inoculants for soil conditioning and more environmentally friendly production of chickpeas in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan Province, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P. R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P. R. China
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China; College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xin Feng
- Xinjiang Tianshan Qidou Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Urumqi, 830000, P. R. China
| | - Bingqi Jia
- Henan Fuyunwang Happy Farm Ecological Food Co., Ltd., Jia County, 467000, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Zhao
- Guyuan Branch of Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Guyuan, 756000, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Bejing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xuxiao Zong
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Bejing, 100081, P. R. China
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Gunnabo AH, van Heerwaarden J, Geurts R, Wolde-Meskel E, Degefu T, Giller KE. Phylogeography and Symbiotic Effectiveness of Rhizobia Nodulating Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Ethiopia. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 81:703-716. [PMID: 33098438 PMCID: PMC7982387 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) used to be considered a restrictive host that nodulated and fixed nitrogen only with Mesorhizobium ciceri and M. mediterraneum. Recent analysis revealed that chickpea can also establish effective symbioses with strains of several other Mesorhizobium species such as M. loti, M. haukuii, M. amorphae, M. muleiense, etc. These strains vary in their nitrogen fixation potential inviting further exploration. We characterized newly collected mesorhizobial strains isolated from various locations in Ethiopia to evaluate genetic diversity, biogeographic structure and symbiotic effectiveness. Symbiotic effectiveness was evaluated in Leonard Jars using a locally released chickpea cultivar "Nattoli". Most of the new isolates belonged to a clade related to M. plurifarium, with very few sequence differences, while the total collection of strains contained three additional mesorhizobial genospecies associated with M. ciceri, M. abyssinicae and an unidentified Mesorhizobium species isolated from a wild host in Eritrea. The four genospecies identified represented a subset of the eight major Mesorhizobium clades recently reported for Ethiopia based on metagenomic data. All Ethiopian strains had nearly identical symbiotic genes that grouped them in a single cluster with M. ciceri, M. mediterraneum and M. muleiense, but not with M. plurifarium. Some phylogeographic structure was observed, with elevation and geography explaining some of the genetic differences among strains, but the relation between genetic identity and symbiotic effectiveness was observed to be weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Gunnabo
- Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - J van Heerwaarden
- Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - R Geurts
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Wolde-Meskel
- World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - T Degefu
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - K E Giller
- Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
AbstractLegume genotype (GL) x rhizobium genotype (GR) interaction in chickpea was studied using a genetically diverse set of accessions and rhizobium strains in modified Leonard Jars. A subset of effective GL x GR combinations was subsequently evaluated in a pot experiment to identify combinations of chickpea genotypes and rhizobium strains with stable and superior symbiotic performance. A linear mixed model was employed to analyse the occurrence of GL x GR interaction and an additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model was used to study patterns in the performance of genotype-strain combinations. We found statistically significant interaction in jars in terms of symbiotic effectiveness that was entirely due to the inclusion of one of the genotypes, ICC6263. No interaction was found in a subsequent pot experiment. The presence of two genetic groups (Kabuli and Desi genepools) did not affect interaction with Mesorhizobium strains. With the exception of a negative interaction with genotype ICC6263 in the jar experiment, the type strain Mesorhizobium ciceri LMG 14989 outperformed or equalled other strains on all chickpea genotypes in both jar and pot experiments. Similar to earlier reports in common bean, our results suggest that efforts to find more effective strains may be more rewarding than aiming for identification of superior combinations of strains and genotypes.
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Ji ZJ, Wu ZY, Chen WF, Wang ET, Yan H, Cui QG, Zhang JX, Wang L, Ma SJ. Physiological and symbiotic variation of a long-term evolved Rhizobium strain under alkaline condition. Syst Appl Microbiol 2020; 43:126125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2020.126125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Zhang J, Shang Y, Liu C, Brunel B, Wang E, Li S, Peng S, Guo C, Chen W. Mesorhizobium jarvisii is a dominant and widespread species symbiotically efficient on Astragalus sinicus L. in the Southwest of China. Syst Appl Microbiol 2020; 43:126102. [PMID: 32847794 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2020.126102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to identify rhizobia of Astragalus sinicus L. and estimate their geographic distribution in the Southwest China, native rhizobia nodulating A. sinicus were isolated and their genetic diversity were studied at 13 sites cultivated in four Chinese provinces. A total of 451 rhizobial isolates were trapped with A. sinicus plants from soils and classified into 8 different genotypes defined by PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer (IGS). Twenty-one representative strains were further identified into three defined Mesorhizobium species by phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA genes and housekeeping genes (glnII and atpD). M. jarvisii was dominant accounting for 76.3% of the total isolates, 22.8% of the isolates were identified as M. huakuii and five strains belonged to M. qingshengii. All representatives were assigned to the symbiovar astragali by sharing high nodC sequence similarities of more than 99%. Furthermore, the biogeography distribution of these rhizobial genotypes and species was mainly affected by contents of available phosphorus, available potassium, total salts and pH in soils. The most remarkable point was the identification of M. jarvisii as a widespread and predominant species of A. sinicus in southwest of China. These results revealed a novel geographic pattern of rhizobia associated with A. sinicus in China.
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MESH Headings
- Astragalus Plant/microbiology
- Astragalus Plant/physiology
- China
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Genes, Bacterial
- Genes, rRNA
- Genetic Variation
- Mesorhizobium/classification
- Mesorhizobium/genetics
- Mesorhizobium/isolation & purification
- Mesorhizobium/physiology
- Phylogeny
- Plant Root Nodulation
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics
- Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology
- Soil/chemistry
- Soil Microbiology
- Symbiosis/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Yimin Shang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, PR China
| | - Chunzeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resource Environment, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Brigitte Brunel
- LSTM, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Entao Wang
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, C.P. 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Shuo Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, PR China
| | - Shanshan Peng
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, PR China
| | - Chen Guo
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, PR China; Research and Innovation Center of Chunlun Group, Fuzhou, 350007, PR China
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, PR China; College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
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Zhang J, Peng S, Shang Y, Brunel B, Li S, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Chen W, Wang E, Singh RP, James EK. Genomic diversity of chickpea-nodulating rhizobia in Ningxia (north central China) and gene flow within symbiotic Mesorhizobium muleiense populations. Syst Appl Microbiol 2020; 43:126089. [PMID: 32690192 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2020.126089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diversity and taxonomic affiliation of chickpea rhizobia were investigated from Ningxia in north central China and their genomic relationships were compared with those from northwestern adjacent regions (Gansu and Xinjiang). Rhizobia were isolated from root-nodules after trapping by chickpea grown in soils from a single site of Ningxia and typed by IGS PCR-RFLP. Representative strains were phylogenetically analyzed on the basis of the 16S rRNA, housekeeping (atpD, recA and glnII) and symbiosis (nodC and nifH) genes. Genetic differentiation and gene flow were estimated among the chickpea microsymbionts from Ningxia, Gansu and Xinjiang. Fifty chickpea rhizobial isolates were obtained and identified as Mesorhizobium muleiense. Their symbiosis genes nodC and nifH were highly similar (98.4 to 100%) to those of other chickpea microsymbionts, except for one representative strain (NG24) that showed low nifH similarities with all the defined Mesorhizobium species. The rhizobial population from Ningxia was genetically similar to that from Gansu, but different from that in Xinjiang as shown by high chromosomal gene flow/low differentiation with the Gansu population but the reverse with the Xinjiang population. This reveals a biogeographic pattern with two main populations in M. muleiense, the Xinjiang population being chromosomally differentiated from Ningxia-Gansu one. M. muleiense was found as the sole main chickpea-nodulating rhizobial symbiont of Ningxia and it was also found in Gansu sharing alkaline-saline soils with Ningxia. Introduction of chickpea in recently cultivated areas in China seems to select from alkaline-saline soils of M. muleiense that acquired symbiotic genes from symbiovar ciceri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P.R. China; Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Henan Province, 450000, P.R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, P.R. China.
| | - Shanshan Peng
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P.R. China
| | - Yimin Shang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P.R. China
| | - Brigitte Brunel
- LSTM, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Shuo Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P.R. China
| | - Yongfeng Zhao
- Guyuan Branch of Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Guyuan 756000, Ningxia Province, P.R. China
| | - Yifei Liu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P.R. China
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China; College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Entao Wang
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340 México, D. F., México
| | - Raghvendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Research and Development, Biotechnology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun-248007, India
| | - Euan K James
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
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Yang SH, Chen WH, Wang ET, Chen WF, Yan J, Han XZ, Tian CF, Sui XH, Singh RP, Jiang GM, Chen WX. Rhizobial biogeography and inoculation application to soybean in four regions across China. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:853-866. [PMID: 29719942 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to survey rhizobial biogeography and to inoculate soybean with selected rhizobia in China to enhance symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF). METHODS AND RESULTS Biogeography, genetic diversity and phylogeny of soybean rhizobia were surveyed. Inocula were prepared and applied to soybean. Results showed that Bradyrhizobium elkanii and Ensifer fredii were widely distributed in acid and alkaline soils respectively. Available iron was detected as the first determinant for distribution of the two rhizobia and the soybean varieties did not greatly affect the rhizobial compatibility. Geographical latitude and precipitation in June were the main geographical and climatic factors affecting the rhizobial distribution. Inoculation with selected rhizobia increased the nodule number, fresh weight, occupation ratio, seed protein content and soybean yields. CONCLUSIONS Selection and application of effective soybean rhizobia across China according to biogeography were clarified to promote the SNF, thereby improving soybean yield. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Rhizobial diversity and biogeography were evaluated systematically in six sites across China. Available iron and soil pH are found to be the most important determinants for the distribution of soybean rhizobia. Inoculation to soybean enhances SNF, positively correlating to the increase in soybean yield and seed protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - W H Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - E T Wang
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Distrito Federal, México
| | - W F Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - J Yan
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - X Z Han
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - C F Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - X H Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - R P Singh
- Microbial Genomics Laboratory, National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Micro-organisms, Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G M Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - W X Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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11
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Ndungu SM, Messmer MM, Ziegler D, Thuita M, Vanlauwe B, Frossard E, Thonar C. Evaluation of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the competitiveness analysis of selected indigenous cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) Bradyrhizobium strains from Kenya. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5265-5278. [PMID: 29696334 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cowpea N2 fixation and yield can be enhanced by selecting competitive and efficient indigenous rhizobia. Strains from contrasting agro-ecologies of Kilifi and Mbeere (Kenya) were screened. Two pot experiments were established consisting of 13 Bradyrhizobium strains; experiment 1 (11 Mbeere + CBA + BK1 from Burkina Faso), experiment 2 (12 Kilifi + CBA). Symbiotic effectiveness was assessed (shoot biomass, SPAD index and N uptake). Nodule occupancy of 13 simultaneously co-inoculated strains in each experiment was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) to assess competitiveness. Strains varied in effectiveness and competitiveness. The four most efficient strains were further evaluated in a field trial in Mbeere during the 2014 short rains. Strains from bacteroids of cowpea nodules from pot and field experiments were accurately identified as Bradyrhizobium by MALDI-TOF based on the SARAMIS™ database. In the field, abundant indigenous populations 7.10 × 103 rhizobia g-1 soil, outcompeted introduced strains. As revealed by MALDI-TOF, indigenous strains clustered into six distinct groups (I, II, III, IV, V and VI), group III were most abundant occupying 80% of nodules analyzed. MALDI-TOF was rapid, affordable and reliable to identify Bradyrhizobium strains directly from nodule suspensions in competition pot assays and in the field with abundant indigenous strains thus, its suitability for future competition assays. Evaluating strain competitiveness and then symbiotic efficacy is proposed in bioprospecting for potential cowpea inoculant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mathu Ndungu
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Plant Nutrition group, Eschikon 33, CH-8315, Lindau, Switzerland. .,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, CH-5070, Frick, Switzerland. .,International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o ICIPE Campus, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Monika M Messmer
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, CH-5070, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Ziegler
- Mabritec AG, Lörracherstrasse 50, CH-4125, Riehen, Switzerland
| | - Moses Thuita
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o ICIPE Campus, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Vanlauwe
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), c/o ICIPE Campus, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emmanuel Frossard
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Plant Nutrition group, Eschikon 33, CH-8315, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Thonar
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, CH-5070, Frick, Switzerland. .,AgroBioChem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, B-5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
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12
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Cyanobacterial and rhizobial inoculation modulates the plant physiological attributes and nodule microbial communities of chickpea. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:1311-1323. [PMID: 28669069 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation aimed to understand the influence of two plant growth promoting cyanobacterial formulations (Anabaena-Mesorhizobium ciceri biofilm and Anabaena laxa), along with Mesorhizobium ciceri, on the symbiotic performance of five each of desi- and kabuli-chickpea cultivars. Inoculation with cyanobacterial formulations led to significant interactions with different cultivars, in terms of fresh weight and number of nodules, the concentration of nodular leghemoglobin, and the number of pods. The inoculant A. laxa alone was superior in its performance, recording 30-50% higher values than uninoculated control, and led to significantly higher nodule number per plant and fresh root weight, relative to the M. ciceri alone. Highest nodule numbers were recorded in the kabuli cultivars BG256 and BG1003. The kabuli cultivar BG1108 treated with the biofilmed Anabaena-M. ciceri inoculant recorded the highest concentration of leghemoglobin in nodules. These inoculants also stimulated the elicitation of defense- and pathogenesis-related enzymes in both the desi and kabuli cultivars, by two to threefolds. The analyses of Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles revealed that microbial communities in nodules were highly diverse, with about 23 archaeal, 9 bacterial, and 13 cyanobacterial predominant phylotypes observed in both desi and kabuli cultivars, and influenced by the inoculants. Our findings illustrate that the performance of the chickpea plants may be significantly modulated by the microbial communities in the nodule, which may contribute towards improved plant growth and metabolic activity of nodules. This emphasizes the promise of cyanobacterial inoculants in improving the symbiotic performance of chickpea.
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13
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Ji ZJ, Yan H, Cui QG, Wang ET, Chen WF, Chen WX. Competition between rhizobia under different environmental conditions affects the nodulation of a legume. Syst Appl Microbiol 2017; 40:114-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ancient Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils as a Driver of Tolerant Anthyllis vulneraria Rhizobial Communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 83:AEM.01735-16. [PMID: 27793823 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01735-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthyllis vulneraria is a legume associated with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia that together offer an adapted biological material for mine-soil phytostabilization by limiting metal pollution. To find rhizobia associated with Anthyllis at a given site, we evaluated the genetic and phenotypic properties of a collection of 137 rhizobia recovered from soils presenting contrasting metal levels. Zn-Pb mine soils largely contained metal-tolerant rhizobia belonging to Mesorhizobium metallidurans or to another sister metal-tolerant species. All of the metal-tolerant isolates harbored the cadA marker gene (encoding a metal-efflux PIB-type ATPase transporter). In contrast, metal-sensitive strains were taxonomically distinct from metal-tolerant populations and consisted of new Mesorhizobium genospecies. Based on the symbiotic nodA marker, the populations comprise two symbiovar assemblages (potentially related to Anthyllis or Lotus host preferences) according to soil geographic locations but independently of metal content. Multivariate analysis showed that soil Pb and Cd concentrations differentially impacted the rhizobial communities and that a rhizobial community found in one geographically distant site was highly divergent from the others. In conclusion, heavy metal levels in soils drive the taxonomic composition of Anthyllis-associated rhizobial populations according to their metal-tolerance phenotype but not their symbiotic nodA diversity. In addition to heavy metals, local soil physicochemical and topoclimatic conditions also impact the rhizobial beta diversity. Mesorhizobium communities were locally adapted and site specific, and their use is recommended for the success of phytostabilization strategies based on Mesorhizobium-legume vegetation. IMPORTANCE Phytostabilization of toxic mine spoils limits heavy metal dispersion and environmental pollution by establishing a sustainable plant cover. This eco-friendly method is facilitated by the use of selected and adapted cover crop legumes living in symbiosis with rhizobia that can stimulate plant growth naturally through biological nitrogen fixation. We studied microsymbiont partners of a metal-tolerant legume, Anthyllis vulneraria, which is tolerant to very highly metal-polluted soils in mining and nonmining sites. Site-specific rhizobial communities were linked to taxonomic composition and metal tolerance capacity. The rhizobial species Mesorhizobium metallidurans was dominant in all Zn-Pb mines but one. It was not detected in unpolluted sites where other distinct Mesorhizobium species occur. Given the different soil conditions at the respective mining sites, including their heavy-metal contamination, revegetation strategies based on rhizobia adapting to local conditions are more likely to succeed over the long term compared to strategies based on introducing less-well-adapted strains.
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Zaheer A, Mirza BS, Mclean JE, Yasmin S, Shah TM, Malik KA, Mirza MS. Association of plant growth-promoting Serratia spp. with the root nodules of chickpea. Res Microbiol 2016; 167:510-20. [PMID: 27117242 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Serratia species-affiliated DNA sequences have recently been discovered in the root nodules of two chickpea cultivars; however, little is known about their potential influence on chickpea plant growth. All Serratia-affiliated sequences (1136) could be grouped into two clusters at 98% DNA similarity. The major cluster, represented by 96% of sequences, was closely associated with Serratia marcescens sequences from GenBank. In the current study, we isolated two Serratia strains, 5D and RTL100, from root nodules of a field-grown Desi cultivar from Faisalabad and Thal areas, respectively. In vitro, strain 5D showed significantly higher phosphate (P) solubilization and lactic acid production than RTL100, whereas a comparable concentration of phytohormone was produced by both isolates. The application of Serratia strain 5D as an inoculum resulted in 25.55% and 30.85% increases in the grain yield of crops grown on fertile soil in irrigated areas and nutrient-deficient soil in rainfed areas, respectively, compared to the non-inoculated control. Results of plant inoculations indicated that Serratia sp. 5D and RTL100 can serve as effective microbial inoculants, particularly in nutrient-deficient soils in rainfed areas, where chickpea is the only major crop grown during the entire year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Zaheer
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Babur S Mirza
- Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Joan E Mclean
- Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Sumera Yasmin
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmud Shah
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan; Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), P.O. Box. 128, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kauser A Malik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Forman Christian College University, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - M Sajjad Mirza
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Yan H, Ji ZJ, Jiao YS, Wang ET, Chen WF, Guo BL, Chen WX. Genetic diversity and distribution of rhizobia associated with the medicinal legumes Astragalus spp. and Hedysarum polybotrys in agricultural soils. Syst Appl Microbiol 2016; 39:141-9. [PMID: 26915496 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing cultivation of medicinal legumes in agricultural fields, the rhizobia associated with these plants are facing new stresses, mainly from fertilization and irrigation. In this study, investigations on the nodulation of three cultivated medicinal legumes, Astragalus mongholicus, Astragalus membranaceus and Hedysarum polybotrys were performed. Bacterial isolates from root nodules of these legumes were subjected to genetic diversity and multilocus sequence analyses. In addition, the distribution of nodule bacteria related to soil factors and host plants was studied. A total 367 bacterial isolates were obtained and 13 genospecies were identified. The predominant microsymbionts were identified as Mesorhizobium septentrionale, Mesorhizobium temperatum, Mesorhizobium tianshanense, Mesorhizobium ciceri and Mesorhizobium muleiense. M. septentrionale was found in most root nodules especially from legumes grown in the barren soils (with low available nitrogen and low organic carbon contents), while M. temperatum was predominant in nodules where the plants were grown in the nitrogen-rich fields. A. mongholicus tended to be associated with M. septentrionale, M. temperatum and M. ciceri in different soils, while A. membranaceus and H. polybotrys tended to be associated with M. tianshanense and M. septentrionale, respectively. This study showed that soil fertility may be the main determinant for the distribution of rhizobia associated with these cultured legume plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China; College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobia Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhao Jun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China; College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobia Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yin Shan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China; College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobia Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - En Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China; College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobia Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Wen Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China; College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobia Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Bao Lin Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wen Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China; College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobia Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Singh RP, Manchanda G, Singh RN, Srivastava AK, Dubey RC. Selection of alkalotolerant and symbiotically efficient chickpea nodulating rhizobia from North-West Indo Gangetic Plains. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 56:14-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghvendra Pratap Singh
- National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (ICAR); Kushmaur, Kaithauli; Maunath Bhanjan Uttar Pradesh India
- Department of Botany and Microbiology; Gurukul Kangri University; Haridwar Uttrakhand India
| | | | - Ram Nageena Singh
- National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (ICAR); Kushmaur, Kaithauli; Maunath Bhanjan Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Alok Kumar Srivastava
- National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (ICAR); Kushmaur, Kaithauli; Maunath Bhanjan Uttar Pradesh India
| | - R. C. Dubey
- Department of Botany and Microbiology; Gurukul Kangri University; Haridwar Uttrakhand India
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