1
|
Serafini Poeta Silva AP, Mugabi R, Rotolo ML, Krantz S, Hu D, Robbins R, Hemker D, Diaz A, Tucker AW, Main R, Cano JP, Harms P, Wang C, Clavijo MJ. Effect of pooled tracheal sample testing on the probability of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae detection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10226. [PMID: 38702379 PMCID: PMC11068755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Tracheal pooling for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) DNA detection allows for decreased diagnostic cost, one of the main constraints in surveillance programs. The objectives of this study were to estimate the sensitivity of pooled-sample testing for the detection of M. hyopneumoniae in tracheal samples and to develop probability of M. hyopneumoniae detection estimates for tracheal samples pooled by 3, 5, and 10. A total of 48 M. hyopneumoniae PCR-positive field samples were pooled 3-, 5-, and 10-times using field M. hyopneumoniae DNA-negative samples and tested in triplicate. The sensitivity was estimated at 0.96 (95% credible interval [Cred. Int.]: 0.93, 0.98) for pools of 3, 0.95 (95% Cred. Int: 0.92, 0.98) for pools of 5, and 0.93 (95% Cred. Int.: 0.89, 0.96) for pools of 10. All pool sizes resulted in PCR-positive if the individual tracheal sample Ct value was < 33. Additionally, there was no significant decrease in the probability of detecting at least one M. hyopneumoniae-infected pig given any pool size (3, 5, or 10) of tracheal swabs. Furthermore, this manuscript applies the probability of detection estimates to various real-life diagnostic testing scenarios. Combining increased total animals sampled with pooling can be a cost-effective tool to maximize the performance of M. hyopneumoniae surveillance programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Mugabi
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Dapeng Hu
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Rodger Main
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Chong Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Maria Jose Clavijo
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
- PIC®, Hendersonville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brandalise L, Takeuti KL, Kich JD, Clavijo MJ, Simão GMR, Sato JPH, Coldebella A, Pigozzo R, Nagae R, Dezen D. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection dynamics in naïve replacement gilts introduced to positive farms. Vet Microbiol 2023; 286:109886. [PMID: 37862723 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to characterize the dynamics of infection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in naïve replacement gilts after introduction to positive systems. Ninety-eight naïve gilts were monitored in three positive commercial farms (A, B, and C). The näive gilts were housed for 21 days in pens adjacently located to older gilt cohorts (named seeders), which have been naturally exposed to the positive farms. The infection dynamics was evaluated by PCR and ELISA, from laryngeal swabs and serum samples, respectively. Samples were collected at 150 (arrival), 165, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300 days of age (doa), and pre-farrowing. Infection occurred rapidly on farms A and B, taking 25.2 and 23.9 days for 95% of gilts to be PCR positive, respectively. There was no influence on the number of seeders at the time of exposure, but their absence (farm C) could explain the extended period it took for gilts to get infected (69.4 days). On average, it took 162.2 days after the first PCR detection for 85% of gilts to stop shedding the bacterium. The serology results were consistent with the herd infection curve. At pre-farrowing, 100% of gilts seroconverted and 36.7% remained PCR positive. A total of 1.33% of piglets were positive at weaning. Fifteen variants were detected among the three farms by MLVA. The acclimation protocol was efficient and easy to perform, and the presence of seeders was likely critical for early acclimation for M. hyopneumoniae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Brandalise
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Catarinense Federal Institute, Concórdia, SC, Brazil; Agroceres PIC, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Karine L Takeuti
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Feevale University, Campo Bom, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Maria J Clavijo
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Pig Improvement Company, PIC®, Hendersonville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Diogenes Dezen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Catarinense Federal Institute, Concórdia, SC, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Biebaut E, Beuckelaere L, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Gomez-Duran CO, Devriendt B, Maes D. Long-term follow-up of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-specific immunity in vaccinated pigs. Vet Res 2023; 54:16. [PMID: 36859402 PMCID: PMC9979462 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the primary agent of enzootic pneumonia in pigs. To minimize the economic losses caused by this disease, M. hyopneumoniae vaccination is commonly practiced. However, the persistence of M. hyopneumoniae vaccine-induced immunity, especially the cell-mediated immunity, till the moment of slaughter has not been investigated yet. Therefore, on two commercial farms, 25 pigs (n = 50) received a commercial bacterin intramuscularly at 16 days of age. Each month, the presence of M. hyopneumoniae-specific serum antibodies was analyzed and the proliferation of and TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-17A production by different T cell subsets in blood was assessed using recall assays. Natural infection with M. hyopneumoniae was assumed in both farms. However, the studied pigs remained M. hyopneumoniae negative for almost the entire trial. Seroconversion was not observed after vaccination and all pigs became seronegative at two months of age. The kinetics of the T cell subset frequencies was similar on both farms. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-specific cytokine-producing CD4+CD8+ T cells were found in blood of pigs from both farms at one month of age but decreased significantly with increasing age. On the other hand, T cell proliferation after in vitro M. hyopneumoniae stimulation was observed until the end of the fattening period. Furthermore, differences in humoral and cell-mediated immune responses after M. hyopneumoniae vaccination were not seen between pigs with and without maternally derived antibodies. This study documents the long-term M. hyopneumoniae vaccine-induced immune responses in fattening pigs under field conditions. Further research is warranted to investigate the influence of a natural infection on these responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Biebaut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Lisa Beuckelaere
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bugenyi AW, Lee MR, Choi YJ, Song KD, Lee HK, Son YO, Lee DS, Lee SC, Son YJ, Heo J. Oropharyngeal, proximal colonic, and vaginal microbiomes of healthy Korean native black pig gilts. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:3. [PMID: 36600197 PMCID: PMC9814203 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02743-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exploring the microbiome in multiple body sites of a livestock species informs approaches to promote its health and performance through efficient and sustainable modulation of these microbial ecosystems. Here, we employed 16S rRNA gene sequencing to describe the microbiome in the oropharyngeal cavity, proximal colon, and vaginal tract of Jeju Black pigs (JBP), which are native to the Korean peninsula. RESULTS We sampled nine 7-month-old JBP gilts raised under controlled conditions. The most abundant phyla that we found within the oropharyngeal microbiota were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria and Firmicutes, collectively providing core features from twenty-five of their genera. We also found a proximal colonic microbial core composed of features from twenty of the genera of the two predominant phyla, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. Remarkably, within the JBP vaginal microbiota, Bacteroidetes dominated at phylum level, contrary to previous reports regarding other pig breeds. Features of the JBP core vaginal microbiota, came from seventeen genera of the major phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteria. Although these communities were distinct, we found some commonalities amongst them. Features from the genera Streptococcus, Prevotella, Bacillus and an unclassified genus of the family Ruminococcaceae were ubiquitous across the three body sites. Comparing oropharyngeal and proximal colonic communities, we found additional shared features from the genus Anaerorhabdus. Between oropharyngeal and vaginal ecosystems, we found other shared features from the genus Campylobacter, as well as unclassified genera from the families Fusobacteriaceae and Flavobacteriaceae. Proximal colonic and vaginal microbiota also shared features from the genera Clostridium, Lactobacillus, and an unclassified genus of Clostridiales. CONCLUSIONS Our results delineate unique and ubiquitous features within and across the oropharyngeal, proximal colonic and vaginal microbial communities in this Korean native breed of pigs. These findings provide a reference for future microbiome-focused studies and suggest a potential for modulating these communities, utilizing ubiquitous features, to enhance health and performance of the JBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wange Bugenyi
- grid.411545.00000 0004 0470 4320Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea ,grid.463387.d0000 0001 2229 1011National Agricultural Research Organization, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Ma-Ro Lee
- grid.411545.00000 0004 0470 4320Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Jae Choi
- grid.411545.00000 0004 0470 4320International Agricultural Development and Cooperation Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- grid.411545.00000 0004 0470 4320Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea ,grid.411545.00000 0004 0470 4320International Agricultural Development and Cooperation Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea ,grid.411545.00000 0004 0470 4320The Animal Molecular Genetics and Breeding Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Kyo Lee
- grid.411545.00000 0004 0470 4320Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea ,grid.411545.00000 0004 0470 4320Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea ,grid.411545.00000 0004 0470 4320International Agricultural Development and Cooperation Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea ,grid.411545.00000 0004 0470 4320The Animal Molecular Genetics and Breeding Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ok Son
- grid.411277.60000 0001 0725 5207Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243 Republic of Korea ,grid.411277.60000 0001 0725 5207Jeju Microbiome Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, 63243 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Sun Lee
- grid.411277.60000 0001 0725 5207Jeju Microbiome Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, 63243 Republic of Korea ,grid.411277.60000 0001 0725 5207Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243 Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jaeyoung Heo
- grid.411545.00000 0004 0470 4320Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jerlström J, Huang W, Ehlorsson CJ, Eriksson I, Reneby A, Comin A. Stochastic partial budget analysis of strategies to reduce the prevalence of lung lesions in finishing pigs at slaughter. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:957975. [PMID: 36311654 PMCID: PMC9614246 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.957975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ante- and post-mortem inspections of food-producing animals at slaughter are mandatory activities carried out in many countries to ensure public health, animal health, and meat quality. In finishing pigs, lung lesions are the most frequent defects found in meat inspections. It is possible to implement managerial strategies on-farm to reduce the occurrence and spread of respiratory diseases, but such strategies come with additional costs that could impede implementation. This study assessed the economic impact of two strategies aimed at reducing the prevalence of lung lesions in finishing pigs at slaughter by improving the health conditions of the animals during the production cycle. First, a farrow-to-finish pig farm with 355 sows was modeled based on the current standard practice for finishing pig production in Sweden, using economic data, meat inspection data and biological variables from the literature and expert opinions. A partial budget analysis was then performed in which the baseline farm was compared with two hypothetical strategies aimed at reducing the occurrence and spread of respiratory diseases during pig production: (S1) avoiding mixing of litters after weaning and (S2) keeping purchased pregnant gilts separated from sows during gestation, farrowing and lactation. Both these strategies intended to reduce the occurrence of respiratory disease in finishing pigs at slaughter gave an average gain in annual net income (33,805 SEK in S1 and 173,160 SEK in S2, equal to 3,146€ and 16,113€, respectively, at the time of analysis), indicating that both were economically sustainable under the assumed conditions. The impact analysis of the two strategies revealed that the reduced prevalence of lung lesions when adopting one of the strategies was the most influential factor in net benefit change on the farm. Overall, the results suggest that with the increasing prevalence of lung lesions in Swedish pig production (as also observed worldwide in recent years), adopting an effective strategy to decrease respiratory infections will become more relevant and economically beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Jerlström
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Amanda Reneby
- Farm and Animal Health Association, Staffanstorp, Sweden
| | - Arianna Comin
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, Swedish National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden,*Correspondence: Arianna Comin
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vangroenweghe F. Evaluating the role of gilts in the kinetics of
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
outbreaks. Vet Rec 2022; 191:298-300. [DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Vangroenweghe
- Elanco Animal Health Benelux – BU Swine & Ruminants Antwerpen Belgium
- Porcine Health Management Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Garcia-Morante B, Maes D, Sibila M, Betlach AM, Sponheim A, Canturri A, Pieters M. Improving Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae diagnostic capabilities by harnessing the infection dynamics. Vet J 2022; 288:105877. [PMID: 35901923 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae remains one of the most problematic bacterial pathogens for pig production. Despite an abundance of observational and laboratory testing capabilities for this organism, diagnostic interpretation of test results can be challenging and ambiguous. This is partly explained by the chronic nature of M. hyopneumoniae infection and its tropism for lower respiratory tract epithelium, which affects diagnostic sensitivities associated with sampling location and stage of infection. A thorough knowledge of the available tools for routine M. hyopneumoniae diagnostic testing, together with a detailed understanding of infection dynamics, are essential for optimizing sampling strategies and providing confidence in the diagnostic process. This study reviewed known information on sampling and diagnostic tools for M. hyopneumoniae and summarized literature reports of the dynamics of key infection outcomes, including clinical signs, lung lesions, pathogen detection, and humoral immune responses. Such knowledge could facilitate better understanding of the performance of different diagnostic approaches at various stages of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcia-Morante
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit Porcine Health Management, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133 B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alyssa M Betlach
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Swine Vet Center, 1608 S Minnesota Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Amanda Sponheim
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 3239 Satellite Blvd NW, Duluth, GA 30096, USA
| | - Albert Canturri
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St Paul, 55108 MN, USA; Swine Disease Eradication Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Biebaut E, Chantziaras I, Boyen F, Devriendt B, Haesebrouck F, Gomez-Duran CO, Maes D. Influence of parity and reproductive stage on the prevalence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in breeding animals in belgian farrow-to-finish pig herds. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:26. [PMID: 35681230 PMCID: PMC9178894 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00267-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dam-to-piglet transmission plays an important role in the epidemiology of enzootic pneumonia on farms. Although Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) infections in breeding animals are often subclinical, their control could have a positive effect on M. hyopneumoniae infection levels in fattening pigs. This study investigated the presence of M. hyopneumoniae in the breeding population of ten Belgian farrow-to-finish farms suspected by the herd veterinarian to be M. hyopneumoniae infected. Gilt vaccination against M. hyopneumoniae prior to first insemination was practiced on nine of the ten farms. At four different time points in the reproductive cycle 20 animals were sampled on each farm, namely 30–40 days of gestation, 75–85 days of gestation, 3–5 days after farrowing, and 1–3 days after weaning. In total, tracheobronchial swabs and blood samples were collected from 344 gilts and 456 sows (n = 80/farm). Swabs were analysed for the presence of M. hyopneumoniae DNA using nested PCR and M. hyopneumoniae-specific antibodies were detected in serum with a commercial ELISA. Generalized linear mixed models with farm as random factor were used to test the effect of time point in the reproductive cycle and parity on M. hyopneumoniae PCR prevalence and seroprevalence. Results M. hyopneumoniae PCR prevalence ranged between 0% and 43.8% at the farm level and the seroprevalence between 32.5% and 93.8%. Gilts were significantly more M. hyopneumoniae PCR positive than sows at the 2-4th parity (P = 0.02) and > 4th parity (P = 0.02). At 30–40 days of gestation, significantly more breeding animals were PCR positive as compared to 75–85 days of gestation (P = 0.04), 3–5 days after farrowing (P = 0.02) and 1–3 days after weaning (P = 0.02). Gilts had significantly more often M. hyopneumoniae-specific antibodies than sows (P = 0.03). Conclusions M. hyopneumoniae PCR prevalence varied a lot between farms and due to gilt vaccination the number of animals with M. hyopneumoniae-specific antibodies was high on most farms. Gilts were more often M. hyopneumoniae PCR positive than sows and positive animals were mostly found at 30–40 days of gestation. This emphasizes the importance of a sufficiently long quarantine period and proper gilt acclimation practices before introducing gilts to the sow herd. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40813-022-00267-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Biebaut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Ilias Chantziaras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Environmental detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in breed-to-wean farms. Res Vet Sci 2022; 145:188-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
10
|
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: is the etiological agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (EP), a disease that impacts the swine industry worldwide. Pathogen-induced damage, as well as the elicited host-response, contribute to disease. Here, we provide an overview of EP epidemiology, control and prevention, and a more in-depth review of M. hyopneumoniae pathogenicity determinants, highlighting some molecular mechanisms of pathogen-host interactions relevant for pathogenesis. Based on recent functional, immunological, and comparative “omics” results, we discuss the roles of many known or putative M. hyopneumoniae virulence factors, along with host molecules involved in EP. Moreover, the known molecular bases of pathogenicity mechanisms, including M. hyopneumoniae adhesion to host respiratory epithelium, protein secretion, cell damage, host microbicidal response and its modulation, and maintenance of M. hyopneumoniae homeostasis during infection are described. Recent findings regarding M. hyopneumoniae pathogenicity determinants also contribute to the development of novel diagnostic tests, vaccines, and treatments for EP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M A Leal Zimmer
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Andrade Paes
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Tang X, Wang X, Liu W, Qian Y, Zhu Y, Chen H, Tan C. Attenuation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Strain ES-2 and Comparative Genomic Analysis of ES-2 and Its Attenuated Form ES-2L. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:696262. [PMID: 34235206 PMCID: PMC8255604 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.696262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes swine respiratory disease worldwide. Due to the difficulty of isolating and cultivating M. hyopneumoniae, very few attenuated strains have been successfully isolated, which hampers the development of attenuated vaccines. In order to produce an attenuated M. hyopneumoniae strain, we used the highly virulent M. hyopneumoniae strain ES-2, which was serially passaged in vitro 200 times to produce the attenuated strain ES-2L, and its virulence was evidenced to be low in an animal experiment. In order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying virulence attenuation, we performed whole-genome sequencing of both strains and conducted comparative genomic analyses of strain ES-2 and its attenuated form ES-2L. Strain ES-2L showed three large fragment deletion regions including a total of 18 deleted genes, compared with strain ES-2. Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and indels indicated that 22 dels were located in 19 predicted coding sequences. In addition to these indels, 348 single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) were identified between strains ES-2L and ES-2. These SNVs mapped to 99 genes where they appeared to induce amino acid substitutions and translation stops. The deleted genes and SNVs may be associated with decreased virulence of strain ES-2L. Our work provides a foundation for further examining virulence factors of M. hyopneumoniae and for the development of attenuated vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xibiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yulin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tian Y, Xu Z, Wen Y, Yang M, Ning Y, Wang Z, Ding H. Development of an indirect ELISA for detection of anti-Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae IgG in naturally infected pathogen-induced convalescent sera. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:123. [PMID: 33726780 PMCID: PMC7968261 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02828-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunization of pigs with an inactivated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine (bacterin) generates hyperimmune serum that contains high concentrations of anti-M. hyopneumoniae IgG. Commercially available IgG-ELISA kits cannot distinguish between anti-M. hyopneumoniae IgG in inactivated bacterin-induced hyperimmune sera and convalescent sera resulting from natural M. hyopneumoniae infection. Establishment of an ELISA to detect anti-M. hyopneumoniae IgG in convalescent sera will facilitate the evaluation of the M. hyopneumoniae status of pig farms. RESULTS In this study, we expressed and purified recombinant Mhp366-N protein, which contains an epitope recognized by M. hyopneumoniae convalescent sera but not hyperimmune sera, for use as a coating antigen. For the M. hyopneumoniae convalescent serum IgG-ELISA, the optimal antigen concentration, blocking buffer, blocking time, dilution of serum, incubation time with serum, secondary antibody dilution, secondary antibody incubation time and colorimetric reaction time were 0.25 µg/mL, 2.5 % skim milk, 1 h, 1:500, 0.5 h, 1:10,000, 1 h and 15 min, respectively. Validation of the M. hyopneumoniae convalescent serum IgG-ELISA showed a cut-off value of 0.323, the intra-assay CV ranged from 3.27 to 7.26 %, the inter-assay CV ranged from 3.46 to 5.93 %, and the assay was able to differentiate convalescent sera from antibodies to 7 other porcine respiratory pathogens. The convalescent serum IgG-ELISA detected no anti-M. hyopneumoniae IgG in hyperimmune serum samples while a commercial IgG-ELISA identified 95/145 of these sera as positive. The accuracy of the M. hyopneumoniae convalescent serum IgG-ELISA was comparable to the sIgA-ELISA but better than the commercial IgG-ELISA. CONCLUSIONS The convalescent serum IgG-ELISA is a reproducible, sensitive, and specific indirect ELISA to detect anti-M. hyopneumoniae IgG in naturally infected pathogen-induced convalescent sera. This ELISA could be used to carry out large scale surveillance of M. hyopneumoniae infection in pig farms regardless of vaccination status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Tian
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuobo Xu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Yukang Wen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaru Ning
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaodi Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Honglei Ding
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China. .,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bernaerdt E, Dewulf J, Verhulst R, Bonckaert C, Maes D. Purchasing policy, quarantine and acclimation practices of breeding gilts in Belgian pig farms. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:25. [PMID: 33685503 PMCID: PMC7941959 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The breeding population is very important in pig herds, for productivity, health and profitability. Replacement of breeding animals can be accomplished by own rearing of breeding gilts or by purchasing them. Purchasing breeding gilts is a hazardous event in terms of biosecurity and introduction of pathogens into a farm. However, in literature, little is known about gilt introduction in a herd. The present study investigated the introduction procedures of purchased breeding gilts in Belgian pig herds, and the compliance of these herds to the optimal introduction procedures. A questionnaire consisting of twenty questions related to farm characteristics (n = 2), purchasing policy (n = 6), quarantine period (n = 5), and acclimation practices (n = 7) was designed, and 68 farms completed the questionnaire during an on-farm interview. Results The median (min. – max.) number of sows on the farms was 300 (85–2500). Fifty-seven per cent of the farms purchased breeding gilts, and there was a lot of variation in the frequency of purchase and the age at which gilts are purchased. On 95 % of those farms, a quarantine unit was used, and on most of these farms the quarantine was located on the farm itself (internal quarantine). The median (min. – max.) duration of the quarantine period was 42 (14–140) days. The most common acclimation practice was vaccination against Porcine parvovirus (96 %) and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (94 %), although in some farms exposure of gilts to farm-specific micro-organisms was done by providing faeces from suckling piglets (18 %) and bringing gilts in contact with sows that will be culled (16 %). Only 10 % of the farms complied with the optimal introduction procedures, i.e. purchasing policy, quarantine building and quarantine management. Conclusions This study showed that in many farms, practices related to purchasing, quarantine and acclimation could be improved to maintain optimal biosecurity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Bernaerdt
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Robin Verhulst
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bonckaert
- Animal Health Care Flanders, Hagenbroeksesteenweg 167, 2500, Lier, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Betlach AM, Fano E, VanderWaal K, Pieters M. Effect of multiple vaccinations on transmission and degree of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in gilts. Vaccine 2020; 39:767-774. [PMID: 33342634 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) infections continue to result in significant respiratory challenges in the swine industry worldwide. Vaccination for M. hyopneumoniae is commonly utilized, as reduction in bacterial loads and clinical severity in vaccinated pigs have been shown. However, the effect of M. hyopneumoniae vaccination on transmission across different pig populations has been minimally investigated. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of multiple vaccinations on M. hyopneumoniae infection, transmission, and genetic variability in infected and susceptible gilt populations. Thirty-two naïve gilts were allocated to four treatment groups: (1) Vaccinated seeder (VS); (2) Non-vaccinated seeder (NVS); (3) Vaccinated contact (VC); and (4) Non-vaccinated contact (NVC). At 5, 7, and 9 weeks of age, all gilts selected to be vaccinated received a commercial M. hyopneumoniae bacterin for a total of 3 doses. At 11 weeks of age, VS and NVS gilts were inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae to become seeders. At 28 days post-inoculation (dpi), VS and NVS gilts were individually relocated to clean experimental rooms, where they were placed in contact with one age-matched VC or NVC gilt (1:1 ratio) for 14 days. Blood and tracheal samples, bronchial swabs, and lung lesions were collected and/or evaluated for M. hyopneumoniae infection. In this study, a three-dose vaccination strategy against M. hyopneumoniae significantly reduced bacterial load in seeder gilts. Furthermore, a numerical reduction in M. hyopneumoniae lung lesions at 28 dpi was observed in VS gilts. All VC gilts in the VS:VC treatment group pairing remained M. hyopneumoniae negative, compared to other groups in which 1-2 transmission events occurred per treatment group. Results from this investigation provide insight on the potential impact of multiple vaccinations on reducing M. hyopneumoniae transmission and infection. Further research encompassing vaccinations of gilt groups in field settings is necessary to validate findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Betlach
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA; Swine Vet Center, St. Peter, MN, USA
| | - Eduardo Fano
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., Duluth, GA, USA
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ruggeri J, Salogni C, Giovannini S, Vitale N, Boniotti MB, Corradi A, Pozzi P, Pasquali P, Alborali GL. Association Between Infectious Agents and Lesions in Post-Weaned Piglets and Fattening Heavy Pigs With Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC). Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:636. [PMID: 33024748 PMCID: PMC7516008 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) is a multifactorial syndrome that causes health problems in growing pigs and economic losses to farmers. The etiological factors involved can be bacteria, viruses, or mycoplasmas. However, environmental stressors associated with farm management can influence the status of the animal's health. The role and impact of different microorganisms in the development of the disease can be complex, and these are not fully understood. The severity of lesions are a consequence of synergism and combination of different factors. The aim of this study was to systematically analyse samples, conferred to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (IZSLER, Brescia), with a standardized diagnostic protocol in case of suspected PRDC. During necropsy, the lungs and carcasses were analyzed to determine the severity and extension of lesions. Gross lung lesions were classified according to a pre-established scheme adapted from literature. Furthermore, pulmonary, pleural, and nasal lesions were scored to determine their severity and extension. Finally, the presence of infectious agents was investigated to identify the microorganisms involved in the cases studied. During the years 2014–2016, 1,658 samples of lungs and carcasses with PRDC from 863 farms were analyzed; among them 931 and 727 samples were from weaned piglets and fattening pigs, respectively. The most frequently observed lesions were characteristic of catarrhal bronchopneumonia, broncho-interstitial pneumonia, pleuropneumonia, and pleuritis. Some pathogens identified were correlated to specific lesions, whereas other pathogens to various lesions. These underline the need for the establishment of control and treatment programmes for individual farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ruggeri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna], Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristian Salogni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna], Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Giovannini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna], Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna], Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna], Brescia, Italy
| | - Attilio Corradi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Pozzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Pasquali
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna], Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Inhibits Porcine Beta-Defensin 2 Production by Blocking the Unfolded Protein Response To Facilitate Epithelial Adhesion and Infection. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00164-20. [PMID: 32312764 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00164-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes the disease porcine enzootic pneumonia, a highly contagious and chronic disease affecting pigs. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of its pathogenicity is critical for developing effective interventions to control this swine respiratory disease. Here, we describe a novel virulence mechanism by which M. hyopneumoniae interferes with the host unfolded protein response (UPR) and eventually facilitates bacterial adhesion and infection. We observed that M. hyopneumoniae infection suppressed the UPR target molecules GRP78 and CHOP by reducing PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (PERK/eIF2α) phosphorylation, ATF6 cleavage, and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) splicing. Interestingly, further analyses revealed that host UPR inhibition subsequently suppressed the NF-κB pathway, leading to the reduced production of porcine beta-defensin 2 (PBD-2), thus facilitating M. hyopneumoniae adherence and infection. This study provides new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of M. hyopneumoniae and sheds light upon its interactions with the host.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sibila M, Guevara G, Cuadrado R, Pleguezuelos P, Pérez D, Pérez de Rozas A, Huerta E, Llorens A, Valero O, Pérez M, López C, Krejci R, Segalés J. Comparison of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine circovirus 2 commercial vaccines efficacy when applied separate or combined under experimental conditions. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:11. [PMID: 32391165 PMCID: PMC7197127 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) and Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) are two of the most significant infectious agents causing economic losses in the weaning to slaughter period. Due to their similar vaccination age, the objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of two already existing Mhyo (Hyogen®) and PCV-2 (Circovac®) vaccines when administered separately or combined (RTM) by means of Mhyo or PCV-2 experimental challenges. Results Seven groups of animals were included in the study, being three of them challenged with PCV-2, three with Mhyo and one composed of non-challenged, non-vaccinated pigs. Within each experimental challenge, non-vaccinated (NV) groups were compared with double vaccinated groups using the commercial products separated (VS) or combined (VC). Both vaccinated groups showed significant differences for most parameters measured regarding PCV-2 (serology, percentage of infected animals and viral load in tissues) and Mhyo (serology and gross lesions) when compared to NV groups. VS and VC offered similar results, being only significantly different the PCV-2 antibody values at different time points (higher in the VS group) of the study, although not at the termination day (21 days post-PCV-2 inoculation). Conclusion The present study expands the knowledge on the possibility of using two separate Mhyo and PCV-2 commercial vaccines as a RTM product, which offered equivalent virological, immunological and pathological outcomes as compared to these vaccines when used by separate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sibila
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Guevara
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Cuadrado
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Pleguezuelos
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Pérez
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Pérez de Rozas
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Huerta
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Llorens
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Valero
- 3Servei d'Estadística Aplicada, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pérez
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C López
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,4Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Krejci
- 5Ceva, La Ballastiere-BP, 126, 33501 Libourne Cedex, France
| | - J Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,4Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,6UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang R, Tao Y, Li G, Chen J, Shu J, He Y. Immunoenhancement of Recombinant Neisseria meningitides PorB Protein on Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Genetically Engineered Vaccines. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:776-784. [PMID: 31208304 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190430115052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae can cause respiratory diseases in pigs, which cause serious economic loss in the worldwide pig industry. Currently, these infections are mainly prevented and controlled by vaccination. The new vaccines on the market are mainly composed of subunits and inactivated vaccines but usually have lower antigenicity than traditional live vaccines. Thus, there is an increasing need to develop new adjuvants that can cause rapid and long-lasting immunity to enhance the antigenic efficacy for vaccines. Studies have shown that meningococcal porin PorB can act as a ligand to combine with Toll-like receptors to activate the production of immunological projections and act as a vaccine immunological adjuvant. OBJECTIVE In this article, we expressed and purified the recombinant PorB protein and verified its immunogenicity against porcine circovirus type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae genetically engineered vaccine. METHODS In this article, we used prokaryotic expression to express and purify recombinant PorB protein, four different concentrations of PorB protein, Freund's adjuvant with two genetically engineered vaccines were combined with subcutaneous immunization of mice. RESULTS Our study shows that the appropriate dose of the recombinant protein PorB can enhance the levels of humoral and cellular responses induced by two genetically engineered vaccines in a short period of time in mice. The PorB adjuvant group may cause statistically higher antibody titers for both genetically engineered vaccines compared to Freund's commercial adjuvant (P<0.001). CONCLUSION The recombinant protein PorB may be a good candidate adjuvant for improving the protective effect of vaccines against porcine circovirus type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and the protein can be used for future practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yu Tao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Gaojian Li
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jian Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jianhong Shu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yulong He
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Betlach AM, Maes D, Garza-Moreno L, Tamiozzo P, Sibila M, Haesebrouck F, Segalés J, Pieters M. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae variability: Current trends and proposed terminology for genomic classification. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1840-1854. [PMID: 31099490 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is the aetiologic agent of enzootic pneumonia in swine, a prevalent chronic respiratory disease worldwide. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a small, self-replicating microorganism that possesses several characteristics allowing for limited biosynthetic abilities, resulting in the fastidious, host-specific growth and unique pathogenic properties of this microorganism. Variation across several isolates of M. hyopneumoniae has been described at antigenic, proteomic, transcriptomic, pathogenic and genomic levels. The microorganism possesses a minimal number of genes that regulate the transcription process. Post-translational modifications (PTM) occur frequently in a wide range of functional proteins. The PTM by which M. hyopneumoniae regulates its surface topography could play key roles in cell adhesion, evasion and/or modulation of the host immune system. The clinical outcome of M. hyopneumoniae infections is determined by different factors, such as housing conditions, management practices, co-infections and also by virulence differences among M. hyopneumoniae isolates. Factors contributing to adherence and colonization as well as the capacity to modulate inflammatory and immune responses might be crucial. Different components of the cell membrane (i.e. proteins, glycoproteins and lipoproteins) may serve as adhesins and/or be toxic for the respiratory tract cells. Mechanisms leading to virulence are complex and more research is needed to identify markers for virulence. The utilization of typing methods and complete or partial-gene sequencing for M. hyopneumoniae characterization has increased in diagnostic laboratories as control and elimination strategies for this microorganism are attempted worldwide. A commonly employed molecular typing method for M. hyopneumoniae is Multiple-Locus Variable number tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA). The agreement of a shared terminology and classification for the various techniques, specifically MLVA, has not been described, which makes inferences across the literature unsuitable. Therefore, molecular trends for M. hyopneumoniae have been outlined and a common terminology and classification based on Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR) types has been proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Betlach
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.,Swine Vet Center, St. Peter, Minnesota
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit Porcine Health Management, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Laura Garza-Moreno
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pablo Tamiozzo
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Department de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Serafini Poeta Silva AP, de Freitas Costa E, Sousa E Silva G, Souza CK, Schaefer R, da Silva Vaz I, Corbellini LG. Biosecurity practices associated with influenza A virus seroprevalence in sows from southern Brazilian breeding herds. Prev Vet Med 2019; 166:1-7. [PMID: 30935500 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is a recognized cause of acute respiratory disease in pigs that can culminate in the decline of performance due to increasing feed conversion and costs of antimicrobial drugs to control secondary infections. Biosecurity practices are the key to prevent transmission of highly contagious agents. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of biosecurity practices on IAV seroprevalence through a cross-sectional study carried out in 404 sows from 21 herds. An indirect ELISA was used to detect antibodies against a nucleoprotein of IAV. To evaluate IAV subtypes (H1N1pdm09, H1N2 and H3N2), all samples positive by ELISA were tested using the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI). Prevalence ratios (PR) estimates were calculated using multivariate Poisson regression accounted with survey weights. Sixty-four percent (261/404) of sows were positive in the rNP-ELISA and the estimated prevalence was 63.9% (95% CI 55%-73%). All farms had at least one seropositive sow; the frequency of IAV subtypes found in seropositive sows was 51.9% for H1N1pdm09, 38.1% for codetection H1N1pdm09 and H1N2, 8.6% for H1N2, and 0.6% for codetection H1N1pdm09 and H3N2, and 19 herds presented coinfection of H1N1 pdm09 and H1N2. Variables significantly associated with IAV seroprevalence found in the final model were 'bird-proof net' (PR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.65-0.86) and 'gilt acclimatization unit' (PR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.50-0.66), showing a protective effect against IAV seroprevalence, and 'external replacement', which had a positive effect on IAV seroprevalence (PR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.17-1.64). This study suggests that preventing contact among wild species and swine and using an adaptation area for animals before entry into the herd can be strategies to control the influenza virus in breeding herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Serafini Poeta Silva
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo de Freitas Costa
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Sousa E Silva
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carine Kunzler Souza
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Faculdade de Veterinária e Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luís Gustavo Corbellini
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Garza-Moreno L, Pieters M, López-Soria S, Carmona M, Krejci R, Segalés J, Sibila M. Comparison of vaccination protocols against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae during the gilt acclimation period. Vet Microbiol 2019; 229:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|