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Schug S, Baunacke A, Goeckenjan M, Horn LC, Pretzsch G, Zimmermann G, Alexander H. Endometrial human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) expression is a marker for adequate secretory transformation of the endometrium. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2019; 299:1727-1736. [PMID: 30955059 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-019-05130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Successful embryo implantation into the endometrium depends on embryonic characteristics and proper endometrial development. Reproductive medicine often focuses on embryo quality, whereas reliable diagnostic tests for endometrial receptivity are still needed. We previously found that human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), one of the earliest proteins secreted by the embryo, was also expressed by the luteal phase endometrium around the implantation window. Here, we tested our hypothesis of endometrial hCG as an implantation marker. METHODS Endometrial biopsies and serum samples were taken from patients undergoing routine infertility diagnostics. Correlations of immunohistochemically detected endometrial hCG expression with adequate endometrial secretory transformation, the infiltration of CD45-positive leukocytes, clinical diagnostic parameters, and endometrial thickness were analyzed. RESULTS A highly significant correlation between the endometrial score, as a measurement for regular secretory transformation, and the intensity of hCG staining was found. The invasion of CD45-positive leukocytes increased with progressing endometrial secretory transformation and rising endometrial hCG expression. In addition, serum progesterone concentrations correlated with hCG expression by the endometrial glands. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest endometrial hCG as a possible diagnostic parameter characterizing the endometrial secretory transformation and, thus, possibly also its implantation capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindy Schug
- Research Laboratory of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Human Reproduction and Endocrinology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anja Baunacke
- Research Laboratory of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Human Reproduction and Endocrinology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maren Goeckenjan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lars-Christian Horn
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Breast, Gynecological and Perinatal Pathology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 24, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabriele Pretzsch
- Women's Hospital, University Hospital of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerolf Zimmermann
- Research Laboratory of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Human Reproduction and Endocrinology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henry Alexander
- Research Laboratory of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Human Reproduction and Endocrinology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Stephenson MD, McQueen D, Winter M, Kliman HJ. Luteal start vaginal micronized progesterone improves pregnancy success in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril 2017; 107:684-690.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Evaluation of the luteal phase after ovarian stimulation presents several difficulties. Until today, it has not been proved that in cycles stimulated with clomiphene citrate/human menopausal gonadotrophins, luteal supplementation with progesterone significantly increases implantation rate. On the contrary, it is accepted that in cycles stimulated with GnRH agonists/gonadotrophins, support of the luteal phase is essential for the achievement of pregnancy. In GnRH antagonist cycles luteal supplementation, although widely practised, is not at present supported by randomized controlled trials. Finally, it appears that the combination of gonadotrophin stimulation with human chorionic gonadotrophin results in an inadequate luteal phase with or without the use of either agonists or antagonists.
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Rybak EA, Szmyga M, Zapantis G, Rausch M, Beshay VE, Polotsky AJ, Coutifaris C, Carr BR, Santoro N, Meier UT. The nucleolar channel system reliably marks the midluteal endometrium regardless of fertility status: a fresh look at an old organelle. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:1385-9.e1. [PMID: 21067716 PMCID: PMC3347775 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether nucleolar channel systems (NCSs) in the midluteal endometrium are associated with overall fertility status and/or with unexplained infertility. DESIGN Retrospective and prospective clinical studies. SETTING Repository of stored specimens from prior multicenter study and private infertility center. PATIENT(S) Retrospective study that included 97 women (49 fertile couples, 48 infertile couples) who had been randomized for endometrial biopsy during the midluteal or late luteal phase. The prospective study included 78 women with a variety of infertility diagnoses. INTERVENTION(S) Endometrial biopsies were obtained and assessed for the presence of NCSs by indirect immunofluorescence. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The presence of NCS was graded semiquantitatively and dichotomized as normal versus low or absent. RESULT(S) Normal presence of NCS was significantly associated with the midluteal phase compared with the late luteal phase (80% vs. 29%). However, there was no association between presence of NCS and fertility status or between presence of NCS and unexplained infertility. CONCLUSION(S) Midluteal phase endometrium consistently forms NCSs regardless of fertility status, including unexplained infertility. This indicates a possible role for the NCS in initiating the window of endometrial receptivity. However, the consistent presence of NCSs across several different types of infertility challenges the likelihood that inadequate secretory transformation is a cause of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli A. Rybak
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Michael Szmyga
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY
| | - Gregory Zapantis
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- East Coast Fertility, Plainview, New York
| | - Mary Rausch
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Victor E. Beshay
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas – Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Alex J. Polotsky
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Christos Coutifaris
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bruce R. Carr
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas – Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nanette Santoro
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - U. Thomas Meier
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY
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Diagnóstico de la infertilidad: estudio de la pareja infértil. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0716-8640(10)70546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
Fetal wastage has many causes, but genetic factors are by far the most common. The earlier the pregnancy loss occurs, the greater the likelihood of genetic causation. Among first trimester abortions, 50% to 80% show chromosomal abnormalities, usually aneuploidy. This is greater than all other causes combined. Chromosomal numerical abnormalities can be recurrent and sporadic; failure to take this into account is a major pitfall in many reports addressing causation. Moreover, many causes of fetal wastage that are traditionally considered to be "nongenetic" are actually the result of perturbations of gene products-proteins. Among nongenetic causes of first trimester fetal wastage, the best established are thyroid abnormities; antifetal antibodies; and the inherited and acquired thrombophilias. The latter are more established in the second trimester. Uterine anomalies can lead to second trimester losses. Infections seem uncommon, and alloimmune causes are not validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Leigh Simpson
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Nardo LG, Sallam HN. Progesterone supplementation to prevent recurrent miscarriage and to reduce implantation failure in assisted reproduction cycles. Reprod Biomed Online 2006; 13:47-57. [PMID: 16820108 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)62015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Implantation failure has been questioned for many cases of recurrent miscarriage and unsuccessful assisted reproduction. The exact cause of implantation failure is not known, but luteal phase defect is encountered in many of these cases. Consequently, women with recurrent miscarriages have been treated with progesterone supplementation with various degrees of success, and a recent meta-analysis has shown trends for improved live birth rates in those women. Progesterone probably acts as an immunological suppressant blocking T-helper (Th)1 activity and inducing release of Th2 cytokines. Numerous studies have confirmed that ovarian stimulation used in assisted reproduction is associated with luteal phase insufficiency, even when gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonists are used. In those patients, advanced endometrial histological maturity and a decrease in the concentration of cytoplasmic progesterone receptors are observed. Progesterone supplementation results in a trend towards improved ongoing and clinical pregnancy rates, except in patients treated with human menopausal gonadotrophin-only regimens, in whom ongoing pregnancy rates increase significantly. More randomized controlled trials are needed to increase the power of the currently available meta-analyses to further evaluate progesterone supplementation in both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano G Nardo
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester and Division of Human Development, University of Manchester, UK.
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Fadare O, Zheng W. Histologic dating of the endometrium: accuracy, reproducibility, and practical value. Adv Anat Pathol 2005; 12:39-46. [PMID: 15731571 DOI: 10.1097/01.pap.0000155051.91366.bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwole Fadare
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8070, USA
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Abstract
Between 0.5 and 1.0% of couples experience recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), which is defined as three or more consecutive miscarriages. Losses are classified as pre-embryonic (<5 weeks), embryonic (5-10 weeks) or fetal (>10 weeks). Genetic abnormalities are responsible for RPL in 2-4% of these couples. Inadequate progesterone production has been proposed a cause of RPL and progesterone is given to prevent miscarriage, despite a lack of supportive evidence. The factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutations are common inherited thrombophilias also associated with RPL. Antenatal thromboprophylaxis is sometimes recommended although no data exist regarding efficacy. Antiphospholipid syndrome is known to cause RPL and antenatal thromboprophylaxis reduces the risk of miscarriage. Uterine abnormalities might also result in RPL. About 50% of cases of RPL have no identifiable cause. Alloimmune incompatibility has been proposed as a cause for RPL in these women. The concept of alloimmune-related RPL has not been scientifically validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Flint Porter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, LDS Hospital, 8th Avenue and C Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84143, USA.
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Ramakrishnan R, Gann PH, Wiley EL, Khurana KK, Khan SA. Normal breast lobular architecture in breast biopsy samples from breast cancer cases and benign disease controls. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 86:259-68. [PMID: 15567942 DOI: 10.1023/b:brea.0000036899.97114.b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Rodent studies suggest a relationship between lobular maturation and breast cancer risk. Human data are sparse, and were developed using whole mounts of mastectomy or mammoplasty samples, without consideration of menstrual phase in premenopausal women. We studied normal breast lobules in relation to cancer risk in 284 women, using surgical biopsy material (mean two sections and 43.2 lobular structures per subject): 167 were premenopausal; 89 with breast cancer (cases) and 78 undergoing benign breast biopsy (controls). Of 117 postmenopausal women, 67 were cases and 50 were controls. Normal lobular type was classified based on size, and was designated predominant if it constituted 60% or more of the total lobules classified. The control group showed 66% type I, 34% type II and 1% type III lobules while cases showed 69% type I, 31% type II and 7% type III structures. Predominant lobule type showed no association with cancer (p = 0.9). Postmenopausal women had a substantially higher proportion of type I lobules compared to premenopausal women, irrespective of the parity or cancer status (p < 0.001). Lobule type was not associated with menstrual phase classified by dates; however, when menstrual phase was classified using breast morphological characteristics, type I lobules were more abundant in follicular phase and type II in the luteal phase (p < 0.001). In conclusion, we did not observe a relationship between lobular architecture and breast cancer susceptibility when using smaller breast samples usually available in epidemiological studies, but these data highlight the need for menstrual phase stratification in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathi Ramakrishnan
- Department of Surgery, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Coutifaris C, Myers ER, Guzick DS, Diamond MP, Carson SA, Legro RS, McGovern PG, Schlaff WD, Carr BR, Steinkampf MP, Silva S, Vogel DL, Leppert PC. Histological dating of timed endometrial biopsy tissue is not related to fertility status. Fertil Steril 2004; 82:1264-72. [PMID: 15533340 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2003] [Revised: 03/29/2004] [Accepted: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the ability of histological dating to discriminate between women of fertile and infertile couples. The utility of histological dating of endometrium in the evaluation of infertile couples is uncertain. DESIGN Prospective multicenter study, with subjects randomly assigned to biopsy timing. Criterion standard for infertility was 12 months of unprotected, regular intercourse without conception and for fertility at least one live birth within 2 years. SETTING University-based infertility practices. PATIENT(S) Volunteer subjects (847) recruited at 12 clinical sites participating in the National Institutes of Health-funded Reproductive Medicine Network. Inclusion criteria included ages 20-39 years, regular menstrual cycles, and no hormonal treatment or contraceptive use for 1 month before the study. Fertile controls were excluded if they had a history of infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, or recent breastfeeding. INTERVENTION(S) Subjects underwent daily urinary LH testing. After detection of the LH surge, subjects were randomized to biopsy in the mid (days 21-22) or the late (days 26-27) luteal phase. Pathologists at each site estimated the cycle day based on standard criteria. For the primary analysis, an out-of-phase biopsy was defined as a greater than 2-day delay in the histological maturation of the endometrium. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The proportion of out-of-phase biopsies in fertile and infertile women was compared using logistic regression models with age at randomization as a covariate. Comparisons were also made between fertile vs. infertile at the midluteal or late luteal phase time points. RESULT(S) Biopsies were evaluated (301 mid and 318 late; N = 619). Out-of-phase biopsy results poorly discriminated between women from fertile and infertile couples in either the midluteal (fertile: 49.4%, infertile: 43.2%) or late luteal phase (fertile: 35.3%, infertile 23.0%). Results did not substantially differ using alternative definitions of "out-of-phase" or standardized cycle day. CONCLUSION(S) Histological dating of the endometrium does not discriminate between women of fertile and infertile couples and should not be used in the routine evaluation of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Coutifaris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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Dubowy RL, Feinberg RF, Keefe DL, Doncel GF, Williams SC, McSweet JC, Kliman HJ. Improved endometrial assessment using cyclin E and p27. Fertil Steril 2003; 80:146-56. [PMID: 12849817 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(03)00573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate endometrial expression of cyclin E and p27 in fertile and infertile women. DESIGN Retrospective clinical study. SETTING University medical center and private practice. PATIENT(S) Thirty-three fertile volunteers, 83 women seeking infertility treatment, and 23 women undergoing mock cycles. INTERVENTION(S) Endometrial biopsy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Cyclin E and p27 immunohistochemistry. RESULT(S) Glandular cyclin E and p27 expression dramatically changed in intensity and subcellular localization throughout the menstrual cycle. In normal control biopsies, glandular cyclin E progressed from the basal to the lateral cytoplasm (midproliferative phase) to the nucleus (days 18 to 19) and was absent in biopsies after day 20. First appearing on days 17 to 19, p27 was found only in the nuclei. Cyclin E was more frequently seen after day 20 in infertility patients. In the hyperstimulated cycles, staining for cycle E in proliferative samples was more intense than in the natural cycles, but p27 staining was unchanged. CONCLUSION(S) Cyclin E and p27 may be clinically useful markers of development in the endometrium. As cell cycle regulators, cyclins reveal underlying biochemical processes driving endometrial progression and may partly represent the means by which estrogen and progesterone regulate this dynamic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Dubowy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8063, USA
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Duggan MA, Brasher P, Ostor A, Scurry J, Billson V, Kneafsey P, Difrancesco L. The accuracy and interobserver reproducibility of endometrial dating. Pathology 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/00313020126323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Adams SM, Murphy CR. A successful pregnancy following SEM fine tuning of hormonal priming. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2001; 1:3. [PMID: 11667953 PMCID: PMC58590 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2001] [Accepted: 10/01/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Manipulation of the uterine epithelium utilising standard dose exogenous oestrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) has been shown to achieve a mature secretory morphological response. However, in an in vitro fertilisation (IVF) setting, frozen embryo transfer (ET) has had a low success rate. We propose that in patients with previously failed ET attempts, the uterine epithelium can be directly visualised by biopsy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and that with an individualised fine tuning of the hormone supplementation regime, based on the SEM examination of sequential uterine biopsies, it is possible to provide a uterine environment conducive to successful ET. METHODS: A 47 year old women was chosen for endometrial biopsy, histopathological dating and endometrial observation utilising SEM to determine the integrity of her secretory uterine epithelium because of her age and several previously failed attempts at frozen ET. Exogenous E2 and P4 supplementation was administered in modified doses according to the SEM result, in consecutive cycles until the epithelial response appeared satisfactory for potential implantation. RESULTS: This case study demonstrates the dramatic change in epithelial characteristics that can be achieved as a response to these altered doses of E2 and P4. The uterine morphology changed from a hypotrophic to a mature, receptive epithelium such that ET resulted in the birth of healthy twin boys. CONCLUSION: The comparison between the consecutive biopsies in direct response to the SEM analysis and tailored modification of E2 and P4 dose clearly demonstrates, in this case, the effectiveness of individual morphological monitoring to maximise the successful outcome of ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Adams
- Department of Anatomy & Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Christopher R Murphy
- Department of Anatomy & Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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A prospective controlled study of luteal and endometrial abnormalities in an infertile population*†*Supported in part by grant 204688/88.4, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasília, Brazil and by a grant from Serono Laboratories, Norwell, Massachusetts.†Presented in part at the 74th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, San Antonio, Texas, June 24 to 27, 1992. Fertil Steril 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)58143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Batista MC, Cartledge TP, Zellmer AW, Merino MJ, Axiotis C, Bremner WJ, Nieman LK. Effects of aging on menstrual cycle hormones and endometrial maturation*†*Supported in part by grant 86/2520–2, Fundação de Amparo 'a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, and by grant 204688/88.4, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasília, Brazil.†Presented in part at the 75th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Las Vegas, Nevada, June 9 to 12, 1993. Fertil Steril 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)57782-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bulletti C, Galassi A, Parmeggiani R, Polli V, Alfieri S, Labate AMM, Flamigni C. Dating the endometrial biopsy by flow cytometry **Supported by grants 9300660 and 9202504 from National Council of Research, Rome, Italy, and by 930212100 grant from the University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Fertil Steril 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Macrow PJ, Li TC, Seif MW, Buckley CH, Elstein M. Endometrial structure after superovulation: a prospective controlled study. Fertil Steril 1994; 61:696-9. [PMID: 8150112 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the effect of superovulation using a GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) and hMG and hCG on endometrial structure. DESIGN Prospective, case-controlled study. SETTING Tertiary referral assisted reproduction unit in an academic department. PATIENTS Eleven women undergoing GIFT or IVF, without ET. INTERVENTIONS All women were treated with a long stimulation regimen using the depot GnRH-a Goserelin (ICI, Macclesfield, United Kingdom) and hMG and hCG. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Comparison of endometrial biopsy specimens taken 4 days after ovulation in an unstimulated cycle with specimens taken 4 days after oocyte recovery, using standard dating criteria and morphometric analysis. RESULTS There was no difference in endometrial glandular development as assessed by either standard criteria or morphometric analysis. CONCLUSIONS Superovulation preceded by pituitary down regulation is not associated with abnormal endometrial glandular development, even though supraphysiological levels of E2 and P are induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Macrow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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Timing of the endometrial biopsy may be critical for the accurate diagnosis of luteal phase deficiency**Supported by the National Institutes of Health grant HD-30476–1 (BAL), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.††Presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of The American Fertility Society, Montreal, Canada, October 9 to 14, 1993. Fertil Steril 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Li TC, Klentzeris L, Barratt C, Warren MA, Cooke S, Cooke ID. A study of endometrial morphology in women who failed to conceive in a donor insemination programme. BRITISH JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1993; 100:935-8. [PMID: 8217978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1993.tb15111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the morphology of endometrium in women who failed to conceive after nine or more cycles of donor insemination treatment. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Jessop Hospital for Women, Sheffield. SUBJECTS Two groups: twenty-six infertile women and a control group of eight fertile women. INTERVENTION Endometrial biopsy specimens were obtained in the mid-luteal phase, timed precisely by the luteinising hormone surge. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Morphological study of endometrial biopsy specimens by the use of traditional dating criteria and established morphometric techniques. RESULTS Twelve biopsy specimens (42%) were found to be retarded. In addition, morphometric analysis revealed significant differences in the glandular component of the endometrium between the infertile and fertile groups. CONCLUSION Endometrial defect leading to implantation failure may be an important underlying cause of failure to conceive after repeated attempts at donor insemination. The endometrium should be investigated in this group of women, and further attempts at donor insemination treatment should be offered only in conjunction with attempts to restore the normality of the endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jessop Hospital for Women, Sheffield, UK
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Li TC, Warren MA. Ovulation induction for luteal phase defects and luteal phase defects after ovulation induction. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1993; 7:389-419. [PMID: 8358897 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3552(05)80137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Batista MC, Cartledge TP, Merino MJ, Axiotis C, Platia MP, Merriam GR, Loriaux DL, Nieman LK. Midluteal phase endometrial biopsy does not accurately predict luteal function**Supported in part by grant 204688/88.4, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Technologico, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Fertil Steril 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)55712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Klentzeris LD, Li TC, Dockery P, Cooke ID. The endometrial biopsy as a predictive factor of pregnancy rate in women with unexplained infertility. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1992; 45:119-24. [PMID: 1499846 DOI: 10.1016/0028-2243(92)90227-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether or not there is any relation between endometrial morphology and subsequent pregnancy rate, 47 couples with unexplained infertility were followed up for 3 years after they had had an endometrial biopsy. Each woman had an LH-timed endometrial biopsy performed in the luteal phase of the cycle. The biopsy was dated chronologically according to the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge and histologically using morphometric criteria. None of the women received any form of treatment in the endometrial biopsy cycle. Of 47 women with unexplained infertility, 36 (76.6%) (Group I) had 'in phase' endometrial development and 11 (23.4%) (Group II) had retarded endometrium. Women with normal endometrial development had a higher pregnancy rate than women with retarded endometrial development (50% vs. 9%; P less than 0.02). The fecundability during treatment cycles was higher in Group I than in Group II (0.051 vs. 0.008; P less than 0.05). In women with 'in phase' endometrium, treatment increased the monthly probability of conception (0.051 vs. 0.006; P less than 0.001). A precisely timed endometrial biopsy should be considered as part of the investigations for women with unexplained reproductive failure, to help determine prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Klentzeris
- Harris Birthright Research Centre for Reproductive Medicine, University Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jessop Hospital for Women, Sheffield, UK
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Batista MC, Cartledge TP, Zellmer AW, Merino MJ, Axiotis C, Loriaux DL, Nieman LK. Delayed endometrial maturation induced by daily administration of the antiprogestin RU 486: a potential new contraceptive strategy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 167:60-5. [PMID: 1442957 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(11)91627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine if a progesterone antagonist might interdict the development of a secretory endometrium. STUDY DESIGN Eleven normally cycling women not at risk for pregnancy received RU 486 (1 mg/day orally) or placebo throughout one menstrual cycle in a randomized, double-blind, crossover fashion. Estradiol, progesterone, and placental protein 14 were measured every 3 days; luteinizing hormone was measured until the midcycle surge was detected. An endometrial biopsy was performed on luteal phase day 7 to 9 and interpreted with Noyes' criteria. Differences between treatment groups were analyzed by the Student t test. RESULTS RU 486 delayed ovulation, retarded endometrial maturation, and reduced peak levels of placental protein 14 without affecting gonadal steroid production. The abnormalities in endometrial morphology and function are similar to those seen in infertile women with luteal phase defects. CONCLUSION We hypothesize that this regimen of antiprogestin administration may prevent implantation and offer a novel strategy for fertility control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Batista
- Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Peters AJ, Lloyd RP, Coulam CB. Prevalence of out-of-phase endometrial biopsy specimens. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166:1738-45; discussion 1745-6. [PMID: 1615982 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(92)91564-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We attempted to determine the prevalence of out-of-phase endometrial biopsy specimens among fertile and infertile women and women with recurrent pregnancy loss, histologic dating of biopsies was compared with four reference points for expected ovulation. These reference points included last menstrual period, next menstrual period, luteinizing hormone testing, and ultrasonographic documentation of ovulation. STUDY DESIGN Four hundred eighty-five endometrial biopsies were performed 7 days after documented ovulation-based ultrasonographic evidence for follicle collapse. The histologic dating was referenced to the last menstrual period, next menstrual period, and ultrasonographic documentation of ovulation. One hundred thirty-two of these women also performed urinary luteinizing hormone surge testing before ovulation and serum progesterone determinations. A comparison of the prevalence of out-of-phase biopsy specimens among groups was determined with the chi 2 test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS The prevalence of out-of-phase endometrial biopsy specimens ranged from 42% when last menstrual period was used to 26% with next menstrual period, to 21% with luteinizing hormone testing, and to 4% with ultrasonographic documentation of ovulation. Serum progesterone values among women with a diagnosis of out-of-phase biopsy specimens by any of the reference dates progesterone were similar to those with in-phase biopsy specimens. CONCLUSION The accuracy of histologic endometrial dating was best determined by ultrasonographic monitoring rather than by last menstrual period, next menstrual period, or luteinizing hormone testing in infertile populations and in those with recurrent pregnancy loss. Additionally, because no significant difference in out-of-phase biopsy specimens exists between fertile and infertile patients and recurrent pregnancy loss, those with the role of this procedure is called into question.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Peters
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Inc
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Li TC, Ramsewak SS, Lenton EA, Cooke ID, Warren MA, Dockery P. Endometrial responses in artificial cycles: a prospective, randomized study comparing three different progesterone dosages. BRITISH JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1992; 99:319-24. [PMID: 1581278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1992.tb13731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the endometrial response to three different regimens of progesterone. DESIGN A prospective, randomized study. SETTING The Jessop Hospital for Women, Sheffield. SUBJECTS 14 women with premature ovarian failure divided into two equal groups. INTERVENTIONS Three different regimens of hormone replacement therapy containing standard, high and low progesterone dosages. One group received the standard regimen in one cycle and high dosage regimen in another cycle. The second group received the standard regimen in one cycle and low dosage regimen in another cycle. The order of the two dosage regimens was randomized by lottery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Ultrasonographic measurement of endometrial thickness and morphological study of endometrial biopsy specimens taken on day 19 of the cycle using the traditional dating criteria and morphometric techniques. RESULTS Compared with standard regimen cycles, the endometrial response in cycles treated with the low dosage regimen showed significant retardation of overall endometrial development and changes in a number of morphometric measurements. The response of endometrial glands to the high dosage regimen was similar to that of the standard regimen, although the stromal cell diameter was increased. CONCLUSIONS In women receiving hormone replacement therapy normal endometrial development depends on an adequate dosage of progesterone, but increased dosage above our standard regimen does not produce any further change in the glandular component of the endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Sheffield Jessop Hospital for Women, UK
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30
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Corsan GH, Kemmann E, Bohrer M, Blotner M, Smilow P, Shelden R. Use of urinary luteinizing hormone immunoassays in the assessment of luteal function in infertile women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166:41-6. [PMID: 1733216 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(92)91826-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that the chronologic date of an endometrial biopsy performed to evaluate luteal adequacy should be based on the date of the luteinizing hormone surge rather than the date of the next menstrual period. Sixty-four infertile women used a urinary luteinizing hormone immunoassay to identify the luteinizing hormone surge; timed serum progesterone level tests and an endometrial biopsy were then performed. An out-of-phase endometrium was identified in 26.6% of cycles dated traditionally and 28.1% of cycles dated from the luteinizing hormone surge. No relationship was identified between progesterone levels and endometrial biopsy results when the next menstrual period was used. When the luteinizing hormone surge was used no progesterone cutoff value could be identified that would reliably distinguish between in-phase and out-of-phase cycles. Use of a urinary luteinizing hormone immunoassay offers no advantage over the next menstrual period and does not lead to better agreement between histologic and chronologic dating.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Corsan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick 08093
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31
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Kim-Björklund T, Landgren BM, Hamberger L, Johannisson E. Comparative morphometric study of the endometrium, the fallopian tube, and the corpus luteum during the postovulatory phase in normally menstruating women. Fertil Steril 1991; 56:842-50. [PMID: 1936316 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)54653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare function and histologic structure of the corpus luteum (CL) to the morphology of the endometrium and the fallopian tube in normally menstruating women. DESIGN Circulating steroid and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were compared with CL steroid production in vitro and the histology of CL, endometrium, and the fallopian tube at four stages of the postovulatory phase (days LH +/- 0/LH+3, LH+4/LH+7, LH+8/LH+11, LH+12/onset of menstruation). SETTING OF PATIENTS: The study included 28 volunteers with proven fertility undergoing surgical sterilization timed in relation to the LH surge. INTERVENTIONS Blood and urine samples for LH, progesterone (P), and estradiol assessment were obtained before (simultaneously with ultrasound examinations), during, and after operation. Biopsy specimens from CL, endometrium, and fallopian tube were taken at the surgical sterilization and subjected to morphometric analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AND RESULTS Significant correlation was found between the endometrial dating and the LH surge (r = 0.923) and between the dating of the endometrial and CL biopsies (r = 0.918). A significant correlation (P less than 0.01) existed between circulating P levels and two endometrial indices; the number of vacuolated cells (LH+4/LH+7) and the glandular diameter (LH+8/LH+11). CONCLUSION In normally menstruating women, the endometrial biopsy is likely to closely gauge the CL activity provided the biopsy is timed in relation to the LH surge.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kim-Björklund
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Switzerland
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32
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Gibson M, Badger GJ, Byrn F, Lee KR, Korson R, Trainer TD. Error in histologic dating of secretory endometrium: variance component analysis. Fertil Steril 1991; 56:242-7. [PMID: 2070853 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)54479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the extent and sources of imprecision in histologic dating of the endometrial biopsy. DESIGN Duplicate endometrial biopsies from 25 women were dated by five evaluators on two separate occasions to evaluate the overall precision of the measure. Using variance component analysis, estimates of intrauterine, intraevaluator, and interevaluator variability were determined. SETTING Samples were obtained during outpatient fertility testing. Evaluators were colleagues at the same institution. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS Women presenting with infertility undergoing routine evaluation. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Variability in histologic dating of the endometrium. RESULTS Inconsistencies between evaluators accounted for 65% of the observed variability, whereas 27% was because of inconsistencies in duplicate readings by the same evaluator. Regional differences in the uterus accounted for only 8% of the total variability. CONCLUSIONS The overall error from these sources have the potential to result in a substantial false-positive rate for diagnosis of luteal phase defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gibson
- University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
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33
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Miller MM, Hoffman DI, Creinin M, Levin JH, Chatterton RT, Murad T, Rebar RW. Comparison of endometrial biopsy and urinary pregnanediol glucuronide concentration in the diagnosis of luteal phase defect. Fertil Steril 1990; 54:1008-11. [PMID: 2245826 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)53996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To determine if pregnanediol glucuronide (PG) excretion is useful in luteal phase assessment, we compared daily first morning urinary PG concentrations during the luteal phase in nine normal and nine deficient cycles. Total luteal pregnanediol excretion (44.1 +/- 11.3 versus 64.0 +/- 11.6 area units +/- SEM) was not different. However, significantly less pregnanediol was excreted by the abnormal group during the 1st 5 days of the luteal phase (12.7 +/- 1.2 versus 18.0 +/- 1.7 area units +/- SEM, respectively). Thus, delayed PG excretion may be characteristic of luteal phase defect and measurement of urinary PG may be useful only if daily samples during the early luteal phase are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Miller
- Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
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34
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Hecht BR, Bardawil WA, Khan-Dawood FS, Dawood MY. Luteal insufficiency: correlation between endometrial dating and integrated progesterone output in clomiphene citrate-induced cycles. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163:1986-91. [PMID: 2256512 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(90)90785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Midluteal phase endometrium was histologically dated with midcycle luteinizing hormone surge time in 29 cycles from 10 parous women during untreated cycles (control) and treatment with clomiphene citrate 50 mg and 150 mg daily on days 5 through 9. Integrated progesterone output for 7 days after luteinizing hormone surge calculated from the daily plasma progesterone levels was 66.6 +/- 9.8 ng/ml in the control group compared with 117.5 +/- 18.6 ng/ml for clomiphene citrate 50 mg treatment and 152.1 +/- 11 ng/ml for clomiphene citrate 150 mg treatment (p less than or equal to 0.05). Only one cycle (clomiphene citrate 150 mg) had an out-of-phase endometrium and a significantly reduced integrated progesterone output of 28 ng/ml. All other cycles showed synchronous endometrial maturation. We conclude that luteal insufficiency as a result of clomiphene citrate treatment in ovulatory women is infrequent and is more likely to be a result of functional outcome of a relative lack of luteal phase progesterone output.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Hecht
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
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35
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Li TC, Dockery P, Rogers AW, Cooke ID. A quantitative study of endometrial development in the luteal phase: comparison between women with unexplained infertility and normal fertility. BRITISH JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1990; 97:576-82. [PMID: 2390500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1990.tb02543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study compared endometrial development in the luteal phase of women with unexplained infertility (n = 30) with that in women with normal fertility (n = 70) by the use of quantitative histological techniques (morphometric analysis) on endometrial specimens which were precisely timed from the luteinizing hormone surge. When overall endometrial development (histological dating) was considered, the proportion of women with unexplained infertility who had retarded endometrial development (20%) was found to be significantly higher than for women with normal fertility (3%) (P less than 0.01). When individual histological features were considered, women with unexplained infertility were found to have significant deviation from the normal range established from fertile women in only five of the 14 histological features measured. All of these five features related to the glandular but not to the stromal component of the endometrium; four of these five features are related to glandular secretory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Li
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Sheffield, Jessop Hospital for Women
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36
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Sharma V, Whitehead M, Mason B, Pryse-Davies J, Ryder T, Dowsett M, Campbell S, Collins W. Influence of superovulation on endometrial and embryonic development. Fertil Steril 1990; 53:822-9. [PMID: 2332058 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)53516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The authors have studied the temporal relationship between follicular rupture and endometrial development in 13 women during a natural ovarian cycle (length 25 to 35 days), and subsequently after standard treatment with clomiphene citrate, human menopausal gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to induce multiple folliculogenesis for oocyte recovery, in vitro fertilization, and embryo freezing (cycle length 23 to 27 days). An endometrial biopsy was taken during both cycles 1.5 to 2.0 days after the oocytes had been released or removed. The samples were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Samples of peripheral blood were taken at defined times for hormone analysis. After treatment 11 subjects (85%) had advanced morphological development of the endometrium (8 women by 3 to 4 days, 3 women by 1 to 2 days). The concentrations of plasma estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) on the days of follicular rupture and endometrial biopsy were significantly raised in the treatment cycles. The concentration of total urinary estrogens on the day of hCG administration and the mean change in the concentration of plasma E2 (treatment/control) on the days of endometrial biopsy were positively correlated with the extent of endometrial advancement. In addition, the mean change in the concentration of plasma P (treatment/control) was markedly increased on the days of follicular rupture and endometrial biopsy in those subjects with an advanced endometrium. Embryonic development was not so obviously related to the extent of superovulation. Asynchronous endometrial and embryonic development may therefore contribute to the low pregnancy rate in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sharma
- King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
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37
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Wentz AC, Kossoy LR, Parker RA. The impact of luteal phase inadequacy in an infertile population. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162:937-43; discussion 943-5. [PMID: 2327464 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(90)91294-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective analysis of patients evaluated and treated for infertility was performed. Luteal phase inadequacy was diagnosed when the late luteal endometrial biopsy pattern was greater than 2 days out of phase in two cycles; in patients treated with clomiphene citrate therapy was changed if one biopsy was out of phase. One hundred ninety-seven patients underwent 242 biopsies. Among 137 women no treated with clomiphene citrate, 24 (17.5%) had out-of-phase biopsy specimens; 7 of 24 (29.2%) repeat biopsies were out of phase, with luteal phase inadequacy in 7 of 137 (5.1%) women. The probability of an out-of-phase biopsy occurring by chance alone was 4.2 of 137 or 3.1%. No woman was diagnosed to have luteal phase inadequacy as the single infertility factor. Fifty-three pregnancies (41%) occurred in 130 women without luteal phase inadequacy and in 2 of 7 (28.6%) diagnosed to have luteal phase inadequacy with other infertility factors. In clomiphene citrate-treated patients, pregnancy occurred in 15 of 26 (57.7%) with corrected luteal phase inadequacy and in 21 of 34 (61.8%) without luteal phase inadequacy. In this population the diagnosis of luteal phase inadequacy was not made more frequently than by chance alone. Moreover, fecundity in patients with treated luteal phase inadequacy is comparable to that in patients without this diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Wentz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, Tennessee
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38
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Li TC, Cooke ID. Outpatient endometrial biopsy: clinical, endocrinologic and histologic consequences. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1990; 31:35-41. [PMID: 1968016 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7292(90)90179-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this prospective study involving 152 outpatient endometrial biopsies (EBs), it was found that 89% had post-EB spotting which ranged from 1 to 5 days with a median of 2 days. Premenstrual spotting which could not be accounted for by post-EB spotting was present in 14% of the subjects, but less than half of them considered such spotting unusual. Outpatient EB resulted in earlier onset of menstruation in 43% of the subjects, but no overall change in the amount of menstrual flow or discomfort. When compared to control cycles in which an EB was not performed, cycles in which an EB was performed, had significant shortening of the luteal phase by an average of 1.0 day (P less than 0.01). However, there was no change in the corpus luteum function as assessed by the measurement of progesterone concentration in saliva samples collected daily throughout the luteal phase. EB did not appear to have any significant effect on histologic development (dating) of the endometrium, although leucocytic infiltration could be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Li
- University Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jessop Hospital for Women, Sheffield UK
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39
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Finn MM, Gosling JP, Tallon DF, Joyce LA, Meehan FP, Fottrell PF. Follicular growth and corpus luteum function in women with unexplained infertility, monitored by ultrasonography and measurement of daily salivary progesterone. Gynecol Endocrinol 1989; 3:297-308. [PMID: 2626978 DOI: 10.3109/09513598909152469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian function was evaluated over a minimum of 3 consecutive menstrual cycles from each of 41 women with unexplained infertility. Follicular development and ovulation were monitored using real time ultrasonography and luteal function was evaluated by daily salivary progesterone measurement. In 129 spontaneous cycles, normal single ovulations were detected in 121 (93.8%). Luteal phase insufficiency was identified in 21 (17.4%) of these 121 cycles and this was a recurrent phenomenon in the cycles of 5 of the 41 women (12.2%). A successful pregnancy was seen only in association with consistently normal salivary progesterone profiles or where the empirical use of clomiphene citrate therapy had corrected previously diagnosed luteal phase insufficiency. Basal body temperature records or mid-luteal serum progesterone measurements were less satisfactory indices of luteal function than a salivary progesterone profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Finn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College, Galway, Ireland
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