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Mohammadi Ziarani G, Jamasbi N, Mohajer F. Recent advances on the synthesis of natural pyrrolizidine alkaloids: alexine, and its stereoisomers. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:3. [PMID: 35129687 PMCID: PMC8821751 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural products have attracted the interest of the scientific community due to their importance and application. Alexine is a naturally polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidine alkaloid that is broadly found in plant sources and isolated from Alexa leiopetala. The biological properties such as glycosidase inhibitors, anti-virus, and anti-HIV activities, makes it interesting target for synthetical studies. This review reports different approaches and methodologies to the synthesis of alexine, and its stereoisomers as the target compounds in numerous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, P. O. Box 1993893973, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Negar Jamasbi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, P. O. Box 1993893973, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohajer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, P. O. Box 1993893973, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Yu L, Somfai P. Enantioselective synthesis of anti-3-alkenyl-2-amido-3-hydroxy esters: application to the total synthesis of (+)-alexine. RSC Adv 2019; 9:2799-2802. [PMID: 35520501 PMCID: PMC9059938 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00173e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A straightforward synthesis of anti-3-alkenyl-2-amido-3-hydroxy esters from the corresponding racemic α-amino-β-keto esters by using a ATH/DKR protocol has been developed. This method gives moderate to excellent yields with high chemo-, diastereo- and enantioselectivities for a broad range of substrates. In order to highlight the versatility of the methodology it was applied in an efficient asymmetric synthesis of the polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidine alkaloid (+)-alexine. A straightforward synthesis of anti-3-alkenyl-2-amido-3-hydroxy esters from the corresponding racemic α-amino-β-keto esters by using a ATH/DKR protocol has been developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- Lund
- Sweden
| | - Peter Somfai
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- Lund
- Sweden
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3
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Ikota N. Stereoselective Synthesis of Polyhydroxylated Amines Using (<i>S</i>)-Pyroglutamic Acid Derivatives. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 134:77-88. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Royzen M, Taylor MT, Deangelis A, Fox JM. Total Synthesis of Hyacinthacine A2: Stereocontrolled 5-aza-cyclooctene Photoisomerization and Transannular Hydroamination with Planar-to-Point Chirality Transfer. Chem Sci 2011; 2:2162-2165. [PMID: 23125911 DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00442e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The total synthesis of hyacinthacine A2 is reported via a novel transannular hydroamination in which planar chirality of a 5-aza-trans-cyclooctene precursor is transferred to point chirality in the product. Key to the success of this strategy was the development of a method for establishing absolute planar chirality via stereocontrolled photoisomerization of a 5-aza-cis-cyclooctene. This was accomplished by constructing a 5-aza-cis-cyclooctene precursor with a trans-fused acetonide. The improved diastereoselectivity observed upon photoisomerization of this derivative is attributed to the conformational strain of the eight-membered ring in the minor diastereomer.
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5
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Liu WJ, Ye JL, Huang PQ. A flexible approach for the asymmetric syntheses of hyacinthacines A2, A3 and structural confirmation of hyacinthacine A3. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2085-91. [DOI: 10.1039/b926741g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Davis BG. A silver-lined anniversary of Fleet iminosugars: 1984–2009, from DIM to DRAM to LABNAc. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Sengoku T, Suzuki T, Kakimoto T, Takahashi M, Yoda H. Extremely high regio- and stereoselective C–C bond formation of substituted γ-hydroxylactams: synthesis of macronecines based on their structural duality. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Takahashi M, Maehara T, Sengoku T, Fujita N, Takabe K, Yoda H. New asymmetric strategy for the total synthesis of naturally occurring (+)-alexine and (−)-7-epi-alexine. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Dressel M, Restorp P, Somfai P. Total Synthesis of (+)-Alexine by Utilizing a Highly Stereoselective [3+2] Annulation Reaction of anN-Tosyl-α-Amino Aldehyde and a 1,3-Bis(silyl)propene. Chemistry 2008; 14:3072-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Donohoe TJ, Cheeseman MD, O'Riordan TJC, Kershaw JA. Synthesis of (+)-DGDP and (−)-7-epialexine. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:3896-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b815332a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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12
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Hanessian S, Therrien E, S. Warrier J, Charron G. Synthetic Approaches to Polyhydroxy Indolizidines and Related Azabicyclic Scaffolds. HETEROCYCLES 2006. [DOI: 10.3987/com-06-s(w)44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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A general asymmetric route for the synthesis of the alexine and australine family of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The first asymmetric synthesis of 1,2-diepi-alexine and 1,2,7-triepi-australine. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Tang M, Pyne SG. Asymmetric synthesis of (+)-1-epiaustraline and attempted synthesis of australine. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Nieto-Alvarez DA, Calderón JS, Mancilla T. Synthesis of (1R,2R,7R,7aS)-1-hydroxymethyl-2,3,5,6,7,7a-hexahydropyrrolizidine-1,2,7-triol from rosmarinine degradation. Nat Prod Res 2003; 17:33-6. [PMID: 12674140 DOI: 10.1080/1057563021000028000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel tetrahydroxypyrrolizidine alkaloid (6) was obtained from rosmarinine degradation in 23% yield (isolated from Senecio callosas).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Aaron Nieto-Alvarez
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. Mexico D.F., A.P. 14-740. C.P. 07000, Mexico
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16
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Behr JB, Erard A, Guillerm G. A Facile and Rapid Route to a New Series of Pyrrolizidines Structurally Related to (+)-Alexine and (+)-Australine. European J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200204)2002:7<1256::aid-ejoc1256>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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White JD, Hrnciar P. Synthesis of polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidine alkaloids of the alexine family by tandem ring-closing metathesis-transannular cyclization. (+)-Australine. J Org Chem 2000; 65:9129-42. [PMID: 11149861 DOI: 10.1021/jo0012748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dienes 23 and 54, prepared from epoxy alcohol 9 via oxazolidinones 15 and 51, respectively, underwent ring-closing metathesis with Grubbs's catalyst to give azacyclooctenes 26 and 55. Treatment of each azacyclooctene with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid afforded beta-epoxide 28 from 26 and alpha-epoxide 61 from 60. Basic hydrolysis of each of these oxazolidinones was accompanied by transannular attack at the epoxide by nitrogen, resulting in 2-(O-benzyl)-7-deoxyalexine (29) and 1,2-di-(O-benzyl)australine (62). The latter was converted to the alkaloid australine (3) upon hydrogenolysis. Attempts to effect ring-closing metathesis of dienes 37, 38, and 46 were unsuccessful, suggesting that, while one allylic oxygen substituent can be tolerated by Grubbs's catalyst, two cannot.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D White
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Highly efficient and selective syntheses of the title compounds are described. The cornerstone of the synthetic plan is the tandem inter [4 + 2]/inter [3 + 2] cycloaddition process. These syntheses differ from previous applications of this strategy in that they incorporate an alkylation in the hydrogenolysis step to close the second ring of the azabicyclic systems. Notable features of the sequence are (1) the highly regio- and stereoselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition of nitronate 15 with siloxymethyl (Z)-beta-silylvinyl ketone (Z)-22b and (2) the highly selective reduction of the resulting ketone 24a with L-Selectride. A single-crystal X-ray structure analysis of synthetic (-)-7-epiaustraline confirmed that the targeted structure was successfully synthesized. This stimulated a reexamination of the structural assignment of the natural product. (-)-1-Epicastanospermine was synthesized in four steps from the common intermediate 27a. The absolute configuration of (-)-1-epicastanospermine was assured by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis of intermediate (-)-27a. Thus, the sign of the optical rotation had to be revised. The overall efficiency of these syntheses were 9 steps and 23% yield for (-)-7-epiaustraline and 10 steps and 20% yield for (-)-1-epicastanospermine
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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20
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Langlois N, Moro A. Regio- and Stereoselective Opening of Oxiranes through Neighbouring Group Participation: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Enantiopure Hydroxylated Oxazolidin-2-ones. European J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(199912)1999:12<3483::aid-ejoc3483>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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McCaig AE, Meldrum KP, Wightman RH. Synthesis of trihydroxylated pyrrolizidines and indolizidines using cycloaddition reactions of functionalized cyclic nitrones, and the synthesis of (+)- and (−)-lentiginosine. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00572-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Ikota N, Nakagawa H, Ohno S, Noguchi K, Okuyama K. Stereoselective synthesis of alexine stereoisomers from (S)-pyroglutamic acid. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00542-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Chapter 5 Biosynthesis 7. How Can N-Linked Glycosylation and Processing Inhibitors be Used to Study Carbohydrate Synthesis and Function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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24
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25
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26
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27
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Choi S, Bruce I, Fairbanks A, Fleet G, Jones A, Nash R, Fellows L. Alexines from heptonolactones. Tetrahedron Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(91)80072-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Isolation of 7a-epialexaflorine from leaves of alexa grandiflora a unique pyrrolizidine amino acid with a carboxylic acid substituent at C-3. Tetrahedron 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)80994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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30
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Fleet GW, Ramsden NG, Nash RJ, Fellows LE, Jacob GS, Molyneux RJ, di Bello IC, Winchester B. Synthesis of the enantiomers of 6-epicastanospermine and 1,6-diepicastanospermine from D- and L-gulonolactone. Carbohydr Res 1990; 205:269-82. [PMID: 2276139 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(90)80146-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the enantiomers of 6-epicastanospermine and of 1,6-diepicastanospermine from the enantiomeric gulonolactones is reported and the structure of the former is established as (1S,6R,7R,8R,8aR)-1,6,7,8-tetrahydroxyoctahydroindolizine. The inhibitory activities of the diastereomers against the amyloglucosidase-catalysed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside were investigated, and the effects of 6-epicastanospermine and of 1,6-diepicastanospermine on 14 human liver glycosidases are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Fleet
- Dyson Perrins Laboratory, Oxford University, Great Britain
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31
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Collin WF, Fleet GW, Haraldsson M, Cenci di Bello I, Winchester B. Effect on human liver glycosidases and short syntheses of 1 alpha,2 alpha,6 alpha,7 alpha,7a beta-1,2,6,7-tetrahydroxypyrrolizidine from D-glycero-D-gulo-heptono-1,4-lactone. Carbohydr Res 1990; 202:105-16. [PMID: 2224885 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(90)84074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 1 alpha,2 alpha,6 alpha,7 alpha,7a beta-1,2,6,7-tetrahydroxypyrrolizidine (1) from D-glycero-D-gulo-heptono-1,4-lactone (6) by two different routes is reported. The effects of 1 on the inhibition of 15 human liver glycosidases are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Collin
- Dyson Perrins Laboratory, Oxford University, UK
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32
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Reitz AB, Baxter EW. Pyrrolidine and piperidine aminosugars from dicarbonyl sugars in one step. Concise synthesis of 1-deoxynojirimycin. Tetrahedron Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)97169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Fleet GW, Witty DR. Synthesis of homochiral β-hydroxy-α-aminoacids [(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxyproline and (2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxypipecolic aicd] and of 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol [DAB1] and fagomine [1,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-D-arabino-hexitol]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(00)86337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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