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Zhang M, Chen C, Sun Y, Wang Y, Du P, Ma R, Li T. Association between Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds Exposome and Emergency Hospital Admissions for Cardiovascular Disease. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5695-5704. [PMID: 38502526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The limited research on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has not taken into account the interactions between constituents. We used the weighted quantile sum (WQS) model and generalized linear model (GLM) to quantify the joint effects of ambient VOCs exposome and identify the substances that play key roles. For a 0 day lag, a quartile increase of WQS index for n-alkanes, iso/anti-alkanes, aromatic, halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated saturated chain hydrocarbons, and halogenated unsaturated chain hydrocarbons were associated with 1.09% (95% CI: 0.13, 2.06%), 0.98% (95% CI: 0.22, 1.74%), 0.92% (95% CI: 0.14, 1.69%), 1.03% (95% CI: 0.14, 1.93%), 1.69% (95% CI: 0.48, 2.91%), and 1.85% (95% CI: 0.93, 2.79%) increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD) emergency hospital admissions, respectively. Independent effects of key substances on CVD-related emergency hospital admissions were also reported. In particular, an interquartile range increase in 1,1,1-trichloroethane, methylene chloride, styrene, and methylcyclohexane is associated with a greater risk of CVD-associated emergency hospital admissions [3.30% (95% CI: 1.93, 4.69%), 3.84% (95% CI: 1.21, 6.53%), 5.62% (95% CI: 1.35, 10.06%), 8.68% (95% CI: 3.74, 13.86%), respectively]. We found that even if ambient VOCs are present at a considerably low concentration, they can cause cardiovascular damage. This should prompt governments to establish and improve concentration standards for VOCs and their sources. At the same time, policies should be introduced to limit VOCs emission to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Zhang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chen Chen
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yanwen Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Peng Du
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Runmei Ma
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
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2
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Pytel K, Marcinkowska R, Rutkowska M, Zabiegała B. Recent advances on SOA formation in indoor air, fate and strategies for SOA characterization in indoor air - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156948. [PMID: 35753459 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies proves that indoor air chemistry differs in many aspects from atmospheric one. People send up to 90 % of their life indoors being exposed to pollutants present in gas, particle and solid phase. Particle phase indoor is composed of particles emitted from various sources, among which there is an indoor source - secondary chemical reactions leading to formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Lately, researchers' attentions turned towards the ultrafine particles, for there are still a lot of gaps in knowledge concerning this field of study, while there is evidence of negative influence of ultrafine particles on human health. Presented review sums up current knowledge about secondary particle formation in indoor environment and development of analytical techniques applied to study those processes. The biggest concern today is studying ROS, for their lifetime in indoor air is very short due to reactions at the very beginning of terpene oxidation process. Another interesting aspect that is recently discovered is monoterpene autooxidation process that leads to HOMs formation that in turn can influence SOA formation yield. A complex studies covering gas phase and particle phase characterization, but also toxicological studies are crucial to fully understand indoor air chemistry leading to ultrafine particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Pytel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland
| | - Renata Marcinkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rutkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland
| | - Bożena Zabiegała
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland.
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3
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Halios CH, Landeg-Cox C, Lowther SD, Middleton A, Marczylo T, Dimitroulopoulou S. Chemicals in European residences - Part I: A review of emissions, concentrations and health effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156201. [PMID: 35623519 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the more important classes of potentially toxic indoor air chemicals are the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). However, due to a limited understanding of the relationships between indoor concentrations of individual VOCs and health outcomes, there are currently no universal health-based guideline values for VOCs within Europe including the UK. In this study, a systematic search was conducted designed to capture evidence on concentrations, emissions from indoor sources, and health effects for VOCs measured in European residences. We identified 65 individual VOCs, and the most commonly measured were aromatic hydrocarbons (14 chemicals), alkane hydrocarbons (9), aldehydes (8), aliphatic hydrocarbons (5), terpenes (6), chlorinated hydrocarbons (4), glycol and glycol ethers (3) and esters (2). The pathway of interest was inhalation and 8 individual aromatic hydrocarbons, 7 alkanes and 6 aldehydes were associated with respiratory health effects. Members of the chlorinated hydrocarbon family were associated with cardiovascular neurological and carcinogenic health effects and some were irritants as were esters and terpenes. Eight individual aromatic hydrocarbons, 7 alkanes and 6 aldehydes identified in European residences were associated with respiratory health effects. Of the 65 individual VOCs, 52 were from sources associated with building and construction materials (e.g. brick, wood products, adhesives and materials for flooring installation etc.), 41 were linked with consumer products (passive, electric and combustible air fresheners, hair sprays, deodorants) and 9 VOCs were associated with space heating, which may reflect the relatively small number of studies discussing emissions from this category of sources. A clear decrease in concentrations of formaldehyde was observed over the last few years, whilst acetone was found to be one of the most abundant but underreported species. A new approach based on the operational indoor air quality surveillance will both reveal trends in known VOCs and identify new compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos H Halios
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Science Group, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, UK
| | - Charlotte Landeg-Cox
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Science Group, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, UK
| | - Scott D Lowther
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Science Group, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, UK
| | - Alice Middleton
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Science Group, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, UK
| | - Tim Marczylo
- Toxicology Department, Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Science Group, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, UK
| | - Sani Dimitroulopoulou
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Science Group, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, UK.
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4
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Cancellieri MA, Chon H, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, terpinolene, CAS Registry Number 586-62-9. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 167 Suppl 1:113195. [PMID: 35662620 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - H Chon
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - H Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - D Selechnik
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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5
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Ni R, Yan H, Tian H, Zhan P, Zhang Y. Characterization of key odorants in fried red and green huajiao (Zanthoxylum bungeanum maxim. and Zanthoxylum schinifolium sieb. et Zucc.) oils. Food Chem 2022; 377:131984. [PMID: 34995962 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fried huajiao oil (FHO) samples prepared with red or green huajiao are widely applied in different Chinese cuisines due to their own aroma characteristics. To investigate their different aroma profiles, 2 red and 3 green FHOs were analyzed by quantitative descriptive sensory analysis (QDA) and gas chromatography-olfactometry/aroma intensity (GC-O/AI). QDA results showed a distinct difference among FHOs in terms of all sensory attributes. Thirty odorants with high OAVs and AIs were screened from 5 FHOs, among which β-myrcene, (E)-2-heptenal, limonene, α-terpineol and p-cymene were the major characteristic compounds of FHOs. In addition, through orthogonal partial least square discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA), linalool, linalyl acetate, and 1,8-cineole were considered as the volatile markers for classification of FHOs with red and green huajiao. Thereafter, aroma recombination and omission tests were performed to characterize the key aroma compounds of red and green FHOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Ni
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710100, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- Food College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Honglei Tian
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710100, China; Food College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.
| | - Ping Zhan
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710100, China.
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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6
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Fan W, Chen T, Zhu Z, Zhang H, Qiu Y, Yin D. A review of secondary organic aerosols formation focusing on organosulfates and organic nitrates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128406. [PMID: 35149506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are crucial constitution of fine particulate matter (PM), which are mainly derived from photochemical oxidation products of primary organic matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and can induce terrible impacts to human health, air quality and climate change. As we know, organosulfates (OSs) and organic nitrates (ON) are important contributors for SOA formation, which could be possibly produced through various pathways, resulting in extremely complex formation mechanism of SOA. Although plenty of research has been focused on the origins, spatial distribution and formation mechanisms of SOA, a comprehensive and systematic understanding of SOA formation in the atmosphere remains to be detailed explored, especially the most important OSs and ON dedications. Thus, in this review, we systematically summarize the recent research about origins and formation mechanisms of OSs and ON, and especially focus on their contribution to SOA, so as to have a clearer understanding of the origin, spatial distribution and formation principle of SOA. Importantly, we interpret the complex interaction with coexistence effect of SOx and NOx on SOA formation, and emphasize the future insights for SOA research to expect a more comprehensive theory and practice to alleviate SOA burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulve Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China.
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7
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Lebedev AT, Detenchuk EA, Latkin TB, Bavcon Kralj M, Trebše P. Aqueous Chlorination of D-Limonene. Molecules 2022; 27:2988. [PMID: 35566337 PMCID: PMC9099452 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Limonene (1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene) is one of the most widespread monocyclic terpenes, being both a natural and industrial compound. It is widely present in the environment, including in water supplies. Therefore, it may be subjected to aqueous chlorination at water treatment stations during drinking water preparation. Besides, being a component of numerous body care and cosmetic products, it may present at high levels in swimming pool waters and could also be subjected to aqueous chlorination. Laboratory experiments with aqueous chlorination of D-limonene demonstrated the prevalence of the conjugated electrophilic addition of HOCl molecule to the double bonds of the parent molecule as the primary reaction. The reaction obeys the Markovnikov rule, as the levels of the corresponding products were higher than those of the alternative ones. Fragmentation pattern in conditions of electron ionization enabled the assigning of the structures for four primary products. The major products of the chlorination are formed by the addition of two HOCl molecules to limonene. The reactions of electrophilic addition are usually accompanied by the reactions of elimination. Thus, the loss of water molecules from the products of various generations results in the reproduction of the double bond, which immediately reacts further. Thus, a cascade of addition-elimination reactions brings the most various isomeric polychlorinated species. At a ratio of limonene/active chlorine higher than 1:10, the final products of aqueous chlorination (haloforms) start forming, while brominated haloforms represent a notable portion of these products due to the presence of bromine impurities in the used NaOCl. It is worth mentioning that the bulk products of aqueous chlorination are less toxic in the bioluminescence test on V. fischeri than the parent limonene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert T. Lebedev
- Organic Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- MASSECO d.o.o., 6230 Postojna, Slovenia
| | - Elena A. Detenchuk
- Organic Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Tomas B. Latkin
- Core Facility Arktika, Northern Arctic Federal University, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia;
| | - Mojca Bavcon Kralj
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.B.K.); (P.T.)
| | - Polonca Trebše
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.B.K.); (P.T.)
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8
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, p-mentha-1,3-diene, CAS Registry Number 99-86-5. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 159 Suppl 1:112712. [PMID: 34838896 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - H Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr, Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - D Selechnik
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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9
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, dl-limonene (racemic), CAS Registry Number 138-86-3. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 161 Suppl 1:112764. [PMID: 34896183 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE, 20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - H Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - D Selechnik
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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10
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Schwartz-Narbonne H, Du B, Siegel JA. Volatile organic compound and particulate matter emissions from an ultrasonic essential oil diffuser. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1982-1992. [PMID: 33905580 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic essential oil diffusers (EODs) are a popular type of indoor scenting source. We performed a chamber study in which we measured the emissions from EODs used with lemon, lavender, eucalyptus, and grapeseed oils. Over the course of 15 min, the most abundant VOCs released from lemon, lavender, eucalyptus, and grapeseed oils were 2.6 ± 0.7 mg of d-limonene, 3.5 ± 0.4 mg of eucalyptol, 1.0 ± 0.1 mg of linalyl acetate, and 0.2 ± 0.02 mg of linalyl acetate, respectively. Each oil had a unique particulate matter (PM) emission profile in terms of size, number density, and rate. The dominant size ranges of the PM were 10-100 nm for lemon oil, 50-100 nm for lavender oil, 10-50 nm for lemon oil, and above 200 nm for grapeseed oil. PM1 emission rates of approximately 2 mg/h, 0.1 mg/h, and 3 mg/h, were observed for lemon, lavender/eucalyptus, and grapeseed oils, respectively. A fivefold increase in PM1 emission was measured when the EOD with eucalyptus oil was filled with tap water as opposed to deionized water. Modeling suggests that reasonable use cases of EODs can contribute substantially to primary and secondary PM in indoor environments, but this potential varies depending on the oil and water types used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bowen Du
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Siegel
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Pytel K, Marcinkowska R, Zabiegała B. Investigation on air quality of specific indoor environments-spa salons located in Gdynia, Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59214-59232. [PMID: 32661962 PMCID: PMC8541956 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to excessive application of essential oils and scented products in spa salons during aromatherapy and massage sessions, the elevated concentration of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), particularly terpenes, which are known as secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors, is expected there. This study was aimed at determination of VOCs with a particular regard to terpenes in air samples collected in selected spa salons located in Northern Poland. Active air sampling was conducted before and after treatments. Samples were analyzed with the use of thermal desorption gas chromatography coupled with flame-ionization detector (TD-GC-FID) and mass spectrometer (TD-GC-MS). Obtained results allowed to characterize chemical composition of indoor air of spa salons and also to relate the dependence between applied essential oil and indoor air chemical composition. It has been proved that (i) spa salons are characterized by TVOC concentrations exceeding recommended values of 300-400 μg m-3 in most of examined cases, reaching up to several thousand of micrograms per cubic meter, (ii) TVOC concentration is strictly related to salon characteristics and carried out treatments, (iii) terpenes constitute a significant part of TVOCs present in spa indoor air, from 22 up to 86%, (iv) most commonly investigated terpenes in the literature (D-limonene, α-pinene, camphene, and linalool) were also determined at the highest concentration levels in this study and (v) VOC chemical composition is strictly dependent on the type of applied essential oils. On the basis of obtained results, it may be stated that extensive application of essential oils rich in terpenes can significantly alter indoor air chemistry of spa salons, thereby influencing health and well-being of employees working there. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Pytel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Renata Marcinkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Bożena Zabiegała
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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12
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, p-mentha-1,4-diene, CAS Registry Number 99-85-4. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153 Suppl 1:112359. [PMID: 34192593 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE, 20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - H Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - D Selechnik
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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13
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Wang L, Wang L. The oxidation mechanism of gas-phase ozonolysis of limonene in the atmosphere. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9294-9303. [PMID: 33885076 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05803c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Limonene with endo- and exo-double bonds is a significant monoterpene in the atmosphere and has high reactivity towards O3. We investigated the atmospheric oxidation mechanism of limonene ozonolysis using a high level quantum chemistry calculation coupled with RRKM-ME kinetic simulation. The additions of O3 can take place at both the endo- and exo-double bonds with a branching ratio of 0.87 : 0.13, forming four major highly energized CIs* (named Syn-2a*, Syn-2b*, Anti-2b* and Anti-2c*) with the relative higher fractions of 0.21 : 0.35 : 0.27 : 0.11. A yield of 4% for Limona-ketone was obtained as well. For the unimolecular isomerization pathways of limonene + O3 → POZs → CIs* → SOZ, VHP, or dioxirane, five, one, or none of the internal rotations are treated as hindered internal rotors for CIs*. We obtained percentages of 0.59 : 0.18 : 0.14 in total for separate isomerization routes in the formation of VHPs, dioxirane and SOZs from CIs* using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. Additionally, a yield of ∼5% was acquired for stabilized CIs compiling the fractions of different addition routes. About ∼10% of stabilized Anti-2b would isomerize to VHP and 90% would isomerize to SOZs. Isomerization to VHPs dominates the fate of stabilized Syn-2a, Syn-2b and Anti-2c. The overall yield of OH radicals was 0.61. Our study suggested a yield of 0.17 for stabilized SOZs and 0.18 for dioxirane, although both their fates are ambiguous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Rd., Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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14
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Abstract
(1) Background: On the Internet, we can find the guidelines for homemade air purifiers. One of the solutions includes the use of a low-cost ozone generator to decrease the level of odors and biological contaminants. However, the authors do not notify about hazardous effects of ozone generation on human health; (2) Methods: We elaborated our test results on the bacterial and fungal aerosol reduction by the use of two technical solutions of homemade air purifiers. First, including a mesh filter and ozone generator, second including an ozone generator, mesh filter, and carbon filter. (3) Conclusions: After 20 min of ozone generation, the concentration of bacteria decreased by 78% and 48% without and with a carbon filter, while fungi concentration was reduced in the lower range 63% and 40%, respectively. Based on our test results, we proposed a precise periodical operation of homemade air purifier to maintain the permissible level of ozone for the occupants.
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15
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Pytel K, Marcinkowska R, Zabiegała B. Investigation of the Dynamism of Nanosized SOA Particle Formation in Indoor Air by a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer and Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:E2202. [PMID: 32397186 PMCID: PMC7248949 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenes are VOCs of particular importance, since they are emitted from a wide range of indoor sources and are considered to be precursors of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) formation. It has been proven that SOA particles, especially nanosized ones, pose a threat to human health. In this research, experiments with the application of an environmental chamber and real-time measurement techniques were carried out to investigate in a complimentary way the formation of monoterpene oxidation products and nanosized SOA particles initiated by monoterpene ozonolysis. Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry with a Time-Of-Flight analyzer (PTR-TOF-MS) and a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) were applied to determine in real time the dynamism of the formation of the corresponding terpene ozonolysis products and submicron SOA particles. Results proved that firstly, oxidation products were formed, and then, they underwent nucleation and condensation, forming particles whose diameters grew with time. The oxidation products formed were different depending on the type of terpenes applied. The comparison of the results obtained during the experiments with gaseous standard mixtures and real samples commonly present and used in indoor air revealed that the diversified chemical composition of the emission source had implications for both the particle formation initiated by the oxidation of essential oil components and the chemical reactions occurring via the oxidation process. With the instrumentation utilized, the concentration changes at the level of a few ppbv could be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Marcinkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str. 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.P.); (B.Z.)
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16
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Stefaniak AB, LeBouf RF, Yi J, Ham J, Nurkewicz T, Schwegler-Berry DE, Chen BT, Wells JR, Duling MG, Lawrence RB, Martin SB, Johnson AR, Virji MA. Characterization of chemical contaminants generated by a desktop fused deposition modeling 3-dimensional Printer. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2017; 14:540-550. [PMID: 28440728 PMCID: PMC5967408 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2017.1302589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Printing devices are known to emit chemicals into the indoor atmosphere. Understanding factors that influence release of chemical contaminants from printers is necessary to develop effective exposure assessment and control strategies. In this study, a desktop fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3-dimensional (3-D) printer using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polylactic acid (PLA) filaments and two monochrome laser printers were evaluated in a 0.5 m3 chamber. During printing, chamber air was monitored for vapors using a real-time photoionization detector (results expressed as isobutylene equivalents) to measure total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentrations, evacuated canisters to identify specific VOCs by off-line gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, and liquid bubblers to identify carbonyl compounds by GC-MS. Airborne particles were collected on filters for off-line analysis using scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive x-ray detector to identify elemental constituents. For 3-D printing, TVOC emission rates were influenced by a printer malfunction, filament type, and to a lesser extent, by filament color; however, rates were not influenced by the number of printer nozzles used or the manufacturer's provided cover. TVOC emission rates were significantly lower for the 3-D printer (49-3552 µg h-1) compared to the laser printers (5782-7735 µg h-1). A total of 14 VOCs were identified during 3-D printing that were not present during laser printing. 3-D printed objects continued to off-gas styrene, indicating potential for continued exposure after the print job is completed. Carbonyl reaction products were likely formed from emissions of the 3-D printer, including 4-oxopentanal. Ultrafine particles generated by the 3-D printer using ABS and a laser printer contained chromium. Consideration of the factors that influenced the release of chemical contaminants (including known and suspected asthmagens such as styrene and 4-oxopentanal) from a FDM 3-D printer should be made when designing exposure assessment and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jinghai Yi
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jason Ham
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Timothy Nurkewicz
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | | | - Bean T. Chen
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - J. Raymond Wells
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Matthew G. Duling
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Robert B. Lawrence
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Stephen B. Martin
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Alyson R. Johnson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
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17
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Kuo SC, Tsai YI. Emission characteristics of allergenic terpenols in PM 2.5 released from incense burning and the effect of light on the emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:495-504. [PMID: 28131447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated allergenic terpenol compounds in incense powder and smoke. The powder of two Thai brands contained higher concentrations of terpenols up to 6.15 times higher than those of two Taiwanese brands. Consequently, Thai incense makers face a higher potential risk of contact dermatitis than Taiwanese incense makers do. d-Limonene was the primary terpenol compound in the powder of Thai B (64.0%) and Thai Y (31.5%), sold in Thailand. By contrast, anisyl alcohol was the primary terpenol compound in the powder of LST (40.3%) and SC (37.7%), sold in Taiwan. After the four brands of incense were ignited, their mean PM2.5 emission factor was 18.02±6.20mgg-1 incense. The PM2.5 mass emission factors of the Taiwanese brands were far higher than those of the Thai brands, and so were the PM2.5 terpenol emission factors, showing that the smokes of the Taiwanese incense were potentially more allergenic than those of the Thai incense. Geraniol, the most allergenic terpenol compound, was 2.8%-10.7% of total terpenol compounds in the powder of the four brands, yet was the main contributor to PM2.5, constituting 66.3%-83.5% of terpenol compounds in the smokes of the four brands. Furthermore, geraniol exhibited an IP ratio, defined as the incense/powder (IP) ratio of terpenol-related species, >1 in all four brands, and >5 in the Taiwanese brands, suggesting a greater health risk with the smoke from the Taiwanese incense. The IP ratios of other terpenol species were all <1, indicating decomposition through combustion. Additionally, the light/darkroom ratios of the terpenol species were >1, meaning that the generation of PM2.5 terpenol compounds was potentially enhanced by indoor lighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ching Kuo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende Dist., Tainan City 71710, Taiwan
| | - Ying I Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende Dist., Tainan City 71710, Taiwan; Indoor Air Quality Research and Service Center, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende Dist., Tainan City 71710, Taiwan.
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18
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Salthammer T, Uhde E, Schripp T, Schieweck A, Morawska L, Mazaheri M, Clifford S, He C, Buonanno G, Querol X, Viana M, Kumar P. Children's well-being at schools: Impact of climatic conditions and air pollution. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:196-210. [PMID: 27258661 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Human civilization is currently facing two particular challenges: population growth with a strong trend towards urbanization and climate change. The latter is now no longer seriously questioned. The primary concern is to limit anthropogenic climate change and to adapt our societies to its effects. Schools are a key part of the structure of our societies. If future generations are to take control of the manifold global problems, we have to offer our children the best possible infrastructure for their education: not only in terms of the didactic concepts, but also with regard to the climatic conditions in the school environment. Between the ages of 6 and 19, children spend up to 8h a day in classrooms. The conditions are, however, often inacceptable and regardless of the geographic situation, all the current studies report similar problems: classrooms being too small for the high number of school children, poor ventilation concepts, considerable outdoor air pollution and strong sources of indoor air pollution. There have been discussions about a beneficial and healthy air quality in classrooms for many years now and in recent years extensive studies have been carried out worldwide. The problems have been clearly outlined on a scientific level and there are prudent and feasible concepts to improve the situation. The growing number of publications also highlights the importance of this subject. High carbon dioxide concentrations in classrooms, which indicate poor ventilation conditions, and the increasing particle matter in urban outdoor air have, in particular, been identified as primary causes of poor indoor air quality in schools. Despite this, the conditions in most schools continue to be in need of improvement. There are many reasons for this. In some cases, the local administrative bodies do not have the budgets required to address such concerns, in other cases regulations and laws stand in contradiction to the demands for better indoor air quality, and sometimes the problems are simply ignored. This review summarizes the current results and knowledge gained from the scientific literature on air quality in classrooms. Possible scenarios for the future are discussed and guideline values proposed which can serve to help authorities, government organizations and commissions improve the situation on a global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Braunschweig, Germany; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Erik Uhde
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Schripp
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schieweck
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mandana Mazaheri
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sam Clifford
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Congrong He
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Giorgio Buonanno
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy
| | - Xavier Querol
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Spain
| | - Mar Viana
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Spain
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences (FEPS), University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH Surrey, UK; Environmental Flow (EnFlo) Research Centre, FEPS, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH Surrey, UK
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19
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Hansen JS, Nørgaard AW, Koponen IK, Sørli JB, Paidi MD, Hansen SWK, Clausen PA, Nielsen GD, Wolkoff P, Larsen ST. Limonene and its ozone-initiated reaction products attenuate allergic lung inflammation in mice. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:793-803. [DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2016.1195462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jitka S. Hansen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asger W. Nørgaard
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ismo K. Koponen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorid B. Sørli
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maya D. Paidi
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren W. K. Hansen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Axel Clausen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar D. Nielsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peder Wolkoff
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Thor Larsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Al horr Y, Arif M, Katafygiotou M, Mazroei A, Kaushik A, Elsarrag E. Impact of indoor environmental quality on occupant well-being and comfort: A review of the literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Ham JE, Harrison JC, Jackson SR, Wells J. Limonene ozonolysis in the presence of nitric oxide: Gas-phase reaction products and yields. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2016; 132:300-308. [PMID: 27346977 PMCID: PMC4920481 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The reaction products from limonene ozonolysis were investigated using the new carbonyl derivatization agent, O-tert-butylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (TBOX). With ozone (O3) as the limiting reagent, five carbonyl compounds were detected. The yields of the carbonyl compounds are discussed with and without the presence of a hydroxyl radical (OH•) scavenger, giving insight into the influence secondary OH radicals have on limonene ozonolysis products. The observed reaction product yields for limonaketone (LimaKet), 7-hydroxyl-6-oxo-3-(prop-1-en-2-yl)heptanal (7H6O), and 2-acetyl-5-oxohexanal (2A5O) were unchanged suggesting OH• generated by the limonene + O3 reaction does not contribute to their formation. The molar yields of 3-isopropenyl-6-oxo-heptanal (IPOH) and 3-acetyl-6-oxoheptanal (3A6O) decreased by 68% and >95%; respectively, when OH• was removed. This suggests that OH• radicals significantly impact the formation of these products. Nitric oxide (NO) did not significantly affect the molar yields of limonaketone or IPOH. However, NO (20 ppb) considerably decreased the molar reaction product yields of 7H6O (62%), 2A5O (63%), and 3A6O (47%), suggesting NO reacted with peroxyl intermediates, generated during limonene ozonolysis, to form other carbonyls (not detected) or organic nitrates. These studies give insight into the transformation of limonene and its reaction products that can lead to indoor exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Ham
- Exposure Assessment Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Joel C. Harrison
- Exposure Assessment Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Stephen R. Jackson
- Exposure Assessment Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - J.R. Wells
- Exposure Assessment Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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22
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Vardoulakis S, Dimitroulopoulou C, Thornes J, Lai KM, Taylor J, Myers I, Heaviside C, Mavrogianni A, Shrubsole C, Chalabi Z, Davies M, Wilkinson P. Impact of climate change on the domestic indoor environment and associated health risks in the UK. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:299-313. [PMID: 26453820 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that projected climate change has the potential to significantly affect public health. In the UK, much of this impact is likely to arise by amplifying existing risks related to heat exposure, flooding, and chemical and biological contamination in buildings. Identifying the health effects of climate change on the indoor environment, and risks and opportunities related to climate change adaptation and mitigation, can help protect public health. We explored a range of health risks in the domestic indoor environment related to climate change, as well as the potential health benefits and unintended harmful effects of climate change mitigation and adaptation policies in the UK housing sector. We reviewed relevant scientific literature, focusing on housing-related health effects in the UK likely to arise through either direct or indirect mechanisms of climate change or mitigation and adaptation measures in the built environment. We considered the following categories of effect: (i) indoor temperatures, (ii) indoor air quality, (iii) indoor allergens and infections, and (iv) flood damage and water contamination. Climate change may exacerbate health risks and inequalities across these categories and in a variety of ways, if adequate adaptation measures are not taken. Certain changes to the indoor environment can affect indoor air quality or promote the growth and propagation of pathogenic organisms. Measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have the potential for ancillary public health benefits including reductions in health burdens related heat and cold, indoor exposure to air pollution derived from outdoor sources, and mould growth. However, increasing airtightness of dwellings in pursuit of energy efficiency could also have negative effects by increasing concentrations of pollutants (such as PM2.5, CO and radon) derived from indoor or ground sources, and biological contamination. These effects can largely be ameliorated by mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR) and air filtration, where such solution is feasible and when the system is properly installed, operated and maintained. Groups at high risk of these adverse health effects include the elderly (especially those living on their own), individuals with pre-existing illnesses, people living in overcrowded accommodation, and the socioeconomically deprived. A better understanding of how current and emerging building infrastructure design, construction, and materials may affect health in the context of climate change and mitigation and adaptation measures is needed in the UK and other high income countries. Long-term, energy efficient building design interventions, ensuring adequate ventilation, need to be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiris Vardoulakis
- Environmental Change Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK; Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Chrysanthi Dimitroulopoulou
- Environmental Change Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK.
| | - John Thornes
- Environmental Change Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Ka-Man Lai
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jonathon Taylor
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, The Bartlett School of Environment Energy and Resources, University College London, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London WCIH ONN, UK.
| | - Isabella Myers
- Public Health England Toxicology Unit, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Clare Heaviside
- Environmental Change Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK; Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Anna Mavrogianni
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, The Bartlett School of Environment Energy and Resources, University College London, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London WCIH ONN, UK.
| | - Clive Shrubsole
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, The Bartlett School of Environment Energy and Resources, University College London, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London WCIH ONN, UK.
| | - Zaid Chalabi
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK.
| | - Michael Davies
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, The Bartlett School of Environment Energy and Resources, University College London, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London WCIH ONN, UK.
| | - Paul Wilkinson
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK.
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23
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Fadeyi MO, Tham KW, Wu WY. Impact of asthma, exposure period, and filters on human responses during exposures to ozone and its initiated chemistry products. INDOOR AIR 2015; 25:512-522. [PMID: 25250543 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The impact of asthma, exposure period, and filter condition downstream of the mixing box of air-conditioning system on building occupants' perceptual response, work performance, and salivary α-amylase secretion during exposures to ozone and its initiated chemistry products is studied. The experiments were conducted in a field environmental chamber (FEC) (240 m(3)) simulating an office environment. Experiments were conducted during periods when the air-handling system operated with new or used pleated panel filters at constant recirculation (7/h) and ventilation (1/h) rates. Average ozone and secondary organic aerosols (ozone-initiated chemistry products) measured during non-asthmatic and asthmatic subjects' 3-h exposures in the FEC were in the ranges approximately 20-37 ppb and approximately 1.6-3 μg/m(3), respectively. Asthmatic subjects' perceived odor intensity and sensory (eye, nose, and throat) irritation ratings were generally lower than those of non-asthmatic subjects, possibly explaining why asthmatic subjects accept perceived air quality more than non-asthmatic subjects. However, asthmatic subjects' perceived physiological-like symptom ratings (flu, chest tightness, and headache) and concentrations of secreted salivary α-amylase were generally higher than those of non-asthmatic subjects. Asthmatic subjects had significantly lower accuracy than non-asthmatic subjects in a task that required higher concentration although they had higher work speed. Filter condition did not make any significant difference for subjects' responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Fadeyi
- Berkeley Education Alliance for Research in Singapore, Singapore
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - K W Tham
- Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - W Y Wu
- Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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24
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25
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Kim S, Hong SH, Bong CK, Cho MH. Characterization of air freshener emission: the potential health effects. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:535-50. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghwa Kim
- Laboratory of Toxicology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea
- Graduate Group of Tumor Biology, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Hong
- Laboratory of Toxicology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea
| | | | - Myung-Haing Cho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea
- Graduate Group of Tumor Biology, Seoul National University, Korea
- Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Korea
- Institute of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Korea
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26
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Nørgaard AW, Kudal JD, Kofoed-Sørensen V, Koponen IK, Wolkoff P. Ozone-initiated VOC and particle emissions from a cleaning agent and an air freshener: risk assessment of acute airway effects. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 68:209-18. [PMID: 24769411 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of volatile organic compounds and ultrafine particles from a kitchen cleaning agent (cream) and plug-in air freshener were investigated in a 20 m(3) walk-in climate chamber at low (~5 ppb) and high ozone (~50 ppb) test concentrations and 0.6 air exchange rate. The products emitted terpenes, inter alia limonene, dihydromyrcenol, geraniol, linalool, and glycol ethers. The ozone-initiated reaction products of these compounds were measured by air sampling on Tenax TA followed by thermal desorption GC-MS and air sampling on DNPH cartridges followed by liquid extraction and HPLC-UV analysis. Particle formation was monitored simultaneously. A number of oxygenated and poly-oxygenated reaction products were identified and risk assessed for acute airway effects: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, 4-acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene, 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one, 3-isopropenyl-6-oxo-heptanal, and 4-oxo-pentanal. These compounds generally increased initially at the high ozone concentration, while the terpenes decayed, concurrent with their consumption of ozone. At high ozone concentration, the plug-in air freshener resulted in concentrations of formaldehyde and 4-oxopentanal that may give rise to concern about sensory irritation and airflow limitation, respectively. At high ozone concentration, the kitchen cleaning agent and air freshener resulted in peak particle mass concentrations at 81 μg/m(3) (8.5×10(5) #/cm(3)) and 24 μg/m(3) (2.3×10(4) #/cm(3)), respectively. At low ozone concentration, the particle concentration peaked at 4 μg/m(3) (1.0×10(5) #/cm(3)) after the application of the kitchen cleaning agent, while no increase was observed for the air freshener. The particles, in view of their organic composition and concentration, are not considered to cause acute airway effects. Testing under realistic conditions that mimic user pattern behavior is warranted to obtain acute and longer-term exposure data at realistic indoor ozone concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Nørgaard
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - J D Kudal
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - V Kofoed-Sørensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - I K Koponen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - P Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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27
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Vibenholt A, Clausen PA, Wolkoff P. Ozone reaction characteristics of indoor floor dust examined in the emission cell "FLEC". CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 107:230-239. [PMID: 24440040 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ozone reacts with C-C double bonds in common indoor VOCs and SVOCs contained in indoor dust and may be catalytically degraded on dust surfaces. The reaction between floor dust and ozone was investigated in the FLEC emission cell at different ozone concentrations and relative humidities (0%, 25%, and 50% RH). One gram of dust was spread on a clean stainless steel plate which was placed in the FLEC. Steady state reaction rate (kDust) at 2.2 ppm ozone was determined for four different floor dust samples collected in Danish homes and offices. This high concentration was necessary in order to measure and determine the consumption in the outlet air from the FLEC. Measurements were corrected for FLEC wall effects by subtraction of the steady state reaction rate between ozone and a FLEC on a stainless steel plate without dust (kFLEC). The composition of organic compounds in the dust was analyzed by pressurized liquid extraction and thermal desorption GC-MS before and after ozone exposure. kFLEC was independent of the ozone concentration and the reaction was treated as first order. The same was indicated for kDust since it remained unchanged at 2.2 and 1.6 ppm ozone for one dust sample. However, the measured kDust in the FLEC should be considered an average rate constant due to the FLEC geometry. kDust was in the range 0.039-0.14s(-1) pr. g dust at 50% RH. kDust was 3 times higher at 25% RH than at 50% RH and 6 times higher than at 0% RH. The inhomogeneity of the dust was assessed by experiments in triplicate with a new portion of dust each time. The relative standard deviation of kDust at 50% RH was 6-20%. The major identified compounds before and after ozone exposure included aldehydes, saturated and unsaturated linear alkanoic acids, benzoic acid and their methyl esters, dimethyl esters, phthalates and traces of α-pinene and limonene. Substantial increase of C7-C9 aldehydes was observed after ozone exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Vibenholt
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Per Axel Clausen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Yu KP, Lee GWM, Hung AJ. Removal of indoor α-pinene with a fiber optic illuminated honeycomb monolith photocatalytic reactor. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:1110-1115. [PMID: 24844891 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.897146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the influencing factors including gas flow rate, inlet α-pinene concentration and relative humidity on the removal of α-pinene in a Degussa P25 supported honeycomb monolith reactor. We used the fiber optic illumination to enhance the intensity of UV-light irradiating on the Degussa P25 photocatalyst. The α-pinene conversion increased with the increase of gas flow rate indicating that the reaction rate was associated with the gaseous phase mass transfer. The α-pinene conversion varied between 91% and 96% in the range of inlet α-pinene concentration (400-2400 ppb) and relative humidity (30-70%) examined. The kinetics fits the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The rate coefficient (k) of α-pinene under RH30%, 50% and 70% was 0.82, 0.24, and 0.18 μmol m(-2)s(-1), respectively. The competitive Langmuir adsorption constants for α-pinene under RH30%, 50% and 70% were 0.17, 0.56 and 1.74 ppm(-1), respectively. The effect of relative humidity on α-pinene conversion depends on the inlet α-pinene concentration and raising relative humidity in sum has a positive effect on the reduction of partially oxidized intermediates within the range investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Pin Yu
- a Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
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29
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Hansen JS, Nielsen GD, Sørli JB, Clausen PA, Wolkoff P, Larsen ST. Adjuvant and inflammatory effects in mice after subchronic inhalation of allergen and ozone-initiated limonene reaction products. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:1085-1095. [PMID: 24274150 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.838915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of ozone (O3), a highly toxic environmental pollutant, produces airway inflammation and exacerbates asthma. However, in indoor air, O3 reacts with terpenes (cyclic alkenes), leading to formation of airway irritating pollutants. The aim of the study was to examine whether inhalation of the reaction products of O3 and the terpene, limonene, as well as limonene and low-level O3 by themselves, induced allergic sensitization (formation of specific immunoglobulin [Ig] E) and airway inflammation in a subchronic mouse inhalation model in combination with the model allergen ovalbumin (OVA). BALB/cJ mice were exposed exclusively by inhalation for 5 d/wk for 2 wk and thereafter once weekly for 12 wk. Exposures were low-dose OVA in combination with O3, limonene, or limonene/O3 reaction products. OVA alone and OVA + Al(OH)3 served as control groups. Subsequently, all groups were exposed to a high-dose OVA solution on three consecutive days. Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected 24 h later. Limonene by itself did not promote neither OVA-specific IgE nor leukocyte inflammation. Low-level O3 promoted eosinophilic airway inflammation, but not OVA-specific IgE formation. The reaction products of limonene/O3 promoted allergic (OVA-specific IgE) sensitization, but lung inflammation, which is a characteristic of allergic asthma, was not observed. In conclusion, the study does not support an allergic inflammatory effect attributed to O3-initiated limonene reaction products in the indoor environment.
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Dambruoso PR, de Gennaro G, Loiotile AD, Di Gilio A, Giungato P, Marzocca A, Mazzone A, Palmisani J, Porcelli F, Tutino M. School Air Quality: Pollutants, Monitoring and Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-02387-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Human reference values for acute airway effects of five common ozone-initiated terpene reaction products in indoor air. Toxicol Lett 2012; 216:54-64. [PMID: 23164675 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ozone-initiated monoterpene reaction products have been hypothesized to cause eye and airway complaints in office environments and some have been proposed to cause skin irritation and sensitization. The respiratory effects of 60 min exposures to five common oxidation products from abundant terpenoids (e.g. limonene), used as solvent and fragrance in common household products or present in skin lipids (e.g. squalene), were studied in a head out mouse bioassay. This allowed determination of acute upper airway (sensory) irritation, airflow limitation in the conducting airways, and pulmonary irritation in the alveolar region. Derived human reference values (RFs) for sensory irritation were 1.3, 0.16 and 0.3 ppm, respectively, for 4-acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene ( 0.2 ppm) [corrected], 3-isopropenyl-6-oxo-heptanal (IPOH), and 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one (6-MHO). Derived RFs for airflow limitation were 0.8, 0.45, 0.03, and 0.5 ppm, respectively, for dihydrocarvone (DHC), 0.2 ppm [corrected], 4-oxo-pentanal (0.3 ppm) [corrected], and 6-MHO. Pulmonary irritation was unobserved as a critical effect. The RFs indicate that the oxidation products would not contribute substantially to sensory irritation in eyes and upper airways in office environments. Reported concentrations in offices of 6-MHO and 0.3 ppm [corrected]would not result in airflow limitation. However, based upon the RFs for IPOH and 0.3 ppm [corrected], precautionary actions should be considered that disfavor their formation in excess.
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Wolkoff P. Indoor air pollutants in office environments: assessment of comfort, health, and performance. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012; 216:371-94. [PMID: 22954455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in office environments are generally too low to cause sensory irritation in the eyes and airways on the basis of estimated thresholds for sensory irritation. Furthermore, effects in the lungs, e.g. inflammatory effects, have not been substantiated at indoor relevant concentrations. Some VOCs, including formaldehyde, in combination may under certain environmental and occupational conditions result in reported sensory irritation. The odour thresholds of several VOCs are low enough to influence the perceived air quality that result in a number of acute effects from reported sensory irritation in eyes and airways and deterioration of performance. The odour perception (air quality) depends on a number of factors that may influence the odour impact. There is neither clear indication that office dust particles may cause sensory effects, even not particles spiked with glucans, aldehydes or phthalates, nor lung effects; some inflammatory effects may be observed among asthmatics. Ozone-initiated terpene reaction products may be of concern in ozone-enriched environments (≥0.1mg/m(3)) and elevated limonene concentrations, partly due to the production of formaldehyde. Ambient particles may cause cardio-pulmonary effects, especially in susceptible people (e.g. elderly and sick people); even, short-term effects, e.g. from traffic emission and candle smoke may possibly have modulating and delayed effects on the heart, but otherwise adverse effects in the airways and lung functions have not been observed. Secondary organic aerosols generated in indoor ozone-initiated terpene reactions appear not to cause adverse effects in the airways; rather the gaseous products are relevant. Combined exposure to particles and ozone may evoke effects in subgroups of asthmatics. Based on an analysis of thresholds for odour and sensory irritation selected compounds are recommended for measurements to assess the indoor air quality and to minimize reports of irritation symptoms, deteriorated performance, and cardiovascular and pulmonary effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Wolkoff P, Clausen PA, Larsen ST, Hammer M, Nielsen GD. Airway effects of repeated exposures to ozone-initiated limonene oxidation products as model of indoor air mixtures. Toxicol Lett 2012; 209:166-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Springs M, Wells JR, Morrison GC. Reaction rates of ozone and terpenes adsorbed to model indoor surfaces. INDOOR AIR 2011; 21:319-327. [PMID: 21204992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Reaction rates and reaction probabilities have been quantified on model indoor surfaces for the reaction of ozone with two monoterpenes (Δ(3) -carene and d-limonene). Molar surface loadings were obtained by performing breakthrough experiments in a plug-flow reactor (PFR) packed with beads of glass, polyvinylchloride or zirconium silicate. Reaction rates and probabilities were determined by equilibrating the PFR with both the terpene and the ozone and measuring the ozone consumption rate. To mimic typical indoor conditions, temperatures of 20, 25, and 30°C were used in both types of experiments along with a relative humidity ranging from 10% to 80%. The molar surface loading decreased with increased relative humidity, especially on glass, suggesting that water competed with the terpenes for adsorption sites. The ozone reactivity experiments indicate that higher surface loadings correspond with higher ozone uptake. The reaction probability for Δ(3) -carene with ozone ranged from 2.9 × 10(-6) to 3.0 × 10(-5) while reaction probabilities for d-limonene ranged from 2.8 × 10(-5) to 3.0 × 10(-4) . These surface reaction probabilities are roughly 10-100 times greater than the corresponding gas-phase values. Extrapolation of these results to typical indoor conditions suggests that surface conversion rates may be substantial relative to gas-phase rates, especially for lower volatility terpenoids. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS At present, it is unclear how important heterogeneous reactions will be in influencing indoor concentrations of terpenes, ozone and their reaction products. We observe that surface reaction probabilities were 10 to 100 times greater than their corresponding gas-phase values. Thus indoor surfaces do enhance effective reaction rates and adsorption of terpenes will increase ozone flux to otherwise low-reactivity surfaces. Extrapolation of these results to typical indoor conditions suggests that surface conversion rates may be substantial relative to gas-phase rates, especially for lower volatility terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Springs
- Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
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Abstract
UNLABELLED In the two decades since the first issue of Indoor Air, there have been over 250 peer-reviewed publications addressing chemical reactions among indoor pollutants. The present review has assembled and categorized these publications. It begins with a brief account of the state of our knowledge in 1991 regarding 'indoor chemistry', much of which came from corrosion and art conservation studies. It then outlines what we have learned in the period between 1991 and 2010 in the context of the major reference categories: gas-phase chemistry, surface chemistry, health effects and reviews/workshops. The indoor reactions that have received the greatest attention are those involving ozone-with terpenoids in the gas-phase as well as with the surfaces of common materials, furnishings, and the occupants themselves. It has become clear that surface reactions often have a larger impact on indoor settings than do gas-phase processes. This review concludes with a subjective list of major research needs going forward, including more information on the decomposition of common indoor pollutants, better understanding of how sorbed water influences surface reactions, and further identification of short-lived products of indoor chemistry. Arguably, the greatest need is for increased knowledge regarding the impact that indoor chemistry has on the health and comfort of building occupants. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Indoor chemistry changes the type and concentration of chemicals present in indoor environments. In the past, products of indoor chemistry were often overlooked, reflecting a focus on stable, relatively non-polar organic compounds coupled with the use of sampling and analytical methods that were unable to 'see' many of the products of such chemistry. Today, researchers who study indoor environments are more aware of the potential for chemistry to occur. Awareness is valuable, because it leads to the use of sampling methods and analytical tools that can detect changes in indoor environments resulting from chemical processes. This, in turn, leads to a more complete understanding of occupants' chemical exposures, potential links between these exposures and adverse health effects and, finally, steps that might be taken to mitigate these adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey and Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Móricz ÁM, Ott PG, Otta KH, Tyihák E. Investigation of the Antibacterial Mechanism of Aflatoxins in the BioArena System. Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100600517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of monomethylated basic amino acids [NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (MMA) and Nε-monomethyl-L-lysine (MML)] and ozone capturers (indigo carmine, d-limonene) on the antibacterial effect of the mycotoxins aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 was studied in BioArena, which is a complex bioautographic system especially suitable for investigating biochemical interactions. In the presence of the formaldehyde precursors MMA or MML, the antibacterial-toxic activity of all the aflatoxins against the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola was enhanced dose-dependently. Indigo carmine and d-limonene, in appropriate concentrations, decreased the inhibition zones of aflatoxins. These results support the original idea that HCHO and its derivative O3may be involved in the antibacterial activity of aflatoxins and so, potentially, in their known toxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes M. Móricz
- Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman O. Str. 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter G. Ott
- Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman O. Str. 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klára H. Otta
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Chemistry, L. Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ernő Tyihák
- Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman O. Str. 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
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Rim D, Novoselec A, Morrison G. The influence of chemical interactions at the human surface on breathing zone levels of reactants and products. INDOOR AIR 2009; 19:324-34. [PMID: 19382954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Using computational fluid dynamics simulations of an occupant in a ventilated room, we find that breathing zone ozone levels can be substantially lower and ozone reaction products associated with human surfaces (ORPHS) levels considerably higher than room levels. For air exchange rates <3/h, the ratio of the breathing zone to the ozone concentration 1 m from the body (bulk air), r(ozone), ranges from 0.59 to 0.75 for floor or ceiling air supply. ORPHS are enriched in the breathing zone, with concentrations for these conditions ranging from 1.2 to 2.5 greater than bulk air concentrations. At high air exchange rates (>8/h), the breathing zone concentrations approach bulk air concentrations (r(ozone) > 0.9) with a floor supply, whereas large concentration gradients occur between breathing zone and bulk air with a ceiling supply. At these high air exchange rates, ORPHS levels are 1.6-2.0 and 2.9-6.0 times the bulk air concentrations for floor and ceiling supply, respectively. The extent of depletion of ozone or enrichment of ORPHS is large enough that reliance on micro-environmental measurements alone, to assess the intake of ozone or ORPHS, is undesirable. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Chemical reactions between ozone and human and clothing surfaces are predicted to significantly reduce ozone concentrations, and increase ozone reaction products associated with human surfaces (ORPHS) concentrations, in the breathing zone, relative to those concentrations in the larger microenvironment of a room. Existing measurements may overestimate ozone exposure and intake in typical indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rim
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Vibenholt A, Nørgaard AW, Clausen PA, Wolkoff P. Formation and stability of secondary ozonides from monoterpenes studied by mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:572-577. [PMID: 19329138 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The secondary ozonide (SOZ) of limonene is a potential indoor pollutant from the gas-phase limonene/ozone-reaction. A screening in the liquid phase was performed to investigate the yield and stability of SOZs from ten cyclic monoterpenes. They were cryo-ozonolyzed in pentane, and the reaction mixtures were analyzed with GC-MS with negative and positive chemical ionization and electron ionization. The investigated terpenes were: limonene, 4-carene, 3-carene, 2-carene, terpinolene, (+)-alpha-pinene, (-)-beta-pinene, isolimonene, sabinene and camphene. The only identified endo-SOZs were from: limonene, 3-carene, 4-carene and possibly isolimonene. Collision induced dissociation (CID) of the quasi-molecular-ions as a proxy measure of the stability of the pristine SOZs was investigated. LimoneneSOZ and 3-careneSOZ were found to be more stable than 4-careneSOZ and isolimoneneSOZ, which corresponded well to their relative yields. 3-careneSOZ was found to be a major product from the gas-phase ozonolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Vibenholt
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Forester CD, Wells JR. Yields of carbonyl products from gas-phase reactions of fragrance compounds with OH radical and ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:3561-3568. [PMID: 19544855 DOI: 10.1021/es803465v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chamber studies to quantify formation yields of oxygenated organic reaction products were performed for gas-phase reactions of the hydroxyl radical (OH*) and ozone (03) with the common cleaning product terpene compounds limonene, alpha-terpineol, and geraniol. The reaction products observed were identified and quantified using derivatization by O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (PFBHA) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Limonene rate constants and product mechanisms have been examined previously. Several of these investigations have measured productyields from limonene reactions and those results are compared with the results presented here. Although rate constants and product mechanisms have previously been investigated for alpha-terpineol and geraniol, yields of oxygenated organic reaction products have not been measured. Reactions from the fragrance compounds in this study produced several dicarbonyl reaction products such as glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 4-oxopentanal which were observed from all three terpenes. Total carbonyl yields ranged from 5.1% for the limonene + O3 reaction to 92% for the geraniol + O3 reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal D Forester
- Exposure Assessment Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA
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41
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Microextraction by packed sorbent coupled with gas chromatography—mass spectrometry: application to the determination of metabolites of monoterpenes in small volumes of human urine. Mikrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-009-0170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wolkoff P, Clausen PA, Larsen K, Hammer M, Larsen ST, Nielsen GD. Acute airway effects of ozone-initiated d-limonene chemistry: importance of gaseous products. Toxicol Lett 2008; 181:171-6. [PMID: 18723085 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There are concerns about ozone-initiated chemistry, because the formation of gaseous oxidation products and ultrafine particles may increase complaints, morbidity and mortality. Here we address the question whether the gaseous products or the ultrafine particles from the ozone-initiated chemistry of limonene, a common and abundant indoor pollutant, cause acute airway effects. The effects on the airways by d-limonene, a ca. 16s old ozone/d-limonene mixture, and clean air were evaluated by a mice bioassay, from which sensory irritation of the upper airways, airflow limitation, and pulmonary irritation can be obtained. A denuder was inserted to separate the ultrafine particles from the gaseous products prior to the exposure chamber. Reduction of mean respiratory frequency (>30%) and 230% increase of time of brake were observed without denuder, during 30min exposure, to the ozonolyzed d-limonene mixture, which are indicative of prominent sensory effects. The initial concentrations (ppm) were 40 d-limonene and 4 ozone. The exposure concentrations (ppm) were about 35 d-limonene and 0.05 ozone. Formaldehyde and residual d-limonene, the salient sensory irritants, accounted for up to three-fourth of the sensory irritation. The upper airway effects reversed to baseline upon cessation of exposure. An effect on the conducting airways was also significant, which did not reverse completely upon cessation. Airway effects were absent with the denuder inserted, which did not alter the size distribution of ultrafine particles ( approximately 10mg/m(3)), significantly. The result was statistically indistinguishable from clean dry air. It is concluded that ultrafine particles that are generated from ozone-initiated d-limonene chemistry and denuded are not causative of sensory effects in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Tyihák E, Móricz Á, Ott P. Use of the BioArena system for indirect detection of endogenous ozone in spots after TLC or OPLC separation. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2008. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.21.2008.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nørgaard AW, Nøjgaard JK, Clausen PA, Wolkoff P. Secondary ozonides of substituted cyclohexenes: a new class of pollutants characterized by collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry using negative chemical ionization. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 70:2032-2038. [PMID: 17964632 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that secondary ozonides of cyclic alkenes are formed in atmospheric reactions and may be relatively stable. The secondary ozonides (SOZs) of cyclohexene (1), 1-methylcyclohexene (2), 4-isopropyl-1-methylcyclohexene (3) and 4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene (limonene) (4) have been characterized by rapid gas chromatography electron ionization (EI), negative and positive chemical ionization (CI: ammonia, isobutane and methane) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectrometry. Both EI and positive CI spectra were found unsuitable for reproducible analysis. However, negative CI showed stable (M-H)(-) ions with minor fragmentation. CID of the (M-H)(-) ions resulted in simple and reproducible fragmentation patterns for all four SOZs with loss of m/z 18, 44 and 60, tentatively assigned as H(2)O, CO(2) and C(2)H(4)O(2) or CO(3), respectively. Thus, negative CI-MS-MS in combination with rapid gas chromatography is the preferred method for identification of secondary ozonides of cyclohexenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asger W Nørgaard
- Indoor Environment Group, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Metts TA, Batterman SA. Heterogeneous reactions of ozone and D-limonene on activated carbon. INDOOR AIR 2007; 17:362-71. [PMID: 17880632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED If released in significant amounts, products formed by reactions between ozone (O3) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) sorbed on activated carbon (AC) filters could degrade indoor air quality (IAQ). Heterogeneous reactions were investigated in laboratory experiments aimed at characterizing reaction products. Effluent air of AC loaded with limonene and exposed to O3 (5.8 ppm) yielded unreacted limonene (501+/-197 microg/m3), low levels of 4-acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene (AMCH) (20+/-2 microg/m3), and limonene oxides (25+/-7 microg/m3). Most of the O3-limonene products remained on the AC, and most (58%) of the limonene remained unreacted on the AC after exposure to a stoichiometric excess of O3 for 48 h. Thus, in addition to known homogenous reactions, O3-limonene reactions occur heterogeneously on AC but to a much lesser extent. However, the fate of 95% of the depleted limonene was not determined; much of the missing portion was attributed to desorption from the AC, but the formation of other secondary indoor air pollutants is possible. VOC-loaded AC air filters exposed to O3 seem unlikely, however, to constitute a significant emission source of reaction products. More studies are necessary to investigate other pollutants, effects of environmental conditions, and VOC releases from AC that may be enhanced by O3 exposure. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Reactions between ozone and certain volatile organic compounds such as limonene (a common ingredient of many consumer products) occurring on the surface of ventilation filters could impact indoor air quality if products are released in significant amounts. This study suggests that although very small amounts of limonene adsorbed on a filter will react with O3, ventilation filters are not likely to be significant sources of ozone oxidation products. More studies are needed to investigate whether ozone exposure enhances desorption of pollutants from ventilation filters and to measure the formation of formaldehyde and other products that are not easily retained by charcoal filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Metts
- Department of Environmental Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614-1709, USA.
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Cain WS, Schmidt R, Wolkoff P. Olfactory detection of ozone and D-limonene: reactants in indoor spaces. INDOOR AIR 2007; 17:337-47. [PMID: 17880630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Young adult subjects who occupied a well-ventilated space with low background of level of ozone achieved via carbon-filtration could detect ozone odor at 7 ppb, lower than expected from archival compilations. The outcome was not inconsistent, however, with some observations of recognition, beyond mere detection, at about 15-20 ppb. Individual differences in sensitivity lay at or just below an order of magnitude, rare in olfactory testing and indicative of precision. In a study of d-limonene, subjects again showed high sensitivity and small individual differences. The subjects could detect the odor at 8 and 15 ppb, depending upon whether they occupied a space with or without carbon filtration, respectively. The results argue for use of carbon filtration to measure sensitivity most stringently, although absence of filtration seems not to incur a large penalty. The protocol used here, with collection of hundreds of judgments in a day, yet with little net exposure of the subject to odorant; with verifiably stable delivery; and with analytical confirmation of level should reduce tolerance for outcomes of large differences among subjects and among studies. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Humans manifested much higher sensitivity to ozone and D-limonene than commonly thought, a pattern revealing itself more broadly in olfactory studies as testing improves and analytical confirmation of delivery becomes more common. Published databases, with errors of +/-1000%, often badly underestimate sensitivity and can thereby encourage use of higher concentrations of compounds, particularly VOCs, than relevant in studies of reactive indoor chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Cain
- Chemosensory Perception Laboratory, Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0957, USA.
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Loftness V, Hakkinen B, Adan O, Nevalainen A. Elements that contribute to healthy building design. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:965-70. [PMID: 17589608 PMCID: PMC1892106 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The elements that contribute to a healthy building are multifactorial and can be discussed from different perspectives. OBJECTIVES WE PRESENT THREE VIEWPOINTS OF DESIGNING A HEALTHY BUILDING: the importance of sustainable development, the role of occupants for ensuring indoor air quality, and ongoing developments related to indoor finishes with low chemical emissions and good fungal resistance. DISCUSSION Sustainable design rediscovers the social, environmental, and technical values of pedestrian and mixed-use communities, using existing infrastructures including "main streets" and small-town planning principles and recapturing indoor-outdoor relationships. This type of design introduces nonpolluting materials and assemblies with lower energy requirements and higher durability and recyclability. Building occupants play a major role in maintaining healthy indoor environments, especially in residences. Contributors to indoor air quality include cleaning habits and other behaviors; consumer products, furnishings, and appliances purchases, as well as where and how the occupants use them. Certification of consumer products and building materials as low-emitting products is a primary control measure for achieving good indoor air quality. Key products in this respect are office furniture, flooring, paints and coatings, adhesives and sealants, wall coverings, wood products, textiles, insulation, and cleaning products. Finishing materials play a major role in the quality of indoor air as related to moisture retention and mold growth. CONCLUSIONS Sustainable design emphasizes the needs of infrastructure, lower energy consumption, durability, and recyclability. To ensure good indoor air quality, the product development for household use should aim to reduce material susceptibility to contaminants such as mold and should adopt consumer-oriented product labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Loftness
- Carnegie Mellon University, School of Architecture, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Olaf Adan
- TNO Built Environment and Geosciences, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Aino Nevalainen
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Environmental Health, Kuopio, Finland
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Nielsen GD, Larsen ST, Olsen O, Løvik M, Poulsen LK, Glue C, Wolkoff P. Do indoor chemicals promote development of airway allergy? INDOOR AIR 2007; 17:236-55. [PMID: 17542836 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Allergic asthma has increased worldwide in the industrialized countries. This review evaluates whether the major groups of indoor chemical exposures possess allergy-promoting (adjuvant) effects; formaldehyde was excluded, because of the size of the literature. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are used as an example of gases and vapors. The precipitation of asthmatic symptoms by VOC exposures is probably because of VOC levels considerably above typical indoor levels, or VOCs may be a surrogate for exposure to allergens, combustion products or dampness. Indoor particles possessed adjuvant effects in animal studies and allergy-promoting effects in humans. Quaternary ammonium compounds may possess adjuvant effects in animal studies and promoted sensitization in humans in occupational settings. The use of cleaning agents, anionic and non-ionic surfactants are not considered to possess an important adjuvant effect in the general population. Regarding phthalate exposures, results from animal and epidemiological studies were found to be discordant. There is little evidence that the indoor chemicals evaluated possess important adjuvant effects. If buildings are kept clean, dry and free of combustion products, the important question may be would it be profitable to look for lifestyle factors and non-chemical indoor exposures in order to abate airway allergy? PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Indoor chemicals (pollutants) have been accused to promote development of airway allergy by adjuvant effects. In this review, we evaluated the scientific literature and found little support for the supposition that indoor chemicals possess important adjuvant effects. This rises the question: would it be profitable for abatement of airway allergy to look for non-chemical indoor exposures, including lifestyle factors, and exposures to allergens, microorganisms, including vira, and their interactions?
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Nielsen
- National Institute of Occupational Health Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Weschler CJ. Ozone's impact on public health: contributions from indoor exposures to ozone and products of ozone-initiated chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:1489-96. [PMID: 17035131 PMCID: PMC1626413 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The associations between ozone concentrations measured outdoors and both morbidity and mortality may be partially due to indoor exposures to ozone and ozone-initiated oxidation products. In this article I examine the contributions of such indoor exposures to overall ozone-related health effects by extensive review of the literature as well as further analyses of published data. FINDINGS Daily inhalation intakes of indoor ozone (micrograms per day) are estimated to be between 25 and 60% of total daily ozone intake. This is especially noteworthy in light of recent work indicating little, if any, threshold for ozone's impact on mortality. Additionally, the present study estimates that average daily indoor intakes of ozone oxidation products are roughly one-third to twice the indoor inhalation intake of ozone alone. Some of these oxidation products are known or suspected to adversely affect human health (e.g., formaldehyde, acrolein, hydroperoxides, fine and ultrafine particles). Indirect evidence supports connections between morbidity/mortality and exposures to indoor ozone and its oxidation products. For example, cities with stronger associations between outdoor ozone and mortality tend to have residences that are older and less likely to have central air conditioning, which implies greater transport of ozone from outdoors to indoors. CONCLUSIONS Indoor exposures to ozone and its oxidation products can be reduced by filtering ozone from ventilation air and limiting the indoor use of products and materials whose emissions react with ozone. Such steps might be especially valuable in schools, hospitals, and childcare centers in regions that routinely experience elevated outdoor ozone concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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