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Hartmann K, Möstl K, Lloret A, Thiry E, Addie DD, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Tasker S, Truyen U, Hosie MJ. Vaccination of Immunocompromised Cats. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050923. [PMID: 35632665 PMCID: PMC9147348 DOI: 10.3390/v14050923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunocompromise is a common condition in cats, especially due to widespread infections with immunosuppressive viruses, such as feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), but also due to chronic non-infectious diseases, such as tumours, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease, as well as treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, such as glucocorticoids, cyclosporins, or tumour chemotherapy. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from eleven European countries, discusses the current knowledge and rationale for vaccination of immunocompromised cats. So far, there are few data available on vaccination of immunocompromised cats, and sometimes studies produce controversial results. Thus, this guideline summarizes the available scientific studies and fills in the gaps with expert opinion, where scientific studies are missing. Ultimately, this review aims to help veterinarians with their decision-making in how best to vaccinate immunocompromised cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Diane D. Addie
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (H.L.)
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (H.L.)
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
- Linnaeus Veterinary Ltd., Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
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Furukawa S, Meguri N, Koura K, Koura H, Matsuda A. A Case of Canine Polyglandular Deficiency Syndrome with Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoadrenocorticism. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8030043. [PMID: 33800028 PMCID: PMC8000634 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the first clinical case, to our knowledge, of a dog with polyglandular deficiency syndrome with diabetes mellitus and hypoadrenocorticism. A six-year-old female Cavalier King Charles Spaniel presented with a history of lethargy and appetite loss. The dog was diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis based on hyperglycemia and renal glucose and ketone body loss. The dog’s condition improved on intensive treatment of diabetes mellitus; daily subcutaneous insulin detemir injection maintained an appropriate blood glucose level over half a year. However, the dog’s body weight gradually decreased from day 207, and on day 501, it presented with a decreased appetite; the precise cause could not be determined. Based on mild hyponatremia and hyperkalemia, hypoadrenocorticism was suggested; the diagnosis was made using an adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test. Daily fludrocortisone with low-dose prednisolone oral administration resulted in poor recovery of the blood chemistry abnormalities; however, monthly desoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP) subcutaneous injection with daily low-dose prednisolone oral administration helped in the significant recovery of the abnormalities. Therefore, clinicians should consider the possibility of coexistence of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs with diabetes mellitus presenting with undifferentiated weight loss. Additionally, DOCP (not fludrocortisone) may be useful in treating dogs with diabetes mellitus complicated with hypoadrenocorticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Furukawa
- Earth Animal Hospital, 4-3-43 Hokushin-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido 090-0052, Japan; (S.F.); (N.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Natsuko Meguri
- Earth Animal Hospital, 4-3-43 Hokushin-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido 090-0052, Japan; (S.F.); (N.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Kazue Koura
- Bihoro Animal Hospital, 51-8 Aoyamakita, Bihoro, Hokkaido 092-0066, Japan;
| | - Hiroyuki Koura
- Earth Animal Hospital, 4-3-43 Hokushin-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido 090-0052, Japan; (S.F.); (N.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Earth Animal Hospital, 4-3-43 Hokushin-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido 090-0052, Japan; (S.F.); (N.M.); (H.K.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-898-52-9240
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Bergmann M, Freisl M, Hartmann K, Speck S, Truyen U, Zablotski Y, Mayr M, Wehner A. Antibody Response to Canine Parvovirus Vaccination in Dogs with Hypothyroidism Treated with Levothyroxine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020180. [PMID: 33672564 PMCID: PMC7924029 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: No information is available on how dogs with hypothyroidism (HypoT) respond to vaccination. This study measured pre- and post-vaccination anti-canine parvovirus (CPV) antibodies in dogs with HypoT treated with levothyroxine and compared the results to those of healthy dogs. (2) Methods: Six dogs with HypoT and healthy age-matched control dogs (n = 23) were vaccinated against CPV with a modified-live vaccine. Hemagglutination inhibition was used to measure antibodies on days 0, 7, and 28. The comparison of the vaccination response of dogs with HypoT and healthy dogs were performed with univariate analysis. (3) Results: Pre-vaccination antibodies (≥10) were detected in 100% of dogs with HypoT (6/6; 95% CI: 55.7–100) and in 100% of healthy dogs (23/23; 95% CI: 83.1–100.0). A ≥4-fold titer increase was observed in none of the dogs with HypoT and in 4.3% of the healthy dogs (1/23; CI95%: <0.01–22.7). Mild vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAEs) were detected in 33.3% of the dogs with HypoT (2/6; 95% CI: 9.3–70.4) and in 43.5% (10/23; 95% CI: 25.6–63.2) of the healthy dogs. (4) Conclusions: There was neither a significant difference in the dogs’ pre-vaccination antibodies (p = 1.000), or vaccination response (p = 0.735), nor in the occurrence of post-vaccination VAAEs (p = 0.798). The vaccination response in dogs with levothyroxine-treated HypoT seems to be similar to that of healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Bergmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.F.); (K.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-2180-2651
| | - Monika Freisl
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.F.); (K.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.); (A.W.)
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.F.); (K.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.); (A.W.)
| | - Stephanie Speck
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.S.); (U.T.)
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.S.); (U.T.)
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.F.); (K.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.); (A.W.)
| | - Matthias Mayr
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.F.); (K.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.); (A.W.)
| | - Astrid Wehner
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.F.); (K.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.M.); (A.W.)
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Antibody Response to Canine Parvovirus Vaccination in Dogs with Hyperadrenocorticism Treated with Trilostane. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030547. [PMID: 32961758 PMCID: PMC7563131 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown how dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) respond to vaccination. This study measured antibodies against canine parvovirus (CPV) in dogs with HAC treated with trilostane before and after CPV vaccination, and compared the immune response to that from healthy dogs. Eleven dogs with HAC, and healthy age-matched control dogs (n = 31) received a modified-live CPV vaccine. Antibodies were determined on days 0, 7, and 28 by hemagglutination inhibition. Univariate analysis was used to compare the immune response of dogs with HAC and healthy dogs. Pre-vaccination antibodies (≥10) were detected in 100% of dogs with HAC (11/11; 95% CI: 70.0–100) and in 93.5% of healthy dogs (29/31; 95% CI: 78.3–99.2). No ≥4-fold increase in antibody titer was observed in dogs with HAC while in 22.6% of healthy dogs, a ≥4-fold titer increase was observed (7/31; 95% CI: 11.1–40.1). Mild vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAEs) were detected in 54.5% of dogs with HAC (6/11; 95% CI: 28.0–78.8) and in 29.0% of healthy dogs (9/31; 95% CI: 15.9–46.8). There was neither a significant difference in presence of pre-vaccination antibodies (p = 1.000), or response to vaccination (p = 0.161), nor in the occurrence of VAAEs (p = 0.158). Immune function of dogs with HAC treated with trilostane seems comparable to that of healthy dogs.
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Effects of Low-level Brodifacoum Exposure on the Feline Immune Response. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8168. [PMID: 29802369 PMCID: PMC5970145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides have been implicated as a potential inciting factor in the development of mange in wild felids, but a causative association between anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and immune suppression has not been established. Specific-pathogen-free domestic cats were exposed to brodifacoum over a 6-week period to determine whether chronic, low-level exposure altered the feline immune response. Cats were vaccinated with irrelevant antigens at different points during the course of the experiment to assess recall and direct immune responses. Measures of immune response included delayed-type hypersensitivity tests and cell proliferation assays. IgE and antigen-specific antibodies were quantified via ELISA assays, and cytokine induction following exposure to vaccine antigens was also analyzed. While cats had marked levels of brodifacoum present in blood during the study, no cats developed coagulopathies or hematologic abnormalities. Brodifacoum-exposed cats had transient, statistically significant decreases in the production of certain cytokines, but all other measures of immune function remained unaffected throughout the study period. This study indicates that cats may be more resistant to clinical effects of brodifacoum exposure than other species and suggests that the gross impacts of environmentally realistic brodifacoum exposure on humoral and cell-mediated immunity against foreign antigen exposures in domestic cats are minimal.
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Martínez C, Sabater M, Giner J, Huynh M. Spontaneous Primary Hypoparathyroidism in A Ferret (Mustela Putorius Furo). J Exot Pet Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Davidson AP, von Dehn BJ, Schlafer DH. Adult-Onset Lymphoplasmacytic Orchitis in a Labrador Retriever Stud Dog. Top Companion Anim Med 2015; 30:31-4. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Saridomichelakis MN, Xenoulis PG, Chatzis MK, Kasabalis D, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Petanides T. Thyroid function in 36 dogs with leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum before and during treatment with allopurinol with or without meglumine antimonate. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:22-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Datz CA. Noninfectious Causes of Immunosuppression in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 40:459-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Kopecký O, Lukesová S, Horácek J, Parízková R. Campylobacter sepsis with multiple organ failure in IgG subclass deficiency. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2006; 51:604-8. [PMID: 17455798 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Some patients with immunodeficiency develop clinical features of autoimmune disorders. A previously asymptomatic antibody deficiency can underlie the development of autoimmune diseases and a severe course of infection, with a risk of sepsis; such cases are known in selective IgA deficiency. On the other hand, little information is available on selective IgG subclass deficiencies. An unexpectedly severe course of Campylobacter infection in a 19-year-old woman with a previously undiagnosed complex immune disorder, including selective IgG1 immunodeficiency, Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis with hypothyroidism combined with Addison's disease presumably due to autoimmune adrenalitis, autoimmunity and allergy is described. The pathophysiological mechanisms of autoimmunity in latent humoral defects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kopecký
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Czechia.
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Ledbetter EC, Riis RC, Kern TJ, Haley NJ, Schatzberg SJ. Corneal ulceration associated with naturally occurring canine herpesvirus-1 infection in two adult dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 229:376-84. [PMID: 16881829 DOI: 10.2460/javma.229.3.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION An 8-year-old Labrador Retriever with diabetes mellitus in which bilateral phacoemulsification had been performed 3 weeks earlier was evaluated for acute onset of blepharospasm, and a 7-year-old Miniature Schnauzer with chronic immune-mediated thrombocytopenia was reevaluated for keratoconjunctivitis sicca that had been diagnosed 4 weeks earlier. CLINICAL FINDINGS Dendritic corneal ulcerations were detected in both dogs. Canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) was isolated from corneal swab specimens obtained during the initial evaluation of each dog and during recheck examinations performed until the ulcerations were healed. Canine herpesvirus-1 serum neutralization titers were detected in both dogs. Results of virus isolation from oropharyngeal and genital swab specimens were negative for both dogs. The isolated viruses were identified as CHV-1 via immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, PCR assay, and gene sequencing. Negative controls for PCR assay and virus isolation included conjunctival swab specimens from 50 dogs without extraocular disease and corneal swab specimens from 50 dogs with corneal ulcers, respectively. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Lesions resolved in both dogs after topical administration of idoxuridine or trifluridine and discontinuation of topically administered immunosuppressive medications. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of corneal ulcerations associated with naturally occurring CHV-1 infection and may represent local ocular recrudescence of latent CHV-1 infection. The viruses isolated were identified as CHV-1, and the morphology, antigenicity, and genotype were similar to those for CHV-1 isolates obtained from a puppy that died from systemic CHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Abstract
An 18-month-old boxer was presented for investigation of profound lethargy, and primary hypothyroidism was diagnosed. A strong antithyroglobulin antibody titre was also present, indicating lymphocytic (immune-mediated) thyroiditis as the cause of hypothyroidism. A concurrent protein-losing glomerulonephropathy was also detected, although the aetiology could not be determined at initial presentation. Thyroid replacement and dietary therapy were prescribed. The dog improved clinically for approximately 12 months when it was re-presented with poorly controlled hypothyroidism and renal failure. Postmortem examination confirmed the presence of lymphocytic-plasmacytic thyroiditis, in conjunction with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Mansfield
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
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Franch J, Pastor J, Torrent E, Lafuente P, Diaz-Bertrana MC, Munilla A, Durall I. Management of leishmanial osteolytic lesions in a hypothyroid dog by partial tarsal arthrodesis. Vet Rec 2004; 155:559-62. [PMID: 15559422 DOI: 10.1136/vr.155.18.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A five-year-old male boxer, previously diagnosed with leishmaniasis and hypothyroidism, had gradually become unable to bear weight on its left hindlimb. Physical examination revealed a left popliteal lymphadenopathy, mild crepitus, and severe swelling of the left tarsal joint, a radiographic examination of which revealed severe bone destruction of the talus and a periosteal reaction of the calcaneus. Laboratory findings and serological tests suggested an active leishmanial infection, and a Leishmania species was identified by direct cytology of a sample from the osteolytic area and by indirect immunohistochemistry of a bone biopsy. The dog's condition improved when it was treated with meglumine antimonate and allopurinol. Because of the large osteolytic area and the increased use of the affected leg, a partial tarsal arthrodesis was performed to prevent a fracture. Five months after the surgery, the osteolytic area had healed completely and the calcaneus periosteal reaction had disappeared.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Franch
- Department of Surgery, Veterinary School, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Hess RS, Saunders HM, Van Winkle TJ, Ward CR. Concurrent disorders in dogs with diabetes mellitus: 221 cases (1993-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:1166-73. [PMID: 11043687 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize concurrent disorders in dogs with diabetes mellitus (DM). DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS 221 dogs with DM. PROCEDURE Medical records were reviewed, and clinical signs, physical examination findings, and results of clinicopathologic testing, urinalysis, aerobic bacterial culture of urine samples, coagulation testing, endocrine testing, histologic evaluation, diagnostic imaging, and necropsy were recorded. RESULTS For most dogs, CBC results were normal. Common serum biochemical abnormalities included hypochloremia (127 dogs, 60%) and high alanine aminotransferase (163, 78%), aspartate aminotransferase (78, 71%), and alkaline phosphatase (188, 90%) activities. Venous pH and serum ionized calcium concentration were measured in 121 and 87 dogs, respectively, and were low in 56 (46%) and 41 (47%) dogs. Lipemia was observed in 92 (42%) dogs. Urine samples from 159 (72%) dogs were submitted for aerobic bacterial culture, and 34 (21%) yielded bacterial growth. Escherichia coli was the most commonly isolated organism. Thirty-six (16%) dogs had dermatitis or otitis. Hyperadrenocorticism was diagnosed in 51 (23%) dogs on the basis of clinical signs and results of a low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (41 dogs), an adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test (5), both tests (4), or histologic evaluation of necropsy specimens (1). Acute pancreatitis was diagnosed in 28 (13%) dogs. Eleven (5%) dogs had tumors for which a histologic diagnosis was obtained. Eight (4%) dogs were hypothyroid. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that dogs with diabetes mellitus may have many concurrent disorders. The most commonly identified concurrent disorders included hyperadrenocorticism, urinary tract infection, dermatitis, otitis, acute pancreatitis, neoplasia, and hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Hess
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6010, USA
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Abstract
The following review is based on notes used in the teaching of clinical immunology to veterinary students. Immune diseases of the dog are placed into six different categories: (1) type I or allergic conditions; (2) type II or auto- and allo-antibody diseases; (3) type III or immune complex disorders; (4) type IV or cell-mediated immune diseases; (5) type V conditions or gammopathies; and (6) type VI or immunodeficiency disorders. Separate discussions of transplantation immunology and the use of drugs to regulate unwanted immune responses are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Pedersen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Levkut M, Horváth M, Bálent P, Levkutová M, Hipíková V, Letková V. Catecholamines and encephalitozoonosis in rabbits. Vet Parasitol 1997; 73:173-6. [PMID: 9477503 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Twenty four rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domestica) were used to detect specific anti-Encephalitozoon cuniculi antibodies. To identify microsporidian infection, a haemolytic test in agar gel was carried out. Blood samples of animals with and without spontaneous encephalitozoonosis were evaluated, and compared for the presence of epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA). Rabbits infected spontaneously with E. cuniculi had significantly lower levels of catecholamines than healthy animals. This decrease in catecholamines is of special interest because of their role as factors modifying the immune response. These neuromediators also have different influences on the function of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Levkut
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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