1
|
Placental Alterations in a Chikungunya-Virus-Infected Pregnant Woman: A Case Report. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050872. [PMID: 35630317 PMCID: PMC9144120 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus first isolated in Tanzania, Africa. The virus has spread to Asia as well as South and Central America through infected Aedes mosquitoes. Vertical transmission may also occur, and was first documented during a chikungunya outbreak in La Réunion Island in 2005. Since then, some authors have been discussing the role of the placenta in maternal–fetal CHIKV transmission. CHIKV infection is characterized by fever, headache, rash, and arthralgia. However, atypical manifestations and clinical complications, including neurological, cardiac, renal, ocular, and dermal, may occur in some cases. In this report, we describe the case of a pregnant woman infected by CHIKV during the third trimester of gestation, who presented with severe dermatological manifestations during the epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2019. CHIKV RNA and antigens were detected in the placental tissue, which presented with histopathological (deciduitis, fibrin deposition, edema, fetal vessel thickening, and chorioamnionitis) and ultrastructural alterations (cytotrophoblast with mitochondrial swelling and dilated cisterns in endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles in syncytiotrophoblasts, and thickening of the basement membrane of the endothelium).
Collapse
|
2
|
Salomão N, Brendolin M, Rabelo K, Wakimoto M, de Filippis AM, dos Santos F, Moreira ME, Basílio-de-Oliveira CA, Avvad-Portari E, Paes M, Brasil P. Spontaneous Abortion and Chikungunya Infection: Pathological Findings. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040554. [PMID: 33806252 PMCID: PMC8067258 DOI: 10.3390/v13040554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine transmission of the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) during early pregnancy has rarely been reported, although vertical transmission has been observed in newborns. Here, we report four cases of spontaneous abortion in women who became infected with CHIKV between the 11th and 17th weeks of pregnancy. Laboratorial confirmation of the infection was conducted by RT-PCR on a urine sample for one case, and the other three were by detection of IgM anti-CHIKV antibodies. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and an electron microscopy assay allowed us to find histopathological, such as inflammatory infiltrate in the decidua and chorionic villi, as well as areas of calcification, edema and the deposition of fibrinoid material, and ultrastructural changes, such as mitochondria with fewer cristae and ruptured membranes, endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisterns, dispersed chromatin in the nuclei and the presence of an apoptotic body in case 1. In addition, by immunohistochemistry (IHC), we found a positivity for the anti-CHIKV antibody in cells of the endometrial glands, decidual cells, syncytiotrophoblasts, cytotrophoblasts, Hofbauer cells and decidual macrophages. Electron microscopy also helped in identifying virus-like particles in the aborted material with a diameter of 40–50 nm, which was consistent with the size of CHIKV particles in the literature. Our findings in this study suggest early maternal fetal transmission, adding more evidence on the role of CHIKV in fetal death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natália Salomão
- Interdisciplinary Medical Research Laboratory Rio de Janeiro, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
| | - Michelle Brendolin
- Acute Febrile Diseases Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Infectiology Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.B.); (M.W.)
| | - Kíssila Rabelo
- Ultrastructure and Tissue Biology Laboratory Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil;
| | - Mayumi Wakimoto
- Acute Febrile Diseases Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Infectiology Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.B.); (M.W.)
| | - Ana Maria de Filippis
- Flaviviruses Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
| | - Flavia dos Santos
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute Rio de Janeiro, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
| | - Maria Elizabeth Moreira
- National Institute of Women, Children and Adolescents Health Fernandes Figueira, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (M.E.M.); (E.A.-P.)
| | - Carlos Alberto Basílio-de-Oliveira
- Pathological Anatomy, Gaffrée Guinle University Hospital Rio de Janeiro, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20270-004, Brazil;
| | - Elyzabeth Avvad-Portari
- National Institute of Women, Children and Adolescents Health Fernandes Figueira, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (M.E.M.); (E.A.-P.)
| | - Marciano Paes
- Interdisciplinary Medical Research Laboratory Rio de Janeiro, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Patrícia Brasil
- Acute Febrile Diseases Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Infectiology Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.B.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (P.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 Protects against Chikungunya Virus-Induced Immunopathology by Restricting Infection in Muscle Cells. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01419-17. [PMID: 28835505 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01419-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system protects cells against viral pathogens in part through the autocrine and paracrine actions of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) (type I), IFN-γ (type II), and IFN-λ (type III). The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) has a demonstrated role in shaping innate and adaptive antiviral immunity by inducing the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and mediating signals downstream of IFN-γ. Although ectopic expression experiments have suggested an inhibitory function of IRF-1 against infection of alphaviruses in cell culture, its role in vivo remains unknown. Here, we infected Irf1 -/- mice with two distantly related arthritogenic alphaviruses, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Ross River virus (RRV), and assessed the early antiviral functions of IRF-1 prior to induction of adaptive B and T cell responses. IRF-1 expression limited CHIKV-induced foot swelling in joint-associated tissues and prevented dissemination of CHIKV and RRV at early time points. Virological and histological analyses revealed greater infection of muscle tissues in Irf1 -/- mice than in wild-type mice. The antiviral actions of IRF-1 appeared to be independent of the induction of type I IFN or the effects of type II and III IFNs but were associated with altered local proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses and differential infiltration of myeloid cell subsets. Collectively, our in vivo experiments suggest that IRF-1 restricts CHIKV and RRV infection in stromal cells, especially muscle cells, and that this controls local inflammation and joint-associated swelling.IMPORTANCE Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of a broad range of antiviral host defense genes. In this study, using Irf1 -/- mice, we investigated the role of IRF-1 in modulating pathogenesis of two related arthritogenic alphaviruses, chikungunya virus and Ross River virus. Our studies show that IRF-1 controlled alphavirus replication and swelling in joint-associated tissues within days of infection. Detailed histopathological and virological analyses revealed that IRF-1 preferentially restricted CHIKV infection in cells of nonhematopoietic lineage, including muscle cells. The antiviral actions of IRF-1 resulted in decreased local inflammatory responses in joint-associated tissues, which prevented immunopathology.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ruiz-Moreno D. Assessing Chikungunya risk in a metropolitan area of Argentina through satellite images and mathematical models. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:49. [PMID: 26830024 PMCID: PMC4735964 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya fever is a viral disease that recently invaded the American continent. In America, it is transmitted mainly by the mosquito Aedes aegypti, but Aedes albopictus is the main vector in other regions of the world. This work estimates the risk of disease emergence and the corresponding population at risk for the case of a naive population in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires, the capital city of Argentina. METHODS A classic metapopulation epidemiological model, that considers human and mosquito populations, was extended in order to include different environmental signals. First, the vital rates of the mosquitoes were affected by local temperature. Second, habitat availability estimated from satellite images was used to determine the carrying capacity for local mosquito populations. Disease invasion was proposed to occur at different moments of the year. For each scenario, Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate the risk of disease invasion and the population at risk. RESULTS The risk of a Chikungunya outbreak displays strong temporal (seasonal) patterns as well as spatial variability at the level of neighborhoods in the study area. According to the model, Summer and Fall display high risk for a Chikungunya invasion. The population at risk displays less variation over the year underlying the importance of preventive actions. CONCLUSIONS The ability of mapping habitat quality for vector-borne diseases allows developing risk analysis at scales that are easily manageable for public health officers. For this location, the correlation of disease risk with the season of the year and the habitat availability could provide information to develop efficient control strategies. This also underlines the importance of involving the whole community when developing control measures for Chikungunya fever and other recently invading vector-borne diseases such as Zika fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ruiz-Moreno
- Grupo de Ecologia Computacional, Instituto de Ciencias Sociales y Administración, Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche, Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus of increasing public health significance, has caused large epidemics in Africa and the Indian Ocean basin; now it is spreading throughout the Americas. The primary vectors of CHIKV are Aedes (Ae.) aegypti and, after the introduction of a mutation in the E1 envelope protein gene, the highly anthropophilic and geographically widespread Ae. albopictus mosquito. We review here research efforts to characterize the viral genetic basis of mosquito-vector interactions, the use of RNA interference and other strategies for the control of CHIKV in mosquitoes, and the potentiation of CHIKV infection by mosquito saliva. Over the past decade, CHIKV has emerged on a truly global scale. Since 2013, CHIKV transmission has been reported throughout the Caribbean region, in North America, and in Central and South American countries, including Brazil, Columbia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Nicaragua, Panama, Suriname, and Venezuela. Closing the gaps in our knowledge of driving factors behind the rapid geographic expansion of CHIKV should be considered a research priority. The abundance of multiple primate species in many of these countries, together with species of mosquito that have never been exposed to CHIKV, may provide opportunities for this highly adaptable virus to establish sylvatic cycles that to date have not been seen outside of Africa. The short-term and long-term ecological consequences of such transmission cycles, including the impact on wildlife and people living in these areas, are completely unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Higgs
- 1 Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lo Presti A, Lai A, Cella E, Zehender G, Ciccozzi M. Chikungunya virus, epidemiology, clinics and phylogenesis: A review. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7:925-32. [PMID: 25479619 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes chikungunya fever, a febrile illness associated with severe arthralgia and rash. Chikungunya virus is transmitted by culicine mosquitoes; Chikungunya virus replicates in the skin, disseminates to liver, muscle, joints, lymphoid tissue and brain, presumably through the blood. Phylogenetic studies showed that the Indian Ocean and the Indian subcontinent epidemics were caused by two different introductions of distinct strains of East/Central/South African genotype of CHIKV. The paraphyletic grouping of African CHIK viruses supports the historical evidence that the virus was introduced into Asia from Africa. Phylogenetic analysis divided Chikungunya virus isolates into three distinct genotypes based on geographical origins: the first, the West Africa genotype, consisted of isolates from Senegal and Nigeria; the second contained strains from East/Central/South African genotype, while the third contained solely Asian. The most recent common ancestor for the recent epidemic, which ravaged Indian Ocean islands and Indian subcontinent in 2004 - 2007, was found to date in 2002. Asian lineage dated about 1952 and exhibits similar spread patterns of the recent Indian Ocean outbreak lineage, with successive epidemics detected along an eastward path. Asian group splitted into two clades: an Indian lineage and a south east lineage. Outbreaks of Chikungunya virus fever in Asia have not been associated necessarily with outbreaks in Africa. Phylogenetic tools can reconstruct geographic spread of Chikungunya virus during the epidemics wave. The good management of patients with acute Chikungunya virus infection is essential for public health in susceptible areas with current Aedes spp activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Lo Presti
- Department of Infectious Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Epidemiology Unit, Reference Centre on Phylogeny, Molecular Epidemiology and Microbial Evolution (FEMEM), Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, L. Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cella
- Department of Infectious Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Epidemiology Unit, Reference Centre on Phylogeny, Molecular Epidemiology and Microbial Evolution (FEMEM), Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Rome, Italy
| | - Gianguglielmo Zehender
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, L. Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Department of Infectious Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Epidemiology Unit, Reference Centre on Phylogeny, Molecular Epidemiology and Microbial Evolution (FEMEM), Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Rome, Italy; University Campus-Biomedico, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ruiz-Moreno D, Vargas IS, Olson KE, Harrington LC. Modeling dynamic introduction of Chikungunya virus in the United States. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1918. [PMID: 23209859 PMCID: PMC3510155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral infection of humans that previously was confined to regions in central Africa. However, during this century, the virus has shown surprising potential for geographic expansion as it invaded other countries including more temperate regions. With no vaccine and no specific treatment, the main control strategy for Chikungunya remains preventive control of mosquito populations. In consideration for the risk of Chikungunya introduction to the US, we developed a model for disease introduction based on virus introduction by one individual. Our study combines a climate-based mosquito population dynamics stochastic model with an epidemiological model to identify temporal windows that have epidemic risk. We ran this model with temperature data from different locations to study the geographic sensitivity of epidemic potential. We found that in locations with marked seasonal variation in temperature there also was a season of epidemic risk matching the period of the year in which mosquito populations survive and grow. In these locations controlling mosquito population sizes might be an efficient strategy. But, in other locations where the temperature supports mosquito development all year the epidemic risk is high and (practically) constant. In these locations, mosquito population control alone might not be an efficient disease control strategy and other approaches should be implemented to complement it. Our results strongly suggest that, in the event of an introduction and establishment of Chikungunya in the US, endemic and epidemic regions would emerge initially, primarily defined by environmental factors controlling annual mosquito population cycles. These regions should be identified to plan different intervention measures. In addition, reducing vector: human ratios can lower the probability and magnitude of outbreaks for regions with strong seasonal temperature patterns. This is the first model to consider Chikungunya risk in the US and can be applied to other vector borne diseases. Chikungunya fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection showing a surprising potential for geographic expansion. Similar to other tropical infectious diseases having no vaccine and no specific treatment, the main control strategy for Chikungunya remains reduction of mosquito population size. We developed a model for disease introduction that combines a climate based mosquito population dynamics stochastic model with an epidemiological model in order to identify temporal windows during which disease introduction through one exposed individual might compromise the health status of the entire human population. We ran this model with temperature data from different locations showing the geographic sensitivity of this risk. The identification of temporal windows with epidemic risk at different spatial locations is key to guiding mosquito population control campaigns. Locations with marked seasonal variation also have a season with high epidemic risk matching the period in which mosquito populations survive and grow, therefore controlling mosquito population sizes might be an optimal strategy in those areas. However, locations with other temperature patterns may need additional control strategies to avoid epidemics. To our knowledge, this is the first model to explore Chikungunya introduction in the USA. Our modeling approach can be used for other vector borne diseases and can be expanded to compare the outcome with different control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ruiz-Moreno
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li YG, Siripanyaphinyo U, Tumkosit U, Noranate N, A-Nuegoonpipat A, Pan Y, Kameoka M, Kurosu T, Ikuta K, Takeda N, Anantapreecha S. Poly (I:C), an agonist of toll-like receptor-3, inhibits replication of the Chikungunya virus in BEAS-2B cells. Virol J 2012; 9:114. [PMID: 22698190 PMCID: PMC3490739 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and its mimic, polyinosinic acid: polycytidylic acid [Poly (I:C)], are recognized by toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and induce interferon (IFN)-β in many cell types. Poly (I:C) is the most potent IFN inducer. In in vivo mouse studies, intraperitoneal injection of Poly (I:C) elicited IFN-α/β production and natural killer (NK) cells activation. The TLR3 pathway is suggested to contribute to innate immune responses against many viruses, including influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes simplex virus 2, and murine cytomegalovirus. In Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection, the viruses are cleared within 7–10 days postinfection before adaptive immune responses emerge. The innate immune response is important for CHIKV clearance. Results The effects of Poly (I:C) on the replication of CHIKV in human bronchial epithelial cells, BEAS-2B, were studied. Poly (I:C) suppressed cytopathic effects (CPE) induced by CHIKV infection in BEAS-2B cells in the presence of Poly (I:C) and inhibited the replication of CHIKV in the cells. The virus titers of Poly (I:C)-treated cells were much lower compared with those of untreated cells. CHIKV infection and Poly (I:C) treatment of BEAS-2B cells induced the production of IFN-β and increased the expression of anti-viral genes, including IFN-α, IFN-β, MxA, and OAS. Both Poly (I:C) and CHIKV infection upregulate the expression of TLR3 in BEAS-2B cells. Conclusions CHIKV is sensitive to innate immune response induced by Poly (I:C). The inhibition of CHIKV replication by Poly (I:C) may be through the induction of TLR3, which triggers the production of IFNs and other anti-viral genes. The innate immune response is important to clear CHIKV in infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Li
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tsetsarkin KA, Vanlandingham DL, McGee CE, Higgs S. A single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential. PLoS Pathog 2008; 3:e201. [PMID: 18069894 PMCID: PMC2134949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1031] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging arbovirus associated with several recent large-scale epidemics. The 2005–2006 epidemic on Reunion island that resulted in approximately 266,000 human cases was associated with a strain of CHIKV with a mutation in the envelope protein gene (E1-A226V). To test the hypothesis that this mutation in the epidemic CHIKV (strain LR2006 OPY1) might influence fitness for different vector species, viral infectivity, dissemination, and transmission of CHIKV were compared in Aedes albopictus, the species implicated in the epidemic, and the recognized vector Ae. aegypti. Using viral infectious clones of the Reunion strain and a West African strain of CHIKV, into which either the E1–226 A or V mutation was engineered, we demonstrated that the E1-A226V mutation was directly responsible for a significant increase in CHIKV infectivity for Ae. albopictus, and led to more efficient viral dissemination into mosquito secondary organs and transmission to suckling mice. This mutation caused a marginal decrease in CHIKV Ae. aegypti midgut infectivity, had no effect on viral dissemination, and was associated with a slight increase in transmission by Ae. aegypti to suckling mice in competition experiments. The effect of the E1-A226V mutation on cholesterol dependence of CHIKV was also analyzed, revealing an association between cholesterol dependence and increased fitness of CHIKV in Ae. albopictus. Our observation that a single amino acid substitution can influence vector specificity provides a plausible explanation of how this mutant virus caused an epidemic in a region lacking the typical vector. This has important implications with respect to how viruses may establish a transmission cycle when introduced into a new area. Due to the widespread distribution of Ae. albopictus, this mutation increases the potential for CHIKV to permanently extend its range into Europe and the Americas. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging arbovirus associated with several recent large-scale epidemics of arthritic disease, including one on Reunion island, where there were approximately 266,000 cases (34% of the total island population). CHIKV is transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes, primarily Ae. aegypti. However, the 2005–2006 CHIKV epidemic on Reunion island was unusual because the vector responsible for transmission between humans was apparently the Asian tiger mosquito, Ae. albopictus. Interestingly, the same epidemic was associated with a strain of CHIKV with a mutation in the envelope protein gene (E1-A226V). In this work we investigated the role of the E1-A226V mutation on the fitness of CHIKV in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. We found that E1-A226V is directly responsible for CHIKV adaptation to Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, which provides a plausible explanation of how this mutant virus caused an epidemic in a region lacking the typical vector. This research gives a new insight into how a simple genetic change in a human pathogen can increase its host range and therefore its geographic distribution. Ae. albopictus is abundant and widely distributed in urban areas of Europe and the United States of America, and this work suggests that these areas are now vulnerable to CHIKV establishment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A Tsetsarkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Charles E McGee
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Multidisciplinary prospective study of mother-to-child chikungunya virus infections on the island of La Réunion. PLoS Med 2008; 5:e60. [PMID: 18351797 PMCID: PMC2267812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An outbreak of chikungunya virus affected over one-third of the population of La Réunion Island between March 2005 and December 2006. In June 2005, we identified the first case of mother-to-child chikungunya virus transmission at the Groupe Hospitalier Sud-Réunion level-3 maternity department. The goal of this prospective study was to characterize the epidemiological, clinical, biological, and radiological features and outcomes of all the cases of vertically transmitted chikungunya infections recorded at our institution during this outbreak. METHODS AND FINDINGS Over 22 mo, 7,504 women delivered 7,629 viable neonates; 678 (9.0%) of these parturient women were infected (positive RT-PCR or IgM serology) during antepartum, and 61 (0.8%) in pre- or intrapartum. With the exception of three early fetal deaths, vertical transmission was exclusively observed in near-term deliveries (median duration of gestation: 38 wk, range 35-40 wk) in the context of intrapartum viremia (19 cases of vertical transmission out of 39 women with intrapartum viremia, prevalence rate 0.25%, vertical transmission rate 48.7%). Cesarean section had no protective effect on transmission. All infected neonates were asymptomatic at birth, and median onset of neonatal disease was 4 d (range 3-7 d). Pain, prostration, and fever were present in 100% of cases and thrombocytopenia in 89%. Severe illness was observed in ten cases (52.6%) and mainly consisted of encephalopathy (n = 9; 90%). These nine children had pathologic MRI findings (brain swelling, n = 9; cerebral hemorrhages, n = 2), and four evolved towards persistent disabilities. CONCLUSIONS Mother-to-child chikungunya virus transmission is frequent in the context of intrapartum maternal viremia, and often leads to severe neonatal infection. Chikungunya represents a substantial risk for neonates born to viremic parturients that should be taken into account by clinicians and public health authorities in the event of a chikungunya outbreak.
Collapse
|
11
|
Grivard P, Le Roux K, Laurent P, Fianu A, Perrau J, Gigan J, Hoarau G, Grondin N, Staikowsky F, Favier F, Michault A. Molecular and serological diagnosis of Chikungunya virus infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 55:490-4. [PMID: 17920211 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2005-2006, during the Chikungunya virus outbreak in La Réunion (Indian Ocean), we urgently established the molecular and serological methods for the diagnosis of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) from various types of samples. METHODS CHIKV RNA was detected using a highly sensitive real-time RT PCR assay. A co-extracted and co-amplified internal control RNA was used to identify RT PCR inhibitors. Depending on their nature samples were pretreated before nucleic acid extraction. Viral loads were measured using a synthetic RNA calibrator. CHIKV immunoglobulin (Ig) G and M antibodies were detected by ELISA either from sera or from blood absorbed on filter paper. RESULTS CHIKV RNA was found in various types of samples such as plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and placenta, but was not found in some samples including maternal milk and synovial samples. Detection of IgG from filter paper absorbed blood is specific and sensitive. Routine data showed that maternally transferred IgG and naturally acquired IgM persist at least 12 and 18 months, respectively. DISCUSSION The techniques enabled the diagnosis of chikungunya in known and newly described forms of the disease. They are used for routine diagnosis and large scale surveys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Grivard
- Service de Bactériologie-Parasitologie-Virologie et d'Hygiène, Groupe Hospitalier Sud-Réunion, BP 350, 97448, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Josseran L, Paquet C, Zehgnoun A, Caillere N, Le Tertre A, Solet JL, Ledrans M. Chikungunya disease outbreak, Reunion Island. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 12:1994-5. [PMID: 17354339 PMCID: PMC3291364 DOI: 10.3201/eid1212.060710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
13
|
AbuBakar S, Sam IC, Wong PF, MatRahim N, Hooi PS, Roslan N. Reemergence of endemic Chikungunya, Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:147-9. [PMID: 17370532 PMCID: PMC2725805 DOI: 10.3201/eid1301.060617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus infection recently reemerged in Malaysia after 7 years of nondetection. Genomic sequences of recovered isolates were highly similar to those of Malaysian isolates from the 1998 outbreak. The reemergence of the infection is not part of the epidemics in other Indian Ocean countries but raises the possibility that chikungunya virus is endemic in Malaysia.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tsetsarkin K, Higgs S, McGee CE, De Lamballerie X, Charrel RN, Vanlandingham DL. Infectious clones of Chikungunya virus (La Réunion isolate) for vector competence studies. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2007; 6:325-37. [PMID: 17187566 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2006.6.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) on several islands in the Indian Ocean and in India has focused attention on this reemerging virus and highlighted the need for development of new tools to study vector-virus-host interactions. We have constructed and characterized, in cell culture, Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, infectious cDNA clones of CHIKV using a recent isolate from La Réunion Island. Comparison of the growth kinetics and infection rates of the viral isolate CHIKV strain LR2006 OPY1 (CHIKV-LR) and a full-length infectious clone (CHIKV-LR ic) indicate that the infectious clone has retained the viral phenotypes of the original isolate. Infectious clones that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) were also produced and characterized in cell culture and in Aedes mosquitoes. The CHIKV-LR 5'GFP infected Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes at a similar rate to the original virus and to the full length infectious clone. The CHIKV-LR 3'GFP only infected Ae. albopictus mosquitoes at similar rates. The development of these authentic infectious clones will enable targeted studies of the molecular determinants of infection, pathogenesis and transmission competence by Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Tsetsarkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77539-0609, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lenglet Y, Barau G, Robillard PY, Randrianaivo H, Michault A, Bouveret A, Gérardin P, Boumahni B, Touret Y, Kauffmann E, Schuffenecker I, Gabriele M, Fourmaintraux A. [Chikungunya infection in pregnancy: Evidence for intrauterine infection in pregnant women and vertical transmission in the parturient. Survey of the Reunion Island outbreak]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 35:578-83. [PMID: 17003745 DOI: 10.1016/s0368-2315(06)76447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since February 2005, an outbreak of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections occurred in Reunion Island. It is transmitted by the Aedes albopictus mosquito. Neonatal cases observations suggest possible fetal transmission during pregnancy. MATERIAL [corrected] AND METHODS. Observations made in 160 pregnant mothers infected by CHIKV between June 1, 2005 and February 28, 2006, in the south of Reunion island were recorded. RESULTS Three of nine miscarriages before 22 weeks of gestation could be attributed to the virus. 3,829 births took place during this time. Among the 151 infected women, 118 were viremia negative at delivery, and none of the newborns showed any damage. Among the 33 with positive viremia at delivery, 16 newborns (48.5%) presented neonatal Chikungunya. DISCUSSION Though fetal contamination risks appear to be rare before 22 weeks of gestation, they are potentially dangerous. After 22 weeks gestation, newborns infection occurs if the mother is viremia positive at delivery. Transplacental transmission is suspected, but the pathogenic mechanism remains unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Lenglet
- Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Groupe Hospitalier Sud-Réunion, BP 350, 97448 Saint-Pierre Cedex
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pierre V, Filleul L, Solet JL, Renault P, Sissoko D, Lassalle C. Épidémie de Chikungunya à l’Île de la Réunion, 2005-2006. Presse Med 2006; 35:1188-9; author reply 1189. [PMID: 16840898 DOI: 10.1016/s0755-4982(06)74779-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|