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Ferri G, Olivieri V, Olivastri A, Pennisi L, Vergara A. Multidrug resistant Vibrio spp. identified from mussels farmed for human consumption in Central Italy. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae098. [PMID: 38609347 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles of Vibrio strains identified from Mytilus galloprovincialis farmed for human consumption in the Adriatic Sea Central Italy. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 475 mussels (M. galloprovincialis) were involved in the present study, and culture-dependent microbiological methods permitted to identify a total of 50 Vibrio strains that were tested for antibiotic susceptibility followed by the genetic determinant detections. Antibiograms showed resistance against ampicillin (36.0%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (30.0%), gentamycin (14.0%), and imipenem (18.0%). Biomolecular assays amplified a total of 264 antibiotic resistance genes harbored by both susceptible and resistant Vibrio species. Among resistance genes, aacC2 (62.0%) and aadA (58.0%) for aminoglycosides, blaTEM (54.0%) for beta-lactams, qnrS (24.0%) for quinolones, tetD (66.0%) for tetracyclines, and vanB (60.0%) for glycopeptides were mainly amplified by PCR assays. CONCLUSIONS Vibrio genus is involved in the antibiotic resistance phenomenon diffusion in the aquatic environments, as demonstrated by the harboring of many genetic determinants representing a kind of genetic "dark world".
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Ferri
- Post-Graduate Specialization School in Food Inspection "G. Tiecco", Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Strada Provinciale 18, 64100, Piano d'Accio, Teramo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Olivieri
- Post-Graduate Specialization School in Food Inspection "G. Tiecco", Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Strada Provinciale 18, 64100, Piano d'Accio, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Luca Pennisi
- Post-Graduate Specialization School in Food Inspection "G. Tiecco", Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Strada Provinciale 18, 64100, Piano d'Accio, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alberto Vergara
- Post-Graduate Specialization School in Food Inspection "G. Tiecco", Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Strada Provinciale 18, 64100, Piano d'Accio, Teramo, Italy
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Kumar S, Lekshmi M, Stephen J, Ortiz-Alegria A, Ayitah M, Varela MF. Dynamics of efflux pumps in antimicrobial resistance, persistence, and community living of Vibrionaceae. Arch Microbiol 2023; 206:7. [PMID: 38017151 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The marine bacteria of the Vibrionaceae family are significant from the point of view of their role in the marine geochemical cycle, as well as symbionts and opportunistic pathogens of aquatic animals and humans. The well-known pathogens of this group, Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus, are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality associated with a range of infections from gastroenteritis to bacteremia acquired through the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood and exposure to seawater containing these pathogens. Although generally regarded as susceptible to commonly employed antibiotics, the antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio spp. has been on the rise in the last two decades, which has raised concern about future infections by these bacteria becoming increasingly challenging to treat. Diverse mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance have been discovered in pathogenic vibrios, the most important being the membrane efflux pumps, which contribute to antimicrobial resistance and their virulence, environmental fitness, and persistence through biofilm formation and quorum sensing. In this review, we discuss the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic vibrios and some of the well-characterized efflux pumps' contributions to the physiology of antimicrobial resistance, host and environment survival, and their pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanath Kumar
- QC Laboratory, Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Manjusha Lekshmi
- QC Laboratory, Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Jerusha Stephen
- QC Laboratory, Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Anely Ortiz-Alegria
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Station 33, Portales, NM, 88130, USA
| | - Matthew Ayitah
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Station 33, Portales, NM, 88130, USA
| | - Manuel F Varela
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Station 33, Portales, NM, 88130, USA.
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Cutugno L, O'Byrne C, Pané‐Farré J, Boyd A. Rifampicin-resistant RpoB S522L Vibrio vulnificus exhibits disturbed stress response and hypervirulence traits. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1379. [PMID: 37877661 PMCID: PMC10493491 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rifampicin resistance, which is genetically linked to mutations in the RNA polymerase β-subunit gene rpoB, has a global impact on bacterial transcription and cell physiology. Previously, we identified a substitution of serine 522 in RpoB (i.e., RpoBS522L ) conferring rifampicin resistance to Vibrio vulnificus, a human food-borne and wound-infecting pathogen associated with a high mortality rate. Transcriptional and physiological analysis of V. vulnificus expressing RpoBS522L showed increased basal transcription of stress-related genes and global virulence regulators. Phenotypically these transcriptional changes manifest as disturbed osmo-stress responses and toxin-associated hypervirulence as shown by reduced hypoosmotic-stress resistance and enhanced cytotoxicity of the RpoBS522L strain. These results suggest that RpoB-linked rifampicin resistance has a significant impact on V. vulnificus survival in the environment and during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cutugno
- School of Natural SciencesUniversity of GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Conor O'Byrne
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesUniversity of GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Jan Pané‐Farré
- Centre for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) & Department of ChemistryPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Aoife Boyd
- School of Natural SciencesUniversity of GalwayGalwayIreland
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Bhaskaran R, Ramachandra KSS, Peter R, Gopakumar ST, Gopalan MK, Mozhikulangara RR. Antimicrobial resistance and antagonistic features of bivalve-associated Vibrio parahaemolyticus from the south-west coast of India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:107681-107692. [PMID: 37740157 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29924-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a potent human and aquatic pathogen, is usually found in estuaries and oceans. Human illness is associated with consuming uncooked/partially cooked contaminated seafood. The study on bivalve-associated V. parahaemolyticus revealed that the post-monsoon season had the highest bacterial abundance (9 ± 1.5 log cfu) compared to the monsoon season (8.03 ± 0.56 log cfu). Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiling was performed on 114 V. parahaemolyticus isolates obtained from bivalves. The highest AMR was observed against ampicillin (78%). Chloramphenicol was found to be effective against all the isolates. Multiple antibiotic resistance index values of 0.2 or higher were detected in 18% of the isolates. Molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistant genes (ARGs) revealed the high prevalence (100%) of the TEM-1 gene in the aquatic environment. After plasmid profiling and curing, 41.6% and 100% of the resistant isolates were found to be sensitive to ampicillin and cephalosporins, respectively, indicating the prevalence of plasmid-associated ARGs in the aquatic environment. A study to evaluate the antagonistic properties of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against V. parahaemolyticus isolates identified the potential of these bacteria to resist the growth of V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remya Bhaskaran
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition and Health Division (MBFNHD), ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Post Box No. 1603, Kochi, Ernakulam North (P.O.), 682 018, India
- Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri - 574 199, Karnataka State, India
| | - Krupesha Sharma Sulumane Ramachandra
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition and Health Division (MBFNHD), ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Post Box No. 1603, Kochi, Ernakulam North (P.O.), 682 018, India.
| | - Reynold Peter
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition and Health Division (MBFNHD), ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Post Box No. 1603, Kochi, Ernakulam North (P.O.), 682 018, India
| | - Sumithra Thangalazhy Gopakumar
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition and Health Division (MBFNHD), ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Post Box No. 1603, Kochi, Ernakulam North (P.O.), 682 018, India
| | - Mini Kalappurakkal Gopalan
- Fishery Resources Assessment, Economics and Extension Division (FRAEED), ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Post Box No. 1603, Kochi, Ernakulam North (P.O.), 682 018, India
| | - Rithin Raj Mozhikulangara
- School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Lakeside Campus, Kochi, 682 016, India
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Mancini ME, Alessiani A, Donatiello A, Didonna A, D’Attoli L, Faleo S, Occhiochiuso G, Carella F, Di Taranto P, Pace L, Rondinone V, Damato AM, Coppola R, Pedarra C, Goffredo E. Systematic Survey of Vibrio spp. and Salmonella spp. in Bivalve Shellfish in Apulia Region (Italy): Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020450. [PMID: 36838415 PMCID: PMC9966029 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasingly common across the globe and aquatic ecosystems could be considered a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to determine prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of the potential pathogenic bacteria Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. in bivalve molluscs intended for human consumption, collected over a period of 19 months along the northern coast of Apulia region. The AMR profile was also determined in non-pathogenic Vibrio species, common natural inhabitants of seawater and a useful indicator for the surveillance of AMR in the environment. The current study presents data on the AMR of 5 Salmonella and 126 Vibrio isolates by broth microdilution MIC. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in one S. Typhimurium strain towards sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, tetracycline, gentamicin, and ampicillin and in 41.3% of the Vibrio strains, mostly towards sulphonamides, penicillin, and cephems. All Vibrio isolates were sensitive to azithromycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, gentamicin, streptomycin, amikacin, and levofloxacin. The AMR phenomenon in the investigated area is not highly worrying but not entirely negligible; therefore, in-depth continuous monitoring is suggested. Results concerning the antibiotic agents without available specific clinical breakpoints could be useful to upgrade the MIC distribution for Vibrio spp. but, also, the establishment of interpretative criteria for environmental species is necessary to obtain a more complete view of this issue.
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Xu Y, You G, Yin J, Zhang M, Peng D, Xu J, Yang S, Hou J. Salt tolerance evolution facilitates antibiotic resistome in soil microbiota: Evidences from dissemination evaluation, hosts identification and co-occurrence exploration. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120830. [PMID: 36481466 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is considered as one of the vital factors affecting the profiles of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soils, whereby its roles in shaping the antibiotic resistome were still poorly understood. Here, metagenomic analysis was conducted to track the ARGs distributions and dissemination in soils during salt accumulation and desalinization processes. Neutral-salt accumulation for 45 and 90 days significantly increased the relative abundances of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) carrying antibiotic resistance contigs (ARCs). The ARGs within antibiotic efflux and target protection families primarily carried by Streptomyces, Nocardioides, Rhodanobacter and Monashia were largely enriched by salinity. The ARGs subtypes of the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family, rRNA methyltransferase and other efflux were closely associated with MGEs, contributing to the enrichment of ARGs. Moreover, the ARGs subtypes and transposons were genetically linked with the salt-tolerance mechanisms of organic osmolyte transporters and K+ uptake proteins on the same ARC, demonstrating the coselection of ARGs and halotolerant genes. Furthermore, the antibiotic resistome could recover to a normal state after the prolonged incubation by alleviating salt stress. Nevertheless, the acquisition of ARGs by opportunistic pathogens after salt treatment was increased, serving to prioritize further efforts on the health risks correlated with resistance propagation and human exposure in saline soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China, 210098.
| | - Guoxiang You
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China, 210098
| | - Jinbao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China, 210098
| | - Mairan Zhang
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China, 210098
| | - Dengyun Peng
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China, 210098
| | - Junzeng Xu
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China, 210098; State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Shihong Yang
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China, 210098; State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Jun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China, 210098
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Yu Y, Li H, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Liao M, Rong X, Li B, Wang C, Ge J, Zhang X. Antibiotic resistance, virulence and genetic characteristics of Vibrio alginolyticus isolates from aquatic environment in costal mariculture areas in China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114219. [PMID: 36335689 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio alginolyticus has been the second most common Vibrio species in the world and mainly grows in the ocean or estuary environment, which can induce epidemics outbreaks under marine organisms, and causing serious economic losses in aquaculture industry. In this study, the genetic populations and evolutionary relationship analysis of V. alginolyticus isolated from different geographical locations in China with typical interannual differences were exhibited originally genetic diversity. Then the virulence genes prevalence, antibiotic resistance phenotype, and antimicrobial resistance genes risk diversity of V. alginolyticus were analyzed by phenotypic and molecular typing methods. And they were complex correlations among antibiotic phenotypes, resistance and virulence genes under different genotype of V. alginolyticus. The results provide a theoretical foundation for further understanding the genetic and metabolic diversity among V. alginolyticus in China, and lay a theoretical foundation for the transmission risk assessment and regional diagnosis of Vibrio in aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Hao Li
- Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Yingeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Meijie Liao
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Xiaojun Rong
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Chunyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Jianlong Ge
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Xiaosong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, PR China.
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Lopatek M, Wieczorek K, Osek J. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens Isolated from Raw Bivalve Molluscs Subjected to Consumption in Poland during a Ten-Year Period. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213521. [PMID: 36360134 PMCID: PMC9657009 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological contamination of raw bivalve molluscan shellfish (BMS) available on the Polish market and determinate the antimicrobial resistance of the obtained isolates. A total of 1000 mollusc samples were tested for the presence of Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, V. parahaemolyticus, and S. aureus using the ISO standard methods. Additionally, the bacterial isolates’ susceptibility to antimicrobials was determined using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. The obtained results showed that Salmonella spp. was detected in 31 (3.1%) samples, and 51.6% of the bacterial isolates were classified as Salmonella Typhimurium. A total of 74.2% of the Salmonella isolates were sensitive to all antimicrobial agents, whereas three isolates were multiresistant. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 18 (1.8%) BMS, and the isolates belonged to serogroups IIa, IIb, and IVb. Most of them were resistant to ceftriaxone (77.8%) and oxacillin (55.6%). V. parahaemolyticus was present in 24.2% BMS. These isolates were mainly resistant to ampicillin (77.3%) and streptomycin (64.0%). Moreover, 15.2% of the bivalve molluscs were contaminated with S. aureus. Most isolates belonging to this species were resistant to penicillin (84.9%). A total of 60 (6.0%) bivalve molluscs were contaminated with more than one pathogen simultaneously. In addition, the tested bacteria were more likely to be identified during the warmer period (53.9%) compared to the samples analyzed in colder months (35.7%). The obtained results indicate that raw bivalve molluscs from the Polish market are frequently contaminated with bacterial foodborne pathogens, which may be resistant to antimicrobials.
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Prevalence, Antibiotics Resistance and Plasmid Profiling of Vibrio spp. Isolated from Cultured Shrimp in Peninsular Malaysia. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091851. [PMID: 36144453 PMCID: PMC9505939 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio is the most common bacterium associated with diseases in crustaceans. Outbreaks of vibriosis pose a serious threat to shrimp production. Therefore, antibiotics are commonly used as preventative and therapeutic measures. Unfortunately, improper use of antibiotics leads to antibiotic resistance. Nevertheless, information on the occurrence of Vibrio spp. and antibiotic use in shrimp, particularly in Malaysia, is minimal. This study aimed to provide information on the occurrence of Vibrio spp., its status of antibiotic resistance and the plasmid profiles of Vibrio spp. isolated from cultured shrimp in Peninsular Malaysia. Shrimp were sampled from seven farms that were located in different geographical regions of Peninsular Malaysia. According to the observations, 85% of the shrimp were healthy, whereas 15% were unhealthy. Subsequently, 225 presumptive Vibrio isolates were subjected to biochemical tests and molecular detection using the pyrH gene. The isolates were also tested for antibiotic susceptibility against 16 antibiotics and were subjected to plasmid profiling. Eventually, 13 different Vibrio spp. were successfully isolated and characterized using the pyrH gene. They were the following: V. parahaemolyticus (55%), V. communis (9%), V. campbellii (8%), V. owensii (7%), V. rotiferianus (5%), Vibrio spp. (4%), V. alginolyticus (3%), V. brasiliensis (2%), V. natriegens (2%), V. xuii (1%), V. harveyi (1%), V. hepatarius (0.4%) and P. damselae (3%). Antibiotic susceptibility profiles revealed that all isolates were resistant to penicillin G (100%), but susceptible to norfloxacin (96%). Furthermore, 16% of the isolates revealed MAR of less than 0.2, while 84% were greater than 0.2. A total of 125 isolates harbored plasmids with molecular weights between 1.0 and above 10 kb, detected among the resistant isolates. The resistant isolates were mediated by both chromosomal and plasmid factors. These findings support the use of surveillance data on the emerging patterns of antimicrobial-resistance and plasmid profiles of Vibrio spp. in shrimp farms. The findings from this study can be used to develop a better disease management strategy for shrimp farming.
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Xu Y, You G, Zhang M, Peng D, Jiang Z, Qi S, Yang S, Hou J. Antibiotic resistance genes alternation in soils modified with neutral and alkaline salts: interplay of salinity stress and response strategies of microbes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:152246. [PMID: 34896144 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence points to the pivotal roles of salt accumulation in mediating antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) spread in soil, whereas how salt mediates ARGs dissemination remains unknown. Herein, the effects of neutral or alkaline (Ne/Al) salt at low, moderate and high levels (Ne/Al-L, Ne/Al-M, Ne/Al-H) on the dissemination of ten typical ARGs in soils were explored, by simultaneously considering the roles of salinity stress and response strategies of microbes. In the soils amended with Ne/Al-L and Al-M salt, the dissemination of ARGs was negligible and the relative abundances of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were decreased. However, Ne-M and Al-H salt contributed to the dissemination of ARGs in soils, with the significantly increased absolute and relative abundances of ARGs and MGEs. In Ne-H soil, although the absolute abundance of ARGs declined drastically due to serious oxidative damage, their relative abundances were promoted. The facilitated ARGs transfer was potentially related to the excessive generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and increased activities of DNA repair enzymes involved in SOS system. In addition, the activated intracellular protective response including quorum sensing and energy metabolism largely provided essential factors for ARGs dissemination. The co-occurrence of ARGs and over-expressed salt-tolerant genes in specific halotolerant bacteria further suggested the selection of salt stress on ARGs. Moreover, less disturbance of alkaline salt than neutral salt on ARGs evolution was observed, due to the lower abiotic stress and selective pressure on microbes. This study highlights that soil salinity-sodicity could dose-dependently reshape the dissemination of ARGs and community structure of microbes, which may increase the ecological risks of ARGs in agricultural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, PR China, 210098
| | - Guoxiang You
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, PR China, 210098
| | - Mairan Zhang
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, PR China, 210098
| | - Dengyun Peng
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, PR China, 210098
| | - Zewei Jiang
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, PR China, 210098
| | - Suting Qi
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, PR China, 210098
| | - Shihong Yang
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, PR China, 210098; State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Jun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, PR China, 210098
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Adesiyan IM, Bisi-Johnson MA, Ogunfowokan AO, Okoh AI. Occurrence and antibiogram signatures of some Vibrio species recovered from selected rivers in South West Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:42458-42476. [PMID: 33813704 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio species, widely distributed in water environments, has emerged as a prominent cause of water and food-related disease outbreaks posing significant risk to human and animal health worldwide. About 40% of presumptive isolates recovered from four selected rivers in Southwest Nigeria and, established as Vibrio species genus through polymerase chain reaction techniques., were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing against a panel of 18 commonly used antibiotics. The relative prevalence of key Vibrio species (V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. mimicus, V. harveyi, and V. cholerae) was in the order 17%, 13.3%, 4.4%, 2.2%, and 2.2% respectively. Antibiotic resistance by all Vibrio species was mostly observed against doxycycline (71-89%), erythromycin (86-100%), tetracycline (71-89%), rifampicin (86-100%), and sulfamethoxazole (87-100%), though susceptibility to meropenem (86-100%), cephalothin (60-100%), norfloxacin (93-100%), ciprofloxacin (88-100%), amikacin (64-100%), gentamicin (57-74%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (57-81%) was equally observed in all species. Vibrio mimicus expressed highest resistance against streptomycin and chloramphenicol (64%), while V. vulnificus (52%) and V. cholerae (57%) had the highest resistance against cephalothin. High resistance against ampicillin (57%) and amoxicillin (50%) was exhibited by V. cholerae and V. mimicus respectively. Indexes of multiple antibiotic resistances (MARI) among Vibrio species ranged between 0.11 and 0.72 with the highest MAR index of 0.72 observed in one isolate of V. vulnificus. This study reveals high prevalence of Vibrio species in the selected rivers as well as elevated resistance against some first-line antibiotics, which suggests possible inappropriate antimicrobial usage around study communities. We conclude that the freshwater resources investigated are unfit for domestic, industrial, and recreational uses without treatment prior to use and are potential reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant Vibrio species in this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibukun M Adesiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Achievers University, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria.
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun-State, 220005, Nigeria.
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.
| | | | - Aderemi O Ogunfowokan
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, The Technical University, Ibadan,, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences College of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Pepi M, Focardi S. Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Aquaculture and Climate Change: A Challenge for Health in the Mediterranean Area. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5723. [PMID: 34073520 PMCID: PMC8198758 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aquaculture is the productive activity that will play a crucial role in the challenges of the millennium, such as the need for proteins that support humans and the respect for the environment. Aquaculture is an important economic activity in the Mediterranean basin. A great impact is presented, however, by aquaculture practices as they involve the use of antibiotics for treatment and prophylaxis. As a consequence of the use of antibiotics in aquaculture, antibiotic resistance is induced in the surrounding bacteria in the column water, sediment, and fish-associated bacterial strains. Through horizontal gene transfer, bacteria can diffuse antibiotic-resistance genes and mobile resistance genes further spreading genetic determinants. Once triggered, antibiotic resistance easily spreads among aquatic microbial communities and, from there, can reach human pathogenic bacteria, making vain the use of antibiotics for human health. Climate change claims a significant role in this context, as rising temperatures can affect cell physiology in bacteria in the same way as antibiotics, causing antibiotic resistance to begin with. The Mediterranean Sea represents a 'hot spot' in terms of climate change and aspects of antibiotic resistance in aquaculture in this area can be significantly amplified, thus increasing threats to human health. Practices must be adopted to counteract negative impacts on human health, with a reduction in the use of antibiotics as a pivotal point. In the meantime, it is necessary to act against climate change by reducing anthropogenic impacts, for example by reducing CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. The One Health type approach, which involves the intervention of different skills, such as veterinary, ecology, and medicine in compliance with the principles of sustainability, is necessary and strongly recommended to face these important challenges for human and animal health, and for environmental safety in the Mediterranean area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milva Pepi
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Fano Marine Centre, Viale Adriatico 1-N, 61032 Fano, Italy;
| | - Silvano Focardi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli, 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Lattos A, Bitchava K, Giantsis IA, Theodorou JA, Batargias C, Michaelidis B. The Implication of Vibrio Bacteria in the Winter Mortalities of the Critically Endangered Pinna nobilis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:922. [PMID: 33925782 PMCID: PMC8145015 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pinna nobilis populations, constituting the largest bivalve mollusk endemic to the Mediterranean, is characterized as critically endangered, threatened by extinction. Among the various factors proposed as etiological agents are the Haplosporidium pinnae and Mycobacterium sp. parasites. Nevertheless, devastation of the fan mussel populations is still far from clear. The current work is undertaken under a broader study aiming to evaluate the health status of Pinna nobilis population in Aegean Sea, after the mass mortalities that occurred in 2019. A significant objective was also (a) the investigation of the etiological agents of small-scale winter mortalities in the remaining populations after the devastating results of Haplosporidium pinnae and Mycobacterium sp. infections, as well as (b) the examination of the susceptibility of the identified bacterial strains in antibiotics for future laboratory experiments. Microbiological assays were used in order to detect the presence of potential bacterial pathogens in moribund animals in combination with molecular tools for their identification. Our results provide evidence that Vibrio bacterial species are directly implicated in the winter mortalities, particularly in cases where the haplosporidian parasite was absent. Additionally, this is the first report of Vibrio mediterranei and V. splendidus hosted by any bivalve on the Greek coastline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Lattos
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Konstantina Bitchava
- Laboratory of Fish, Shellfish & Crustacean Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki ELGO-DEMETER, 570 01 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ioannis A. Giantsis
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 531 00 Florina, Greece
| | - John A. Theodorou
- Department of Animal Production Fisheries & Aquaculture, University of Patras, 232 00 Mesolonghi, Greece; (J.A.T.); (C.B.)
| | - Costas Batargias
- Department of Animal Production Fisheries & Aquaculture, University of Patras, 232 00 Mesolonghi, Greece; (J.A.T.); (C.B.)
| | - Basile Michaelidis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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Jeamsripong S, Khant W, Chuanchuen R. Distribution of phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from cultivated oysters and estuarine water. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5828078. [PMID: 32358958 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 594 Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from cultivated oysters (n = 361) and estuarine water (n = 233) were examined for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotype and genotype and virulence genes. Four hundred forty isolates (74.1%) exhibited resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent and 13.5% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant strains. Most of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates were resistant to erythromycin (54.2%), followed by sulfamethoxazole (34.7%) and trimethoprim (27.9%). The most common resistance genes were qnr (77.8%), strB (27.4%) and tet(A) (22.1%), whereas blaTEM (0.8%) was rarely found. Four isolates (0.7%) from oysters (n = 2) and estuarine water (n = 2) were positive to tdh, whereas no trh-positive isolates were observed. Significantly positive associations among AMR genes were observed. The SXT elements and class 1, 2 and 3 integrons were absent in all isolates. The results indicated that V. parahaemolyticus isolates from oysters and estuarine water were potential reservoirs of resistance determinants in the environment. This increasing threat of resistant bacteria in the environment potentially affects human health. A 'One Health' approach involved in multidisciplinary collaborations must be implemented to effectively manage antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saharuetai Jeamsripong
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Winn Khant
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Rungtip Chuanchuen
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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15
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Duane TM, Huston JM, Collom M, Beyer A, Parli S, Buckman S, Shapiro M, McDonald A, Diaz J, Tessier JM, Sanders J. Surgical Infection Society 2020 Updated Guidelines on the Management of Complicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2021; 22:383-399. [PMID: 33646051 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2020.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The Surgical Infection Society (SIS) Guidelines for the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) were published in October 2009 in Surgical Infections. The purpose of this project was to provide a succinct update on the earlier guidelines based on an additional decade of data. Methods: We reviewed the previous guidelines eliminating bite wounds and diabetic foot infections including their associated references. Relevant articles on the topic of complicated SSTIs from 2008-2020 were reviewed and graded individually. Comparisons were then made between the old and the new graded recommendations with review of the older references by two authors when there was disparity between the grades. Results: The majority of new studies addressed antimicrobial options and duration of therapy particularly in complicated abscesses. There were fewer updated studies on diagnosis and specific operative interventions. Many of the topics addressed in the original guidelines had no new literature to evaluate. Conclusions: Most recommendations remain unchanged from the original guidelines with the exception of increased support for adjuvant antimicrobial therapy after drainage of complex abscess and increased data for the use of alternative antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jared M Huston
- Departments of Surgery and Science Education, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | | | - Adam Beyer
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sara Parli
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sara Buckman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark Shapiro
- Acute Care Surgery, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Amy McDonald
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jose Diaz
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Tessier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas Texas, USA
| | - James Sanders
- Department of Pharmacy and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
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16
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Cutugno L, Mc Cafferty J, Pané-Farré J, O’Byrne C, Boyd A. rpoB mutations conferring rifampicin-resistance affect growth, stress response and motility in Vibrio vulnificus. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2020; 166:1160-1170. [PMID: 33186092 PMCID: PMC7819355 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rifampicin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that binds to the bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP), compromising DNA transcription. Rifampicin resistance is common in several microorganisms and it is typically caused by point mutations in the gene encoding the β subunit of RNA polymerase, rpoB. Different rpoB mutations are responsible for various levels of rifampicin resistance and for a range of secondary effects. rpoB mutations conferring rifampicin resistance have been shown to be responsible for severe effects on transcription, cell fitness, bacterial stress response and virulence. Such effects have never been investigated in the marine pathogen Vibrio vulnificus, even though rifampicin-resistant strains of V. vulnificus have been isolated previously. Moreover, spontaneous rifampicin-resistant strains of V. vulnificus have an important role in conjugation and mutagenesis protocols, with poor consideration of the effects of rpoB mutations. In this work, effects on growth, stress response and virulence of V. vulnificus were investigated using a set of nine spontaneous rifampicin-resistant derivatives of V. vulnificus CMCP6. Three different mutations (Q513K, S522L and H526Y) were identified with varying incidence rates. These three mutant types each showed high resistance to rifampicin [minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) >800 µg ml-1], but different secondary effects. The strains carrying the mutation H526Y had a growth advantage in rich medium but had severely reduced salt stress tolerance in the presence of high NaCl concentrations as well as a significant reduction in ethanol stress resistance. Strains possessing the S522L mutation had reduced growth rate and overall biomass accumulation in rich medium. Furthermore, investigation of virulence characteristics demonstrated that all the rifampicin-resistant strains showed compromised motility when compared with the wild-type, but no major effects on exoenzyme production were observed. These findings reveal a wide range of secondary effects of rpoB mutations and indicate that rifampicin resistance is not an appropriate selectable marker for studies that aim to investigate phenotypic behaviour in this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cutugno
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Mc Cafferty
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jan Pané-Farré
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) & Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, C07, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Conor O’Byrne
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aoife Boyd
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Bortoletti M, Molinari S, Fasolato L, Ugolotti J, Tolosi R, Venerando A, Radaelli G, Bertotto D, De Liguoro M, Salviulo G, Zboril R, Vianello F, Magro M. Nano-immobilized flumequine with preserved antibacterial efficacy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 191:111019. [PMID: 32305623 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Flumequine was nano-immobilized by self-assembly on iron oxide nanoparticles, called surface active maghemite nanoparticles (SAMNs). The binding process was studied and the resulting core-shell nanocarrier (SAMN@FLU) was structurally characterized evidencing a firmly immobilized organic canopy on which the fluorine atom of the antibiotic was exposed to the solvent. The antibiotic efficacy of the SAMN@FLU nanocarrier was tested on a fish pathogenic bacterium (Aeromonas veronii), a flumequine sensitive strain, in comparison to soluble flumequine and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were assessed. Noteworthy, the MIC and MBC of soluble and nanoparticle bound drug were superimposable. Moreover, the interactions between SAMN@FLU nanocarrrier and microorganism were studied by transmission electron microscopy evidencing the ability of the complex to disrupt the bacterial wall. Finally, a preliminary in vivo test was provided using Daphnia magna as animal model. SAMN@FLU was able to protect the crustacean from the fatal consequences of a bacterial infection and showed no sign of toxicity. Thus, in contrast with the strength of the interaction, nano-immobilized FLU displayed a fully preserved antimicrobial activity suggesting the crucial role of fluorine in the drug mechanism of action. Besides the importance for potential applications in aquaculture, the present study contributes to the nascent field of nanoantibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bortoletti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Agripolis Campus, University of Padua, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Simone Molinari
- Department of Geosciences, University of Padua, via Gradenigo 6, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Luca Fasolato
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Agripolis Campus, University of Padua, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Juri Ugolotti
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 11, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Roberta Tolosi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Agripolis Campus, University of Padua, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Andrea Venerando
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Agripolis Campus, University of Padua, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Radaelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Agripolis Campus, University of Padua, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Daniela Bertotto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Agripolis Campus, University of Padua, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Marco De Liguoro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Agripolis Campus, University of Padua, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Salviulo
- Department of Geosciences, University of Padua, via Gradenigo 6, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Radek Zboril
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 11, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Fabio Vianello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Agripolis Campus, University of Padua, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Magro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Agripolis Campus, University of Padua, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
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18
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Zago V, Veschetti L, Patuzzo C, Malerba G, Lleo MM. Resistome, Mobilome and Virulome Analysis of Shewanella algae and Vibrio spp. Strains Isolated in Italian Aquaculture Centers. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040572. [PMID: 32326629 PMCID: PMC7232470 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health concern restricted not only to healthcare settings but also to veterinary and environmental ones. In this study, we analyzed, by whole genome sequencing (WGS) the resistome, mobilome and virulome of 12 multidrug-resistant (MDR) marine strains belonging to Shewanellaceae and Vibrionaceae families collected at aquaculture centers in Italy. The results evidenced the presence of several resistance mechanisms including enzyme and efflux pump systems conferring resistance to beta-lactams, quinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides, polymyxins, chloramphenicol, fosfomycin, erythromycin, detergents and heavy metals. Mobilome analysis did not find circular elements but class I integrons, integrative and conjugative element (ICE) associated modules, prophages and different insertion sequence (IS) family transposases. These mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are usually present in other aquatic bacteria but also in Enterobacteriaceae suggesting their transferability among autochthonous and allochthonous bacteria of the resilient microbiota. Regarding the presence of virulence factors, hemolytic activity was detected both in the Shewanella algae and in Vibrio spp. strains. To conclude, these data indicate the role as a reservoir of resistance and virulence genes in the environment of the aquatic microbiota present in the examined Italian fish farms that potentially might be transferred to bacteria of medical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Zago
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Laura Veschetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy; (L.V.); (C.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Cristina Patuzzo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy; (L.V.); (C.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy; (L.V.); (C.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Maria M. Lleo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-045-802-7194
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Ability of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from fish of the Lagoa dos Patos estuary in south Brazil to form biofilms after sublethal stress and bacterial resistance to antibiotics and sanitizers. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 303:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Mohamad N, Amal MNA, Saad MZ, Yasin ISM, Zulkiply NA, Mustafa M, Nasruddin NS. Virulence-associated genes and antibiotic resistance patterns of Vibrio spp. isolated from cultured marine fishes in Malaysia. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:176. [PMID: 31138199 PMCID: PMC6537206 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1907-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vibriosis is an important bacterial disease of cultured marine fishes worldwide. However, information on the virulence and antibiotic resistance of Vibrio spp. isolated from fish are scarce. This study investigates the distribution of virulence associated genes and antibiotic resistance patterns of Vibrio spp. isolated from cage-cultured marine fishes in Malaysia. Results A total of 63 Vibrio spp. isolated from 62 cultured marine fishes in various geographical regions in Peninsular Malaysia were analysed. Forty-two of the isolates (66.7%) were positive for all chiA, luxR and vhpA, the virulence genes produced by pathogenic V. harveyi. A total of 62 Vibrio isolates (98%) had tlh gene of V. parahaemolyticus, while flaC gene of V. anguillarum was detected in 43 of isolates (68%). Other virulence genes, including tdh, trh, hlyA and toxRvc were absent from any of the isolates. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) was exhibited in all strains of Harveyi clade, particularly against ampicillin, penicillin, polypeptides, cephems and streptomycin. The MAR index ranged between 0.06 and 0.56, and 75% of the isolates have MAR index of higher than 0.20. Host species and geographical origin showed no correlation with the presence of virulence genes and the antibiotic resistance patterns of Vibrio spp. Conclusions The study indicates that majority of Vibrio spp. isolated from cultured marine fishes possess virulence genes, but were not associated with human pathogen. However, the antibiotics resistance is a real concern and warrants ongoing surveillance. These findings represent an updated knowledge on the risk of Vibrio spp. to human health, and also provides valuable insight on alternative approaches to combat vibriosis in cultured fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurliyana Mohamad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Noor Azmai Amal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Zamri Saad
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ina Salwany Md Yasin
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Amalina Zulkiply
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muskhazli Mustafa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurrul Shaqinah Nasruddin
- Centre for Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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21
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Bhattacharyya A, Haldar A, Bhattacharyya M, Ghosh A. Anthropogenic influence shapes the distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in the sediment of Sundarban estuary in India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:1626-1639. [PMID: 30180366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The abundance and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes as emerging environmental contaminants have become a significant and growing threat to human and environmental health. Traditionally, investigations of antibiotic resistance have been confined to a subset of clinically relevant antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens. During the last decade it became evident that the environmental microbiota possesses an enormous number and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes, some of which are very similar to the genes circulating in pathogenic microbiota. Recent studies demonstrate that aquatic ecosystems are potential reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Therefore, these aquatic ecosystems serve as potential sources for their transmission of ARGs to human pathogens. An assessment of such risks requires a better understanding of the level and variability of the natural resistance background and the extent of the anthropogenic impact. We have analyzed eight sediment samples from Sundarban mangrove ecosystem in India, collected at sampling stations with different histories of anthropogenic influences, and analyzed the relative abundance of the blaTEM gene using quantitative real-time PCR. The blaTEM gene abundance strongly correlated with the respective anthropogenic influences (polyaromatic hydrocarbon, heavy metals etc.) of the sampling stations. Besides, 18 multidrug-resistant (ampicillin, kanamycin, vancomycin, and tetracycline resistant) bacterial strains (ARBs) were isolated and characterized. Moreover, the effect of different antibiotics on the biofilm forming ability of the isolates was evaluated quantitatively under a variety of experimental regimes. This is the first report of preservation and possible dissemination of ARGs in the mangrove ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700019, India
| | - Anwesha Haldar
- Department of Geography, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700019, India
| | - Maitree Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700019, India.
| | - Abhrajyoti Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, P1/12, C. I. T. Road, Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India.
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22
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Lee LH, Ab Mutalib NS, Law JWF, Wong SH, Letchumanan V. Discovery on Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Selangor Reveals Carbapenemase Producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Marine and Freshwater Fish. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2513. [PMID: 30410472 PMCID: PMC6209626 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a Gram-negative halophilic bacterium is often associated with fish and fishery products, thus causing gastroenteritis in humans upon ingestion of contaminated food. V. parahaemolyticus has become a globally well-known pathogen with yearly reported cases in many countries. This study aimed to discover the antibiotic resistance patterns of V. parahaemolyticus as well as detect Carbapenem resistant isolates from marine and freshwater fish in Selangor. A total of 240 freshwater and marine fish samples collected from wet market and supermarket in Selangor were tested for the presence of V. parahaemolyticus. All the fish samples were determined positive for V. parahaemolyticus using conventional microbiological culture-based method. The toxR gene were detected via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 165/240 (69%) isolates. The two-virulence factor of V. parahaemolyticus, thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and TDH-related hemolysin (trh) was screened via PCR. As such, four isolates were trh+and none were tdh+. Majority of the isolates presented high resistance to ampicillin (88%), amikacin (64%), and kanamycin (50%). In addition, this study identified 19-imipenem resistant isolates isolated from freshwater and marine fish samples. Further analysis of these 19-imipenem resistant isolates revealed that the resistance toward imipenem was plasmid mediated after plasmid curing assay. The multiple antibiotics resistance index was >0.2 for 70% of the isolates. In summary, the results confirm the presence of V. parahaemolyticus in freshwater and marine fish samples in Selangor, Malaysia. To our best knowledge, this is the first report discovering the antibiotic resistant patterns and Carbapenem-resistant isolates of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from marine and freshwater fish samples in Selangor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Biomedicine Research Advancement Centre, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Nurul-Syakima Ab Mutalib
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Centre, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Jodi Woan-Fei Law
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Biomedicine Research Advancement Centre, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Vengadesh Letchumanan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Biomedicine Research Advancement Centre, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Banerjee SK, Farber JM. Trend and Pattern of Antimicrobial Resistance in Molluscan Vibrio Species Sourced to Canadian Estuaries. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e00799-18. [PMID: 30082294 PMCID: PMC6153815 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00799-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in foodborne bacteria is a growing concern worldwide. AMR surveillance is a key element in understanding the implications resulting from the use of antibiotics for therapeutic as well as prophylactic needs. The emergence and spread of AMR in foodborne human pathogens are indirect health hazards. This surveillance study reports the trend and pattern of AMR detected in Vibrio species isolated from molluscs harvested in Canada between 2006 and 2012 against 19 commonly used antibiotics. Five common antibiotics, ampicillin, cephalothin, erythromycin, kanamycin, and streptomycin, predominantly contributed to AMR, including multidrug resistance (MDR) in the molluscan Vibrio spp. isolated in 2006. A prospective follow-up analysis of these drugs showed a declining trend in the frequency of MDR/AMR Vibrio spp. in subsequent years until 2012. The observed decline appears to have been influenced by the specific downturn in resistance to the aminoglycosides, kanamycin, and streptomycin. Frequently observed MDR/AMR Vibrio spp. in seafood is a potential health concern associated with seafood consumption. Our surveillance study provides an indication of the antibiotics that challenged the marine bacteria, sourced to Canadian estuaries, during and/or prior to the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K Banerjee
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Farber
- Department of Food Science, Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety (CRIFS), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Serratore P, Zavatta E, Fiocchi E, Serafini E, Serraino A, Giacometti F, Bignami G. Preliminary study on the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern related to the genotype of Vibrio vulnificus strains isolated in the north-western Adriatic Sea coastal area. Ital J Food Saf 2017; 6:6843. [PMID: 29564231 PMCID: PMC5850071 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2017.6843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
V. vulnificus is a Gram-negative bacterium, commonly found in estuarine and coastal habitats, that can infect humans through seafood consumption or wound exposure. This study represents the first attempt to correlate the genotype of Vibrio vulnificus strains isolated in the north-western Adriatic Sea coastal area, with their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. On the whole, 40 V. vulnificus strains, isolated from shellfish (n=20), different coastal water bodies (n=19), and the blood of a Carretta carretta turtle (n=1), were utilized. All strains were positive for the species-specific genes vvhA and hsp, with high variability for other markers: 55% (22 out of 40) resulted of the environmental (E) genotype (vcgE, 16S rRNA type A, CPS2 or CPS0), 10% (4 out of 40) of the clinical (C) genotype (vcgC, 16S rRNA type B, CPS1), and 35% (14 out of 40) of the mixed (M) genotype, possessing both E and C markers. The antimicrobial susceptibility was assayed by the diffusion method on agar, according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), utilizing the following commercial disks (Oxoid): ampicillin (AMP), ampicillin- sulbactam (SAM), piperacillin (PRL), cefazolin (KZ), cefotaxime(CTX), ceftazidime (CAZ), imipenem (IPM), meropenem (MEM), amikacin (AK), gentamicin(CN), tetracycline(TE), ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin (LEV), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT), and chloramphenicol (C). 75% of the strains, (n=30) including all C strains, was sensitive to all the tested antibiotics, whereas E strains showed intermediate sensitivity to AK (2 strains), CIP and CAZ (1 strain), TE (1 strain) and resistance to KZ (1 strain), and 4 M strains showed I to AK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Serratore
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum- University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuele Zavatta
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum- University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fiocchi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum- University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuele Serafini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum- University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum- University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum- University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bignami
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum- University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Mechri B, Monastiri A, Medhioub A, Medhioub MN, Aouni M. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of highly pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus strains isolated during mortality outbreaks in cultured Ruditapes decussatus juvenile. Microb Pathog 2017; 111:487-496. [PMID: 28923608 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the summer of 2008 and 2009, a series of mortalities in growing out seeds of R. decussatus juveniles were occurred in the eastern Tunisian littoral. Nine predominant bacterial strains were isolated from dead and moribund juveniles and characterized as Vibrio alginolyticus. These isolates were subjected to biochemical and molecular characterization. All the Vibrio strains were tested for their susceptibility against the most widely used antibiotic in aquaculture as well as, the assessment of the presence of erythromycin (emrB) and tetracycline (tetS) resistance genes among the tested bacteria. The degree of genetic relatedness between V. alginolyticus strains was evaluated on the basis of the Entero-Bacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) and the Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) approaches. We also looked for siderophore activity and the ability to grow under iron limitation. Furthermore, the pathogenic potential of the tested isolates was evaluated using R. decussatus larva and juveniles as infection models. On antimicrobial susceptibility test, Vibrio strains exhibited total resistance to at least four antibiotics. The MICs data revealed that flumequine and oxolinic acid were the most effective antibiotics to control the studied bacteria. Results also showed that studied antibiotics resistance genes were widely disseminated in the genome of V. alginolyticus strains. Both ERIC and RAPD-PCR fingerprinting showed the presence of genetic variation among Vibrio isolates. However, RAPD typing exhibited a higher discriminative potential than ERIC-PCR. Besides, we reported here for the first time the co-production of catechol and hydroxamte by V. alginolyticus species. The challenge experiment showed that most of Vibrio isolates caused high mortality rates for both larva and juveniles at 48-h post-exposure to a bacterial concentration of 106 CFU/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Mechri
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives, Université de Monastir, Faculté de Pharmacie, Rue Avicenne, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; Laboratoire d'Aquaculture - Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Route de Khniss, B.P. 59, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Abir Monastiri
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives, Université de Monastir, Faculté de Pharmacie, Rue Avicenne, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Amel Medhioub
- Laboratoire d'Aquaculture - Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Route de Khniss, B.P. 59, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Nejib Medhioub
- Laboratoire d'Aquaculture - Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Route de Khniss, B.P. 59, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mahjoub Aouni
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives, Université de Monastir, Faculté de Pharmacie, Rue Avicenne, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
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26
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Heng SP, Letchumanan V, Deng CY, Ab Mutalib NS, Khan TM, Chuah LH, Chan KG, Goh BH, Pusparajah P, Lee LH. Vibrio vulnificus: An Environmental and Clinical Burden. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:997. [PMID: 28620366 PMCID: PMC5449762 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium that belongs to the family Vibrionaceae. It is a deadly, opportunistic human pathogen which is responsible for the majority of seafood-associated deaths worldwide. V. vulnificus infection can be fatal as it may cause severe wound infections potentially requiring amputation or lead to sepsis in susceptible individuals. Treatment is increasingly challenging as V. vulnificus has begun to develop resistance against certain antibiotics due to their indiscriminate use. This article aims to provide insight into the antibiotic resistance of V. vulnificus in different parts of the world as well as an overall review of its clinical manifestations, treatment, and prevention. Understanding the organism's antibiotic resistance profile is vital in order to select appropriate treatment and initiate appropriate prevention measures to treat and control V. vulnificus infections, which should eventually help lower the mortality rate associated with this pathogen worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing-Peng Heng
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Vengadesh Letchumanan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Chuan-Yan Deng
- Zhanjiang Evergreen South Ocean Science and Technology CorporationGuangdong, China
| | - Nurul-Syakima Ab Mutalib
- UKM Medical Centre, UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tahir M. Khan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacy, Absyn University PeshawarPeshawar, Pakistan
| | - Lay-Hong Chuah
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
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27
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Znati M, Filali I, Jabrane A, Casanova J, Bouajila J, Ben Jannet H. Chemical Composition and In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antigerminative Properties of the Seed Oil from the Tunisian Endemic Ferula tunetana Pomel ex Batt. Chem Biodivers 2016; 14. [PMID: 27638478 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Essential oil of the seeds from the endemic Tunisian plant Ferula tunetana Pomel ex Batt. was analyzed for its chemical composition and screened for its antimicrobial, antioxidant and antigerminative properties. The chemical composition of the isolated oil is reported for the first time. According to the GC/FID, GC/MS and 13 C-NMR analysis results; 18 compounds were identified accounting for 84.6% of the total oil. The chemical composition of this essential oil was characterized by the presence of a high proportion of monoterpene hydrocarbons (77.3%) followed by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (4.1%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (3.2%). α-Pinene (39.8%), β-pinene (11.5%) and (Z)-β-ocimene (7.5%) were the predominant compounds. Moreover, the isolated oil was tested for its antimicrobial activity using the disc-diffusion and the microdilution assays against six Gram-positive and five Gram-negative bacteria as well as towards two Candida species. The isolated oil was tested also for its antioxidant activity against DPPH, ABTS, O2∙ and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), and for its antigerminative potential. It was found that it exhibited interesting antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhimurium LT2 DT104 (inhibition zone (IZ) 16.2 ± 1.0 mm) and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 (IZ 15.8 ± 1.0 mm). However, it exerted a moderate antioxidant activity against H2 O2 (IC50 78.2 ± 2.98 μg/ml) and towards O2∙ (IC50 89.2 ± 3.82 μg/ml). The antigerminative effect of this oil was also evaluated in this work. Results showed a toxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Znati
- Laboratory Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and é (LR11SE39), Team: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products and Reactivity, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Insaf Filali
- Laboratory Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and é (LR11SE39), Team: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products and Reactivity, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Aymen Jabrane
- Laboratory Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and é (LR11SE39), Team: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products and Reactivity, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Joseph Casanova
- UMR 6134 SPE, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, Université de Corse-CNRS, Route des Sanguinaires, FR-20000, Ajaccio
| | - Jalloul Bouajila
- Faculté de pharmacie de Toulouse, Laboratoire des Interactions Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique UMR CNRS 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul-Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, FR-31062, Toulouse
| | - Hichem Ben Jannet
- Laboratory Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and é (LR11SE39), Team: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products and Reactivity, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
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28
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Kang CH, Shin Y, Jang S, Jung Y, So JS. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio alginolyticus isolated from oyster in Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21106-21112. [PMID: 27543129 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus, a cause of severe infection in shellfish, as well as in humans, has been found at high frequency around all coastal areas of Korea. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of V. alginolyticus, to identify the strains isolated from oysters in West Sea, and to investigate their antimicrobial resistance profiles. Biochemical analyses of the 90 initially recovered presumptive V. alginolyticus colonies indicated that 16 isolates were V. alginolyticus. PCR analysis to detect the presence of the gyrB gene confirmed that 15 (93.8 %) of the 16 isolates were V. alginolyticus. These 15 isolates had the following profiles of resistance against 16 antibiotics: all isolates were resistant to ampicillin and vancomycin, and 26.7 % of the isolates exhibited resistance to cephalothin. A large number of isolates showed intermediate resistance to erythromycin (100 %) and rifampin (73.3 %). Five (33.3 %) of the V. alginolyticus isolates demonstrated multiple resistance to at least three antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ho Kang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-751, South Korea
| | - YuJin Shin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-751, South Korea
| | - SeokCheol Jang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-751, South Korea
| | - Yeojung Jung
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-751, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong So
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-751, South Korea.
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29
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Mechri B, Medhioub A, Medhioub MN, Aouni M. Prevalence of Biofilm Formation and Wide Distribution of Virulence Associated Genes among Vibrio spp. Strains Isolated from the Monastir Lagoon, Tunisia. Pol J Microbiol 2016; 65:307-318. [PMID: 29334058 DOI: 10.5604/17331331.1215610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, 65 Vibrio spp. were isolated from the Monastir lagoon water, were characterized phenotypically and genotypically. In addition, we looked for the presence of three Vibrio parahaemolyticus virulence genes (tlh, trh and tdh) and ten Vibrio cholerae virulence genes (ctxA, vpi, zot, ace, toxR, toxT, tosS, toxRS, tcpA and cpP). We also investigated the antibiotic susceptibilities and the adherence ability of the identified strains to abiotic material and to biotic surfaces. The cytotoxicity activity against HeLa and Vero cell lines were also carried out for all tested strains. All Vibrio isolates were identified to the species level and produced several hydrolytic exoenzymes. The results also revealed that all strains were expressing high rates of resistance to tested antibiotics. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values showed that tetracycline and chloramphenicol were the most effective antibiotics against the tested bacteria. Vibrio alginolyticus and V. cholerae species were the most adhesive strains to both biotic and abiotic surfaces. Besides, V. alginolyticus isolates has the high levels of recombination of genes encoding V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus virulence factors. In vitro cytotoxic activities of several Vibrio extracellular product were also observed among HeLa and Vero cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Mechri
- Laboratory of Contagious Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia; Laboratory of Aquaculture, National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Amel Medhioub
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed N Medhioub
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mahjoub Aouni
- Laboratory of Contagious Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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30
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Elmahdi S, DaSilva LV, Parveen S. Antibiotic resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in various countries: A review. Food Microbiol 2016; 57:128-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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31
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Jayme M, Silva M, Sales A, Nunes M, Freitas-Almeida A, Araújo F. Survey of Pathogens Isolated from Mussels Perna Perna
Collected in Rocky Shore and Fishmarket of Niterói, RJ, and Their Respective Resistance Profile to Antimicrobial Drugs. J FOOD QUALITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfq.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M.M.A. Jayme
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro; RJ Brazil
| | - M.M. Silva
- Faculdade de Formação de Professores, Departamento de Ciências, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo; RJ Brazil
| | - A. Sales
- Faculdade de Formação de Professores, Departamento de Ciências, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo; RJ Brazil
| | - M.C. Nunes
- Instituto de Quíımica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro; RJ Brazil
| | - A.C. Freitas-Almeida
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro; RJ Brazil
| | - F.V. Araújo
- Faculdade de Formação de Professores, Departamento de Ciências, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo; RJ Brazil
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32
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Chemical composition and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxicity and anti-acetylcholinesterase properties of Tunisian Origanum majorana L. essential oil. Microb Pathog 2016; 95:86-94. [PMID: 26997648 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the chemical composition and evaluated the antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anti-acetylcholinesterase properties of Tunisian Origanum majorana essential oil. The findings showed that the oil exhibited high activity, particularly in terms of reducing power and β-Carotene bleaching, inducing higher IC50 values than BHT. The oil showed an important antimicrobial activity against 25 bacterial and fungal strains. In fact, the IZ, MIC and MBC values recorded for the bacterial strains were in the range of 8 ± 0-18.33 ± 0.57 mm, 0.097-3.125 and 0.39-6.25 mg/mL, respectively. The IZ, MIC and MFC values of the fungal strains varied between 11±0-28 ± 0 mm, 0.058-0.468 mg/mL and 0.234-1.875 mg/mL, respectively. A low cytotoxic effect was observed against cancer (Hep-2 and HT29) and continuous cell lineage (Vero), with CC50 values ranging from 13.73 to 85.63 mg/mL. The oil was also evaluated for anti-acetylcholinesterase effects, which showed that it exhibited significant activity with IC50 values reaching 150.33 ± 2.02 μg/mL.
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Li L, Wang Q, Zhang H, Yang M, Khan MI, Zhou X. Sensor histidine kinase is a β-lactam receptor and induces resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1648-53. [PMID: 26831117 PMCID: PMC4760793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520300113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Lactams disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis, and these agents are the most widely used antibiotics. One of the principle mechanisms by which bacteria resist the action of β-lactams is by producing β-lactamases, enzymes that degrade β-lactams. In Gram-negative bacteria, production of β-lactamases is often induced in response to the antibiotic-associated damage to the cell wall. Here, we have identified a previously unidentified mechanism that governs β-lactamase production. In the Gram-negative enteric pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus, we found a histidine kinase/response regulator pair (VbrK/VbrR) that controls expression of a β-lactamase. Mutants lacking either VbrK or VbrR do not produce the β-lactamase and are no longer resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. Notably, VbrK autophosphorylation is activated by β-lactam antibiotics, but not by other lactams. However, single amino acid substitutions in the putative periplasmic binding pocket of VbrK leads its phosphorylation in response to both β-lactam and other lactams, suggesting that this kinase is a β-lactam receptor that can directly detect β-lactam antibiotics instead of detecting the damage to cell wall resulting from β-lactams. In strong support of this idea, we found that purified periplasmic sensor domain of VbrK binds penicillin, and that such binding is critical for VbrK autophosphorylation and β-lactamase production. Direct recognition of β-lactam antibiotics by a histidine kinase receptor may represent an evolutionarily favorable mechanism to defend against β-lactam antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3089
| | - Qiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3089; Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Minjun Yang
- Shanghai-Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mazhar I Khan
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3089
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3089;
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Costa RA, Araújo RL, Vieira RHSDF. RAW TROPICAL OYSTERS AS VEHICLES FOR MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016. [PMID: 26200957 PMCID: PMC4544241 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The following study aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of
Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from fresh and frozen oysters
Crassostrea rhizophorae sold in Fortaleza-Brazil. An antibiogram
was performed on 87 isolates using nine antibiotics: gentamicin (Gen 10 µg),
ampicillin (Amp 10 µg), penicillin G (Pen 10U), ciprofloxacin (Cip 5 µg),
chloramphenicol (Chl 30 µg), nalidixic acid (Nal 30 µg), tetracycline (Tet 30 µg),
vancomycin (Van 30 µg) and erythromycin (Ery 15 µg). All strains were resistant to at
least one antibiotic, and 85 (97.7%) were multi-resistant, with predominance of the
Van+ Pen+Amp resistance profile (n = 46). Plasmid resistance to Pen, Amp and Ery was
detected. Thus, the risk that raw oyster consumption poses to the health of consumers
is highlighted, due to the fact that these bivalves may host antibacterial-resistant
microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rayza Lima Araújo
- Sea Science Institute, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Nguyen HNK, Van TTH, Coloe PJ. Antibiotic resistance associated with aquaculture in Vietnam. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/ma16037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The fishery sector is an important source of income, employment and food supply in Vietnam. In 2014, Vietnam was ranked the world's fourth largest exporter and the third largest producer of farmed food fish. Vietnam seafood export has attained the value of over US$6.0 billion since 2011 and reached a peak of US$7.9 billion in 2014. However, many problems and diseases confront sustainable development of the fishery sector and overuse of antibiotics is considered a major challenge. Antibiotics are used in aquaculture for both therapeutic and prophylactic reasons. Various antimicrobials used in human medicine are also used for food animals even for non-therapeutic use. The use of antibiotics in health management of aquaculture farming is of great concern due to possible residues in aquatic products and in the development of antibiotic resistance. In 2005 the Vietnamese government first promulgated a list of medicines, chemicals and antibiotics that are banned or limited for use in aquaculture and this is regularly updated and amended to tackle the growing problem of antibiotic resistance.
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Lopatek M, Wieczorek K, Osek J. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Raw Shellfish in Poland. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1029-33. [PMID: 25951402 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a marine bacterium recognized as an important cause of gastroenteritis in humans consuming contaminated shellfish. In recent years, increasing resistance to ampicillin and aminoglycosides has been observed among V. parahaemolyticus isolates. However, the first-line antimicrobials such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones remained highly effective against these bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of V. parahaemolyticus in live bivalve molluscs available on the Polish market and to determine the antimicrobial resistance of the recovered isolates. A total of 400 shellfish samples (mussels, oysters, clams, and scallops) from 2009 to 2012 were tested using the International Organization for Standardization standard 21872-1 method and PCR for the species-specific toxR gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined using a microbroth dilution method. V. parahaemolyticus was identified in 70 (17.5%) of the 400 samples, and the toxR gene was confirmed in 64 (91.4%) of these isolates. Most of the isolates were recovered from clams (31 isolates; 48.4% prevalence) followed by mussels (17 isolates; 26.6% prevalence). More V. parahaemolyticus-positive samples were found between May and September (22.7% prevalence) than between October and April (11.4% prevalence). Antibiotic profiling revealed that most isolates were resistant to ampicillin (56 isolates; 87.5%) and to streptomycin (45 isolates; 70.3%), but all of them were susceptible to tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Forty-one isolates (64.1%) were resistant to two or more antimicrobials; however, only one isolate (1.6%) was resistant to three antimicrobial classes. The antimicrobials used in treatment of human V. parahaemolyticus infection had high efficacy against the bacterial isolates tested. This study is the first concerning antibiotic resistance of V. parahaemolyticus isolates in Poland, and the results obtained indicate that these bacteria may pose a health risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Lopatek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Kinga Wieczorek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jacek Osek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
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Pan J, Zhang Y, Jin D, Ding G, Luo Y, Zhang J, Mei L, Zhu M. Molecular characterization and antibiotic susceptibility of Vibrio vulnificus in retail shrimps in Hangzhou, People's Republic of China. J Food Prot 2013; 76:2063-8. [PMID: 24290683 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium that occurs naturally in estuarine and marine water and is associated with wound infections or septicemia related to the consumption of raw shellfish in humans. The molecular characteristics and antibiotic susceptibilities of V. vulnificus strains in shrimps from retail markets in Hangzhou, People's Republic of China, were investigated in this study. Thirty-three samples were positive for V. vulnificus in 78 shrimp samples which were collected from 15 retail markets between July and August 2012; the most-probable-number values ranged from 3 to 1,600 g(-1) in these positive samples, with a median most-probable-number value of 72 g(-1). Twenty-five biotype 1 strains and eight biotype 2 strains were identified by biochemical tests, and all strains could be definitively genotyped. By 16S rRNA genotyping, 21.2% (7 of 33) were classified as genotype A, 63.6% (21 of 33) as genotype B, and 15.2% (5 of 33) as genotype AB, while by virulence-correlated gene (vcg) typing, 21.2% (7 of 33) were characterized as genotype E and 78.8% (26 of 33) were genotype C. More than 50% of those isolates were identified as the potentially virulent type vcg type C-16S rRNA B (CB). The antibiotic susceptibilities of the V. vulnificus strains to 21 antimicrobial agents were tested as well. Some strains showed resistance or intermediate resistance to cefepime (3.03%), tetracycline (6.06%), aztreonam (24.24%), streptomycin (45.45%), gentamicin (93.94%), tobramycin (100%), and cefazolin (100%). Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat-based fingerprinting analysis (MLVA) was successfully applied to these 33 isolates and yielded 30 patterns that clustered into two MLVA groups; with a calculated Simpson's index of diversity of 0.994, this revealed that MLVA had great discriminating power for V. vulnificus. To minimize the potential risk of V. vulnificus infections due to the consumption of raw shrimp, it is necessary to monitor the hygiene status of seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhang Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, People's Republic of China
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Labella A, Gennari M, Ghidini V, Trento I, Manfrin A, Borrego JJ, Lleo MM. High incidence of antibiotic multi-resistant bacteria in coastal areas dedicated to fish farming. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 70:197-203. [PMID: 23518445 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Marine bacteria exposed to antibiotics in fish farms can acquire antimicrobial resistance by mobile genetic elements and horizontal gene transfer. A total of 872 autochthonous marine bacterial strains was isolated from samples collected from four different fish farms located at northern and southern Italian Adriatic Sea. Resistance to only tetracycline (17%) and to trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (7%) were the most frequent patterns obtained, while flumequine resistance has recorded in only 0.3% of the strains. Comparing strains isolated from coastal areas and fish farms, a significant higher incidence (4% versus 10%) of multi-resistant strains in aquaculture centers was found. Significant differences in antibiotic resistance incidence were also detected among the four fish farms due probably to different approaches in farm management and the more or less frequent use of antibiotics. Antibiotic-resistant and multi-resistant strains isolated constitute an environmental reservoir directly involved in the seafood chain and might represent a public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Labella
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidad de Malaga, Spain
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Lajnef R, Snoussi M, Romalde JL, Nozha C, Hassen A. Comparative study on the antibiotic susceptibility and plasmid profiles of Vibrio alginolyticus strains isolated from four Tunisian marine biotopes. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:3345-63. [PMID: 22918722 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The antibiotic resistance patterns and the plasmids profiles of the predominant etiological agent responsible for vibriosis in Tunisia, V. alginolyticus were studied to contribute to control their spread in some Mediterranean aquaculture farms and seawater. The sixty-nine V. alginolyticus strains isolated from different marine Tunisian biotopes (bathing waters, aquaculture and conchylicole farms and a river connected to the seawater during the cold seasons) were multi-drug resistant with high resistance rate to ampicillin, kanamycin, doxycyclin, erythromycin, imipinem, and nalidixic acid. The multiple resistance index ranged from 0.3 to 0.7 for the isolates of Khenis, from 0.5 to 0.8 for those of Menzel Jmil, from 0.5 to 0.75 (Hergla) and from 0.3 to 0.7 for the isolates of Oued Soltane. The high value of antibiotic resistance index was recorded for the V. alginolyticus population isolated from the fish farm in Hergla (ARI = 0.672) followed by the population isolated from the conchylicole station of Menzel Jmil (ARI = 0.645). The results obtained by the MIC tests confirmed the resistance of the V. alginolyticus to ampicillin, erythromycin, kanamycin, cefotaxime, streptomycin and trimethoprim. Plasmids were found in 79.48 % of the strains analyzed and 30 different plasmid profiles were observed. The strains had a high difference in the size of plasmids varying between 0.5 and 45 kb. Our study reveals that the antibiotic-resistant bacteria are widespread in the aquaculture and conchylicole farm relatively to others strains isolated from seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Lajnef
- Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Usées, Centre de Recherches et des Technologies des Eaux, Technopôle de Borj-Cédria, BP 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
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Znati M, Jabrane A, Hajlaoui H, Harzallah-Skhiri F, Bouajila J, Casanova J, Jannet HB. Chemical Composition and in vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Anti-acetylcholinesterase Properties of the Flower Oil of Ferula lutea. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200700738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work describes the chemical composition and evaluates the antimicrobial and the anti-acetylcholinesterase properties of the flower oil from the Tunisian Ferula lutea obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by combination of GC/FID and GC/MS. The chemical composition of the flower oil of this species is reported for the first time. Seventeen compounds were identified accounting for 94.3% of the total oil. The chemical composition of this essential oil was characterized by a high proportion of monoterpene hydrocarbons (80.4%) among which δ-3-carene (31.2%) and α-pinene (25.8%) were the predominant compounds. The oxygenated monoterpenes represent the second major fraction (12.0%), 2,3,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde (10.9%) being the predominant one. Furthermore, the isolated oil was tested for its antimicrobial activity using the disc-diffusion and the microdilution assays against six Gram-positive and five Gram-negative bacteria as well as towards eight Candida species. It was found that flower oil of F. lutea exhibited interesting antibacterial and anticandidal activity (MIC = 39 μg/mL against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis and MIC = 156 μg/mL against Candida albicans). The anti-acetylcholinesterase effect of this oil was also evaluated in this work. Results showed that this oil exhibits significant activity (IC50 =70.25±5.41 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Znati
- Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique, Produits Naturels et Réactivité (CHPNR), Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Produits Naturels, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Avenue de l'Environnement, 5019 Monastir Tunisie
| | - Aymen Jabrane
- Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique, Produits Naturels et Réactivité (CHPNR), Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Produits Naturels, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Avenue de l'Environnement, 5019 Monastir Tunisie
| | - Hafedh Hajlaoui
- Laboratoire d'Analyse, Traitement et Valorisation des Polluants de l'Environnement et des Produits. Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Monastir Rue Avicenne 5000 Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Fethia Harzallah-Skhiri
- Laboratoire de Biologie Végétale et Botanique, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Jalloul Bouajila
- Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire des Interactions Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique UMR CNRS 5623, Université Paul-Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Joseph Casanova
- Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France
| | - Hichem Ben Jannet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique, Produits Naturels et Réactivité (CHPNR), Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Produits Naturels, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Avenue de l'Environnement, 5019 Monastir Tunisie
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Talpur A, Memon A, Khan M, Ikhwanuddi M, Danish Dan M, Abol-Munaf A. Pathogenicity and Antibiotic Sensitivity of Pathogenic Flora Associated with the Gut of Blue Swimming Crab, Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1857). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2011.2106.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rapid discrimination of environmental Vibrio by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Microbiol Res 2011; 167:226-30. [PMID: 22015259 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to discriminate 30 Vibrio strains isolated from two wastewater treatment plants from Agadir, Morocco by two molecular typing methods, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Out of the 30 strains of Vibrio examined in this study, 5 isolates could not be typed by PFGE and consistently appeared as a smear on the gel. In general, high genetic biodiversity among the Vibrio strains was found regardless to the isolation source. The results of MALDI TOF analysis show a high congruence of strain grouping demonstrating the accuracy and reliability of MALDI-TOF MS.
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de Melo LMR, Almeida D, Hofer E, Dos Reis CMF, Theophilo GND, Santos AFDM, Vieira RHSDF. Antibiotic resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from pond-reared Litopenaeus vannamei marketed in natal, brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42:1463-9. [PMID: 24031779 PMCID: PMC3768750 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220110004000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten out of fifty fresh and refrigerated samples of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) collected from retailers in Natal (Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil) tested positive for Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The Kanagawa test and multiplex PCR assays were used to detect TDH and TRH hemolysins and the tdh, trh and tlh genes, respectively. All strains were Kanagawa-negative and tlh-positive. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done for seven antibiotics by the agar diffusion technique. Five strains (50%) presented multiple antibiotic resistance to ampicillin (90%) and amikacin (60%), while two strains (20%) displayed intermediate-level resistance to amikacin. All strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol. Intermediate-level susceptibility and/or resistance to other antibiotics ranged from 10 to 90%, with emphasis on the observed growing intermediate-level resistance to ciprofloxacin. Half our isolates yielded a multiple antibiotic resistance index above 0.2 (range: 0.14-0.29), indicating a considerable risk of propagation of antibiotic resistance throughout the food chain.
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Mechri B, Medhioub A, Medhioub MN, Aouni M. Diversity of Vibrionaceae associated with Ruditapes decussatus hatchery in Tunisia. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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45
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Fernando RR, Krishnan S, Fairweather MG, Ericsson CD. Vibrio parahemolyticus septicaemia in a liver transplant patient: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2011; 5:171. [PMID: 21548914 PMCID: PMC3111368 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-5-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vibrio parahemolyticus is the leading cause of vibrio-associated gastroenteritis in the United States of America, usually related to poor food handling; only rarely has it been reported to cause serious infections including sepsis and soft tissue infections. In contrast, Vibrio vulnificus is a well-known cause of septicaemia, especially in patients with cirrhosis. We present a patient with V. parahemolyticus sepsis who had an orthotic liver transplant in 2007 and was on immunosuppression for chronic rejection. Clinical suspicion driven by patient presentation, travel to Gulf of Mexico and soft tissue infection resulted in early diagnosis and institution of appropriate antibiotic therapy. CASE PRESENTATION A 48 year old Latin American man with a history of chronic kidney disease, orthotic liver transplant in 2007 secondary to alcoholic end stage liver disease on immunosuppressants, and chronic rejection presented to the emergency department with fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, left lower extremity swelling and fluid filled blisters after a fishing trip in the Gulf of Mexico. Samples from the blister and blood grew V. parahemolyticus. The patient was successfully treated with ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSION Febrile patients with underlying liver disease and/or immunosuppression should be interviewed regarding recent travel to a coastal area and seafood ingestion. If this history is obtained, appropriate empiric antibiotics must be chosen. Patients with liver disease and/or immunosuppresion should be counselled to avoid eating raw or undercooked molluscan shellfish. People can prevent Vibrio sepsis and wound infections by proper cooking of seafood and avoiding exposure of open wounds to seawater or raw shellfish products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev R Fernando
- Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Penduka D, Okoh OO, Okoh AI. In-vitro antagonistic characteristics of crude aqueous and methanolic extracts of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seeds against some Vibrio bacteria. Molecules 2011; 16:2754-65. [PMID: 21441874 PMCID: PMC6260614 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16042754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The methanolic and aqueous extracts of Garcinia kola seeds were screened for their anti-Vibrio activities against 50 Vibrio isolates obtained from wastewater final effluents in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The crude extracts at 10 mg/mL exhibited appreciable inhibitory activities against most of the test Vibrio isolates, with zones of inhibition ranging from 10-19 mm for methanol extract and 8-15 mm for the aqueous extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the methanol extract varied from 0.313 to 2.5 mg/mL while that for the aqueous extract was 10 mg/mL for all the susceptible Vibrio isolates. Rate of kill assay of the methanolic extracts against three selected Vibrio species showed bacteriostatic activities against all of them achieving 58% and 60% (Vibrio vulnificus AL042); 68% and 69% (Vibrio parahaemolyticus AL049); and 70% and 78% (Vibrio fluvialis AL040) killing of the test bacteria at 3× and 4 ×MIC values, respectively, after 2 h exposure time. We conclude that Garcinia kola seeds hold promise as a potential source of therapeutic compounds of relevance in Vibrio infections management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dambudzo Penduka
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; E-Mail:
| | - Omobola O. Okoh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; E-Mail:
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; E-Mail:
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Durai S, Pandian SK, Balamurugan K. Establishment of a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model for Vibrio alginolyticus. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 51:243-52. [PMID: 21298688 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio alginolyticus, a common bacterium in the marine environment, is a threat to marine animals and humans by causing serious infections. The present study reveals the establishment of a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model for Vibrio alginolyticus. The infection and colonization was localized in the animal by tagging V. alginolyticus with GFP and using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Chemotactic response of C. elegans to V. alginolyticus, pharyngeal distention and blockage of vulval region leading to internal hatching were analyzed. The time required for causing infection, and the bacterial loads in the intestine of C. elegans were determined. Regulation of innate immune related genes, lys-7, clec-60 and clec-87, were also analyzed using real time PCR. The pathogen infected animals appeared to ward-off infection by up-regulating the candidate antimicrobial gene(s) for few hours, before succumbing to the pathogen. For the first time, the pathogenicity of V. alginolyticus at both physiological and molecular level has been studied in detail using the model organism C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sellegounder Durai
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630 003, India
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Xiong XP, Wang C, Ye MZ, Yang TC, Peng XX, Li H. Differentially expressed outer membrane proteins of Vibrio alginolyticus in response to six types of antibiotics. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 12:686-695. [PMID: 20217167 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-009-9256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio alginolyticus is an opportunistic pathogen that occasionally causes life-threatening infections in individuals and results in great losses in marine aquacultures of crustaceans and fish. Recently, antibiotic-resistant strains of the bacterium from clinical and environmental sources have been reported with increasing frequency. However, few reports were involved in the antibiotic resistance of this bacterium at molecular levels. In the present study, Western blotting was utilized to investigate altered OM proteins of V. alginolyticus in response to six types of antibiotics: erythromycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, and chloromycetin. Seventeen OM proteins have been reported here for the first time to be related to antibiotic resistance. They were porins OmpU, OmpN, putative OmpU and LamB; transport proteins VA0802, VA2212 (FadL) and VPA0860; TolC family TolC and VA1631; lipoprotein VA0449; OmpA family VPA1186 and VA0764; iron-regulated proteins OmpV, VPA1435, and VA2602; and receptor protein OmpK; hypothetical protein VA1475. Importantly, VA2212 was up-regulated in response to the five antibiotics except nalidixic acid, and VPA1186 was down-regulated in response to the six antibiotics in antibiotic-stressed bacteria. They might be potentially universal targets for designing the new drugs that inhibit multi-resistant bacteria. These findings suggested that parallel investigations into a bacterium responding to several types of antibiotics would be helpful not only for the further understanding of antibiotic-resistant mechanisms but also for the screening of valuable targets of new drugs controlling antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng Xiong
- Center for Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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Hajlaoui H, Mighri H, Noumi E, Snoussi M, Trabelsi N, Ksouri R, Bakhrouf A. Chemical composition and biological activities of Tunisian Cuminum cyminum L. essential oil: A high effectiveness against Vibrio spp. strains. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:2186-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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