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Al-Romaiyan A, Persaud SJ, Jones PM. Identification of Potential Plant-Derived Pancreatic Beta-Cell-Directed Agents Using New Custom-Designed Screening Method: Gymnema sylvestre as an Example. Molecules 2023; 29:194. [PMID: 38202777 PMCID: PMC10780566 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folk medicines are attractive therapeutic agents for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Most plant extracts that have been suggested to restore β-cells function were tested in vivo. Some only have been tested in vitro to determine whether they have a direct effect on β-cells islets of Langerhans. Currently, there are no defined criteria for screening of β-cell-directed plant-based remedies as potential antidiabetic agents. SUMMARY In this review, we have identified certain criteria/characteristics that can be used to generate a "screening portfolio" to identify plant extracts as potential β-cell-directed agents for the treatment of T2DM. To validate our screening method, we studied the potential therapeutic efficacy of a Gymnema sylvestre (GS) extract using the screening criteria detailed in the review. Six criteria have been identified and validated using OSA®, a GS extract. By using this screening method, we show that OSA® fulfilled most of the criteria identified for an effective β-cell-directed antidiabetic therapy, being an effective insulin-releasing agent at nontoxic concentrations; maintaining β-cell insulin content by stimulating a concomitant increase in insulin gene transcription; maintaining β-cell mass by protecting against apoptosis; and being effective at maintaining normoglycemia in vivo in a mouse model and a human cohort with T2DM. KEY MESSAGES The present review has highlighted the importance of having a screening portfolio for plant extracts that have potential antidiabetic effects in the treatment of T2DM. We propose that this screening method should be adopted for future studies to identify new β-cell-directed antidiabetic plant derived agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf Al-Romaiyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Jabriya 046302, Kuwait
| | - Shanta J. Persaud
- Department of Diabetes, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; (S.J.P.); (P.M.J.)
| | - Peter M. Jones
- Department of Diabetes, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; (S.J.P.); (P.M.J.)
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Krawczyk M, Burzynska-Pedziwiatr I, Wozniak LA, Bukowiecka-Matusiak M. Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Pointing to the Antidiabetic Effect of Polyphenol-Rich Plant Extracts from Gymnema montanum, Momordica charantia and Moringa oleifera. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:699-717. [PMID: 35723334 PMCID: PMC8928996 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro and animal model studies are of great interest for selecting new phytochemicals, including polyphenols with antioxidative properties, as candidates for antidiabetic drugs. This review provides evidence from a critical literature data analysis on the effects of plant extract supplementation in diabetes mellitus management. We considered and meta-analyzed the efficacy of oral supplementation of plant extracts in animal model studies and examined physiological and oxidative stress parameters. Finally, 23 articles were included in the meta-analysis, revealing three plants with experimentally confirmed in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic properties: Gymnema montanum, Momordica charantia and Moringa oleifera. The following parameter changes resulted from an investigation of the supplementation: reduced oxidative stress, decreased insulin resistance, increased insulin release, reduced adiposity, and a modulatory effect on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, as well as attenuation of diabetes-associated weight loss, reduced fasting blood glucose and lowered oxidative status. A comparison of Gymnema montanum versus Glybenclamide revealed the superiority of extracts over drug administration in some aspects. Although the analyzed extracts are promising candidates for antidiabetic treatment, there is much inconsistent data in the literature. Therefore, ultimate references for using these compounds in the prevention of diabetes are currently not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Krawczyk
- Chair of Medical Biology, Laboratory of Metabolomic Studies, Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Izabela Burzynska-Pedziwiatr
- Chair of Medical Biology, Laboratory of Metabolomic Studies, Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Lucyna Alicja Wozniak
- Chair of Medical Biology, Laboratory of Metabolomic Studies, Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Bukowiecka-Matusiak
- Chair of Medical Biology, Laboratory of Metabolomic Studies, Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
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Mechanisms of Antidiabetic Activity of Methanolic Extract of Punica granatum Leaves in Nicotinamide/Streptozotocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Rats. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111609. [PMID: 33228177 PMCID: PMC7699557 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to establish the mechanisms of antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Punica granatum leaves (MEPGL) in nicotinamide/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats. Phytochemical screening, HPLC analysis, and acute toxicity study of MEPGL were carried out. Various concentrations of MEPGL (100, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) were administered orally to diabetic rats for 45 days on a daily basis. The antidiabetic effect of MEPGL was examined by measuring blood glucose, plasma insulin, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, as well as with an oral glucose tolerance test. The antioxidant effect of MEPGL was determined by analyzing hepatic and renal antioxidant markers, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), and lipid peroxidation. The other biochemical markers alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, and creatinine, as well as total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were also studied. Type 2 diabetes significantly altered these parameters, while oral administration of the MEPGL significantly ameliorated them. Moreover, the pancreatic histopathological changes were attenuated with MEPGL treatment. In a nutshell, oral MEPGL administration in diabetic rats showed antidiabetic activity due to its antioxidant activity, most probably due to the gallic acid, ellagic acid, and apigenin found in MEPGL.
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Aragão WAB, da Costa NMM, Fagundes NCF, Silva MCF, Alves-Junior SM, Pinheiro JJV, Amado LL, Crespo-López ME, Maia CSF, Lima RR. Chronic exposure to inorganic mercury induces biochemical and morphological changes in the salivary glands of rats. Metallomics 2018; 9:1271-1278. [PMID: 28795724 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mercury exposure is considered to be a public health problem due to the generation of toxic effects on human health as a result of environmental and occupational conditions. The inorganic form of mercury (HgCl2) can cause several biological changes in cells and tissues through its cumulative toxic potential, but little has been experimentally proven about the effects of inorganic mercury on salivary glands, an important modulator organ of oral health. This study analyzes the effects of prolonged low dose exposure to HgCl2 on the salivary glands of rats. Adult animals received a dose of 0.375 mg kg-1 day-1 over a period of 45 days. The parotid and submandibular glands were collected for analysis of the mercury levels and evaluation of oxidative stress, histological parameters and immunomodulation for metallothionein I and II (MT-I/II). In this investigation, biochemical and tissue changes in the salivary glands were verified due to the mercury levels, causing reduction in antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals, with consequent cellular lipid peroxidation and an increase in nitrite levels, volumetric changes and cytoskeletal damage in the submandibular glands, with less severe damage to the parotid glands. The results also have shown the occurrence of a cytoprotection mechanism due to increased MT-I/II expression, but not enough to avoid the morphology and oxidative damage. This evidence highlights, for the first time, that inorganic mercury is able to alter the morphology and oxidative biochemistry in salivary glands when exposed for a long time in low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A B Aragão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Street Augusto Corrêa 1, Guamá, 66075-900, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
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Ighodaro OM, Adeosun AM, Akinloye OA. Alloxan-induced diabetes, a common model for evaluating the glycemic-control potential of therapeutic compounds and plants extracts in experimental studies. Medicina (B Aires) 2017; 53:365-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medici.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Feriani A, Hachani R, Kaabi B, Ncir M, El Feki A, Allagui MS. Protective effects of Zygophyllum album extract against deltamethrin-induced hyperglycemia and hepato-pancreatic disorders in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:1202-1210. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The current study was designed to investigate the possible mechanism involved in hyperglycemia induced by chronic exposure to deltamethrin (DLM) in rat and to assess whether this damage is amenable to modulation by Zygophyllum album. DLM, a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, was administrated at a dose of 4 mg/kg body mass, during 60 days. Compared with control, DLM showed a significant increase of blood glucose (p ≤ 0.01) and glycosylated hemoglobin levels (p ≤ 0.01) and a clear decrease (p ≤ 0.01) of insulin and total hemoglobin levels. In addition, hepatic glycogen content and the activity of hexokinase decreased (p ≤ 0.01), whereas the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and glycogen phosphorylase were significantly increased (p ≤ 0.01). Moreover, pancreatic lipid peroxidation (TBARS level) was higher (p ≤ 0.01) and oxidative stress biomarkers (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH) were altered owing to DLM toxicity. However, Z. album, when combined with DLM, significantly ameliorated almost all the hepato-pancreatic disorders induced by DLM alone. Furthermore, Z. album supplement was found to be effective in preserving the normal histological appearance of hepatic and pancreatic tissue. In conclusion, this study suggested that, owing to its antioxidant effects, methanolic extract of Z. album (MEZAL) can potentially prevent the hyperglycemia observed in DLM-treated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouar Feriani
- Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Science of Sfax, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, 2112 Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Rafik Hachani
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathologies, Integrated Physiology Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Belhassen Kaabi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, BP 74, 1002 Belvedere-Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Ncir
- Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Science of Sfax, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Abdelfattah El Feki
- Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Science of Sfax, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
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Antihyperglycemic effect of Codariocalyx motorius modulated carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Vanitha P, Uma C, Suganya N, Bhakkiyalakshmi E, Suriyanarayanan S, Gunasekaran P, Sivasubramanian S, Ramkumar KM. Modulatory effects of morin on hyperglycemia by attenuating the hepatic key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and β-cell function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:326-335. [PMID: 24384280 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of morin on blood glucose, insulin level, hepatic glucose regulating enzyme activities and glycogen level in experimental diabetes. Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg b.w.). Five days after STZ injection, diabetic rats received morin (25 and 50 mg/kg b.w.) orally for 30 days. Glibenclamide was used as reference drug. Morin treatment significantly reduced the blood glucose and improved the serum insulin levels. Further, a dose-dependent reduction in glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase was observed along with the increase in liver hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities. Morin supplement were found to be effective in preserving the normal histological appearance of pancreatic islets as well as to preserve insulin-positive β-cells in STZ-rats. Therefore, these findings suggest that morin displays beneficial effects in the treatment of diabetes, mediated through the regulation of carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vanitha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - C Uma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - N Suganya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - E Bhakkiyalakshmi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S Suriyanarayanan
- Department of Water and Health, JSS University, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - P Gunasekaran
- The King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Guindy, Chennai 600 032, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S Sivasubramanian
- The King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Guindy, Chennai 600 032, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K M Ramkumar
- SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamilnadu, India.
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Ramkumar KM, Manjula C, Elango B, Krishnamurthi K, Saravana Devi S, Rajaguru P. In vitro cytotoxicity of Gymnema montanum in human leukaemia HL-60 cells; induction of apoptosis by mitochondrial membrane potential collapse. Cell Prolif 2013; 46:263-71. [PMID: 23692085 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gymnema montanum Hook, an Indian Ayurvedic medicinal plant, is used traditionally to treat a variety of ailments. Here, we report anti-cancer effects and molecular mechanisms of ethanolic extract of G. montanum (GLEt) on human leukaemia HL-60 cells, compared to peripheral blood mononuclear cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS HL-60 cells were treated with different concentrations of GLEt (10-50 μg/ml) and cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay. Levels of lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, mitochondrial membrane potential and caspase-3 were measured. Further, apoptosis was studied using annexin-V staining and the cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS GLEt had a potent cytotoxic effect on HL-60 cells (IC50 -20 μg/ml), yet was not toxic to normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Exposure of HL-60 cells to GLEt led to elevated levels of malonaldehyde formation, but to reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities (P < 0.05). Induction of apoptosis was confirmed by observing annexin-V positive cells, associated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 was observed in GLEt-treated HL-60 cells, indicating its potential at inducing their apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Findings of the present study suggest that G. montanum induced apoptosis in the human leukaemic cancer cells, mediated by collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, generation of reactive oxygen species and depletion of intracellular antioxidant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Ramkumar
- SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603 203, India.
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Al-Rejaie SS, Abuohashish HM, Ahmed MM, Aleisa AM, Alkhamees O. Possible biochemical effects following inhibition of ethanol-induced gastric mucosa damage by Gymnema sylvestre in male Wistar albino rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:1542-1550. [PMID: 22978267 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.694894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gymnema sylvestre (GS) R. Br. (Gymnema) (Asclepiadaceae) has been used from ancient times as a folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes, obesity, urinary disorder, and stomach stimulation. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to investigate the effects of G. sylvestre leaves ethanol extract on gastric mucosal injury in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gastric mucosal damage was induced by 80% ethanol in 36 h fasted rats. The effect of G. sylvestre on gastric secretions induced in Shay rats was estimated. In stomach, wall mucus, non-protein sulfhydryl groups (NP-SH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total proteins and nucleic acids levels were estimated. Histopathological changes were observed. RESULTS G. sylvestre pretreatment at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg provided 27, 49, and 63% protection against the ulcerogenic effect of ethanol, respectively. Pylorus ligation accumulated 10.24 mL gastric secretions with 66.56 mEq of acidity in control rats. Pretreatment with G. sylvestre significantly inhibited the secretions volume and acidity in dose-dependent manner. Ethanol caused significant depletion in stomach-wall mucus (p < 0.001), total proteins (p < 0.01), nucleic acids (p < 0.001), and NP-SH (p < 0.001) levels. Pretreatment with G. sylvestre showed protection against these depleted levels in dose-dependent manner. The MDA levels increased from 19.02 to 29.22 nmol/g by ethanol ingestion and decreased with G. sylvestre pretreatments in dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION The protective effect of G. sylvestre observed in the present study is attributed to its effect on mucus production, increase in nucleic acid and NP-SH levels, which appears to be mediated through its free radical scavenging ability and/or possible cytoprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim S Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, Riyadh 11544, Saudi Arabia.
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Ulbricht C, Abrams TR, Basch E, Davies-Heerema T, Foppa I, Hammerness P, Rusie E, Tanguay-Colucci S, Taylor S, Ulbricht C, Varghese M, Weissner W, Woods J. An evidence-based systematic review of gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl 2012; 8:311-30. [PMID: 22432729 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2011.597977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An evidence-based systematic review of gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.), including written and statistical analysis of scientific literature, expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.
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Agbor GA, Taga I, Nguindex DR, Zaidi MA, Lehman L, Altosaar I, Ngogang JY. Effect of Iodine Supplementation on Antioxidant Status of Normal and Alloxan Monohydrate in Toxicated Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2011.726.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Oršolić N, Gajski G, Garaj-Vrhovac V, Dikić D, Prskalo ZŠ, Sirovina D. DNA-protective effects of quercetin or naringenin in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 656:110-8. [PMID: 21277296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with a high production of reactive oxygen species, which may cause oxidative DNA damage. High levels of genomic damage have been associated with liver and renal failure as well as immune-system decline. Flavonoids are effective antioxidants and may protect against several chronic diseases including diabetes. This study used the comet assay to assess the levels of DNA damage in the blood, liver and kidney cells in untreated and quercetin (QU) or naringenin treated diabetic mice. In addition, the study was designed to establish whether QU or naringenin might have a biological effect in protecting diabetic mice against oxidative stress by using survival studies to observe total body injury at the level of the organism. QU or naringenin were injected to mice intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a dose of 50mg/kg for 7days starting 2days after a single dose (75mg/kg, i.v.) alloxan injection. These findings suggest that QU or naringenin treatment resulted in a significant increase in the body weight, the haematological and immunological parameters of blood, as well as leading to 100% survival of diabetic mice. The tested flavonoids have protective effects against alloxan-induced DNA-damage in peripheral lymphocytes but not in the liver and kidney cells of diabetic mice. It might be hypothesised that diabetic mice with a high intake of flavonoid-rich foods, and specifically foods rich in quercetin or naringenin, might be relatively protected against long-term complications of diabetes due to decreased oxidative stress. Various co-operative and synergistic action mechanisms of the tested flavonoids may lead to the protection of the whole organism against diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Oršolić
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Monago CC, Onwuka F, Osaro E. Effect of combined therapy of diabinese and nicotinic acid on liver enzymes in rabbits with dithizone-induced diabetes. J Exp Pharmacol 2010; 2:145-53. [PMID: 27186100 PMCID: PMC4863294 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s11490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of diabinese, a known antidiabetic drug, and the combined effects of diabinese and nicotinic acid, a vitamin and antilipidemic drug, were studied in rabbits with dithizone-induced diabetes. Side effects of diabinese include hypoglycemia and liver toxicity. Dithizone was used to induce partial experimental diabetes and to increase blood glucose significantly (P < 0.05) by 31.3%, 23.5%, 19.5, 24.7%, and 23.9% in groups A (single therapy of diabinese 10 mg/kg body weight), B (10 mg of diabinese and nicotinic acid 150 mg/kg), C (10 mg diabinese and nicotinic acid 200 mg/kg), D (10 mg diabinese and nicotinic acid 250 mg/kg) and E control (distilled water 5 mL), respectively. Dithizone administration also increased bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels by 28.9%-35.6%, 41.2%-54.8%, 40.1%-46.1%, and 60.9%-68.4%, respectively. Diabinese monotherapy reduced bilirubin levels, while combined therapy reduced glucose, ALP, AST, and ALT levels more than single therapy. Reduction from the hyperglycemic level 48 hours after drug administration was 20.0%, 24.6%, 41.0%, and 42.0% for groups A, B, C, and D, respectively, and was concentration-dependent. Also, combined therapy produced a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in AST and ALT levels, especially at 72 hours after drug administration, but did not affect ALP levels. No significant changes in glucose, bilirubin, ALP, AST, and ALT levels were observed in Group E (control). This study shows that liver toxicity and the hypoglycemic side effects of diabinese could be managed by the concomitant administration of nicotinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Comfort C Monago
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Frank Onwuka
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Erhabor Osaro
- Haematology and Immunology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
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Gumieniczek A, Hopkała H, Roliński J, Bojarska-Junak A. Interleukin-6 and Oxidative Stress in Plasma of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rabbits after Pioglitazone Treatment. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 28:81-91. [PMID: 16684669 DOI: 10.1080/08923970600625785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that oxidative stress might be implicated in promoting a state of systemic inflammation in diabetic patients. Understanding the role of reactive oxygen species in the inflammatory response in diabetes becomes essential in finding preventive treatments. Pioglitazone is a new oral antidiabetic agent with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The drug is a high affinity ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. This receptor seems to be involved in the control of inflammation by modulating the production of inflammatory mediators. In the present study, the changes in some markers of enhanced oxidative stress and in the level of pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) were examined in plasma of diabetic rabbits after 4 and 8 weeks of pioglitazone treatment. Ascorbic acid (AA) concentration and total antioxidant status (TAS) in plasma of diabetic animals were diminished and significantly elevated after pioglitazone treatment (p < 0.05). Protein carbonyl groups (PCG) content and IL-6 concentration were elevated in plasma of diabetic animals and significantly diminished after pioglitazone treatment. The results obtained in the present study confirm the relations of cytokine systems with oxidative stress in plasma of diabetic subjects. They also suggest the antioxidative and antinflammatory properties of pioglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gumieniczek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Poland.
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Senthilkumar GP, Subramanian SP. Biochemical studies on the effect of Terminalia chebula on the levels of glycoproteins in streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes in rats. J Appl Biomed 2008. [DOI: 10.32725/jab.2008.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Ali SS, Kasoju N, Luthra A, Singh A, Sharanabasava H, Sahu A, Bora U. Indian medicinal herbs as sources of antioxidants. Food Res Int 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Mohamadin AMA, Hammad LNA, El-Bab MF, Gawad HSA. CAN NITRIC OXIDE-GENERATING COMPOUNDS IMPROVE THE OXIDATIVE STRESS RESPONSE IN EXPERIMENTALLY DIABETIC RATS? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 34:586-93. [PMID: 17581213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
1. The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of the nitric oxide (NO)-generating compounds L-arginine (L-Arg) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on oxidative stress markers in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. 2. Diabetes was induced after a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg). Rats were divided into non-diabetic (control), diabetic and treated diabetic groups. The treated diabetic groups were supplemented with L-Arg (300 mg/kg), SNP (3 mg/kg per day) or glibenclamide (0.6 mg/kg per day) orally for 4 weeks. 3. At the end of the experiment, fasted rats were killed by cervical decapitation. Blood was collected for estimation of glucose, haemoglobin, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS; an index of lipid peroxidation), superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, nitrate/nitrite (NO(x)) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were estimated in liver and kidney homogenates. 4. A significant increase was observed in plasma glucose levels and HbA(1c), with a concomitant decrease in haemoglobin levels, in diabetic rats. These alterations reverted back to near normal after treatment with the NO-generating compounds. A loss of bodyweight, polydipsia, polyphagia and elevated levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides were observed in diabetic rats. Hyperglycaemia was accompanied by a significant increase in tissue TBARS and a decrease in NO(x), GSH and anti-oxidant enzymes, whereas, supplementation with L-Arg and SNP significantly reduced TBARS levels and increased GSH and anti-oxidant enzyme activities. Linear regression analysis indicated that blood glucose and TBARS had a significant positive correlation with HbA(1c), whereas a negative correlation was observed between GSH and NO(x). 5. It is concluded that NO-generating compounds improve most of the biochemical abnormalities and anti-oxidant levels in diabetic rats. The beneficial effects of NO-generating compounds can be attributed to the generation of NO and/or enhanced anti-oxidant enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M A Mohamadin
- Biochemistry Department and Tumor Marker Oncology Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy Boy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Ramkumar KM, Rajaguru P, Latha M, Ananthan R. Ethanol extract of Gymnema montanum leaves reduces glycoprotein components in experimental diabetes. Nutr Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2006.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mukherjee PK, Maiti K, Mukherjee K, Houghton PJ. Leads from Indian medicinal plants with hypoglycemic potentials. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 106:1-28. [PMID: 16678368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2005] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is caused due to deficiency in production of insulin by the pancreas, or by the ineffectiveness of the insulin produced. It is a global problem and number of those affected is increasing day by day. The plants provide a potential source of hypoglycemic drugs because many plants and plant derived compounds have been used in the treatment of diabetes. Several medicinal plants have found potential use as hypoglycemic in the Indian system of medicines, including ayurveda. Many Indian plants have been investigated for their beneficial use in different types of diabetes and reports occur in numerous scientific journals. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on various plant species from Indian biosphere and their constituents, which have been shown to display potent hypoglycemic activity. The use of herbs as hypoglycemic is a major avenue in Indian perspectives particularly for treating diabetes, which require to be explored more effectively as there are so many literatures available on these aspects. This paper describes the chemistry, activity and usage of the constituents isolated from these plants from India for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulok K Mukherjee
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacy, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College, London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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Jin D, Ryu SH, Kim HW, Yang EJ, Lim SJ, Ryang YS, Chung CH, Park SK, Lee KJ. Anti-diabetic effect of alkaline-reduced water on OLETF rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2006; 70:31-7. [PMID: 16428818 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alkalin-reduced water (ARW) is known to exert several anti-cancer effects, as well as to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduce blood-glucose levels. This study was performed in order to determine the effects of ARW on the control of spontaneous diabetes in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. We assigned 16 male OLETF rats (4 wk) to two groups: an experimental group, which was given ARW, and a control group, which received laboratory tap water. From week 6 to 32, the body weight, lipid composition, and glucose levels in the blood of the rats were measured. The glucose levels of both groups tended to increase. However, the ARW group's glucose levels were significantly lower than those of the control group after 12 weeks (p<0.05). The total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the ARW group were found to be significantly lower than those of the control group during the experimental period. These results suggest that ARW spurred the growth of OLETF rats during the growth stage, and that long-term ingestion of ARW resulted in a reduction in the levels of glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jin
- Department of Microbiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Korea
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Ramkumar KM, Latha M, Ashokkumar N, Pari L, Ananthan R. Modulation of impaired cholinesterase activity in experimental diabetes: effect of Gymnema montanum leaf extract. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 16:17-35. [PMID: 16187484 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp.2005.16.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We reported that a leaf extract (GLEt) obtained from an anti-diabetic plant, Gymnema montanum, an endangered species endemic to India, has anti-peroxidative and antioxidant effects on diabetic brain tissue in rats. Here we examined the effect of the extract on the activity of reduced brain and retinal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Diabetic rats received GLEt orally (200 mg/kg bwt/d) for 12 wk, and changes in blood glucose, plasma insulin, the lipid peroxidation marker thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS), and AChE and BChE activity were measured. The results confirmed prior reports that hyperglycemia significantly enhances TBARS levels in brain and retinal tissue and decreases AChE and BChE activity. Treatment with GLEt significantly reversed the impairment in enzymatic activity in addition to reducing the level of TBARS, suggesting that GLEt protects against the adverse effect of lipid peroxidation on brain and retinal cholinesterases. We suggest that GLEt could be useful for preventing the cholinergic neural and retinal complications of hyperglycemia in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunga Mohan Ramkumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Gumieniczek A, Hopkała H, Roliński J, Bojarska-Junak A. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of repaglinide in plasma of diabetic animals. Pharmacol Res 2005; 52:162-6. [PMID: 15967382 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2005.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 02/09/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense, is considered to be an important pathogenic factor in diabetes mellitus and its complications. In diabetic state, ROS might also be implicated in promoting a state of systemic inflammation. Recently, it was demonstrated that antioxidant therapy could be used to stop the initiation and propagation of this inflammatory response. Repaglinide is a new oral antidiabetic agent with a possible antioxidant activity. Therefore, in the present study, a possible therapeutic value of repaglinide in ameliorating the oxidative and inflammatory processes was tested in diabetic animals. In the study, the levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), ascorbic acid (AA), protein carbonyl groups (PCG) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined in plasma of diabetic rabbits after 4 and 8 weeks of repaglinide treatment (1mg daily). Ex vivo analysis revealed that there were significant differences in these markers between hyperglycemic and control animals (P<0.05). Some of these parameters were ameliorated by repaglinide treatment. In diabetic rabbits treated with repaglinide, protein oxidation was diminished by 17.8% after 8 weeks of experiment. The level of AA in plasma of diabetic treated animals was higher than in non-treated diabetic groups (by 9.4 and 22.6% after 4 and 8 weeks, respectively). In diabetic treated animals, the TAS level was also significantly increased (by 23.6 and 16.7%). However, in diabetic rabbits, repaglinide did not affect the concentration of IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gumieniczek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki Str. 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
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Saravanan R, Pari L. Antihyperlipidemic and antiperoxidative effect of Diasulin, a polyherbal formulation in alloxan induced hyperglycemic rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2005; 5:14. [PMID: 15969768 PMCID: PMC1183188 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-5-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was undertaken to investigation the effect of Diasulin, a poly herbal drug composed of ethanolic extract of ten medicinal plants on blood glucose, plasma insulin, tissue lipid profile, and lipidperoxidation in alloxan induced diabetes. METHODS Ethanolic extract of Diasulin a, poly herbal drug was administered orally (200 mg/kg body weight) for 30 days. The different doses of Diasulin on blood glucose and plasma insulin in diabetic rats were studied and the levels of lipid peroxides [TBARS, and hydroperoxide] and tissue lipids [cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipides and free fatty acids] were also estimated in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The effects were compared with glibenclamide. RESULT Treatment with Diasulin and glibenclamide resulted in a significant reduction of blood glucose and increase in plasma insulin. Diasulin also resulted in a significant decrease in tissue lipids and lipid peroxide formation. The effect produced by Diasulin was comparable with that of glibenclamide. CONCLUSION The decreased lipid peroxides and tissue lipids clearly showed the antihyperlipidemic and antiperoxidative effect of Diasulin apart from its antidiabetic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Saravanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu – 608 002, India
| | - Leelavinothan Pari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu – 608 002, India
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Ramkumar KM, Latha M, Venkateswaran S, Pari L, Ananthan R, Bai VN. Modulatory Effect of Gymnema montanum Leaf Extract on Brain Antioxidant Status and Lipid Peroxidation in Diabetic Rats. J Med Food 2004; 7:366-71. [PMID: 15383233 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2004.7.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of leaf extract from Gymnema montanum, an endangered and endemic plant, were examined on brain lipid peroxidation in experimental diabetic rats. Ethanolic extract of G. montanum leaves was administered orally (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of body weight) for 3 weeks, and changes in blood glucose, plasma insulin, and lipid peroxidation markers such as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), hydroperoxides, and levels of antioxidants, namely, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, and glutathione-S-transferase, were examined in the brain of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Glibenclamide was used as a standard reference drug. A significant increase in the activities of antioxidants was observed in brain on treatment with G. montanum leaf extract and glibenclamide for 3 weeks. Both the treated groups showed significant decreases in formation of TBARS and hydroperoxides in brain, suggesting a role in protective action against lipid peroxidation-mediated membrane damage. Our findings indicate that G. montanum leaf extract possesses antiperoxidative and antioxidant effects in addition to its antidiabetic activity. This report helps to create awareness on the need for conservation of medicinal plants, and G. montanum is one such plant that needs to be conserved through various propagation trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunga Mohan Ramkumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India
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