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Popova J, Bets V, Kozhevnikova E. Perspectives in Genome-Editing Techniques for Livestock. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2580. [PMID: 37627370 PMCID: PMC10452040 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing of farm animals has undeniable practical applications. It helps to improve production traits, enhances the economic value of livestock, and increases disease resistance. Gene-modified animals are also used for biomedical research and drug production and demonstrate the potential to be used as xenograft donors for humans. The recent discovery of site-specific nucleases that allow precision genome editing of a single-cell embryo (or embryonic stem cells) and the development of new embryological delivery manipulations have revolutionized the transgenesis field. These relatively new approaches have already proven to be efficient and reliable for genome engineering and have wide potential for use in agriculture. A number of advanced methodologies have been tested in laboratory models and might be considered for application in livestock animals. At the same time, these methods must meet the requirements of safety, efficiency and availability of their application for a wide range of farm animals. This review aims at covering a brief history of livestock animal genome engineering and outlines possible future directions to design optimal and cost-effective tools for transgenesis in farm species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Popova
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.P.); (V.B.)
| | - Victoria Bets
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.P.); (V.B.)
- Center of Technological Excellence, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Kozhevnikova
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.P.); (V.B.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Models of Cognitive and Emotional Disorders, Scientific-Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Nakami WN, Nguhiu-Mwangi J, Kipyegon AN, Ogugo M, Muteti C, Kemp S. Comparative Efficiency for in vitro Transfection of Goat Undifferentiated Spermatogonia Using Lipofectamine Reagents and Electroporation. Stem Cells Cloning 2022; 15:11-20. [PMID: 35592658 PMCID: PMC9113451 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s356588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Spermatogonial stem cells (SSC), also referred to as undifferentiated spermatogonia, are the germline stem cells responsible for continuous spermatogenesis throughout a male’s life. They are, therefore, an ideal target for gene editing. Previously, SSC from animal testis have been isolated and transplanted to homologous recipients resulting in the successful reestablishment of donor-derived spermatogenesis. Methods Enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene transfection into goat SSC was evaluated using liposomal carriers and electroporation. The cells were isolated from the prepubertal Galla goats testis cultured in serum-free defined media and transfected with the eGFP gene. Green fluorescing of SSC colonies indicated transfection. Results The use of lipofectamineTM stem reagent and lipofectamineTM 2000 carriers resulted in more SSC colonies expressing the eGFP gene (25.25% and 22.25%, respectively). Electroporation resulted in 15% ± 0.54 eGFP expressing SSC colonies. Furthermore, cell viability was higher in lipofectamine transfection (55% ± 0.21) as compared to electroporation (38% ± 0.14). Conclusion These results indicated that lipofectamine was more effective in eGFP gene transfer into SSC. The successful transient transfection points to a possibility of transfecting transgenes into male germ cells in genetic engineering programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilkister Nabulindo Nakami
- Livestock Genetics, International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Nguhiu-Mwangi
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ambrose Ng'eno Kipyegon
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Moses Ogugo
- Livestock Genetics, International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charity Muteti
- Livestock Genetics, International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Kemp
- Livestock Genetics, International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
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SLIM microscopy allows for visualization of DNA-containing liposomes designed for sperm-mediated gene transfer in cattle. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:695-703. [PMID: 30539382 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Naked DNA has been shown to bind naturally to the sperm, a method called sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT). Based on these observations, we examined the efficiency of exogenous DNA binding to sperm using liposomes. In this experiment, we analyzed methods to select frozen-thawed bovine sperm, and evaluated the binding of exogenous DNA to those sperm. To determine the optimal selection method, we used Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA). Percoll or Swim-Up were used to select sperm, followed by incubation up to 3 h with the liposome-DNA complexes. The samples were collected after 1 h and after 3 h. We used enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in combination with the liposomes as a marker for exogenous DNA binding. Five treatments per selection method were analyzed: (1) no incubation, no liposomes and no DNA, (2) incubation with no liposomes and no DNA, (3) incubation with liposomes and no DNA, (4) incubation with liposomes and 1 µg of DNA and (5) incubation with liposomes and 10 µg of DNA. The CASA results for total motility and rapid motility were statistically significant (P < 0.01) between the control and the other treatments in the Percoll group as opposed to Swim-Up. Swim-Up was therefore chosen as the optimal selection method. In order to determine if the liposome-DNA complex had bound to sperm, real time PCR was used to detect GFP DNA and images of the sperm were analyzed using the Spatial Light Interference Microscopy (SLIM). SLIM confirmed the presence of liposomes on the sperm head and tail.
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Jafarnejad A, Zandi M, Aminafshar M, Sanjabi MR, Emamjomeh Kashan N. Evaluating bovine sperm transfection using a high-performance polymer reagent and assessing the fertilizing capacity of transfected spermatozoa using an in vitro fertilization technique. Arch Anim Breed 2018. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-61-351-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) has been considered as an innovative
device for transgenesis on a mass scale by taking advantage of live
spermatozoa to transfer exogenous DNA. However, the fertilizing ability of
transfected sperm cells and the poor reproducibility of this method are still
matters of controversy. Hence, the current study was conducted to evaluate
transfecting the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as the source of
exogenous DNA into bovine spermatozoa using a high-performance polymer
reagent as well as assessing the fertilizing capacity of transfected sperm
cells by in vitro fertilization (IVF). In the first experiment, three
different concentrations of rhodamine-labeled DNA and high-performance
polymer transfection reagent, X-tremeGENE HP, were used to transfect bovine
spermatozoa. In the second experiment, IVF and fluorescence microscopy
methods were utilized to assess the fertilizing capacity of sperm cells
carrying exogenous DNA when X-tremeGENE HP was used either alone or with
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment. Findings revealed that at 1 µL
X-tremeGENE HP and 1 µg of DNA concentration, approximately
one-third of total spermatozoa were transfected. However, following IVF and
fluorescence microscopy, no EGFP expression was detected in zygotes and
morula-stage embryos. Results of this study showed that, although X-tremeGENE
HP could transfer EGFP to bovine spermatozoa, transfected sperm cells were
unable to transfer foreign DNA to matured bovine oocytes. Under our
experimental conditions, we hypothesized that the absence of the EGFP
fluorescence signal in embryos could be due to the detrimental effects of
transfection treatments on sperm cells' fertility performance as well as
incompetency of IVF to produce transgenic embryos using transfected sperm
cells.
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Zhang S, Lu F, Liu Q, Liu Y, Guan X, Wei Y, Tan S, Shi D. Efficient generation of sFat-1 transgenic rabbits rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 28:310-8. [PMID: 25027718 DOI: 10.1071/rd13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have their first double bond at the third carbon from the methyl end of the fatty-acid chain and had been proven to be beneficial to human health. However, mammals cannot produce n-3 PUFAs by themselves because they lack the n-3 fatty-acid desaturase (Fat-1) gene. Thus, the possibility of producing sFat-1 transgenic rabbits was explored in this study. The transgenic cassette of pPGK1-sFat-1-CMV-EGFP was constructed and transgenic rabbit embryos were produced by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). When 123 EGFP-positive embryos at the 2-8-cell stage were transplanted into the oviduct of four oestrous-synchronised recipients, two of them became pregnant and gave birth to seven pups. However, transfer of embryos into the uterus of oestrous-synchronised recipients and oviduct or uterus of oocyte donor rabbits did not result in pregnancy. The integration of the sFat-1 gene was confirmed in six of the seven live pups by PCR and Southern blot. The expression of the sFat-1 gene in the six transgenic pups was also detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that transgenic rabbits exhibited an ~15-fold decrease in the ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFAs in muscle compared with wild-type rabbits and non-transgenic rabbits. These results demonstrate that sFat-1 transgenic rabbits can be produced by ICSI and display a low ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Fenghua Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qingyou Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yubing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaomei Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yingming Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shijian Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Deshun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Abstract
In the past few years, new technologies have arisen that enable higher efficiency of gene editing. With the increase ease of using gene editing technologies, it is important to consider the best method for transferring new genetic material to livestock animals. Microinjection is a technique that has proven to be effective in mice but is less efficient in large livestock animals. Over the years, a variety of methods have been used for cloning as well as gene transfer including; nuclear transfer, sperm mediated gene transfer (SMGT), and liposome-mediated DNA transfer. This review looks at the different success rate of these methods and how they have evolved to become more efficient. As well as gene editing technologies, including Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the most recent clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs). Through the advancements in gene-editing technologies, generating transgenic animals is now more accessible and affordable. The goals of producing transgenic animals are to 1) increase our understanding of biology and biomedical science; 2) increase our ability to produce more efficient animals; and 3) produce disease resistant animals. ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPRs combined with gene transfer methods increase the possibility of achieving these goals.
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Key Words
- BLG, β-lactoglobulin
- CRISPR
- CRISPRs, clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats
- EG, embryonic germ
- ES, Embryonic stem
- ESC, Embryonic stem cell
- HDR, homology directed repair
- ICM, inner cell mass
- ICSI, intracytoplasmic sperm injection
- NHEJ, non-homologous end joining
- NT, nuclear transfers
- OBCT, oocyte bisection technique
- PAM, protospacer adjacent motif
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PGCS, primordial germ cells
- RVDs, repeat variable diresidues
- SMGT
- SMGT, sperm mediated gene transfer
- SV40, simian virus 40
- TALEN
- TALENs, transcription activator-like effector nucleases
- ZFN
- ZFN, Zinc-finger nucleases
- gene editing
- gene transfer
- iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cells
- nuclear transfer
- ssODN, single strand oligo nucleotide
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Lotti
- a Department of Animal Sciences , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois , USA
| | - Kathryn M Polkoff
- a Department of Animal Sciences , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois , USA
| | - Marcello Rubessa
- b Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois , Urbana , IL , USA
| | - Matthew B Wheeler
- a Department of Animal Sciences , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois , USA.,b Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois , Urbana , IL , USA
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Song J, Che J, You Z, Ye X, Li J, Ye L, Zhang Y, Qian Q, Zhong B. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/associated proteins system for the induction of gene mutations and phenotypic changes in Bombyx mori. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:1112-1119. [PMID: 27827797 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To probe the general phenomena of gene mutations, Bombyx mori, the lepidopterous model organism, was chosen as the experimental model. To easily detect phenotypic variations, the piggyBac system was utilized to introduce two marker genes into the silkworm, and 23.4% transposition efficiency aided in easily breeding a new strain for the entire experiment. Then, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/an associated protein (Cas9) system was utilized. The results showed that the Cas9 system can induce efficient gene mutations and the base changes could be detected since the G0 individuals in B. mori; and that the mutation rates on different target sites were diverse. Next, the gRNA2-targeted site that generated higher mutation rate was chosen, and the experimental results were enumerated. First, the mutation proportion in G1 generation was 30.1%, and some gene mutations were not inherited from the G0 generation; second, occasionally, base substitutions did not lead to variation in the amino-acid sequence, which decreased the efficiency of phenotypic changes compared with that of genotypic changes. These results laid the foundation for better use of the Cas9 system in silkworm gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Song
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiaqian Che
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhengying You
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaogang Ye
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jisheng Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lupeng Ye
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiujie Qian
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Boxiong Zhong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Sato M, Ohtsuka M, Watanabe S, Gurumurthy CB. Nucleic acids delivery methods for genome editing in zygotes and embryos: the old, the new, and the old-new. Biol Direct 2016; 11:16. [PMID: 27037013 PMCID: PMC4815204 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-016-0115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent years, sequence-specific nucleases such as ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 have revolutionzed the fields of animal genome editing and transgenesis. However, these new techniques require microinjection to deliver nucleic acids into embryos to generate gene-modified animals. Microinjection is a delicate procedure that requires sophisticated equipment and highly trained and experienced technicians. Though over a dozen alternate approaches for nucleic acid delivery into embryos were attempted during the pre-CRISPR era, none of them became routinely used as microinjection. The addition of CRISPR/Cas9 to the genome editing toolbox has propelled the search for novel delivery approaches that can obviate the need for microinjection. Indeed, some groups have recently developed electroporation-based methods that have the potential to radically change animal transgenesis. This review provides an overview of the old and new delivery methods, and discusses various strategies that were attempted during the last three decades. In addition, several of the methods are re-evaluated with respect to their suitability to deliver genome editing components, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, to embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sato
- Section of Gene Expression Regulation, Frontier Science Research Center, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-8544 Japan
| | - Masato Ohtsuka
- Division of Basic Molecular Science and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa, 259 1193 Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Animal Genome Research Unit, Division of Animal Science, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Channabasavaiah B. Gurumurthy
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
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Cossetti C, Lugini L, Astrologo L, Saggio I, Fais S, Spadafora C. Soma-to-germline transmission of RNA in mice xenografted with human tumour cells: possible transport by exosomes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101629. [PMID: 24992257 PMCID: PMC4081593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mendelian laws provide the universal founding paradigm for the mechanism of genetic inheritance through which characters are segregated and assorted. In recent years, however, parallel with the rapid growth of epigenetic studies, cases of inheritance deviating from Mendelian patterns have emerged. Growing studies underscore phenotypic variations and increased risk of pathologies that are transgenerationally inherited in a non-Mendelian fashion in the absence of any classically identifiable mutation or predisposing genetic lesion in the genome of individuals who develop the disease. Non-Mendelian inheritance is most often transmitted through the germline in consequence of primary events occurring in somatic cells, implying soma-to-germline transmission of information. While studies of sperm cells suggest that epigenetic variations can potentially underlie phenotypic alterations across generations, no instance of transmission of DNA- or RNA-mediated information from somatic to germ cells has been reported as yet. To address these issues, we have now generated a mouse model xenografted with human melanoma cells stably expressing EGFP-encoding plasmid. We find that EGFP RNA is released from the xenografted human cells into the bloodstream and eventually in spermatozoa of the mice. Tumor-released EGFP RNA is associated with an extracellular fraction processed for exosome purification and expressing exosomal markers, in all steps of the process, from the xenografted cancer cells to the spermatozoa of the recipient animals, strongly suggesting that exosomes are the carriers of a flow of information from somatic cells to gametes. Together, these results indicate that somatic RNA is transferred to sperm cells, which can therefore act as the final recipients of somatic cell-derived information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luana Lugini
- Unit of Antitumor Drugs, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Letizia Astrologo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Saggio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fais
- Unit of Antitumor Drugs, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Chen X, Zhang Z, Chang X, Niu Y, Cui H. Production of transgenic mice expressing tumor virus A under ovarian‑specific promoter 1 control using testis‑mediated gene transfer. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:955-60. [PMID: 24366307 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to produce transgenic mice expressing tumor virus A (TVA) in the ovary under ovarian specific promoter 1 (OSP1) control. A transgenic mouse model was established in which TVA, an avian retroviral receptor gene driven by OSP1, was selectively expressed in the ovary. A recombinant plasmid containing TVA cDNA and an OSP1 promoter was constructed. The DNA fragment was repeatedly injected into male mouse testes at multiple sites. At 4‑7, 7‑10 and 10‑13 weeks following the final injection, two DNA‑injected male mice were mated with four wild‑type female mice to produce transgenic mice. The transgenic positive rate in mouse F1 offspring was 39.69%. When the positive F1 individuals were mated with wild‑type Imprinting Control Region mice (PxW) or with positive F1 individuals (PxP), the F2 individuals had a transgenic rate of 12.44%. The transgenic rates in the F1 offspring, produced following mating at the three time intervals, were 55.71 (39/70), 30.77 (4/13) and 18.75% (9/48), respectively. The transgenic rates of the F2 offspring decreased with the age of the F1 offspring, from 26.67% when PxP were mated at 6‑8 weeks of age to 6.52% when PxW were mated at 5‑6 months of age. The results indicate a high efficiency of gene transfer to F1 offspring using testis‑mediated gene transfer (TMGT). The transgenic rate in the F2 offspring was lower than that in the F1 offspring. The results reveal that TMGT is suitable for creating transgenic animals among F1 offspring. Semi‑quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results showed that TVA was expressed in the mice ovaries. The results demonstrate the importance of using the replication‑competent avian sarcoma‑leukosis virus long terminal repeat with a splice acceptor‑TVA system in ovarian tumorigenesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Chen
- Gynecologic Oncology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Zujuan Zhang
- Gynecologic Oncology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Chang
- Gynecologic Oncology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Yidong Niu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Heng Cui
- Gynecologic Oncology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gahan
- Anatomy & Human Sciences; King's College London; London Bridge London SE1 1UL UK
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12
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Abstract
This article summarizes the current literature regarding azoospermia caused by spermatogenic failure. The causes and genetic contributions to spermatogenic failure are reviewed. Medical therapies including use of hormonal manipulation, whether guided by a specific abnormality or empiric, to induce spermatogenesis are discussed. The role of surgical therapy, including a discussion of varicocelectomy in men with spermatogenic failure, as well as an in-depth review of surgical sperm retrieval with testicular sperm extraction and microdissection testicular sperm extraction, is provided. Finally, future directions of treatment for men with spermatogenic failure are discussed, namely, stem cell and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boback M Berookhim
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA; Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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13
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Smith KR, Chan S, Harris J. Human germline genetic modification: scientific and bioethical perspectives. Arch Med Res 2012; 43:491-513. [PMID: 23072719 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The latest mammalian genetic modification technology offers efficient and reliable targeting of genomic sequences, in the guise of designer genetic recombination tools. These and other improvements in genetic engineering technology suggest that human germline genetic modification (HGGM) will become a safe and effective prospect in the relatively near future. Several substantive ethical objections have been raised against HGGM including claims of unacceptably high levels of risk, damage to the status of future persons, and violations of justice and autonomy. This paper critically reviews the latest GM science and discusses the key ethical objections to HGGM. We conclude that major benefits are likely to accrue through the use of safe and effective HGGM and that it would thus be unethical to take a precautionary stance against HGGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Smith
- School of Contemporary Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
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Chen Y, Niu Y, Ji W. Transgenic nonhuman primate models for human diseases: approaches and contributing factors. J Genet Genomics 2012; 39:247-51. [PMID: 22749011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) provide powerful experimental models to study human development, cognitive functions and disturbances as well as complex behavior, because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans. Therefore, NHPs are appropriate models for the study of human diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases, which occur as a result of genetic mutations. However, such diseases afflicting humans do not occur naturally in NHPs. So transgenic NHPs need to be established to understand the etiology of disease pathology and pathogenesis. Compared to rodent genetic models, the generation of transgenic NHPs for human diseases is inefficient, and only a transgenic monkey model for Huntington's disease has been reported. This review focuses on potential approaches and contributing factors for generating transgenic NHPs to study human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming 650500, China
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15
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Zhang Z, Wang GL, Li HX, Li L, Cui QW, Wei CB, Zhou F. Regulation of fertilization in male rats by CatSper2 knockdown. Asian J Androl 2011; 14:301-9. [PMID: 22002435 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in ion channels as drug targets for contraception has grown with the realization that certain ion channel subunits are located exclusively in sperm. Selective knockdown of ion channel subunits can lead to infertility without ill effects, and selective inhibitors and/or openers of these ion channels could interfere with sperm function. In this study, in vivo electroporation (EP) and rete testis microinjection-mediated plasmid DNA were adopted to silence CatSper2 expression, which is essential in sperm hyperactivation. The results showed that high transfection efficiency and expression were achieved by plasmid DNA that was directly injected into the rete testis. As a result of the expression of CatSper2 being blocked, the treatment group showed significantly lower (P<0.05) hyperactivation rate, fertilization rate in vitro, migration motility in viscoelastic solution and intracellular Ca(2+) peak. The low hyperactivation and fertilization rates lasted for 60 days. Meanwhile, analysis of the sperm survival rate and testis histology indicated that in vivo EP had no significant effect on the function of the testis, spermatogenesis or sperm activity. The present study demonstrated that it was feasible to achieve male contraception by silencing the expression of CatSper2, the key protein involved in sperm hyperactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Abstract
Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have revolutionized the treatment of infertility. However, many types of infertility may still not be addressable by ART. With recent successes in identifying many of the genetic factors responsible for male infertility and the future prospect of whole individual human genome sequencing to identify disease causing genes, the possible use of gene therapy for treating infertility deserves serious consideration. Gene therapy in the sperm and testis offers both opportunities and obstacles. The opportunities stem from the fact that numerous different approaches have been developed for introducing transgenes into the sperm and testis, mainly because of the interest in using sperm mediated gene transfer and testis mediated gene transfer as ways to generate transgenic animals. The obstacles arise from the fact that it may be very difficult to carry out gene therapy of the testis and sperm without also affecting the germline. Here we consider new developments in both sperm and testis mediated gene transfer, including the use of viral vectors, as well as the technical and ethical challenges facing those who would seek to use these approaches for gene therapy as a way to treat male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Parrington
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Canovas S, Gutierrez-Adan A, Gadea J. Effect of exogenous DNA on bovine sperm functionality using the sperm mediated gene transfer (SMGT) technique. Mol Reprod Dev 2010; 77:687-98. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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