1
|
Hammami I, Amdouni Y, Romdhane R, Sassi L, Farhat N, Rekik M, Gharbi M. Prevalence of Fasciola hepatica infection in slaughtered sheep from Northwest Tunisia and its risk factors: Association with gastrointestinal helminths infection and anaemia. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1575. [PMID: 39189869 PMCID: PMC11348504 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated herein the prevalence of Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep at Sejnane slaughterhouse, governorate of Bizerte, Northwest of Tunisia, using three different diagnostic techniques (liver dissection, bile examination, and coprology). Faeces, liver, gall bladder as well as blood samples were collected from 603 slaughtered sheep in two seasons: winter and summer. Faecal egg counts of F. hepatica were estimated using sedimentation technique. Livers were examined for the presence of flukes, and bile collected from gall bladder was examined by sedimentation technique for the presence of F. hepatica eggs. Faecal egg counts of gastrointestinal helminths were estimated using flotation followed by the McMaster technique. Blood samples were used to estimate blood cell count (RBC) (×106/mL), haemoglobin (Hb) (g/dL), and haematocrit (Ht) (%) levels. A total of 1714 F. hepatica flukes were collected from 68 infected livers, the number of flukes per sheep ranged between naught and 195. Bile examination (16.78% ± 1.83; 51/310) showed the higher infection prevalence, followed by liver dissection (11.28% ± 1.17; 68/603) and coprology (9.12% ± 1.08; 55/603) (p = 0.015). Infection prevalences were significantly higher in young sheep aged of less than 1 year (8.13% ± 1.22; 49/498), in cross-bred sheep (10.61% ± 1.39%; 64/478), and in summer (7.13% ± 1.82; 43/293) (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in infection prevalence by gastrointestinal helminths in F. hepatica-infected and F. hepatica-non-infected animals (p > 0.05). The overall prevalence of F. hepatica-infected anaemic sheep was higher (22.73% ± 4.47; 20/88) than F. hepatica-non-infected anaemic sheep (p < 0.05). Fasciola hepatica infection is frequent in sheep from Sejnane representing hence an important constraint for the development of the sheep industry in this region. Therefore, it is necessary to establish and implement a specific control programme to reduce fasciolosis infection risks including animal owners' education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Hammami
- Laboratoire de ParasitologieUniv ManoubaÉcole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi ThabetTunisia
- Faculty of Sciences of TunisUniversity of Tunis El ManarManar II TunisTunisia
| | - Yosra Amdouni
- Laboratoire de ParasitologieUniv ManoubaÉcole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi ThabetTunisia
| | - Rihab Romdhane
- Laboratoire de ParasitologieUniv ManoubaÉcole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi ThabetTunisia
| | - Limam Sassi
- Laboratoire de ParasitologieUniv ManoubaÉcole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi ThabetTunisia
| | - Nadia Farhat
- Circonscription de la production animaleBizerteTunisia
| | - Mourad Rekik
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)ArianaJordan
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratoire de ParasitologieUniv ManoubaÉcole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi ThabetTunisia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bargues MD, Artigas P, Varghese GM, John TJ, Ajjampur SS, Ahasan SA, Chowdhury EH, Gabrielli AF, Mas-Coma S. Human fascioliasis emergence in southern Asia: Complete nuclear rDNA spacer and mtDNA gene sequences prove Indian patient infection related to fluke hybridization in northeastern India and Bangladesh. One Health 2024; 18:100675. [PMID: 39010966 PMCID: PMC11247271 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a snail-borne zoonotic disease with impact on the development of human subjects and communities. It is caused by two liver-infecting fasciolid trematode species, the globally-distributed Fasciola hepatica and the Africa/Asia-restricted but more pathogenic, larger F. gigantica. Fasciola gigantica is the cause of endemicity in livestock throughout the warm lowlands from Pakistan to southeastern Asia since old times. Human fascioliasis is emerging in this region at present, with an increase of patient reports. Complete sequences of rDNA ITS-1 and ITS-2 spacers and mtDNA nad1 and cox1 genes were obtained from fasciolid eggs found in the endoscopic bile aspirate from a patient of Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. Egg measurements, pronounced ITS heterozygosity, and pure F. gigantica mtDNA haplotypes demonstrate an infection by a recent F. gigantica-like hybrid. Sequence identities and similarities with the same DNA markers found in livestock from Bangladesh prove the human-infecting fasciolid to present identical ITSs and nad1 haplotypes and only one silent transversion in cox1 when compared to a widely-spread combined haplotype in animals. In northeastern India and Bangladesh, human fascioliasis emergence appears linked to increasing livestock prevalences due to: ruminant importation from other countries because of the increasing demand of rapidly growing human populations; numerous livestock movements, including transborder corridors, due to the uncontrolled small-scale household farming practices; and man-made introduction of F. hepatica with imported livestock into an area originally endemic for F. gigantica leading to frequent hybridization. Sequences, phylogenetic trees, and networks indicate that the origins of intermediate/hybrid fasciolids and factors underlying human infection risk differ in eastern and western South Asia. The emergence scenario in southern China and Vietnam resembles the aforementioned of northeastern India and Bangladesh, whereas in Pakistan it is linked to increasing monsoon rainfall within climate change combined with an impact of an extensive irrigation system. Past human-guided movements of pack animals along the western Grand Trunk Road and the eastern Tea-Horse Road explain the F. gigantica mtDNA results obtained. Physicians should be aware about these emerging scenarios, clinical pictures, diagnostic techniques and treatment. Government authorities must appropriately warn health professionals, ensure drug availability and improve livestock control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - George M. Varghese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004, India
| | - T. Jacob John
- Department of Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004, India
| | - Sitara S.R. Ajjampur
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004, India
| | - Syed Ali Ahasan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh and Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh and Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Albis Francesco Gabrielli
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme (NTD), World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Galavani H, Haniloo A, Raeghi S, Ghatee MA, Karamian M. Bioclimatic analysis and spatial distribution of fascioliasis causative agents by assessment of Lymnaeidae snails in northwestern provinces of Iran. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:244. [PMID: 38822348 PMCID: PMC11143584 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snails of the Lymnaeidae family are the intermediate hosts of Fasciola species, the causative agents of fascioliasis. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of Fasciola species in lymnaeid snails and to investigate the association of geoclimatic factors and Fasciola species distribution in northwestern provinces of Iran using geographical information system (GIS) data. METHODS A total of 2000 lymnaeid snails were collected from 33 permanent and seasonal habitats in northwestern Iran during the period from June to November 2021. After identification by standard morphological keys, they were subjected to shedding and crushing methods. Different stages of Fasciola obtained from these snails were subjected to the ITS1 polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method for species identification. The associations of weather temperature, rainfall, humidity, evaporation, air pressure, wind speed, elevation, and land cover with the distribution of Fasciola species were investigated. Geographical and statistical analysis was performed using ArcMap and SPSS software, respectively, to determine factors related to Fasciola species distribution. RESULTS Of the 2000 snails collected, 19 were infected with Fasciola hepatica (0.09%), six with F. gigantica (0.03%), and 13 with other trematodes. Among geoclimatic and environmental factors, mean humidity, maximum humidity, and wind speed were significantly higher in areas where F. hepatica was more common than F. gigantica. The altitude of F. hepatica-prevalent areas was generally lower than F. gigantica areas. No significant relationship was observed between other investigated geoclimatic factors and the distribution of infected snails. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed the relationship of humidity and wind speed with the distribution of snails infected with F. hepatica or F. gigantica in the northwestern regions of Iran. In contrast to F. gigantica, F. hepatica was more prevalent in low-altitude areas. Further research is recommended to elucidate the relationship between geoclimatic factors and the presence of intermediate hosts of the two Fasciola species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Galavani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Haniloo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Saber Raeghi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Ghatee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Karamian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Duan J, Zhang N, Liu S, Li J, Gong P, Wang X, Li X, Zhang X, Tang B, Zhang X. The Detection of Circulating Antigen Glutathione S-Transferase in Sheep Infected with Fasciola hepatica with Double-Antibody Sandwich Signal Amplification Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:506. [PMID: 38338149 PMCID: PMC10854876 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a global zoonotic parasitic disease caused by F. hepatica infection that is particularly harmful to cattle and sheep. A biotin-streptavidin signal amplification ELISA (streptavidin-ELISA/SA-ELISA) based on circulating antigens can allow for the early detection of F. hepatica-infected animals and is suitable for batch detection. It is considered to be a better means of detecting F. hepatica infection than traditional detection methods. In this study, using the serum of sheep artificially infected with F. hepatica, the cDNA expression library of F. hepatica was screened, 17 immunodominant antigen genes of F. hepatica were obtained, and glutathione s-transferase (GST) was selected as the candidate detection antigen. Firstly, the GST cDNA sequence was amplified from F. hepatica, followed by the preparation of recombinant protein GST (rFhGST). Then, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against rFhGST were prepared using the GST protein. Afterward, the immunolocalization of the target protein in the worm was observed via confocal microscopy, and it was found that the GST protein was localized in the uterus, intestinal tract, and body surface of F. hepatica. Finally, a double-antibody sandwich SA-ELISA based on the detection of circulating antigens was established. There was no cross-reaction with positive sera infected with Dicrocoelium lanceatum (D. lanceatum), Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus), Neospora caninum (N. caninum), or Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum). Forty serum and fecal samples from the same batch of sheep in Nong'an County, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China were analyzed using the established detection method and fecal detection method. The positive rate of the SA-ELISA was 17.5%, and the positive rate of the fecal detection method was 15%. The detection results of this method were 100% consistent with commercial ELISA kits. A total of 152 sheep serum samples were tested in Nong'an County, Changchun City, Jilin Province, and the positive rate was 5.92%. This study laid the foundation for the development of serological detection preparations for F. hepatica infection based on the detection of circulating antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (J.D.); (N.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Xichen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (J.D.); (N.Z.); (X.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mas-Coma S, Valero MA, Bargues MD. Fascioliasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:157-201. [PMID: 39008266 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mª Adela Valero
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mª Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mowlavi G, Bargues MD, Najafi F, Naddaf SR, Salehabadi A, Vejdan AK, Salimi M, Fadavi A, Arab-Mazar Z, Mas-Coma S. Fasciola Infection Unexpectedly Found During Cholecystectomy: Review on How to Avoid Increasing Surgery Interventions in Non-human Endemic Areas. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:891-902. [PMID: 37934346 PMCID: PMC10665236 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fascioliasis is caused by Fasciola hepatica of almost worldwide distribution and F. gigantica in wide regions of Asia and Africa. Their adult stage develops in the biliary canals and gallbladder. Infection follows an initial, 3-4 month long invasive, migratory or acute phase, and a several year-long biliary, chronic or obstructive phase. METHODS The unexpected finding of a fasciolid inside the gallbladder during a cholecystectomy for obstructive lithiasis suspicion in a patient is reported from an area of Iran where human infection had been never reported before and studies on fascioliasis in livestock are absent. RESULTS The fluke obtained was phenotypically classified as F. hepatica by morphometry and genotypically as F. gigantica by mtDNA cox1 fragment sequencing, although with F. hepatica scattered mutations in species-differing nucleotide positions. The clinical, radiological, and biological signs observed at the acute and chronic phases often lead to some misdiagnosis. Serological methods may be useful in cases of negative coprology. Diagnostic techniques with insufficient resolution leading to unnecessary invasive interventions are analyzed. The way to avoid unnecessary surgery is described, including analyses to be made, diagnostic tools to be used, and aspects to be considered. CONCLUSION Reaching a correct diagnosis in the confusing presentations avoids procedure delays and unnecessary surgery. A correct drug treatment may be sufficient. Except in extreme pathological presentations, lesions decrease in number and size and finally disappear or calcify after a successful treatment. Finally, the need to increase awareness of physicians about fascioliasis is highlighted, mainly in non-human endemic areas.
Collapse
Grants
- PI16/00520 Subprograma Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento de la Acción Estratégica en Salud (AES), Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación y Fondos FEDER, ISCIII-MINECO, Madrid, Spain;
- PROMETEO 2016/099 Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Ciencia, Generalitat Valenciana
- 2021/004 Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Ciencia, Generalitat Valenciana
- RD16/0027/0023 Red de Investigación de Centros de Enfermedades Tropicales - RICET, Ministry of Health and Consumption, Madrid
- CB21/13/00056 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas (ES)
- Red de Investigación de Centros de Enfermedades Tropicales – RICET, Ministry of Health and Consumption, Madrid
- Universitat de Valencia
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Mowlavi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - María Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIII, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Faezeh Najafi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saied Reza Naddaf
- Department of Parasitology, Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Salehabadi
- Department of Microbiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Amir Kazem Vejdan
- Department of General Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Salimi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Fadavi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Arab-Mazar
- Department of Microbiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIII, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Geographical Influence on Morphometric Variability of Genetically “Pure” Schistosoma haematobium Eggs from Sub-Saharan Migrants in Spain. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8030144. [PMID: 36977146 PMCID: PMC10054267 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosome eggs play a key role in schistosomiasis diagnosis and research. The aim of this work is to morphogenetically study the eggs of Schistosoma haematobium found in sub-Saharan migrants present in Spain, analyzing their morphometric variation in relation to the geographical origin of the parasite (Mali, Mauritania and Senegal). Only eggs considered “pure” S. haematobium by genetic characterization (rDNA ITS-2 and mtDNA cox1) have been used. A total of 162 eggs obtained from 20 migrants from Mali, Mauritania and Senegal were included in the study. Analyses were made by the Computer Image Analysis System (CIAS). Following a previously standardized methodology, seventeen measurements were carried out on each egg. The morphometric analysis of the three morphotypes detected (round, elongated and spindle) and the biometric variations in relation to the country of origin of the parasite on the egg phenotype were carried out by canonical variate analysis. Mahalanobis distances, when all egg measurements were analyzed, showed differences between: (i) Mali-Mauritania, Mali-Senegal and Mauritania-Senegal in the round morphotype; (ii) Mali-Mauritania and Mauritania-Senegal in the elongated morphotype; and (iii) Mauritania-Senegal in the spindle morphotype. Mahalanobis distances, when spine variables were analyzed, showed differences between Mali-Senegal in the round morphotype. In conclusion, this is the first phenotypic study performed on individually genotyped “pure” S. haematobium eggs, allowing the assessment of the intraspecific morphological variations associated with the geographical origin of the schistosome eggs.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mas-Coma S, Valero MA, Bargues MD. Human and Animal Fascioliasis: Origins and Worldwide Evolving Scenario. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0008819. [PMID: 36468877 PMCID: PMC9769525 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00088-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a plant- and waterborne zoonotic parasitic disease caused by two trematode species: (i) Fasciola hepatica in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Oceania and (ii) F. gigantica, which is restricted to Africa and Asia. Fasciolid liver flukes infect mainly herbivores as ruminants, equids, and camelids but also omnivore mammals as humans and swine and are transmitted by freshwater Lymnaeidae snail vectors. Two phases may be distinguished in fasciolid evolution. The long predomestication period includes the F. gigantica origin in east-southern Africa around the mid-Miocene, the F. hepatica origin in the Near-Middle East of Asia around the latest Miocene to Early Pliocene, and their subsequent local spread. The short postdomestication period includes the worldwide spread by human-guided movements of animals in the last 12,000 years and the more recent transoceanic anthropogenic introductions of F. hepatica into the Americas and Oceania and of F. gigantica into several large islands of the Pacific with ships transporting livestock in the last 500 years. The routes and chronology of the spreading waves followed by both fasciolids into the five continents are redefined on the basis of recently generated knowledge of human-guided movements of domesticated hosts. No local, zonal, or regional situation showing disagreement with historical records was found, although in a few world zones the available knowledge is still insufficient. The anthropogenically accelerated evolution of fasciolids allows us to call them "peridomestic endoparasites." The multidisciplinary implications for crucial aspects of the disease should therefore lead the present baseline update to be taken into account in future research studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIII, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Identification of new polymorphic positions in rDNA sequences of the “intermediate” Fasciola forms. Parasitol Int 2022; 88:102555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
10
|
Buffalo Infection by Fasciola gigantica Transmitted by Radix acuminata in Uttar Pradesh, India: A Molecular Tool to Improve Snail Vector Epidemiology Assessments and Control Surveillance. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:1396-1405. [PMID: 34019279 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fascioliasis is caused by Fasciola species transmitted by freshwater Lymnaeidae snails and infecting herbivorous mammals and humans worldwide. In southern Asia, fascioliasis is a problem in livestock from the Near East to Bangladesh, where recent human infection reports are worrying. In this region, Fasciola gigantica is transmitted by species of the Radix auricularia superspecies group. In the densely populated northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, livestock appears infected throughout. The economic importance of buffaloes highlights the need to control their very high infection rates. METHODS In the Gorakhpur area, a molecular method based on the two specific primer sets of genomic DNA was applied to fasciolids from buffaloes slaughtered in local abattoirs and cercariae from R. acuminata snails from freshwater collections. RESULTS PCR products and sequences demonstrated that the cercariae belonged to F. gigantica and that R. acuminata acts as vector for its transmission to buffaloes. The 72.0% rate found in one transmission focus appears to be the highest worldwide record of fasciolid infection in a lymnaeid population. Lymnaeid prevalences and burdens found close to human communities indicate a very high infection risk. CONCLUSION This method is simple, fast and cheap because there is no need for sequencing, it differentiates between fasciolid species and between fasciolids and other trematodes infecting R. acuminata, facilitates epidemiological surveys, and is useful for surveillance to evaluate the efficiency of control measures. Within climate change predictions, future increases of rain events and floods suggest the need for control and surveillance efforts in this endemic area.
Collapse
|
11
|
Reguera-Gomez M, Valero MA, Oliver-Chiva MC, de Elias-Escribano A, Artigas P, Cabeza-Barrera MI, Salas-Coronas J, Boissier J, Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD. First morphogenetic analysis of parasite eggs from Schistosomiasis haematobium infected sub-Saharan migrants in Spain and proposal for a new standardised study methodology. Acta Trop 2021; 223:106075. [PMID: 34358512 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a Neglected Tropical Disease caused by trematode species of the genus Schistosoma. Both, autochthonous and imported cases of urogenital schistosomiasis have been described in Europe. The present study focuses on eggs, considered pure S. haematobium by genetic characterisation (intergenic ITS region of the rDNA and cox1 mtDNA). A phenotypic characterisation of S. haematobium eggs was made by morphometric comparison with experimental populations of S. bovis and S. mansoni, to help in the diagnosis of S. haematobium populations infecting sub-Saharan migrants in Spain. Analyses were made by Computer Image Analysis System (CIAS) applied on the basis of new standardised measurements and geometric morphometric tools. The principal component analysis (PCA), including seventeen non-redundant measurements, showed three phenotypic patterns in eggs of S. haematobium, S. bovis and S. mansoni. PCA showed that the S. bovis population presented a large egg size range with a pronouncedly larger maximum size. Similarly, S. bovis shows bigger spine values than S. haematobium. Mahalanobis distances between each pair of groups were calculated for each discriminant analysis performed. In general, S. mansoni and S. bovis present larger distances between them than with S. haematobium, i.e. they present the greatest differences. Regarding the spine, S. haematobium and S. mansoni are the most distant species. Results show the usefulness of this methodology for the phenotypic differentiation between eggs from these Schistosoma species, capable of discerning morphologically close eggs, as is the case of the haematobium group. Schistosoma egg phenotyping approaches may be applied to assess not only hybrid forms but also potential influences of a variety of other factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Reguera-Gomez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - M Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Oliver-Chiva
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandra de Elias-Escribano
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | | - Jérôme Boissier
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - M Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
DNA Multi-Marker Genotyping and CIAS Morphometric Phenotyping of Fasciola gigantica-Sized Flukes from Ecuador, with an Analysis of the Radix Absence in the New World and the Evolutionary Lymnaeid Snail Vector Filter. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092495. [PMID: 34573461 PMCID: PMC8472080 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fasciolid flukes collected from sheep and cattle in Ecuador showed a high diversity in DNA sequences whose analyses indicated introductions from South America, European and North American countries. These results agree with the numerous livestock importations performed by Ecuador. Abnormally big-sized liver flukes were found in Ecuadorian sheep. The morphometric phenotypic CIAS study showed that its size maximum and mean very pronouncedly and significantly surpassed those of the Fasciola hepatica populations from South America and Spain and proved to be intermediate between standard F. hepatica and F. gigantica populations. Such a feature is only known in intermediate fasciolid forms in Old World areas where the two species and their specific lymnaeid snail vectors overlap. This argues about a past hybridization after F. gigantica importation from Pakistan and/or introduction of intermediate hybrids previously generated in USA. The lack of heterozygotic rDNA ITS positions differentiating the two species, and of introgressed fragments and heteroplasmic positions in mtDNA genes, indicate a post-hybridization period sufficiently long as for rDNA concerted evolution to complete homogenization and mtDNA to return to homoplasmy. The vector specificity filter due to Radix absence should act as a driving force in accelerating such lineage evolution. Public health implications are finally emphasized. Abstract Fascioliasis is a disease caused by Fasciola hepatica worldwide transmitted by lymnaeid snails mainly of the Galba/Fossaria group and F. gigantica restricted to parts of Africa and Asia and transmitted by Radix lymnaeids. Concern has recently risen regarding the high pathogenicity and human infection capacity of F. gigantica. Abnormally big-sized fasciolids were found infecting sheep in Ecuador, the only South American country where F. gigantica has been reported. Their phenotypic comparison with F. hepatica infecting sheep from Peru, Bolivia and Spain, and F. gigantica from Egypt and Vietnam demonstrated the Ecuadorian fasciolids to have size-linked parameters of F. gigantica. Genotyping of these big-sized fasciolids by rDNA ITS-2 and ITS-1 and mtDNA cox1 and nad1 and their comparison with other countries proved the big-sized fasciolids to belong to F. hepatica. Neither heterozygotic ITS position differentiated the two species, and no introgressed fragments and heteroplasmic positions in mtDNA were found. The haplotype diversity indicates introductions mainly from other South American countries, Europe and North America. Big-sized fasciolids from Ecuador and USA are considered to be consequences of F.gigantica introductions by past livestock importations. The vector specificity filter due to Radix absence should act as driving force in the evolution in such lineages.
Collapse
|
13
|
Rehman ZU, Martin K, Zahid O, Ali Q, Rashid I, Hafeez MA, Ahmad N, Ashraf K, Betson M, Sargison ND, Chaudhry U. High-throughput sequencing of Fasciola spp. shows co-infection and intermediate forms in Balochistan, but only Fasciola gigantica in the Punjab province of Pakistan. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 94:105012. [PMID: 34302994 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica are digenetic trematodes causing fasciolosis in ruminants. The host and geographical distribution of both Fasciola species are influenced by environmental and climatic conditions favouring survival and development of free-living stages and intermediate hosts, and livestock management practices. The aim of the present study was to describe the host distribution of the two Fasciola species in buffalo, cattle, goats, and sheep in the Balochistan and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. 359 flukes were collected from a total of 32 livers from the four livestock species. Deep amplicon sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region 2 of ribosomal DNA (rDNA ITS-2) and mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase 1 (mtDNA ND-1) loci confirmed co-infection of F. hepatica and F. gigantica in Balochistan and single species F. gigantica infection in Punjab. In Balochistan, co-infections and hybrids of both Fasciola species were identified in cattle, with more F. hepatica detected than F. gigantica. However, F. hepatica was the only species identified in goats, and F. gigantica was the only species identified in buffalo. In Punjab, all flukes were confirmed as F. gigantica in each of the four livestock species. Overall, the results indicate differences in the host and geographical distribution of F. gigantica and F. hepatica, and provide useful knowledge for the development of control strategies for livestock and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ur Rehman
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Kirsty Martin
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - Osama Zahid
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - Qasim Ali
- Department of Parasitology, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtoon Khah, Pakistan
| | - Imran Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Mian Abdul Hafeez
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ahmad
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Ashraf
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Martha Betson
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Neil D Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan; Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Giovanoli Evack J, Schmidt RS, Boltryk SD, Voss TS, Batil AA, Ngandolo BN, Greter H, Utzinger J, Zinsstag J, Balmer O. Molecular Confirmation of a Fasciola gigantica × Fasciola hepatica Hybrid in a Chadian Bovine. J Parasitol 2020; 106:316-322. [PMID: 32330281 DOI: 10.1645/19-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a zoonotic infection of humans and, more commonly, ruminants. It is caused by 2 liver fluke species, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, which differ in size. The traditional morphological methods used to distinguish the 2 species can be unreliable, particularly in the presence of hybrids between the 2 species. The development of advanced molecular methods has allowed for more definitive identification of Fasciola species, including their hybrids. Hybrids are of concern, as it is thought that they could acquire advantageous traits such as increased pathogenicity and host range. In 2013, we collected flukes from Fasciola-positive cattle, sheep, and goats slaughtered in 4 Chadian abattoirs. DNA from 27 flukes was extracted, amplified, and analyzed to identify species using the ITS1+2 locus. Twenty-six of the 27 flukes were identified as F. gigantica, while the remaining fluke showed heterozygosity at all variable sites that distinguish F. hepatica and F. gigantica. Cloning and sequencing of both alleles confirmed the presence of 1 F. hepatica and 1 F. gigantica allele. To our knowledge, this is the first unambiguous, molecular demonstration of the presence of such a hybrid in a bovine in sub-Saharan Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Giovanoli Evack
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Remo S Schmidt
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sylwia D Boltryk
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Till S Voss
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annour A Batil
- Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement, Boîte Postale 473, N'Djamena, Chad
| | - Bongo N Ngandolo
- Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement, Boîte Postale 473, N'Djamena, Chad
| | - Helena Greter
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Balmer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Howell AK, Williams DJL. The Epidemiology and Control of Liver Flukes in Cattle and Sheep. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:109-123. [PMID: 32029178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica, and Fascioloides magna are liver flukes causing disease in cattle and sheep. Damage to the liver due to F hepatica and F gigantica results in clinical disease and/or production losses. F magna seems to have little effect in cattle but causes high mortality in sheep. The fluke life cycle involves an aquatic or amphibious snail intermediate host and thus requires suitable moisture and temperature conditions. F magna requires the presence of deer. Drug treatment is the mainstay of control and needs to be applied considering the life cycle and epidemiology of the parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Howell
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Diana J L Williams
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sumruayphol S, Siribat P, Dujardin JP, Dujardin S, Komalamisra C, Thaenkham U. Fasciola gigantica, F. hepatica and Fasciola intermediate forms: geometric morphometrics and an artificial neural network to help morphological identification. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8597. [PMID: 32117632 PMCID: PMC7034386 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica cause fascioliasis in both humans and livestock. Some adult specimens of Fasciola sp. referred to as “intermediate forms” based on their genetic traits, are also frequently reported. Simple morphological criteria are unreliable for their specific identification. In previous studies, promising phenotypic identification scores were obtained using morphometrics based on linear measurements (distances, angles, curves) between anatomical features. Such an approach is commonly termed “traditional” morphometrics, as opposed to “modern” morphometrics, which is based on the coordinates of anatomical points. Methods Here, we explored the possible improvements that modern methods of morphometrics, including landmark-based and outline-based approaches, could bring to solving the problem of the non-molecular identification of these parasites. F. gigantica and Fasciola intermediate forms suitable for morphometric characterization were selected from Thai strains following their molecular identification. Specimens of F. hepatica were obtained from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (UK). Using these three taxa, we tested the taxonomic signal embedded in traditional linear measurements versus the coordinates of anatomical points (landmark- and outline-based approaches). Various statistical techniques of validated reclassification were used, based on either the shortest Mahalanobis distance, the maximum likelihood, or the artificial neural network method. Results Our results revealed that both traditional and modern morphometric approaches can help in the morphological identification of Fasciola sp. We showed that the accuracy of the traditional approach could be improved by selecting a subset of characters among the most contributive ones. The influence of size on discrimination by shape was much more important in traditional than in modern analyses. In our study, the modern approach provided different results according to the type of data: satisfactory when using pseudolandmarks (outlines), less satisfactory when using landmarks. The different reclassification methods provided approximately similar scores, with a special mention to the neural network, which allowed improvements in accuracy by combining data from both morphometric approaches. Conclusion We conclude that morphometrics, whether traditional or modern, represent a valuable tool to assist in Fasciola species recognition. The general level of accuracy is comparable among the various methods, but their demands on skills and time differ. Based on the outline method, our study could provide the first description of the shape differences between species, highlighting the more globular contours of the intermediate forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suchada Sumruayphol
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Praphaiphat Siribat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sébastien Dujardin
- IRD, UMR, INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Chalit Komalamisra
- Mahidol-Bangkok School of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Urusa Thaenkham
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Amor N, Farjallah S, Merella P, Alagaili AN, Mohammed OB. Multilocus approach reveals discordant molecular markers and corridors for gene flow between North African populations of Fasciola hepatica. Vet Parasitol 2020; 278:109035. [PMID: 32014829 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a foodborne trematodosis characterised by a worldwide distribution. Various approaches have been developed for the study of the causative agents of this parasitic infection: Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica and the aspermic intermediated forms (hybrid and introgressed). In the present study, novel and common molecular markers (pepck and pold, ITS, CO1, ND1 and CO1-trnT-rrnL) were used to characterise Fasciola flukes from the Tunisian-Algerian border, to estimate the gene flow between these populations and to evaluate the reliability of different molecular markers. All nuclear and mitochondrial markers, apart from pepck, supported the monophyly of the studied flukes identified as F. hepatica. Multiplex PCR for pepck revealed three different genotypes corresponding to F. hepatica (pepck-Fh), F. gigantica (pepck-Fg) and the aspermic Fasciola flukes (pepck-Fh/Fg). Sequence analysis of pepck revealed high polymorphism, length variation, within this intronic marker. The observed inconsistencies were due to the position of the forward primer within the intronic region. Pepck sequences showed different level of heterozygosity and homozygosity with length polymorphisms in the introns. Pepck multiplex PCR patterns could not differentiate between Fasciola species. All studies based on only pepck multiplex PCR with mitochondrial markers should be revised. Nuclear and mitochondrial markers revealed an important gene flow between Tunisian and Algerian populations of F. hepatica. The combination of nuclear and mitochondrial sequence analysis is still the best method to distinguish these taxa. Effective measures are needed in order to better control cross-country illegal trade of vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Amor
- KSU Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Biodiversity, Parasitology & Aquatic Ecosystems (LR18ES05) Tunis El Manar University, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Sarra Farjallah
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Parasitology & Aquatic Ecosystems (LR18ES05) Tunis El Manar University, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Paolo Merella
- Parassitologia e Malattie Parassitarie, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Abdulaziz N Alagaili
- KSU Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama B Mohammed
- KSU Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mas-Coma S, Valero MA, Bargues MD. Fascioliasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1154:71-103. [PMID: 31297760 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a major parasitic disease caused by the digenetic trematodes Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. The disease is a well-known veterinary problem of worldwide distribution. Fascioliasis is the vector-borne parasitic disease presenting the widest latitudinal, longitudinal, and altitudinal distribution known at present. In the last two decades, many surveys have shown it to be an important public health problem as well, including estimations of 2.4 million, up to 17 million people, or even higher depending on the hitherto unknown situations mainly in several regions of Asia and Africa. In recent years, the increasing number of human case reports in many countries of the five continents and the results of studies on pathogenicity and immunity, mainly regarding the chronic period of the disease, were the reasons why it was decided to no longer consider fascioliasis merely a secondary zoonotic disease but an important human parasitic disease. In this chapter, we review the most relevant features in relation to fascioliasis, including from the most traditional to the most innovative aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mª Adela Valero
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mª Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Qureshi AW, Zeb A, Mansoor A, Hayat A, Mas-Coma S. Fasciola hepatica infection in children actively detected in a survey in rural areas of Mardan district, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa province, northern Pakistan. Parasitol Int 2018; 69:39-46. [PMID: 30445198 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human fascioliasis is a freshwater snail borne, zoonotic disease caused by Fasciola liver flukes which are widely spread throughout Pakistan and has recently proved to be endemic in humans of the Punjab province. To verify whether fasciolids are also affecting humans outside this province, studies were conducted in four communities comprising rural and urban areas of Mardan district, Khyber Pakhtunkha province, northern Pakistan. Activities comprised two surveys, a coprological one to look for Fasciola infection and another to get information on potential human infection sources and risk factors by means of a questionnaire. Out of 540 subjects of all ages surveyed, only 4 children (0.74%) were found positive for Fasciola eggs: two 9- and 13-year old boys and two 7- and 16-year old girls. Burden per child ranged 73-146 eggs per gram of faeces (epg), with an average of 106 ± 15.4 epg. Based on the egg size, the infection was diagnosed to be caused by F. hepatica. Serum analyses showed eosinophilia and elevated enzyme values in liver function tests. The Mardan area fits well to all transmission and epidemiological requirements of F. hepatica, namely the presence of infected livestock reservoirs throughout, the appropriate climatic factors (mainly monthly temperature variation along the year), and the existence of adequate freshwater collections. The existence of the specific lymnaeid snail vector species for F. hepatica transmission was reported in the neighbouring Swat valley time ago. Results show that human fascioliasis may be widespread in Pakistan and that both F. hepatica and F. gigantica may be involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma W Qureshi
- Department of Zoology, GC Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan.
| | - Aurang Zeb
- Department of Zoology, University of Hazara, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Abu Mansoor
- Department of Zoology, GC Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Azam Hayat
- Department of Zoology, University of Hazara, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
First phenotypic and genotypic description of Fasciola hepatica infecting highland cattle in the state of Mexico, Mexico. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 64:231-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
21
|
Sah R, Khadka S, Lakhey PJ, Pradhan S, Shah NP, Singh YP, Mas-Coma S. Human case of Fasciola gigantica-like infection, review of human fascioliasis reports in Nepal, and epidemiological analysis within the South Central Asia. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:435-443. [PMID: 29975653 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of a 22 year-old male patient from Kerabari, Morang District, Nepal led to the review of human fascioliasis cases and analysis of the epidemiological situation in that country not included in the WHO fascioliasis map. Symptom onset one month before egg detection and normal levels of ALT and AST did not agree with the 3-4-month migratory period of fascioliasis. A shorter acute phase may happen when the main biliary duct is reached by the migratory juveniles directly from the intestinal lumen. The causal agent was ascribed to F. gigantica-like worms after considering adult fluke morphology, altitude of the patient's infection area, fasciolid characteristics in the neighbouring Bangladesh, and lymnaeid snail vector species known in Nepal and in the patient's infection area. Previous reports of human infection by Fasciola in Nepal are reviewed. The patient in question proved to be the twelfth case and the first in whom a F. gigantica-like infection is reported. In Nepal, the wide geographical distribution of livestock fascioliasis, with high prevalences in buffaloes, cattle and goats, and the reports of Fasciola-infected schoolchildren close to the capital Kathmandu, give rise to concern on the situation in remote rural areas in a country where most of the population lives in rural areas. Moreover, the climate change impact in Nepal remembers Pakistan, where human fascioliasis emergence has been related to climate change and man-made irrigation. All in all, the present analysis suggests that human infection by Fasciola may be underestimated in Nepal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University and Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shusila Khadka
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University and Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Paleswan Joshi Lakhey
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and General Surgery, Tribhuvan University and Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sumita Pradhan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and General Surgery, Tribhuvan University and Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Niranjan Parsad Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University and Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Yogendra Prasad Singh
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and General Surgery, Tribhuvan University and Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Revealing genetic hybridization and DNA recombination of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica in nuclear introns of the hybrid Fasciola flukes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2018; 223:31-36. [PMID: 29964059 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica are ruminant liver flukes that are found worldwide. They can occur sympatrically and hybridize, consequently producing an intermediate form (Fasciola sp.), especially in Africa and Asia. The bridge intron (TkBridgeInt) and intron 4 of domain 2 (TkD2Int4) of the taurocyamine kinase gene were cloned and sequenced from 14 F. hepatica, 18 F. gigantica, and 12 Fasciola sp. These intron regions could be used to differentiate F. hepatica from F. gigantica and revealed genetic hybridization and DNA recombination between F. hepatica and F. gigantica in Fasciola sp. from Japan and Bangladesh. Two specimens of F. hepatica from Ecuador revealed cryptic diversity. A combination of three haplotypes observed in a Fasciola sp. specimen from Japan suggested triploidy. Thus, the intron region of the taurocyamine kinase gene is a potential marker for detecting the hybrid status of the Fasciola flukes.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ashrafi K, Valero MA, Peixoto RV, Artigas P, Panova M, Mas-Coma S. Distribution of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in the endemic area of Guilan, Iran: Relationships between zonal overlap and phenotypic traits. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 31:95-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
|
24
|
Mas-Coma S, Valero MA, Bargues MD. Fascioliasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 766:77-114. [PMID: 24903364 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0915-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|