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Česla P, Hájek T, Urban J, Holčapek M. Liquid chromatography at the university of pardubice: a tribute to Professor Pavel Jandera. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3214-3231. [PMID: 35932491 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pavel Jandera was a world-leading analytical chemist who devoted his entire professional life to research in the field of high-performance liquid chromatography. During all his scientific career, he worked at the Department of Analytical Chemistry at the University of Pardubice, Czech Republic. His greatest contribution to the field of liquid chromatography was the introduction of a comprehensive theory of liquid chromatography with programmed elution conditions. He was also involved in the research of gradient elution techniques in preparative chromatography, modeling of retention and selectivity in various phase systems, preparation of organic monolithic microcolumns and, last but not least, in the development of theory and practical applications of two-dimensional liquid chromatography, mainly in the comprehensive form. In this review article, we have tried to capture the highlights of his scientific career and provide the readers with a detailed overview of Pavel Jandera's contribution to the evolution of separation sciences. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Česla
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, CZ-53210, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, CZ-53210, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Urban
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Holčapek
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, CZ-53210, Czech Republic
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Žuvela P, Skoczylas M, Jay Liu J, Ba Czek T, Kaliszan R, Wong MW, Buszewski B, Héberger K. Column Characterization and Selection Systems in Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Chem Rev 2019; 119:3674-3729. [PMID: 30604951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is the most popular chromatographic mode, accounting for more than 90% of all separations. HPLC itself owes its immense popularity to it being relatively simple and inexpensive, with the equipment being reliable and easy to operate. Due to extensive automation, it can be run virtually unattended with multiple samples at various separation conditions, even by relatively low-skilled personnel. Currently, there are >600 RP-HPLC columns available to end users for purchase, some of which exhibit very large differences in selectivity and production quality. Often, two similar RP-HPLC columns are not equally suitable for the requisite separation, and to date, there is no universal RP-HPLC column covering a variety of analytes. This forces analytical laboratories to keep a multitude of diverse columns. Therefore, column selection is a crucial segment of RP-HPLC method development, especially since sample complexity is constantly increasing. Rationally choosing an appropriate column is complicated. In addition to the differences in the primary intermolecular interactions with analytes of the dispersive (London) type, individual columns can also exhibit a unique character owing to specific polar, hydrogen bond, and electron pair donor-acceptor interactions. They can also vary depending on the type of packing, amount and type of residual silanols, "end-capping", bonding density of ligands, and pore size, among others. Consequently, the chromatographic performance of RP-HPLC systems is often considerably altered depending on the selected column. Although a wide spectrum of knowledge is available on this important subject, there is still a lack of a comprehensive review for an objective comparison and/or selection of chromatographic columns. We aim for this review to be a comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and easily readable monograph of the most relevant publications regarding column selection and characterization in RP-HPLC covering the past four decades. Future perspectives, which involve the integration of state-of-the-art molecular simulations (molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo) with minimal experiments, aimed at nearly "experiment-free" column selection methodology, are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Žuvela
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Magdalena Skoczylas
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Wileńska 4 , 87-100 Toruń , Poland
| | - J Jay Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pukyong National University , 365 Sinseon-ro , Nam-gu, 48-513 Busan , Korea
| | | | | | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Wileńska 4 , 87-100 Toruń , Poland
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Moldoveanu SC, Caiali E, David V. Results from solvophobic theory applied to methylene selectivity in reversed-phase HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1410708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edvin Caiali
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Victor David
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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Phase Ratio and Equilibrium Constant in RP-HPLC Obtained from Octanol/Water Partition Constant Through Solvophobic Theory. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vyňuchalová K, Jandera P. Comparison of a C30 Bonded Silica Column and Columns with Shorter Bonded Ligands in Reversed-Phase LC. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2899-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Han SY, Yu HM, Pei YQ, Chi YM. Selectivity-column temperature relationship as a new strategy in predicting separation of structural analogues in HPLC by using different stationary phases. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09524g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of changes in column temperature on van't Hoff equation, as well as relationship of separation and column temperature in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by using different stationary phases, have been discussed and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-ying Han
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Hui-min Yu
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Yu-qiong Pei
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Yu-mei Chi
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing 210023
- China
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Thermodynamics Study of Solvent Adsorption on Octadecyl-Modified Silica. Chromatographia 2014; 78:21-30. [PMID: 25568463 PMCID: PMC4281355 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Elution and solvation processes in liquid chromatography may be controlled by temperature changes. In the case of solvent adsorption, the temperature influences the amount of adsorbed solvent as well as the enthalpy and entropy of the solvation process. In this work, the thermodynamic parameters of organic solvents used as organic modifiers in the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography elution process were determined. The changes of enthalpy and entropy in a series of chemically bonded stationary phases were measured to determine the effects of the temperature and surface coverage density of octadecyl ligands on the thermodynamic parameters of the solvation. For both the enthalpy and entropy a parabolic trend was observed with the minimum for medium surface coverage. The correlation of solvent adsorption values with the enthalpy of solvation was also investigated. The highest influence of the temperature on solvation process was observed for stationary phases with high surface coverage.
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Soukup J, Bocian S, Jandera P, Buszewski B. Comparison of four cholesterol-based stationary phases for the separation of steroid hormones. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:345-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Soukup
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Toruń Poland
| | - Szymon Bocian
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Toruń Poland
| | - Pavel Jandera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Toruń Poland
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Reversed phase ion-pairing chromatography of an oligolysine mixture in different mobile phases: effort of searching critical chromatography conditions. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1304:127-32. [PMID: 23876768 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Our earlier study [J. Chromatogr. A 1218 (2011) 7765] on separation of an oligolysine mixture consisting of chains with 2-8 lysine residues (number of lysine residues, dp=2-8) by ion-pairing reversed-phase chromatography using heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA) as an ion pairing reagent at fixed mobile phase acetonitrile (ACN) content was extended to isocratic elution conditions with different ACN percentages. The present work explored how manipulating the mobile phase HFBA concentration ([HFBA]) and %-ACN content influences separations of the oligolysine mixture. The closed pairing model was used to analyze variation of the retention factor as a function of [HFBA]. The partition coefficient of the paired peptide decreased with increasing %-ACN. Pairing of HFBA to oligolysine was cooperative, and the effect increased when %-ACN in the mobile phase was lowered. A plot of the partition coefficient as a function of %-ACN for oligolysines varying in dp converged at one ACN content, indicating a critical condition in which components of different dp co-elute.
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Soukup J, Jandera P. The effect of temperature and mobile phase composition on separation mechanism of flavonoid compounds on hydrosilated silica-based columns. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1245:98-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Soukup J, Jandera P. Hydrosilated silica-based columns: The effects of mobile phase and temperature on dual hydrophilic-reversed-phase separation mechanism of phenolic acids. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1228:125-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Retention times and bandwidths in reversed-phase gradient liquid chromatography of peptides and proteins. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8874-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Effect of monomer mixture composition on structure and chromatographic properties of poly(divinylbenzene-co-ethylvinylbenzene-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) monolithic rod columns for separation of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5010-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jandera P, Krupczyńska K, Vyňuchalová K, Buszewski B. Combined effects of mobile phase composition and temperature on the retention of homologous and polar test compounds on polydentate C8 column. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6052-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Molíková M, Markuszewski M, Kaliszan R, Jandera P. Chromatographic behaviour of ionic liquid cations in view of quantitative structure-retention relationship. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1305-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Garcia-Ac A, Segura PA, Viglino L, Fürtös A, Gagnon C, Prévost M, Sauvé S. On-line solid-phase extraction of large-volume injections coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the quantitation and confirmation of 14 selected trace organic contaminants in drinking and surface water. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8518-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1737-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Flieger J, Świeboda R. Application of chaotropic effect in reversed-phase liquid chromatography of structurally related phenothiazine and thioxanthene derivatives. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1192:218-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Flieger J. Effect of mobile phase composition on the retention of selected alkaloids in reversed-phase liquid chromatography with chaotropic salts. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1175:207-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Shi Z, He J, Yao T, Chang W. RP‐HPLC Determination of Octanol–Water Partition Coefficients for Bioactive Compounds from Chinese Herbal Medicines. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120027619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Shi
- a Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Jiantao He
- a Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Tingting Yao
- a Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Wenbao Chang
- a Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , P.R. China
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Kijkowska‐Murak U, Matosiuk D, Hawrył A, Waksmundzka‐Hajnos M, Kuran B, Kossakowski J. Use of RP‐HPTLC Systems for the Determination of Lipophilicity of 3,5‐Dioxo‐4‐azatricyclo[5.2.2.02,6]undecanes–5‐HT1A Antagonists. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600758423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Kijkowska‐Murak
- a Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances , Medical University , Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Matosiuk
- a Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances , Medical University , Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Hawrył
- b Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Medical University , Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Bożena Kuran
- c Department of Medicinal Chemistry, First Faculty of Medicine , Medical University , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kossakowski
- c Department of Medicinal Chemistry, First Faculty of Medicine , Medical University , Warsaw, Poland
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Vailaya A. Fundamentals of Reversed Phase Chromatography: Thermodynamic and Exothermodynamic Treatment. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200052969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anant Vailaya
- a Merck Research Laboratories , Rahway, New Jersey, USA
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Caronia JP, Crowther JB, Hartwick RA. Reversed-Phase Separation of the Major Deoxyribonucleosides and Their Mononucleotides Using Tetrabutylammontum Hetaerons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918308064882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Zou H, Zhang Y, Hong M, Lu P. Effect of Column Temperature on Retention of Dipeptide Isomers in Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079208016178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Jandera P. Can the theory of gradient liquid chromatography be useful in solving practical problems? J Chromatogr A 2006; 1126:195-218. [PMID: 16787650 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the theory of gradient liquid chromatography and their practical impacts are reviewed. Theoretical models describing retention in reversed-phase, normal-phase and ion-exchange modes are compared. Main attention is focused on practically useful models described by two- or three-parameter equations fitting the experimental data in the range of mobile phase composition utilized for sample migration during gradient elution. The applications of theory for gradient method development, optimization and transfer are addressed. The origins and possibilities for overcoming possible pitfalls are discussed, including the effects of the instrumental dwell volume, uptake of mobile phase components on the column and size of the sample molecules. Special attention is focused on gradient separations of large molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jandera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Cs. Legií 565, CZ-53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Kim W, Yeon Lee J, Kwang Lee S, Hun Park Y, Woon Lee D. Investigation of Retention Behavior for Herbicides in Micro‐HPLC with Temperature Changes. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120025595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Won‐Suk Kim
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120‐749, Korea
- b Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute , University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Ju Yeon Lee
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120‐749, Korea
| | - Sung Kwang Lee
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120‐749, Korea
| | - Young Hun Park
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120‐749, Korea
| | - Dai Woon Lee
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120‐749, Korea
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Abstract
Selectivity of phase system is of primary concern when designing a 2-D separation, as it affects the 2-D system orthogonality and consequently the peak capacity controlling the number of peaks that can be separated in the available 2-D retention space limited by the time of analysis. Possibilities for characterization of LC phase system selectivity with respect to different polar and nonpolar structural units are compared, with special attention to multidimensional samples with various types of repeat groups, such as homopolymers, (co)polymers, fatty acid esters with various acyl lengths and number and position of double bonds, etc. Possibilities of the 2-D LC separations of these and other sample types, including pharmaceuticals, natural phenolic compounds, biopolymers, etc., using various combinations of separation modes are reviewed. Rules for design of comprehensive 2-D LC x LC systems are discussed, with respect to mobile phase compatibility in the two systems and modulation techniques suppressing band broadening connected with the sample fraction transfer from the first to the second dimension. Pitfalls connected with online connection of normal-phase and RP LC systems and their possible practical solutions are addressed and illustrated by practical examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jandera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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28
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Jandera P, Novotná K. Characterization of High‐Pressure Liquid Chromatography Columns using Chromatographic Methods. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710600773424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jandera P, Novotná K, Beldean-Galea MS, Jísa K. Retention and selectivity tests of silica-based and metal-oxide bonded stationary phases for RP-HPLC. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:856-71. [PMID: 16830498 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chromatographic properties of silica-, zirconia- and alumina-based columns with octadecyl-, polyethylene glycol- and pentafluorophenylpropyl-bonded stationary phases were tested. Selectivities of nine columns for LC were characterized using chromatographic methods including Walters, Engelhardt, Tanaka and Galushko hydrophobicity and silanol activity tests, measurements of methylene selectivity in various aqueous-methanol and aqueous-acetonitrile mobile phases and of gradient lipophilic capacity as a measure of the effect of the sample hydrophobicity on gradient-elution separations. A semi-empirical interaction indices model, assuming a predominant role of the solvophobic interactions of test compounds with different polarities, was compared with the linear free energy relationships approach taking into account selective polar interactions. The interaction indices model was applied to both non-polar stationary phases bonded on silica, alumina and zirconia supports, and to the non-modified adsorbents in the normal-phase LC. The retention data of isomeric naphthalene disulfonic acids were used to compare the attractive and repulsive ionic interactions of the columns in purely aqueous mobile phases. The results of the hydrophobicity and polarity tests were consistent, and allowed column characterization and classification. Silanol activity was important with octadecyl silica columns, but was relatively insignificant with bonded polyethylene glycol and pentafluorophenylpropyl phases on silica gel support. Polar interactions with the alumina and zirconia support materials significantly affect the retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jandera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Borówko M, Ościk-Mendyk B, Borówko P. Theory of Retention in Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography with Ternary Mobile Phases. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:21056-62. [PMID: 16853728 DOI: 10.1021/jp053195b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The partition model of retention is developed for reversed phase liquid chromatography with multicomponent mobile phases. Simple equations for the retention and selectivity in ternary mobile phases are derived. For the systems in which the ratio of volume fractions of organic modifiers remains fixed, new linear dependences for retention factor and selectivity are proposed. These equations are successfully used to describe experimental data found in the literature. An influence of the nature of organic solvents and proportion in which they are mixed on retention and selectivity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Borówko
- Faculty of Chemistry, M. Curie-Skłodowska University, M. Curie-Skłodowska Sqr. 4, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
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Comparison of column properties in reversed-phase chromatography: monolithic, cholesterolic and mixed bonded stationary phases. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Moravcová D, Jandera P, Urban J, Planeta J. Comparison of monolithic silica and polymethacrylate capillary columns for LC. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:789-800. [PMID: 15354556 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200401778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Organic polymer monolithic capillary columns were prepared in fused-silica capillaries by radical co-polymerization of ethylene dimethacrylate and butyl methacrylate monomers with azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator of the polymerization reaction in the presence of various amounts of porogenic solvent mixtures and different concentration ratios of monomers and 1-propanol, 1,4-butanediol, and water. The chromatographic properties of the organic polymer monolithic columns were compared with those of commercial silica-based particulate and monolithic capillary and analytical HPLC columns. The tests included the determination of H-u curves, column permeabilities, pore distribution by inversed-SEC measurements, methylene and polar selectivities, and polar interactions with naphthalenesulphonic acid test samples. Organic polymer monolithic capillary columns show similar retention behaviour to chemically bonded alkyl silica columns for compounds with different polarities characterized by interaction indices, Ix, but have lower methylene selectivities and do not show polar interactions with sulphonic acids. The commercial capillary and analytical silica gel-based monolithic columns showed similar selectivities and provided symmetrical peaks, indicating no significant surface heterogeneities. To allow accurate characterization of the properties of capillary monolithic columns, the experimental data should be corrected for extra-column contributions. With 0.3 mm ID capillary columns, corrections for extra-column volume contributions are sufficient, but to obtain true information on the efficiency of 0.1 mm ID capillary columns, the experimental bandwidths should be corrected for extra-column contributions to peak broadening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Moravcová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám Cs Legií 565, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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33
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Moravcová D, Jandera P, Urban J, Planeta J. Characterization of polymer monolithic stationary phases for capillary HPLC. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Park JH, Jung, Vitha MF, Carr PW. Solvent Strength Parameters and Retention Factors in Pure Water Using UNIFAC-Predicted Activity Coefficients. Ind Eng Chem Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0209125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hag Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Kyongsan 712-749, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa 50311, and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Kyongsan 712-749, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa 50311, and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Mark F. Vitha
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Kyongsan 712-749, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa 50311, and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Peter W. Carr
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Kyongsan 712-749, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa 50311, and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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35
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10 High-pressure liquid chromatography. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(03)80028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Gaudin K, Chaminade P, Baillet A. Eluotropic strength in non-aqueous liquid chromatography with porous graphitic carbon. J Chromatogr A 2002; 973:61-8. [PMID: 12437164 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Porous graphitic carbon is an attractive packing for the chromatographic analysis of highly hydrocarbonaceous compounds with non-aqueous mobile phase. An eluotropic-strength scale of 10 pure organic solvents was established using the methylene selectivity from the fatty acid methyl ester homologous series (chain length between 18 and 31 carbon atoms). Eight binary mobile phases combining a weak solvent: methanol or acetonitrile with a strong solvent: toluene, chloroform, dichloromethane or tetrahydrofuran at different volume fractions phi of strong solvents (ranging from 0.3 to 1.0) were tested and their eluotropic strengths were then compared with those of pure solvents. The curves of the eluotropic strength versus the volume fraction of the strong solvent followed two different trends: linear or curved. The knowledge of the pure solvent strength is not sufficient to predict the eluotropic strength of solvent in the mixture. Then modelling of the eluotropic strength for binary mobile phases was envisaged in order to provide a prediction tool. This model was assessed for the establishment of the composition of eight iso-eluotropic mobile phases. Good assessment was found except in the case of toluene with acetonitrile where the difference between the predicted and the real value was the highest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Gaudin
- Groupe de Chimie Analytique de Paris-Sud, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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37
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Philipsen HJA, Klumperman B, Leermakers FAM, Wubbe FPC, German AL. Molar mass effects in reversed-phase gradient polymer-elution chromatography of oligomers. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Abstract
Retention models are usually compared by how well the model equation fits retention data for one solute taken over a range of mobile phase compositions. Even when retention data for multiple solutes are used, the quality of the fit is often judged by the statistical goodness-of-fit alone. This study compared four different RPLC retention models, encompassing three distinct mathematical forms. Each model was fit to the retention data of multiple solutes and the sets of best-fit parameters were examined in terms of the underlying physico-chemical assumptions of the models. Next, for the linear and quadratic models, some of the model parameters were calculated a priori and the rest of the model parameters were then obtained in subsequent fittings. The sets of best-fit parameters obtained in this manner were more consistent with the underlying assumptions of these models than were the sets of parameters obtained entirely through regressions to the experimental data. Thus, the extraction of parameters by fitting a model to the retention data of a single solute may result in unreliable values for those parameters, even in the case of a fit that would be considered good when judged by conventional statistical criteria. That is, although parameters extracted in such a fashion may be suitable for optimization or similar uses, they may not be suitable for determining the appropriateness of the underlying assumptions of retention models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 15705, USA
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39
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Wang W, Zhang X, Lu P, Deng J. PREDICTION OF PARAMETERS cAND aIN REVERSED-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY USING RETENTION PARAMETERS IN GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. ANAL LETT 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/al-100103220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenling Wang
- a Department of Chemistry , Henan College of Education , Zhengzhou , 450003 , China
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- b Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai , 200433 , China
| | - Peizhang Lu
- b Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai , 200433 , China
| | - Jiaqi Deng
- b Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai , 200433 , China
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Jandera P, Holčapek M, Kolářová L. Retention Behavior of Oligomers and Cooligomers in Reversed-phase and in Normal-phase Interactive Liquid Chromatographic Systems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/10236660108033948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Ranatunga RP, Carr PW. A study of the enthalpy and entropy contributions of the stationary phase in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 2000; 72:5679-92. [PMID: 11101249 DOI: 10.1021/ac000368e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to elucidate the roles played by the stationary and mobile phases in retention in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) in terms of their individual enthalpic and entropic contribution to the Gibbs free energy of retention. The experimental approach involved measuring standard enthalpies of transfer of alkylbenzenes from typical mobile phases used in RPLC (methanol/water and acetonitrile/water mixtures), as well as from n-hexadecane (a simple analogue of the stationary phase) to the gas phase, using high-precision headspace gas chromatography. By combining the measured enthalpies with independently measured free energies of transfer, the entropies of transfer were obtained. This allowed us to examine more fully the contribution that each phase makes to the overall retention. It was found that the standard enthalpy of retention in RPLC (i.e., solute transfer from the mobile phase to the stationary phase) is favorable, due to the large and favorable stationary-phase contribution, which actually overcomes an unfavorable mobile-phase contribution to the enthalpy of retention. Further, the net free energy of retention is favorable due to the favorable enthalpic contribution to retention, which arises from the net interactions in the stationary phase. Entropic contributions to retention are not controlling. Therefore, to a great extent, retention is due to enthalpically dominated lipophilic interaction of nonpolar solutes with the stationary phase and not from solvophobic processes in the mobile phase. Further, our enthalpy data support a "partition-like" mechanism of retention rather than an "adsorption-like" mechanism. These results indicate that the stationary phase plays a very significant role in the overall retention process. Our conclusions are in direct contrast to the solvophobic model that has been used extensively to interpret retention in RPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Ranatunga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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42
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Sándi A, Nagy M, Szepesy L. Characterization of reversed-phase columns using the linear free energy relationship. III. Effect of the organic modifier and the mobile phase composition. J Chromatogr A 2000; 893:215-34. [PMID: 11073293 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Retention factors determined for 31 solutes of widely different types on five columns of different chromatographic characteristics have been used to calculate the regression coefficients of the linear free energy relationship (LFER) equations. The mobile phases investigated consisted of acetonitrile-water and methanol-water, respectively, in a composition range of 20-70% (v/v) of organic modifiers. The regression coefficients of the LFER equations are characteristic of the given phase system (stationary phase, organic modifier and mobile phase composition) and represent the extent of the various molecular interactions contributing to the retention process. The effect of the characteristic of the stationary phase, the type of the organic modifier and the mobile phase composition is demonstrated and discussed. Alpha selectivity factors have been determined for various pairs of compounds. Hydrophobic or methylene selectivity can be described by the variation of the upsilon coefficient in Eq. (3) representing the difference in hydrophobicity between the stationary phase and the mobile phase. The polar or chemical selectivity of a phase system varies with the b coefficient in Eq. (3) representing the difference in acidity between the stationary phase and the mobile phase. Polar selectivity, i.e. the relative retention of polar solutes to that of a non-polar solute, e.g. toluene decreases with increasing polarity of the mobile phase. It depends also significantly on the polar characteristics of the columns. Specific selectivity, i.e. the relative retention of various polar solutes depends on the acidic or basic properties of the solutes to be separated and the chemical properties of the columns. The b regression coefficients can be used to describe the effect of mobile phase composition on the variation of specific selectivities. We have demonstrated that the LFER method provides a useful estimate of selectivity under different operating conditions by using the solvation parameters describing the different molecular interactions and the regression coefficients of the LFER equation characterizing the phase system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sándi
- Department of Chemical Technology, Technical University of Budapest, Hungary
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43
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Jandera P. Chapter 1 Comparison of various modes and phase systems for analytical HPLC. HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(00)80004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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44
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Kaliszan R. Chapter 11 Recent advances in quantitative structure-retention relationships (QSRR). HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(00)80014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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45
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Wang A, Tan LC, Carr PW. Global linear solvation energy relationships for retention prediction in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Gawdzik B, Matynia T, Osypiuk J. Porous copolymer of the methacrylic ester of dihydroxydiphenylmethane diglycidyl ether and divinylbenzene as an HPLC packing. Chromatographia 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02467487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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47
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Miyabe K, Takeuchi S. Effect of Acetonitrile/Water Mobile-Phase Composition on Adsorption Characteristics of Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 1997; 69:2567-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ac961044m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Miyabe
- Chemistry Section, Faculty of Education, Toyama University, Gofuku, Toyama 930, Japan
| | - Shigeya Takeuchi
- Chemistry Section, Faculty of Education, Toyama University, Gofuku, Toyama 930, Japan
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48
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Philipsen H, Oestreich M, Klumperman B, German A. Characterization of low-molar-mass polymers by gradient polymer elution chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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49
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Häglund I, Ståhlberg J. Method for determination of the chromatographic surface area of reversed-phase surfaces. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00844-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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Jandera P, Pošvec Z, Vraspír P. Mobile phase effects on single-component and competitive adsorption isotherms in reversed-phase systems. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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