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Rosik N, Preece JA, Fryer PJ, McRobbie I, Zhang ZJ. A review of artificial sebum formulations, their compositions, uses and physicochemical characteristics. Int J Cosmet Sci 2024. [PMID: 39246274 DOI: 10.1111/ics.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Sebum is a complex mixture of skin lipids responsible for lubrication, moisture retention and skin protection from external factors such as bacteria and fungi. The physicochemical properties of natural sebum are not well understood and are not easily accessible. Artificial sebum is widely used for sebum-related research such as dermal bioaccessibility, fingerprint production, dermatology, removal and sebum studies. It was found that the composition of artificial sebum affects the bioaccessibility of metals and drugs as well as the growth of some strains of bacteria. Squalene present in sebum was also found to be responsible for creating yellow stains on fabrics, whereas an increased concentration of fatty acids and triglycerides can lead to higher malodour of fabrics. Moreover, sebum and artificial sebum are poorly characterized with only 20 of 81 formulations characterized by certain techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance and thin-layer chromatography. This article reviews the artificial sebum formulations reported in the open literature between 1965 and 2023. We have discussed the compositions, uses and characterization techniques of artificial sebum used in the previous work and compared their properties to those of human sebum. A total of 81 artificial sebum formulations were found across the literature with 17 new formulations identified. The artificial sebum composition varies greatly between publications and there is no consistent formulation. There is a wide range of chemicals that are used as the main components of artificial sebum. We have highlighted the effect of chemical composition and individual compounds on the overall properties of the artificial sebum reported, and recommend that there is a great potential for creating personalized cosmetics and home care products once the characteristics of sebum are better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Rosik
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Jon A Preece
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Peter J Fryer
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Ian McRobbie
- Innospec Ltd, Innospec Manufacturing Park, Cheshire, UK
| | - Zhenyu J Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
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2
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Li J, Cui D, Yang Z, Ma J, Liu J, Yu Y, Huang X, Xiang P. Health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in road dust via dermal exposure pathway from a low latitude plateau provincial capital city: The importance of toxicological verification. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118890. [PMID: 38615791 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The human health risk assessment through the dermal exposure of metal (loid)s in dust from low latitude and high geological background plateau cities was largely unknown. In this study, the road dust samples were harvested from a typical low-latitude plateau provincial capital city Kunming, Southwest China. The total concentration and dermal bioaccessibility of heavy metal (loid)s in road dust were determined, and their health risks as well as cytotoxicity on human skin keratinocytes were also assessed. The average concentrations of As (28.5 mg/kg), Cd (2.65 mg/kg), Mn (671 mg/kg), and Zn (511 mg/kg) exceeded the soil background values. Arsenic had the highest bioaccessibility after 2 h (3.79%), 8 h (4.24%), and 24 h (16.6%) extraction. The dermal pathway when bioaccessibility is considered has a higher hazard quotient than the conventional method using total metal(loid)s in the dust. In addition, toxicological verification suggested that the dust extracts suppressed the cell viability, increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and DNA damage, and eventually activated the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway, evidenced by the upregulation of Caspase-3/9, Bax, and Bak-1. Cadmium was positively correlated with the mRNA expression of Bax. Taken together, our data indicated that both dermal bioaccessibility and cytotoxicity should be considered for accurate human skin health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in road dust, which may provide new insight for accurate human health risk assessment and environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Li
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Daolei Cui
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Ziyue Yang
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Jiaoyang Ma
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xianfeng Huang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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3
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Kwon SW, Park J, Baek DJ, Kim H, Choi SS, Kwon JH, An J. What do we know about dermal bioaccessibility of metals coated on antibacterial films? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 274:116213. [PMID: 38493702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Antibacterial films have gained attention since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic; however, the impact of metals contained in antibacterial films on human safety have not been sufficiently investigated. This study reports on the important features that must be considered when assessing the bioaccessibility of Ag, Cu, and Zn in antibacterial films. Specifically, the effects of the artificial sweat component (i.e., amino acid and pH), surface weathering of antibacterial films, wipe sampling, and sebum were carefully examined. Our findings suggest that amino acids greatly affect bioaccessibility as amino acids act as ligands to facilitate metal ion leaching. In addition, constant exposure to ultraviolet C causes the film surface to oxidize, which significantly increases metal bioaccessibility due to the electrostatic repulsion between metal oxides and organic substrates. The presence of sebum in artificial sweat and physical damage to the film surface had no significant effects. Furthermore, the wipe sampling used to mimic the realistic dermal contact suggests the feasibility of applying this method for the assessment of bioaccessibility of metals in antibacterial films. The method offers significant advantages for evaluating the human safety aspects of skin contact with consumer products in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Woo Kwon
- Department of Environment Safety System Engineering, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, South Korea
| | - Junyoung Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Baek
- Department of Smart City Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Haeun Kim
- Department of Smart City Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Suk Soon Choi
- Department of Environment Safety System Engineering, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, South Korea; Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jinsung An
- Department of Smart City Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea.
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4
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Meirelles JV, de Almeida RF, Morgado AJ, de Castro TB, Rocha RCC, Hauser-Davis RA, Saint'Pierre TD. Metal and metalloid content, bioavailability and sorption processes in glitter and raw glitter materials and associations with human and ecological risk concerns. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 82:127350. [PMID: 38134493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microplastics comprise a significant group of emerging environmental contaminants with the capacity to adsorb several contaminants. These, in turn, undergo bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes throughout aquatic trophic chains. METHODS Glitter, a microplastic powder composed of a combination of polymers, and raw glitter materials were investigated herein concerning metal and metalloid content, bioavailability, and sorption processes by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). RESULTS Metal and metalloid concentrations were higher in glitter than in raw glitter materials, but all were below the limits established by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency. Elements present in glitter originate mainly from pigments and, thus, depend on glitter color. The bioavailability of the determined elements concerning human skin was assessed. Low desorbed concentrations in solution indicate that glitter does not represent a health risk through dermal contact concerning metal and metalloid contamination. However, several elements were shown to undergo significant desorption and adsorption processes. CONCLUSION The findings reported herein indicate seemingly low human health risks from dermal glitter contact but reinforce glitter risks as aquatic environment metal and metalloid transport vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Meirelles
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Gávea, CEP 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - R F de Almeida
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Gávea, CEP 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - A J Morgado
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Gávea, CEP 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - T B de Castro
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Gávea, CEP 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - R C C Rocha
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Gávea, CEP 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - R A Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - T D Saint'Pierre
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Gávea, CEP 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Marin Villegas CA, Zagury GJ. Metal(loid) speciation in dermal bioaccessibility extracts from contaminated soils and permeation through synthetic skin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 455:131523. [PMID: 37150097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Dermal exposure to metal(loid)s from contaminated soils can contribute to health risk. Metal(loid) speciation will influence their bioaccessibility in sweat and subsequent permeation across the skin. Therefore, the speciation of the bioaccessible fraction of metal(loid)s in two synthetic sweat formulations (sweat A (pH 6.5) and B (pH 4.7)) was assessed using chemical equilibrium modelling (Visual MINTEQ). Permeation through synthetic skin and the influence of sebum in the permeation of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were also investigated using Franz cells. Following dermal bioaccessibility tests for five Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)-contaminated soils and one certified soil (SQC001), mean metal(loid) bioaccessibility (%) was higher in sweat B (2.33-18.8) compared to sweat A (0.12-7.53). Arsenic was almost entirely found as As(V) in both sweats. In sweat A, comparable concentrations of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were found whereas in sweat B, Cr was primarily present as Cr(III). Copper was primarily found as Cu2+. Bioaccessible Cr extracted from nearly all soils permeated through the Strat-M membrane when it was coated with sebum. The Cr permeation coefficient (Kp) ranged between 0.004 and 0.13 cm/h and the Kp for Cu was higher (0.024-0.52 cm/h). As, Ni, Pb, and Zn did not permeate the synthetic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Marin Villegas
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Gerald J Zagury
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
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Ghislain FA, Zagury GJ. Influence of sebum proportion in synthetic sweat on dermal bioaccessibility and on permeation of metal(loid)s from contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:86762-86772. [PMID: 37414993 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Even if dermal exposure to metal(loid)s from contaminated soils has received less attention than oral and inhalation exposure, the human health risk can be significant for some contaminants and exposure scenarios. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of sebum proportion (1% v/v and 3% v/v) in two synthetic sweat formulations (EN 1811, pH 6.5 (sweat A) and NIHS 96-10, pH 4.7 (sweat B)) on As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn dermal bioaccessibility and on subsequent diffusion through synthetic skin. A Franz cell with a Strat-M® membrane was used to quantify permeation parameters of bioaccessible metal(loid)s. Sebum's presence in synthetic sweat formulations significantly modified bioaccessibility percentages for As, Cr, and Cu. However, sebum proportion in both sweats did not influence the bioaccessibility of Pb and Zn. Some metal(loid)s, namely As and Cu, permeated the synthetic skin membrane during permeation tests when sebum was added to sweat while no permeation was observed without sebum in sweat formulations. Depending on sweat formulation, the addition of sebum (1% v/v) increased or decreased the Cr permeation coefficients (Kp). In all cases, bioaccessible Cr was no longer permeable when extracted with 3% sebum. Ni transdermal permeation was not influenced by the presence of sebum, and no permeation was observed for Pb and Zn. Further studies on the speciation of metal(loid)s in bioaccessible extracts in the presence of sebum are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent A Ghislain
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Gerald J Zagury
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada.
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7
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Wang B, Tian L, Tian L, Wang X, He Y, Ji R. Insights into Health Risks of Face Paint Application to Opera Performers: The Release of Heavy Metals and Stage-Light-Induced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3703-3712. [PMID: 36820615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Face paints used by opera performers have been shown to contain high levels of heavy metals. However, whether frequent exposure, via dermal contact and inadvertent oral ingestion, results in occupational diseases is unknown, as is the potential exacerbation of toxicity by high-intensity irradiation from stage lights. In this study, we examined the release of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn from 40 face paints and the consequent health risks posed by different practical scenarios involving their use. The results showed that the in vitro bioaccessibility (IVBA) of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the tested products was, on average, 7.0, 5.5, 19.9, and 7.9% through oral ingestion and 1.1, 2.2, 1.6, and 1.2% through dermal contact, respectively. Stage light irradiation significantly increased the IVBA associated with dermal contact, to the average of 4.8, 34.9, 5.7, and 1.9% for Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn, respectively. The increase was mainly due to the light-induced generation of reactive oxygen species, particularly hydroxyl free radicals. The vitality and transcriptional response of 3D skin models as well as a quantitative risk assessment of skin sensitization indicated that dermal contact with face paints may induce predictable skin damage and potentially other skin diseases. Long-term exposure to face paints on stage may also pose a non-carcinogenic health risk. The demonstrated health risks to opera performers of face paint exposure should lead to strict regulations regarding the content of theatrical face paints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liyan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lili Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xisheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yujie He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Quanzhou Institute for Environment Protection Industry, Nanjing University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Quanzhou Institute for Environment Protection Industry, Nanjing University, Quanzhou 362000, China
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Marin Villegas CA, Zagury GJ. Incorporating oral, inhalation and dermal bioaccessibility into human health risk characterization following exposure to Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)-contaminated soils. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114446. [PMID: 38321665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to potentially toxic metal(loid)s (PTMs) in soil may happen via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal pathway. A more accurate risk characterization should consider PTM bioavailability. Using ten soil samples collected in the Montreal area (Canada) near CCA-treated utility poles, this study aims to characterize non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic human health risks associated with As, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn through a multi-pathway exposure approach. This innovative study incorporates, for the first time, the bioaccessible fraction of the metal(loid)s for three exposure routes and two different scenarios. For the residential and industrial scenarios, the oral and dermal pathways yielded a hazard index (HI) much higher than 1 with and without bioaccessibility considerations (range 1.7 - 349 without bioaccessibility and 0.8-134 with bioaccessibility), whereas the inhalation pathway caused a lower hazard (HI < 1). For the dermal pathway, the hazard quotient was higher when bioaccessibility of field-collected samples was considered due to inherent assumptions from the US EPA soil approach to calculate the dermal dose. For carcinogenic risk, As and Pb were the most significant contributors to risk for the oral pathway, followed by the same elements for the dermal pathway. The overall carcinogenic risk was higher than the acceptable risk ( > 10-4) with and without bioaccessibility considerations (range 1.9E-4 - 9.6E-3 without bioaccessibility and 6.8E-5 - 3.8E-3 with bioaccessibility). Bioaccessibility tests provide a more accurate assessment of exposure to PTMs compared to total concentrations in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Marin Villegas
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Gerald J Zagury
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
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Wang J, Gao P, Li MY, Ma JY, Li JY, Yang DL, Cui DL, Xiang P. Dermal bioaccessibility and cytotoxicity of heavy metals in urban soils from a typical plateau city: Implication for human health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155544. [PMID: 35489519 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The dermal exposure of heavy metals in contaminated urban soils poses huge environmental health risks globally. However, their dermal bioaccessibility and adverse effects on human skin cells were not fully understood. In this study, we measured the total and dermal bioaccessibility of Cr, As, Cd, Pb, and Cu in four selected urban soil samples from Kunming, Yunnan, China, and evaluated the cellular responses of these bioaccessible extracts on human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Among all the metals, only As in Soil-3 (S3) exceeded Chinese risk screening and Yunnan background values at 38.2 mg/kg. The average concentrations of Cr, As, Cd, Pb, and Cu in all soil samples were 47.79, 15.50, 3.11, 104.27, and 180.29 mg/kg respectively. Although relatively high concentrations of heavy metals were detected in soil samples, the highest dermal bioaccessibility of Cd was 3.57% with others' being lower than 1%. The bioaccessible dermal-absorbed doses (DADs) of Cr, As, Cd, Pb, and Cu from soils reflected acceptable health risks since all DADs were below the corresponding derived dermal reference values. However, the toxic data showed the extracts of S3 and S4 presented certain cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells, indicating the existing models based on dermal bioaccessibility and DADs may be not accurate enough to assess their human health risk. Taken together, the human health risk assessment should be modified by taking their skin cytotoxicity into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Meng-Ying Li
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jiao-Yang Ma
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jing-Ya Li
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Dan-Lei Yang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Dao-Lei Cui
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
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A Sebum-Mimetic Lipid Monolayer and Its Interaction with (Bio)Surfactants. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids6020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants present in cleansing formulations interact not only with the unwanted lipids accumulating on the human skin (dirt) but also with its protective lipidic layer (sebum). Development of simple models of human sebum would help to compare different surfactants and biosurfactants under the same conditions. In this contribution we propose a first monolayer model of synthetic sebum composed of lard, stearic acid, lanolin, squalane and cholesterol. The monolayer compression isotherm features a gas-liquid (G-LE1), two liquid-liquid transitions (LE1-LE2 and LE2-LC), and a collapse at πcoll = 45 mN/m. The monolayer spread on pure water and pre-compressed to π0 = 30 mN/m was exposed to four synthetic surfactants (sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS) and cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB)) and four plant extracts (oat (Avena sativa L.), horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.), cowherb (Vaccaria hispanica [P. Mill.] Rauschert), soybean (Glycine max L.) and soapwort (Saponaria officinalis L.)) introduced to the subphase at a dry mass content of 1% (w/w). Three modes of the monolayer-(bio)surfactant interactions were observed: (1) complete solubilization (SLS, SLES, ALS, CAPB); (2) penetration accompanied by an increase of surface pressure and elasticity but without solubilization (horse chestnut, cowherb, soapwort); (3) no interaction (oat, soybean).
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