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Audoin B. Principles and advances in ultrafast photoacoustics; applications to imaging cell mechanics and to probing cell nanostructure. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 31:100496. [PMID: 37159813 PMCID: PMC10163675 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this article we first present the foundations of ultrafast photoacoustics, a technique where the acoustic wavelength in play can be considerably shorter than the optical wavelength. The physics primarily involved in the conversion of short light pulses into high frequency sound is described. The mechanical disturbances following the relaxation of hot electrons in metals and other processes leading to the breaking of the mechanical balance are presented, and the generation of bulk shear-waves, of surface and interface waves and of guided waves is discussed. Then, efforts to overcome the limitations imposed by optical diffraction are described. Next, the principles behind the detection of the so generated coherent acoustic phonons with short light pulses are introduced for both opaque and transparent materials. The striking instrumental advances, in the detection of acoustic displacements, ultrafast acquisition, frequency and space resolution are discussed. Then secondly, we introduce picosecond opto-acoustics as a remote and label-free novel modality with an excellent capacity for quantitative evaluation and imaging of the cell's mechanical properties, currently with micron in-plane and sub-optical in depth resolution. We present the methods for time domain Brillouin spectroscopy in cells and for cell ultrasonography. The current applications of this unconventional means of addressing biological questions are presented. This microscopy of the nanoscale intra-cell mechanics, based on the optical monitoring of coherent phonons, is currently emerging as a breakthrough method offering new insights into the supra-molecular structural changes that accompany cell response to a myriad of biological events.
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Foglia L, Mincigrucci R, Maznev A, Baldi G, Capotondi F, Caporaletti F, Comin R, De Angelis D, Duncan R, Fainozzi D, Kurdi G, Li J, Martinelli A, Masciovecchio C, Monaco G, Milloch A, Nelson K, Occhialini C, Pancaldi M, Pedersoli E, Pelli-Cresi J, Simoncig A, Travasso F, Wehinger B, Zanatta M, Bencivenga F. Extreme ultraviolet transient gratings: A tool for nanoscale photoacoustics. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 29:100453. [PMID: 36718271 PMCID: PMC9883289 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Collective lattice dynamics determine essential aspects of condensed matter, such as elastic and thermal properties. These exhibit strong dependence on the length-scale, reflecting the marked wavevector dependence of lattice excitations. The extreme ultraviolet transient grating (EUV TG) approach has demonstrated the potential of accessing a wavevector range corresponding to the 10s of nm length-scale, representing a spatial scale of the highest relevance for fundamental physics and forefront technology, previously inaccessible by optical TG and other inelastic scattering methods. In this manuscript we report on the capabilities of this technique in the context of probing thermoelastic properties of matter, both in the bulk and at the surface, as well as discussing future developments and practical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Foglia
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - R. Mincigrucci
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - A.A. Maznev
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G. Baldi
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Povo, Trento I-38123, Italy
| | - F. Capotondi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Caporaletti
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R. Comin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D. De Angelis
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - R.A. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D. Fainozzi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - G. Kurdi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - J. Li
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A. Martinelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - C. Masciovecchio
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - G. Monaco
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - A. Milloch
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia I-25133, Italy
| | - K.A. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C.A. Occhialini
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M. Pancaldi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia, Italy
| | - E. Pedersoli
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - J.S. Pelli-Cresi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - A. Simoncig
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Travasso
- Università di Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - B. Wehinger
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172, 400 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - M. Zanatta
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Povo, Trento I-38123, Italy
| | - F. Bencivenga
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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Knobloch JL, McBennett B, Bevis CS, Yazdi S, Frazer TD, Adak A, Nelson EE, Hernández-Charpak JN, Cheng HY, Grede AJ, Mahale P, Nova NN, Giebink NC, Mallouk TE, Badding JV, Kapteyn HC, Abad B, Murnane MM. Structural and Elastic Properties of Empty-Pore Metalattices Extracted via Nondestructive Coherent Extreme UV Scatterometry and Electron Tomography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:41316-41327. [PMID: 36054507 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor metalattices consisting of a linked network of three-dimensional nanostructures with periodicities on a length scale <100 nm can enable tailored functional properties due to their complex nanostructuring. For example, by controlling both the porosity and pore size, thermal transport in these phononic metalattices can be tuned, making them promising candidates for efficient thermoelectrics or thermal rectifiers. Thus, the ability to characterize the porosity, and other physical properties, of metalattices is critical but challenging, due to their nanoscale structure and thickness. To date, only metalattices with high porosities, close to the close-packing fraction of hard spheres, have been studied experimentally. Here, we characterize the porosity, thickness, and elastic properties of a low-porosity, empty-pore silicon metalattice film (∼500 nm thickness) with periodic spherical pores (∼tens of nanometers), for the first time. We use laser-driven nanoscale surface acoustic waves probed by extreme ultraviolet scatterometry to nondestructively measure the acoustic dispersion in these thin silicon metalattice layers. By comparing the data to finite element models of the metalattice sample, we can extract Young's modulus and porosity. Moreover, by controlling the acoustic wave penetration depth, we can also determine the metalattice layer thickness and verify the substrate properties. Additionally, we utilize electron tomography images of the metalattice to verify the geometry and validate the porosity extracted from scatterometry. These advanced characterization techniques are critical for informed and iterative fabrication of energy-efficient devices based on nanostructured metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Knobloch
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Brendan McBennett
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Charles S Bevis
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sadegh Yazdi
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute and the Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Travis D Frazer
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Amitava Adak
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Emma E Nelson
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jorge N Hernández-Charpak
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hiu Y Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Alex J Grede
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Pratibha Mahale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nabila Nabi Nova
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Noel C Giebink
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Thomas E Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - John V Badding
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- KMLabs Incorporated, 4775 Walnut Street, Building 102, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Begoña Abad
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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4
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Imade Y, Gusev VE, Matsuda O, Tomoda M, Otsuka PH, Wright OB. Gigahertz Optomechanical Photon-Phonon Transduction between Nanostructure Lines. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6261-6267. [PMID: 34279964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-frequency surface phonons have a myriad of applications in telecommunications and sensing, but their generation and detection have often been limited to transducers occupying micron-scale regions because of the use of two-dimensional transducer arrays. Here, by means of transient reflection spectroscopy we experimentally demonstrate optically coupled nanolocalized gigahertz surface phonon transduction based on a gold nanowire emitter arranged parallel to linear gold nanorod receiver arrays, that is, quasi-one-dimensional emitter-receivers. We investigate the response up to 10 GHz of these individual optoacoustic and acousto-optic transducers, respectively, by exploiting plasmon-polariton longitudinal resonances of the nanorods. We also demonstrate how the surface phonon detection efficiency is highly dependent on the nanorod orientation with respect to the phonon wave vector, which constrains the symmetry of the detectable modes, and on the nanorod acoustic resonance spectrum. Applications include nanosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Imade
- Division of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Vitalyi E Gusev
- Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans (LAUM), UMR 6613, Institut d'Acoustique-Graduate School (IA-GS), CNRS, Le Mans Université, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Osamu Matsuda
- Division of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Motonobu Tomoda
- Division of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Paul H Otsuka
- Division of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Oliver B Wright
- Division of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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5
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Meisenheimer PB, Steinhardt RA, Sung SH, Williams LD, Zhuang S, Nowakowski ME, Novakov S, Torunbalci MM, Prasad B, Zollner CJ, Wang Z, Dawley NM, Schubert J, Hunter AH, Manipatruni S, Nikonov DE, Young IA, Chen LQ, Bokor J, Bhave SA, Ramesh R, Hu JM, Kioupakis E, Hovden R, Schlom DG, Heron JT. Engineering new limits to magnetostriction through metastability in iron-gallium alloys. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2757. [PMID: 33980848 PMCID: PMC8115637 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetostrictive materials transduce magnetic and mechanical energies and when combined with piezoelectric elements, evoke magnetoelectric transduction for high-sensitivity magnetic field sensors and energy-efficient beyond-CMOS technologies. The dearth of ductile, rare-earth-free materials with high magnetostrictive coefficients motivates the discovery of superior materials. Fe1-xGax alloys are amongst the highest performing rare-earth-free magnetostrictive materials; however, magnetostriction becomes sharply suppressed beyond x = 19% due to the formation of a parasitic ordered intermetallic phase. Here, we harness epitaxy to extend the stability of the BCC Fe1-xGax alloy to gallium compositions as high as x = 30% and in so doing dramatically boost the magnetostriction by as much as 10x relative to the bulk and 2x larger than canonical rare-earth based magnetostrictors. A Fe1-xGax - [Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3]0.7-[PbTiO3]0.3 (PMN-PT) composite magnetoelectric shows robust 90° electrical switching of magnetic anisotropy and a converse magnetoelectric coefficient of 2.0 × 10-5 s m-1. When optimally scaled, this high coefficient implies stable switching at ~80 aJ per bit.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Meisenheimer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R A Steinhardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - S H Sung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - L D Williams
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo - The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - S Zhuang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M E Nowakowski
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - S Novakov
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M M Torunbalci
- OxideMEMS Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - B Prasad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - C J Zollner
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Z Wang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - N M Dawley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - J Schubert
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-9) and JARA Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - A H Hunter
- Michigan Center for Materials Characterization, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S Manipatruni
- Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - D E Nikonov
- Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - I A Young
- Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - L Q Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - J Bokor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - S A Bhave
- OxideMEMS Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - R Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J-M Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - E Kioupakis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R Hovden
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D G Schlom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Str. 2, Berlin, Germany
| | - J T Heron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Abad B, Knobloch JL, Frazer TD, Hernández-Charpak JN, Cheng HY, Grede AJ, Giebink NC, Mallouk TE, Mahale P, Nova NN, Tomaschke AA, Ferguson VL, Crespi VH, Gopalan V, Kapteyn HC, Badding JV, Murnane MM. Nondestructive Measurements of the Mechanical and Structural Properties of Nanostructured Metalattices. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3306-3312. [PMID: 32227973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metalattices are artificial 3D solids, periodic on sub-100 nm length scales, that enable the functional properties of materials to be tuned. However, because of their complex structure, predicting and characterizing their properties is challenging. Here we demonstrate the first nondestructive measurements of the mechanical and structural properties of metalattices with feature sizes down to 14 nm. By monitoring the time-dependent diffraction of short wavelength light from laser-excited acoustic waves in the metalattices, we extract their acoustic dispersion, Young's modulus, filling fraction, and thicknesses. Our measurements are in excellent agreement with macroscopic predictions and potentially destructive techniques such as nanoindentation and scanning electron microscopy, with increased accuracy over larger areas. This is interesting because the transport properties of these metalattices do not obey bulk predictions. Finally, this approach is the only way to validate the filling fraction of metalattices over macroscopic areas. These combined capabilities can enable accurate synthesis of nanoenhanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Abad
- Department of Physics, JILA and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joshua L Knobloch
- Department of Physics, JILA and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Travis D Frazer
- Department of Physics, JILA and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jorge N Hernández-Charpak
- Department of Physics, JILA and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hiu Y Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Alex J Grede
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Noel C Giebink
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Thomas E Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Pratibha Mahale
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nabila N Nova
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Andrew A Tomaschke
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Virginia L Ferguson
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Venkatraman Gopalan
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- Department of Physics, JILA and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - John V Badding
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- Department of Physics, JILA and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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7
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Schoenlein R, Elsaesser T, Holldack K, Huang Z, Kapteyn H, Murnane M, Woerner M. Recent advances in ultrafast X-ray sources. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180384. [PMID: 30929633 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Over more than a century, X-rays have transformed our understanding of the fundamental structure of matter and have been an indispensable tool for chemistry, physics, biology, materials science and related fields. Recent advances in ultrafast X-ray sources operating in the femtosecond to attosecond regimes have opened an important new frontier in X-ray science. These advances now enable: (i) sensitive probing of structural dynamics in matter on the fundamental timescales of atomic motion, (ii) element-specific probing of electronic structure and charge dynamics on fundamental timescales of electronic motion, and (iii) powerful new approaches for unravelling the coupling between electronic and atomic structural dynamics that underpin the properties and function of matter. Most notable is the recent realization of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) with numerous new XFEL facilities in operation or under development worldwide. Advances in XFELs are complemented by advances in synchrotron-based and table-top laser-plasma X-ray sources now operating in the femtosecond regime, and laser-based high-order harmonic XUV sources operating in the attosecond regime. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schoenlein
- 1 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 , USA
| | - Thomas Elsaesser
- 2 Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Karsten Holldack
- 3 Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Zhirong Huang
- 1 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 , USA
| | - Henry Kapteyn
- 4 Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309-0440 , USA
| | - Margaret Murnane
- 4 Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309-0440 , USA
| | - Michael Woerner
- 2 Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , 12489 Berlin , Germany
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8
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Karl RM, Mancini GF, Knobloch JL, Frazer TD, Hernandez-Charpak JN, Abad B, Gardner DF, Shanblatt ER, Tanksalvala M, Porter CL, Bevis CS, Adams DE, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM. Full-field imaging of thermal and acoustic dynamics in an individual nanostructure using tabletop high harmonic beams. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaau4295. [PMID: 30345364 PMCID: PMC6195334 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau4295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Imaging charge, spin, and energy flow in materials is a current grand challenge that is relevant to a host of nanoenhanced systems, including thermoelectric, photovoltaic, electronic, and spin devices. Ultrafast coherent x-ray sources enable functional imaging on nanometer length and femtosecond timescales particularly when combined with advances in coherent imaging techniques. Here, we combine ptychographic coherent diffractive imaging with an extreme ultraviolet high harmonic light source to directly visualize the complex thermal and acoustic response of an individual nanoscale antenna after impulsive heating by a femtosecond laser. We directly image the deformations induced in both the nickel tapered nanoantenna and the silicon substrate and see the lowest-order generalized Lamb wave that is partially confined to a uniform nanoantenna. The resolution achieved-sub-100 nm transverse and 0.5-Å axial spatial resolution, combined with ≈10-fs temporal resolution-represents a significant advance in full-field dynamic imaging capabilities. The tapered nanoantenna is sufficiently complex that a full simulation of the dynamic response would require enormous computational power. We therefore use our data to benchmark approximate models and achieve excellent agreement between theory and experiment. In the future, this work will enable three-dimensional functional imaging of opaque materials and nanostructures that are sufficiently complex that their functional properties cannot be predicted.
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9
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Mancini GF, Karl RM, Shanblatt ER, Bevis CS, Gardner DF, Tanksalvala MD, Russell JL, Adams DE, Kapteyn HC, Badding JV, Mallouk TE, Murnane MM. Colloidal crystal order and structure revealed by tabletop extreme ultraviolet scattering and coherent diffractive imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:11393-11406. [PMID: 29716059 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.011393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal crystals with specific electronic, optical, magnetic, vibrational properties, can be rationally designed by controlling fundamental parameters such as chemical composition, scale, periodicity and lattice symmetry. In particular, silica nanospheres -which assemble to form colloidal crystals- are ideal for this purpose, because of the ability to infiltrate their templates with semiconductors or metals. However characterization of these crystals is often limited to techniques such as grazing incidence small-angle scattering that provide only global structural information and also often require synchrotron sources. Here we demonstrate small-angle Bragg scattering from nanostructured materials using a tabletop-scale setup based on high-harmonic generation, to reveal important information about the local order of nanosphere grains, separated by grain boundaries and discontinuities. We also apply full-field quantitative ptychographic imaging to visualize the extended structure of a silica close-packed nanosphere multilayer, with thickness information encoded in the phase. These combined techniques allow us to simultaneously characterize the silica nanospheres size, their symmetry and distribution within single colloidal crystal grains, the local arrangement of nearest-neighbor grains, as well as to quantitatively determine the number of layers within the sample. Key to this advance is the good match between the high harmonic wavelength used (13.5nm) and the high transmission, high scattering efficiency, and low sample damage of the silica colloidal crystal at this wavelength. As a result, the relevant distances in the sample - namely, the interparticle distance (≈124nm) and the colloidal grains local arrangement (≈1μm) - can be investigated with Bragg coherent EUV scatterometry and ptychographic imaging within the same experiment simply by tuning the EUV spot size at the sample plane (5μm and 15μm respectively). In addition, the high spatial coherence of high harmonics light, combined with advances in imaging techniques, makes it possible to image near-periodic structures quantitatively and nondestructively, and enables the observation of the extended order of quasi-periodic colloidal crystals, with a spatial resolution better than 20nm. In the future, by harnessing the high time-resolution of tabletop high harmonics, this technique can be extended to dynamically image the three-dimensional electronic, magnetic, and transport properties of functional nanosystems.
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