Five-Membered Heterocycles as Linking Units in Strongly Coupled Homobimetallic Group 8 Metal Half-Sandwich Complexes

Supradecoration induced homogenous electrochemical sensing: development of Ru(ii) half sandwich complex as isoniazid and rifampicin dual sensor

Homogenous electrochemical sensing using unmodified electrodes remove electrode fabrication challenges and prove effective for detecting sensitive bio-analytes without chances of surface degradation. This work envisages design and optimization of a ruthenium(ii) half-sandwich complex as supradecorated homogeneous electrochemical sensor for simultaneous detection of rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) as first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs in aqueous environments. The electrochemical profile of GCE/ruthenium(ii) half-sandwich complex sensor was analyzed using cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicate significant electrochemical parameters corroborating enhanced sensing propensity of GCE/ruthenium(ii) half-sandwich complex over bare GCE for simultaneous estimation of RIF and INH binary mixture. The RIF and INZ analytical figure of merit has been corroborated with their relative supra interactional propensity. Supra interactional propensity has also been predicted to be the plausible mechanism of RIF and INZ electrochemical sensing. Under optimized conditions GCE/ruthenium(ii) half-sandwich complex sensor depicted INH detection limits of 1.2 μM, and RIF detection limit of 32 nM. The comparative study of RIF and INZ analytes individually depicted high sensitivity of 24.57 μA μM-1 cm-2 and 1.69 μA μM-1 cm-2 under a linear response in the range of 0.29-3.72 μM and 4.9-82.22 μM for RIF and INH respectively. The analytical figure of merit of homogenous sensor has been compared to other GCE modified electrodes for RIF and INZ analytes. A significant antibiotic contaminant recovery of RIF and INZ drugs in pharmaceutical formulations, municipal water supplies and Dal lake water under spiked as well as unspiked conditions was observed portraying real time sensing application propensity. The homogenous GCE/ruthenium(ii) half-sandwich complex expresses excellent stability and reproducibility. The GCE/ruthenium(ii) half-sandwich complex in the presence of potential redox active biological interfering agents confirmed selectivity towards RIF and INZ analytes.

Experimental and Computational Studies of Steric Factors in the Isomerization of Internal Alkynes within the Coordination Environment of Half-Sandwich Metal Complexes

The isomerization of internal alkynes Ar1C≡CAr2 within the coordination environment of low-valent half-sandwich [Ru(dppe)Cp]+ complexes via a 1,2-migration process affords vinylidene species [Ru{=C=C(Ar1)Ar2}(dppe)Cp]+. The rearrangement reactions of symmetrically and asymmetrically substituted substrates featuring different electron-donating and -withdrawing groups and of varying steric bulk were modelled using density functional theory (DFT), and the conclusions supported by experimental observations. Examination of the reaction pathway and associated activation barriers reveal a high solvent dependency for the generation of the key intermediate species [Ru(dppe)Cp]+ from [RuCl(dppe)Cp] by halide dissociation in the presence of Na+ salts of weakly coordinating anions, with the lattice enthalpy of the NaCl by-product playing a critical role in the overall thermochemical balance of the reaction. The activation barriers associated with the reaction of [Ru(dppe)Cp]+ with Ar1C≡CAr2, and the relative energies of the alkyne complexes [Ru(η2-Ar1C≡CAr2)(dppe)Cp]+, are sensitive to the electron density of the alkyne and conformational changes associated with the 'bend-back' of the substrate. The latter differs by up to 66.1 kJ/mol, which in turn impacts the barrier height of the subsequent 1,2-migration step involved in the rearrangement process and ultimately the overall thermochemical nature of the complete reaction. The relative importance of these factors is evinced by the successful rearrangement of the very sterically congested 1(9-anthryl)-2(9-phenanthryl) acetylene into the fully characterized diaryl vinylidene complex, which was isolated in 89 % yield.

Migration of Condensed Aromatic Hydrocarbons During Alkyne-Vinylidene Rearrangements

Diarylacetylenes ArC≡CAr featuring condensed aromatic hydrocarbon fragments (Ar) such as naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene and pyrene were converted into vinylidene ligands by 1,2-migration reactions within the coordination sphere of half-sandwich complexes [MII(dppe)Cp]+ (MII = RuII, FeII). Comparison of the extent of conversion of the alkyne substrates to the vinylidene complexes [Ru{=C=CAr2}(dppe)Cp]+ with those obtained from acetylenes functionalized by smaller groups (H, CH3, Ph) show that the molecular volume (VM) of the migrating group and relief of steric congestion plays a role during the rearrangement process. Conversely, the H-atoms from the larger condensed ring aryl groups that are in close proximity to the migrating sites also have a significant influence on the efficacy and extent of the reaction by restricting access of the alkyne to the metal center, resulting in a less effective migration reaction. This combination of competing steric factors (acceleration due to relief of steric congestion and restricted access of the alkyne moiety to the reaction site) is exemplified by the facile migration of 1-pyryl entities and the low yields of vinylidene products formed from 1,2-bis(9-anthryl)acetylene.

Functionalised organometallic photoswitches containing dihydropyrene units

Functionalising organic molecular photoswitches with metal complexes has been shown to alter and enhance their switching states. These organometallic photoswitches provide a promising basis for novel smart molecular materials and molecular electronic devices. We have detailed the synthesis and characterisation of mono- and bimetallic half-sandwich ruthenium and iron complexes functionalised with alkynyl dihydropyrenes (DHP). Their electronic and photophysical properties were determined by the use of chemical, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical techniques. The introduction of the metal alkynyl moiety allows access to additional redox and protonation states not accessible by the DHP alone. An additional metal alkynyl moiety inhibits observable photochromic switching. Analysis of the NIR and IR bands in the mixed valence complexes suggests there is a high degree of charge delocalisation across the DHP.

Iron vs. ruthenium: syntheses, structures and IR spectroelectrochemical characterisation of half-sandwich Group 8 acetylide complexes

A synthetic ‘trick’ affording complexes [M(CCR)(dppe)Cp′] (M = Fe, Ru) in high purity directly from the reaction vessel is described.

Role of Substituents at 3-position of Thienylethynyl Spacer on Electronic Properties in Diruthenium(II) Organometallic Wire-like Complexes

A series of organometallic complexes [Cl(dppe)₂ Ru-C≡C-(3-R-C₄ H₂ S)-C≡C-Ru(dppe)₂ Cl] (3-R-C₄ H₂ S=3-substituted thienyl moiety; R=-H, -C₂ H₅ , -C₃ H₇ , -C₄ H₉ , -C₆ H₁₃ , -OMe, -CN in 5 a-5 g respectively) have been synthesized by systematic variation of 3-substituents at the thienylethynyl bridging unit. The diruthenum(II) wire-like complexes (5 a-5 g) have been achieved by the reaction of thienylethynyl bridging units, HC≡C-(3-R-C₄ H₂ S)-C≡CH (4 a-4 g) with cis-[Ru(dppe)₂ Cl₂ ]. The wire-like diruthenium(II) complexes undergo two consecutive electrochemical oxidation processes in the potential range of 0.0 - 0.8 V. Interestingly, the wave separation between the two redox waves is greatly influenced by the substituents at the 3-position of the thienylethynyl. Thus, the substitution on 3-position of the thienylethynyl bridging unit plays a pivotal role for tuning the electronic properties. To understand the electronic behavior, density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the selected diruthenium wire-like complexes (5 a-5 e) with different alkyl appendages are performed. The theoretical data demonstrate that incorporation of alkyl groups to the thienylethynyl entity leaves unsymmetrical spin densities, thus affecting the electronic properties. The voltammetric features of the other two Ru(II) alkynyl complexes 5 f and 5 g (with -OMe and -CN group respectively) show an apparent dependence on the electronic properties. The electronic properties in the redox conjugate, (5 a⁺ ) with K_c of 3.9×10⁶ are further examined by UV-Vis-NIR and FTIR studies, showing optical responses in NIR region along with changes in "-Ru-C≡C-" vibrational stretching frequency. The origin of the observed electronic transition has been assigned based on time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemistry of Diferrocenyl β-Diketones, -Diketonates, and Pyrazoles

The synthesis of FcC(O)CH(R)C(O)Fc (Fc = Fe(η⁵-C₅H₄)(η⁵-C₅H₅); R = H, 5; ⁿBu, 7; CH₂CH₂(OCH₂CH₂)₂OMe, 9), [M(κ²O,O′-FcC(O)CHC(O)Fc)_n] (M = Ti, n = 3, 10; M = Fe, n = 3, 11; M = BF₂, n = 1, 12), and 1-R′-3,5-Fc₂-^cC₃HN₂ (R′ = H, 13; Me, 14; Ph, 15) is discussed. The solid-state structures of 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, and 16 ([TiCl₂(κ²O,O′-PhC(O)CHC(O)Ph)₂]) show that 7 and 9 exist in their β-diketo form. Compound 13 crystallizes as a tetramer based on a hydrogen bond pattern, including one central water molecule. The electrochemical behavior of 5–7 and 9–16 was studied by cyclic and square-wave voltammetry, showing that the ferrocenyls can separately be oxidized reversibly between −50 and 750 mV (5–7, 9, 12–15: two Fc-related events; 10, 11: six events, being partially superimposed). For complex 10, Ti-centered reversible redox processes appear at −985 (Ti^II/Ti^III) and −520 mV (Ti^III/Ti^IV). Spectro-electrochemical UV-Vis/NIR measurements were carried out on 5, 6, and 12, whereby only 12 showed an IVCT (intervalence charge-transfer) band of considerable strength (ν_max = 6250 cm⁻¹, Δν_½ = 4725 cm⁻¹, ε_max = 240 L·mol⁻¹·cm⁻¹), due to the rigid C₃O₂B cycle, enlarging the coupling strength between the Fc groups.

(Electrochemical) Properties and Computational Investigations of Ferrocenyl-substituted Fe3(μ3-PFc)2(CO)9 and Co4(μ4-PFc)2(CO)9 Clusters and Their Reduced Species

The formation of ferrocenyl-functionalized iron and cobalt carbonyl clusters is reported, based on a reaction of FcPCl₂ (3) (Fc = Fe(η⁵-C₅H₅)(η⁵-C₅H₄)) with Fe₂(CO)₉ and Co₂(CO)₈, respectively. Therein, nido-Fe₃(CO)₉(μ₃-PFc)₂ (4) and nido-Co₄(CO)₁₀(μ₃-PFc)₂ (5) clusters were obtained as the first diferrocenyl-substituted carbonyl clusters with a symmetrical cluster core. Cluster 4 shows two reversible one-electron processes within the anodic region, based on Fc/Fc⁺ redox events, as well as two processes in the cathodic region. In situ IR and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements of all electronic states confirmed an Fc-based oxidation and a core-based reduction. On the basis of the results of a single-crystal X-ray analysis of structures of 4 and 5, computational studies of the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies, the spin density, quantum theory of atom-in-molecule delocalization indices, and the atomic charges were performed to explain the experimental results. The latter revealed a reorganization of the cluster core upon reduction and the existence of weak P···P interactions in 4 and 5. Ferrocenyl-related redox processes, occurring reversibly in case of 4, were absent for 5, due to a different distribution of the HOMO energies. EPR measurements furthermore confirmed the core-based radical anion and the formation of a decomposition product at potentials lower than [M]^2- (M = Fe, Co).

Rise of Conjugated Poly-ynes and Poly(Metalla-ynes): From Design Through Synthesis to Structure-Property Relationships and Applications

Conjugated poly-ynes and poly(metalla-ynes) constitute an important class of new materials with potential application in various domains of science. The key factors responsible for the diverse usage of these materials is their intriguing and tunable chemical and photophysical properties. This review highlights fascinating advances made in the field of conjugated organic poly-ynes and poly(metalla-ynes) incorporating group 4-11 metals. This includes several important aspects of conjugated poly-ynes viz. synthetic protocols, bonding, electronic structure, nature of luminescence, structure-property relationships, diverse applications, and concluding remarks. Furthermore, we delineated the future directions and challenges in this particular area of research.

Anodic electrochemistry of mono- and dinuclear aminophenylferrocene and diphenylaminoferrocene complexes

Two related three-membered series of nonlinear aminophenylferrocene and diphenylaminoferrocene complexes were prepared and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The first series consists of 4-(diphenylamino)phenylferrocene (TPA-Fc, 1a), its dimethoxy-substituted tetraphenylphenylenediamine derivative (M2TPPD-Fc, 1c), and the triphenylamine-bridged bis(ferrocenyl) complex (Fc-TPA-Fc, 1b). The second series involves bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aminoferrocene (M2DPA-Fc, 1d), 4-methoxyphenylaminoferrocene (MPA-Fc) with N-phenyl-appended terminal TPA (1e), and the corresponding bis(MPA-Fc) complex with bridging TPA (1f). The structure of complex 1d was further confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Combined investigations, based on anodic voltammetry, UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, were conducted to illustrate the influence of the integration of multiple redox-active components on the sequential oxidation of these complexes. The first anodic steps in 1a-1f are localized preferentially on the ferrocenyl units, followed by oxidation of the TPA or TPPD moieties (absent in 1d). Irreversible oxidation of the ferrocene-appended strong donor DPA/MPA units in 1d-1f terminates the anodic series. The one-electron oxidation of the triphenylamine-bridged diferrocenyl (1b) and bis(phenylaminoferrocenyl) (1f) complexes triggers their facile redox disproportionation to dicationic bis(ferrocenium) products.

Electronically Strongly Coupled Divinylheterocyclic-Bridged Diruthenium Complexes

Complexes [{Ru(CO)Cl(PiPr3 )2 }2 (μ-2,5-(CH-CH)2 -(c) C4 H2 E] (E=NR; R=C6 H4 -4-NMe2 (10 a), C6 H4 -4-OMe (10 b), C6 H4 -4-Me (10 c), C6 H5 (10 d), C6 H4 -4-CO2 Et (10 e), C6 H4 -4-NO2 (10 f), C6 H3 -3,5-(CF3 )2 (10 g), CH3 (11); E=O (12), S (13)) are discussed. The solid state structures of four alkynes and two complexes are reported. (Spectro)electrochemical studies show a moderate influence of the nature of the heteroatom and the electron-donating or -withdrawing substituents R in 10 a-g on the electrochemical and spectroscopic properties. The CVs display two consecutive one-electron redox events with ΔE°'=350-495 mV. A linear relationship between ΔE°' and the σp Hammett constant for 10 a-f was found. IR, UV/Vis/NIR and EPR studies for 10(+) -13(+) confirm full charge delocalization over the {Ru}CH-CH-heterocycle-CH-CH{Ru} backbone, classifying them as Class III systems according to the Robin and Day classification. DFT-optimized structures of the neutral complexes agree well with the experimental ones and provide insight into the structural consequences of stepwise oxidations.

Crystal structure of 3-ferrocenyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrole, [Fe(η(5)-C5H4 (c) C4H3 NPh)(η(5)-C5H5)]

The mol-ecular structure of the title compound, [Fe(C5H5)(C15H12N)], consists of a ferrocene moiety with an N-phenyl-pyrrole heterocycle bound to one cyclo-penta-dienyl ring. The 1,3-disubstitution of the pyrrole results in an L-shaped arrangement of the mol-ecule with plane inter-sections of 2.78 (17)° between the pyrrole and the N-bonded phenyl ring and of 8.17 (18)° between the pyrrole and the cyclo-penta-dienyl ring. In the crystal, no remarkable inter-molecular inter-actions are observed.

Notable differences between oxidized diruthenium complexes bridged by four isomeric diethynyl benzodithiophene ligands

Isomeric benzodithiophenes in the core of a diethynyl bridge have a strong impact on the stability and electronic properties of oxidized diruthenium complexes.