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Arroyo I, Cedeño R, Nour Eddine N, Alcaraz G, Pensec S, Bouteiller L, Naït-Abdelaziz M, Barrau S, Tahon JF, Fournier D, Fadel A, Takeshita M, Buntinx G, Aloïse S. Easy Processable Photomechanical Thin Film Involving a Photochromic Diarylethene and a Thermoplastic Elastomer in Supramolecular Interaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402131. [PMID: 39152527 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
A novel supramolecular photoactuator in the form of a thin film of centimetric size has been developed as an alternative to traditional liquid crystal elastomers (LCE) involving azobenzene (AZO) units or photochromic microcrystals. This thin film is produced through spin coating without the need for alignment or crosslinking. The photoactuator combines a photochromic dithienylethene (DTE) functionalized with ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) units, and a telechelic thermoplastic elastomer, also functionalized with UPy, allowing quadruple hydrogen bonding between the two components. Upon alternating ultraviolet (UV) and visible light exposure, the film exhibits reversible bending and color changes, studied using displacement and absorption tracking setups. For the first time, the photomechanical effect (PME) is quantitatively correlated with photochromism, showing that DTE units drive the movement under both UV (photocyclization) and visible (photoreversion) light. In situ illumination techniques reveal that the PME arises from photoinduced strain within 160 nm UPy-bonded DTE domains, which expand and contract by approximately 50% under UV and visible light, respectively. The semicrystalline nature of the elastomer and a robust supramolecular network connecting both components are critical in converting microscopic photostrain into macroscopic actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Arroyo
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - Laboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Rebeca Cedeño
- Université de Lille, Unité de Mécanique de Lille-Joseph Boussinesq ULR 7512, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Nour Nour Eddine
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, Rennes, F-35000, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Gilles Alcaraz
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | - Sandrine Pensec
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Laurent Bouteiller
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Moussa Naït-Abdelaziz
- Université de Lille, Unité de Mécanique de Lille-Joseph Boussinesq ULR 7512, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Sophie Barrau
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Jean-François Tahon
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - David Fournier
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Alexandre Fadel
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, FR 2638 - IMEC - Institut Michel-Eugène Chevreul, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Michinori Takeshita
- Department of Advanced Technology and Fusion, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Saga, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Guy Buntinx
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - Laboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Stéphane Aloïse
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - Laboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, Lille, 59000, France
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Soullard L, Pradalié F, Labat B, Lancelon-Pin C, Nonglaton G, Rolere S, Texier I, Jean B. Methacrylated Cellulose Nanocrystals as Fillers for the Development of Photo-Cross-Linkable Cytocompatible Biosourced Formulations Targeting 3D Printing. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:6009-6024. [PMID: 38073466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from cotton were functionalized in aqueous medium using methacrylic anhydride (MA) to produce methacrylated cellulose nanocrystals (mCNCs) with a degree of methacrylation (DM) up to 12.6 ± 0.50%. Dispersible as-prepared CNCs and mCNCs were then considered as reinforcing fillers for aqueous 3D-printable formulations based on methacrylated carboxymethylcellulose (mCMC). The rheological properties of such photo-cross-linkable aqueous formulations containing nonmodified CNCs or mCNCs at 0.2 or 0.5 wt% in 2 wt% mCMC were fully investigated. The influence of the presence of nanoparticles on the UV-curing kinetics and dimensions of the photo-cross-linked hydrogels was probed and 13C CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the maximum conversion ratio of methacrylates as well as the optimized time required for UV postcuring. The viscoelasticity of cross-linked hydrogels and swollen hydrogels was also studied. The addition of 0.5 wt% mCNC with a DM of 0.83 ± 0.040% to the formulation yielded faster cross-linking kinetics, better resolution, more robust cross-linked hydrogels, and more stable swollen hydrogels than pure mCMC materials. Additionally, the produced cryogels showed no cytotoxicity toward L929 fibroblasts. This biobased formulation could thus be considered for the 3D printing of hydrogels dedicated to biomedical purposes using vat polymerization techniques, such as stereolithography or digital light processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lénaïc Soullard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, DTNM, Grenoble 38054, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, Grenoble 38054, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, Saint-Martin-d'Hères 38041, France
| | - Flavie Pradalié
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, Saint-Martin-d'Hères 38041, France
| | - Béatrice Labat
- Univ. Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, PBS, Evreux 27000, France
| | | | | | | | - Isabelle Texier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Bruno Jean
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, Saint-Martin-d'Hères 38041, France
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von Seggern N, Oehlsen N, Moudrakovski I, Stegbauer L. Photomodulation of the Mechanical Properties and Photo-Actuation of Chitosan-Based Thin Films Modified with an Azobenzene-Derivative. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2308939. [PMID: 38037759 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
A sophisticated comprehension of the impacts of photoisomerization and photothermal phenomena on biogenic and responsive materials can provide a guiding framework for future applications. Herein, the procedure to manufacture homogeneous chitosan-based smart thin films are reported by incorporating the light-responsive azobenzene-derivative Sodium-4-[(4-(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)phenyl)diazen-yl]-benzenesulfonate (TEGABS) in the biopolymer through electrostatic interactions. When irradiated with UV-light the TEGABS/chitosan films show a biresponse, comprising the E→Z photoisomerization with a half-life of 13 - 20 h and the light-induced evaporation of residual moisture leading to an increase in the reduced indentation modulus (up to 49%) and hardness. Freestanding films of TEGABS/chitosan show actuation up to 13° while irradiated with UV-light. This work shows the potential of biogenic polysaccharides in the design of biresponsive materials with photomodulated mechanical properties and unveils the link between the humidity of the environment, residual moisture, and the photomodulation of the mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils von Seggern
- Bioinspired Structural Material Chemistry, Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nina Oehlsen
- Bioinspired Structural Material Chemistry, Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Now at: Biogenic engineering materials, Tu Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner-Str. 3, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Igor Moudrakovski
- Physical Chemistry of Solids, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Linus Stegbauer
- Bioinspired Structural Material Chemistry, Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Now at: Biogenic engineering materials, Tu Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner-Str. 3, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
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Khalid MY, Arif ZU, Noroozi R, Hossain M, Ramakrishna S, Umer R. 3D/4D printing of cellulose nanocrystals-based biomaterials: Additives for sustainable applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126287. [PMID: 37573913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have gained significant attraction from both industrial and academic sectors, thanks to their biodegradability, non-toxicity, and renewability with remarkable mechanical characteristics. Desirable mechanical characteristics of CNCs include high stiffness, high strength, excellent flexibility, and large surface-to-volume ratio. Additionally, the mechanical properties of CNCs can be tailored through chemical modifications for high-end applications including tissue engineering, actuating, and biomedical. Modern manufacturing methods including 3D/4D printing are highly advantageous for developing sophisticated and intricate geometries. This review highlights the major developments of additive manufactured CNCs, which promote sustainable solutions across a wide range of applications. Additionally, this contribution also presents current challenges and future research directions of CNC-based composites developed through 3D/4D printing techniques for myriad engineering sectors including tissue engineering, wound healing, wearable electronics, robotics, and anti-counterfeiting applications. Overall, this review will greatly help research scientists from chemistry, materials, biomedicine, and other disciplines to comprehend the underlying principles, mechanical properties, and applications of additively manufactured CNC-based structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasir Khalid
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Zia Ullah Arif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Management & Technology Lahore, Sialkot Campus, 51041, Pakistan.
| | - Reza Noroozi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mokarram Hossain
- Zienkiewicz Institute for Modelling, Data and AI, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, SA1 8EN Swansea, UK.
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Rehan Umer
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Müller LA, Zingg A, Arcifa A, Zimmermann T, Nyström G, Burgert I, Siqueira G. Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals as Active Reinforcements for Light-Actuated 3D-Printed Structures. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18210-18222. [PMID: 36256903 PMCID: PMC9706808 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conventional manufacturing techniques allow the production of photoresponsive cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)-based composites that can reversibly modify their optical, mechanical, or chemical properties upon light irradiation. However, such materials are often limited to 2D films or simple shapes and do not benefit from spatial tailoring of mechanical properties resulting from CNC alignment. Herein, we propose the direct ink writing (DIW) of 3D complex structures that combine CNC reinforcement effects with photoinduced responses. After grafting azobenzene photochromes onto the CNC surfaces, up to 15 wt % of modified nanoparticles can be introduced into a polyurethane acrylate matrix. The influence of CNC on rheological properties allows DIW of self-standing 3D structures presenting local shear-induced alignment of the active reinforcements. The printed composites, with longitudinal elastic modulus of 30 MPa, react to visible-light irradiation with 30-50% reversible softening and present a shape memory behavior. The phototunable energy absorption of 3D complex structures is demonstrated by harnessing both geometrical and photoresponsive effects, enabling dynamic mechanical responses to environmental stimuli. Functionalized CNC in 3D printable inks have the potential to allow the rapid prototyping of several devices with tailored mechanical properties, suitable for applications requiring dynamic responses to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca A.
E. Müller
- Cellulose
and Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Wood
Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anita Zingg
- Cellulose
and Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Wood
Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Arcifa
- Surface
Science & Coating Technologies, Empa, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Zimmermann
- Cellulose
and Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Cellulose
and Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Cellulose
and Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Wood
Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gilberto Siqueira
- Cellulose
and Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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