1
|
Berramdane K, Lucío MI, Ramírez MG, Navarro-Fuster V, Bañuls MJ, Maquieira Á, Morales-Vidal M, Beléndez A, Pascual I. Storage Optimization of Transmission Holographic Gratings in Photohydrogels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:48187-48202. [PMID: 39186609 PMCID: PMC11403569 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The development and optimization of holographic materials represent a great challenge today. These materials must be synthesized according to the characteristics that are desirable in photonic devices whose application is the object of investigation. In certain holographic sensors and biosensors, it is essential that the recording material be stable in liquid media. Furthermore, the holographic gratings stored in them must have temporal and structural stability, so that they can act as transducers of the analytical signal. Therefore, it is essential to optimize its storage in terms of the chemical composition of the material and the optical parameters of recording. This work focuses on the study of the storage optimization of unslanted transmission volume phase holograms in photohydrogels based on acrylamide and N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide). Hydrogel matrices, also composed of acrylamide and N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide), with different degrees of cross-linking were used and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy. The best results in terms of diffraction efficiency were reached for hydrogel matrices with an acrylamide/N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide) molar ratio between 19.9 and 26. This relationship was also optimized in the incubator solution used to incorporate the components necessary for the formation of the holograms in the hydrogel matrices. The maximum diffraction efficiency, about 35%, was achieved when using an incubation solution with an acrylamide/N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide) molar ratio of 4.35. The influence of the physical thickness of the hydrogel layers, the intensity, and the exposure time on the diffraction efficiency was also investigated and optimized. In addition, the behavior of the hologram was analyzed after a washing stage with PBST. A simple model that considered the effects of bending and attenuation of holographic gratings was proposed and used to obtain the optical parameters of the holograms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kheloud Berramdane
- I. U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig 03690, Spain
| | - María Isabel Lucío
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Manuel G Ramírez
- I. U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig 03690, Spain
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig 03690, Spain
| | - Víctor Navarro-Fuster
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig 03690, Spain
| | - María-José Bañuls
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Ángel Maquieira
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Marta Morales-Vidal
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig 03690, Spain
| | - Augusto Beléndez
- I. U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig 03690, Spain
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig 03690, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Pascual
- I. U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig 03690, Spain
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig 03690, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mikulchyk T, Murphy K, Walsh J, Martin S, Cody D, Naydenova I. Improving the Angular Visibility of Photopolymer-Based Reflection Holograms for Sensing Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094275. [PMID: 37177479 PMCID: PMC10181154 DOI: 10.3390/s23094275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Volume reflection hologram-based sensors are designed to visibly change colour in response to a target stressor or analyte. However, reflection holograms fabricated in thick photopolymer films are highly angularly selective, making these sensors challenging to view and interpret by non-experts. Here, the use of speckle holography to improve the visibility of reflection holograms is presented. A novel recording approach combining speckle recording techniques with Denisyuk reflection recording geometry is described. The recorded speckle reflection grating operates as a series of multiplexed reflection gratings with a range of spatial frequencies, capable of reflecting light at a wider range of angles. A comparative study of the angular and wavelength selectivity of speckle and standard reflection gratings was conducted. The FWHM of the angular selectivity curves of the speckle reflection gratings is doubled (4°) in comparison to standard 4500 lines/mm reflection gratings (2°). The wavelength selectivity FWHM is also doubled from 4.2 to 8.6 nm. The comparative ability of the speckle and standard reflection gratings to act as colour-changing compressional pressure sensors in the 0.88-5.31 MPa range is described. Finally, we present a prototype reflection hologram viewer which enables the easy observation of angularly specific reflection holograms by non-experts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Mikulchyk
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin Murphy
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Walsh
- School of Art and Design, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Martin
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dervil Cody
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Izabela Naydenova
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lloret T, Morales-Vidal M, Navarro-Fuster V, G. Ramírez M, Beléndez A, Pascual I. Holographic Lens Resolution Using the Convolution Theorem. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:5426. [PMID: 36559792 PMCID: PMC9782225 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The similarity between object and image of negative asymmetrical holographic lenses (HLs) stored in a low-toxicity photopolymer has been evaluated theoretically and experimentally. Asymmetrical experimental setups with negative focal lengths have been used to obtain HLs. For this purpose, the resolution of the HLs was calculated using the convolution theorem. A USAF 1951 test was used as an object and the impulse responses of the HLs, which in this case was the amplitude spread function (ASF), were obtained with two different methods: using a CCD sensor and a Hartmann Shack (HS) wavefront sensor. For a negative asymmetrically recorded HL a maximum resolution of 11.31 lp/mm was obtained. It was evaluated at 473 nm wavelength. A theoretical study of object-image similarity had carried out using the MSE (mean squared error) metric to evaluate the experimental results obtained quantitatively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Lloret
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Marta Morales-Vidal
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Víctor Navarro-Fuster
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Manuel G. Ramírez
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Augusto Beléndez
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Pascual
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Davies S, Hu Y, Guo D, Jiang N, Montelongo Y, Naydenova I, Yetisen AK. Computational Modelling of Doubly‐Photopolymerized Holographic Biosensors. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Davies
- Department of Chemical Engineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Yubing Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Dasan Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Nan Jiang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yunuen Montelongo
- Department of Engineering Science University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PJ UK
| | - Izabela Naydenova
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences Technological University Dublin Dublin 07 ADY7 Ireland
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
High Refractive Index Diphenyl Sulfide Photopolymers for Solar Cell Antireflection Coatings. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15113972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The anti-reflection film can effectively reduce the surface reflectivity of solar photovoltaics, increase the transmittance of light, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency. The high refractive index coating is an important part of the anti-reflection film. However, the traditional metal oxide coating has poor stability and complicated processes. To address this issue, we prepared two organic high refractive index (HRI) photopolymers by modifying epoxy acrylic acid with 4,4′-thiodibenzenethiol, which can be surface patterned by nanoimprinting to prepare antireflection coatings. As a result, two modified photopolymers with high refractive index (n > 1.63), high optical transmittance (T > 95%), and thermal stability (Tg > 100 °C) are obtained after curing. In particular, the diphenyl sulfide photopolymer modified by ethyl isocyanate acrylate has a refractive index up to 1.667 cured by UV light. Our work confirms that the organic HRI photopolymer can be obtained by introducing high molar refractive index groups, with potential to be applied as a PV cell power conversion efficiency material.
Collapse
|
6
|
Irfan M, Martin S, Obeidi MA, Miller S, Kuster F, Brabazon D, Naydenova I. A Magnetic Nanoparticle-Doped Photopolymer for Holographic Recording. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091858. [PMID: 35567027 PMCID: PMC9102196 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalised holograms are important for applications utilising smart diffractive optical elements for light redirection, shaping and in the development of sensors/indicators. This paper reports on holographic recording in novel magnetic nanocomposites and the observed temperature change in dry layers and liquid samples exposed to alternating magnetic field (AMF). The nanocomposite consists of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA)-based polymer doped with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), and local heating is achieved through magnetic induction. Here, volume transmission holographic gratings (VTHGs) are recorded with up to 24% diffraction efficiency (DE) in the dry layers of magnetic nanocomposites. The dry layers and liquid samples are then exposed to AMF. Efficient heating was observed in the liquid samples doped with Fe3O4 MNPs of 20 nm average size where the temperature increased from 27 °C to 64 °C after 300 s exposure to 111 mT AMF. The temperature increase in the dry layers doped with the same nanoparticles after exposure to 4.4 mT AMF was observed to be 6 °C. No temperature change was observed in the undoped layers. Additionally, we have successfully recorded Denisyuk holograms in the magnetic nanocomposite materials. The results reveal that the magnetic nanocomposite layers are suitable for recording holograms and need further optimisation in developing holographic indicators for mapping AMFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, College of Science and Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman Lower, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland; (M.I.); (S.M.)
| | - Suzanne Martin
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, College of Science and Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman Lower, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland; (M.I.); (S.M.)
| | - Muhannad Ahmed Obeidi
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre & Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, I-Form, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, 9 Dublin, Ireland; (M.A.O.); (D.B.)
| | - Scott Miller
- Ambrell, B.V., 7556 BS Hengelo, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (F.K.)
| | - Frank Kuster
- Ambrell, B.V., 7556 BS Hengelo, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (F.K.)
| | - Dermot Brabazon
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre & Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, I-Form, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, 9 Dublin, Ireland; (M.A.O.); (D.B.)
| | - Izabela Naydenova
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, College of Science and Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman Lower, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland; (M.I.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu Y, Mavila S, Podgórski M, Kowalski JE, McLeod RR, Bowman CN. Manipulating the Relative Rates of Reaction and Diffusion in a Holographic Photopolymer Based on Thiol–Ene Chemistry. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sudheendran Mavila
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Maciej Podgórski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jamie E. Kowalski
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Robert R. McLeod
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang D, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Guo B, Zhu J, Ye Y, Zhao Y. Improving performance of
two‐stage
photopolymers for volume holographic recording by fluorinated
epoxy‐amine cross‐linked
matrices. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Optoelectronic Technology and Equipment R&D Center Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics Beijing China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Physics Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- College of Physics Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yan Ye
- Optoelectronic Technology and Equipment R&D Center Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics Beijing China
| | - Yuxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pi H, Li W, Shi Z, Chen H, Jiang X. Effect of Glycerol on an N-Vinylpyrrolidone-Based Photopolymer for Transmission Holography. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111754. [PMID: 34072031 PMCID: PMC8198246 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) has a large molecular structure, so it is difficult to diffuse during holographic recording, especially at low spatial frequencies. We used glycerol to promote the diffusion of NVP, and successfully improved the holographic performance of the photopolymer at low spatial frequencies. As the concentration of glycerol increases, the holographic performance first increases and then remains stable. The optimal concentration of glycerol is 0.21 mol/L. At this concentration, the maximum diffraction efficiency of the photopolymer is 84%, the refractive index modulation is 1.95 × 10-3, and the photosensitive sensitivity is 7.91 × 10-4 cm2/mJ. Compared with the control group, the maximum diffraction efficiency, maximum refractive index modulation and photosensitivity at low spatial frequencies (800 lp/mm) have increased by 11.19 times, 4.69 times and 1.71 times, respectively. Using the optimized photopolymer for transmission holographic recording and reproduction, we have obtained a clear and bright transmission hologram. The photopolymer modified with glycerol is expected to be applied to the fields of holography, diffractive optics, and so on.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huishi Pi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.P.); (Z.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Weiping Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.P.); (Z.S.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (X.J.)
| | - Zhiwei Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.P.); (Z.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Haining Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.P.); (Z.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- Department of Information Communication, Army Academy of Armored Forces, Beijing 100072, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (X.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hu Y, Kowalski BA, Mavila S, Podgórski M, Sinha J, Sullivan AC, McLeod RR, Bowman CN. Holographic Photopolymer Material with High Dynamic Range (Δ n) via Thiol-Ene Click Chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44103-44109. [PMID: 32844645 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance holographic recording medium was developed based on a unique combination of photoinitiated thiol-ene click chemistry and functional, linear polymers used as binders. Allyl reactive sites were incorporated along the backbone of the linear polymer binder to enable facile film casting and to facilitate cross-linking by photopolymerization of the thiol-ene monomers that also serve as the writing monomers in this distinctive approach to holographic materials. The allyl content and the ratio of the linear polymer to the writing monomers were varied to maximize and control the refractive index contrast. A blade-coating-based film preparation method was developed to form films from the mixture of linear polymer and the thiol-ene monomers. This approach results in a holographic material with a peak to mean index contrast (Δn) that reaches 0.04. The refractive index contrast was stable for at least two weeks. Haze in holograms with a high writing monomer loading was significantly reduced when a higher allyl content was incorporated into the binder, resulting in the lowest haze around 0.2%. Finally, the media exhibit high resolution as demonstrated by the ability to record reflection holograms with 140 nm pitch and diffraction efficiency in excess of 90%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Benjamin A Kowalski
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sudheendran Mavila
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Maciej Podgórski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Amy C Sullivan
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Robert R McLeod
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lloret T, Navarro-Fuster V, Ramírez MG, Morales-Vidal M, Beléndez A, Pascual I. Aberration-Based Quality Metrics in Holographic Lenses. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E993. [PMID: 32344566 PMCID: PMC7240593 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrations and the image quality of holographic lenses were evaluated by a Hartmann-Shack (HS) wavefront sensor. Two lenses, one recorded with a symmetrical configuration and the other with an asymmetrical one, were stored in a photopolymer called Biophotopol. Each was reconstructed with two different wavelengths, 473 nm and 633 nm. Different metrics were applied to determine and quantify the aberration of the lenses (Zernike coefficients, Seidel coefficients, Marechal tolerances, root-mean-square (RMS), peak to valley, critical fraction of the pupil), and the quality of the image they provided (Strehl ratio, entropy, cutoff frequency, modulation transfer function (MTF), and area under the MTF). Good agreement between the metrics related to optical quality was obtained. The negative asymmetric holographic lenses had less aberration than the positive symmetric ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Lloret
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain; (T.L.); (M.G.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Víctor Navarro-Fuster
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain;
| | - Manuel G. Ramírez
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain; (T.L.); (M.G.R.); (A.B.)
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain;
| | - Marta Morales-Vidal
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain;
| | - Augusto Beléndez
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain; (T.L.); (M.G.R.); (A.B.)
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain;
| | - Inmaculada Pascual
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain; (T.L.); (M.G.R.); (A.B.)
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ramírez MG, Sirvent D, Morales-Vidal M, Ortuño M, Martínez-Guardiola FJ, Francés J, Pascual I. LED-Cured Reflection Gratings Stored in an Acrylate-Based Photopolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040632. [PMID: 30959866 PMCID: PMC6523380 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The storage of volume holographic reflection gratings in low-toxicity photopolymers represents a challenge at present since they can be used in many important applications such as biosensors and holographic optical elements. In this context, an acrylate-based photopolymer developed in our research group was employed to study the recording of unslanted holographic reflection gratings at high spatial frequencies. The optimal preparation conditions of the photopolymer layers were determinated. The diffraction efficiencies are measured in both recording and curing stage and a comparative study of these values was realized. In addition, a theoretical study using Kogelnik's coupled wave theory was carried out with the aim of understanding the diffraction efficiency behaviour of both processes. In this work, a maximum diffraction efficiency of 14.1% was reached after a curing process in 150 µm layers at a recording wavelength of 488 nm. This value represents a good result compared to that reported in the literature and opens the way to reflection mode holography research using low-toxicity material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel G Ramírez
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado de correos 99, Alicante E-03080, Spain.
| | - Daniel Sirvent
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado de correos 99, Alicante E-03080, Spain.
| | - Marta Morales-Vidal
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías Universidad de Alicante, Apartado de correos 99, Alicante E-03080, Spain.
| | - Manuel Ortuño
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado de correos 99, Alicante E-03080, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Martínez-Guardiola
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado de correos 99, Alicante E-03080, Spain.
| | - Jorge Francés
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado de correos 99, Alicante E-03080, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Pascual
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado de correos 99, Alicante E-03080, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cody D, Gul SE, Mikulchyk T, Irfan M, Kharchenko A, Goldyn K, Martin S, Mintova S, Cassidy J, Naydenova I. Self-processing photopolymer materials for versatile design and fabrication of holographic sensors and interactive holograms. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:E173-E183. [PMID: 30117858 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.00e173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to discuss the benefits as well as the limitations of utilizing photopolymer materials in the design of holograms that are responsive to changes in their environment, such as changes in the concentration of a specific substance, temperature, and pressure. Three different case studies are presented, including both surface and volume phase holograms, in order to demonstrate the flexibility in the approach of utilizing holographic photopolymers for the design of sensors and interactive optical devices. First, a functionalized surface relief hologram is demonstrated to operate as an optical sensor for the detection of metal ions in water. The sensitivity and selectivity of the sensor are investigated. The second example demonstrates a volume transmission hologram recorded in a temperature-sensitive photopolymer and the memory effects of its exposure to elevated temperature. Finally, a pressure-sensitive reflection hologram that changes color under application of pressure is characterized, and its potential application in document authentication is described.
Collapse
|
14
|
Lloret T, Navarro-Fuster V, Ramírez MG, Ortuño M, Neipp C, Beléndez A, Pascual I. Holographic Lenses in an Environment-Friendly Photopolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E302. [PMID: 30966337 PMCID: PMC6414980 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we theoretically and experimentally evaluated the quality of volume phase transmission lenses stored in an environmentally friendly photopolymer. Holographic lenses (HLs) were obtained using symmetrical and asymmetrical experimental setups with the same positive and negative focal length and pupil diameter. The image quality was evaluated from the calculation of the modulation transfer function (MTF) by capturing the point spread function (PSF) with a charge-coupled device (CCD). A maximum frequency of 14 L/mm, reaching an MTF value of 0.1, was obtained for a negative asymmetrically recorded HL, evaluated at 473 nm wavelength. A theoretical study of aberrations was carried out to qualitatively evaluate the experimental results obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Lloret
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado de correos 99, Alicante E-03080, Spain; (T.L.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Víctor Navarro-Fuster
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado de correos 99, Alicante E-03080, Spain; (V.N.-F.); (M.O.); (C.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Manuel G. Ramírez
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado de correos 99, Alicante E-03080, Spain; (T.L.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Manuel Ortuño
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado de correos 99, Alicante E-03080, Spain; (V.N.-F.); (M.O.); (C.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Cristian Neipp
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado de correos 99, Alicante E-03080, Spain; (V.N.-F.); (M.O.); (C.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Augusto Beléndez
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado de correos 99, Alicante E-03080, Spain; (V.N.-F.); (M.O.); (C.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Inmaculada Pascual
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado de correos 99, Alicante E-03080, Spain; (T.L.); (M.G.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Alim MD, Glugla DJ, Mavila S, Wang C, Nystrom PD, Sullivan AC, McLeod RR, Bowman CN. High Dynamic Range (Δn) Two-Stage Photopolymers via Enhanced Solubility of a High Refractive Index Acrylate Writing Monomer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:1217-1224. [PMID: 29235344 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Holographic photopolymers capable of high refractive index modulation (Δn) on the order of 10-2 are integral for the fabrication of functional holographic optical elements that are useful in a myriad of optical applications. In particular, to address the deficiency of suitable high refractive index writing monomers for use in two-stage holographic formulations, here we report a novel high refractive index writing monomer, 1,3-bis(phenylthio)-2-propyl acrylate (BPTPA), simultaneously possessing enhanced solubility in a low refractive index (n = 1.47) urethane matrix. When examined in comparison to a widely used high refractive index monomer, 2,4,6-tribromophenyl acrylate, BPTPA exhibited superior solubility in a stage 1 urethane matrix of approximately 50% with a 20% higher refractive index increase per unit amount of the writing monomer for stage 2 polymerizations. Formulations with 60 wt % loading of BPTPA exhibit a peak-to-mean holographic Δn ≈ 0.029 without obvious deficiencies in transparency, color, or scatter. To the best of our knowledge, this value is the highest reported in the peer-reviewed literature for a transmission hologram. The capabilities and versatility of BPTPA-based formulations are demonstrated at varying length scales via demonstrative refractive index gradient structure examples including direct laser write, projection mask lithography of a 1″ diameter Fresnel lens, and ∼100% diffraction efficiency volume transmission holograms with a 1 μm fringe spacing in 11 μm thick samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin D Alim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, UCB 596, ‡Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, UCB 425, §Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, UCB 596, and ∥Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCB 427, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - David J Glugla
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, UCB 596, ‡Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, UCB 425, §Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, UCB 596, and ∥Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCB 427, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sudheendran Mavila
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, UCB 596, ‡Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, UCB 425, §Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, UCB 596, and ∥Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCB 427, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, UCB 596, ‡Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, UCB 425, §Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, UCB 596, and ∥Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCB 427, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Philip D Nystrom
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, UCB 596, ‡Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, UCB 425, §Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, UCB 596, and ∥Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCB 427, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Amy C Sullivan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, UCB 596, ‡Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, UCB 425, §Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, UCB 596, and ∥Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCB 427, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Robert R McLeod
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, UCB 596, ‡Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, UCB 425, §Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, UCB 596, and ∥Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCB 427, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, UCB 596, ‡Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, UCB 425, §Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, UCB 596, and ∥Department of Mechanical Engineering, UCB 427, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cody D, Naydenova I. Theoretical modeling and design of photonic structures in zeolite nanocomposites for gas sensing. Part II: volume gratings. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2018; 35:12-19. [PMID: 29328087 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.35.000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The suitability of holographic structures fabricated in zeolite nanoparticle-polymer composite materials for gas sensing applications has been investigated. Theoretical modeling of the sensor response (i.e., change in hologram readout due to a change in refractive index modulation or thickness as a result of gas adsorption) of different sensor designs was carried out using the Raman-Nath theory and Kogelnik's coupled wave theory. The influence of a range of parameters on the sensitivity of holographically recorded surface and volume photonic structures has been studied, namely, hologram geometry, hologram thickness and spatial frequency, reconstruction wavelength, and zeolite nanoparticle refractive index. From this, the optimum fabrication conditions for both surface and volume holographic gas sensor designs have been identified. Here in Part II, results from modeling of the influence of design on the sensor response of holographically recorded volume grating structures for gas sensing applications are reported.
Collapse
|
17
|
Neipp C, Francés J, Martínez FJ, Fernández R, Alvarez ML, Bleda S, Ortuño M, Gallego S. Optimization of Photopolymer Materials for the Fabrication of a Holographic Waveguide. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9090395. [PMID: 30965697 PMCID: PMC6418691 DOI: 10.3390/polym9090395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present a method of manufacturing an optical see-through display based on a holographic waveguide with transmission holograms that couple the incident light between air and the glass substrate, accomplishing total internal reflection. The holograms (slanted transmission gratings with a spatial frequency of 1700 lines/mm) were recorded on a polyvinyl alcohol acrylamide (PVA/AA) photopolymer. We will also show that the addition of N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide (BMA) to the composition of the photopolymer allows the achievement of the index modulations necessary to obtain high diffraction efficiencies in non-slanted diffraction gratings of 1000 and 2200 lines/mm, and also in slanted gratings of 1700 lines/mm (which are the base of the optical system proposed).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Neipp
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Department de Física, Ing. de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Jorge Francés
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Department de Física, Ing. de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Martínez
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Department de Física, Ing. de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Roberto Fernández
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Mariela L Alvarez
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Department de Física, Ing. de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Sergio Bleda
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Department de Física, Ing. de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Manuel Ortuño
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Department de Física, Ing. de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Sergi Gallego
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Department de Física, Ing. de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mikulchyk T, Martin S, Naydenova I. N-isopropylacrylamide-based photopolymer for holographic recording of thermosensitive transmission and reflection gratings. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:6348-6356. [PMID: 29047834 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.006348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, functionalized photopolymer systems capable of holographic recording are in great demand due to their potential use in the development of holographic sensors. This work presents a newly developed N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA)-based photopolymer for holographic recording in reflection and transmission modes. The optimized composition of the material is found to reach refractive index modulation of up to 5×10-3 and 1.6×10-3 after recording in transmission and reflection mode, respectively. In addition to fulfilling the requirements for holographic recording materials, the NIPA-based photopolymer is sensitive to temperature and has lower toxicity than acrylamide-based photopolymers. Possible application of the NIPA-based photopolymer in the development of a holographic temperature sensor is discussed.
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen G, Ni M, Peng H, Huang F, Liao Y, Wang M, Zhu J, Roy VAL, Xie X. Photoinitiation and Inhibition under Monochromatic Green Light for Storage of Colored 3D Images in Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:1810-1819. [PMID: 28001037 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Holographic photopolymer composites have garnered a great deal of interest in recent decades, not only because of their advantageous light sensitivity but also due to their attractive capabilities of realizing high capacity three-dimensional (3D) data storage that is long-term stable within two-dimensional (2D) thin films. For achieving high performance holographic photopolymer composites, it is of critical importance to implement precisely spatiotemporal control over the photopolymerization kinetics and gelation during holographic recording. Though a monochromatic blue light photoinitibitor has been demonstrated to be useful for improving the holographic performance, it is impractical to be employed for constructing holograms under green light due to the severe restriction of the First Law of Photochemistry, while holography under green light is highly desirable considering the relatively low cost of laser source and high tolerance to ambient vibration for image reconstruction. Herein, we disclose the concurrent photoinitiation and inhibition functions of the rose bengal (RB)/N-phenylglycine (NPG) system upon green light illumination, which result in significant enhancement of the diffraction efficiency of holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) gratings from zero up to 87.6 ± 1.3%, with an augmentation of the RB concentration from 0.06 × 10-3 to 9.41 × 10-3 mol L-1. Interestingly, no detectable variation of the ϕ1/2kp/kt1/2, which reflects the initiation efficiency and kinetic constants, is given when increasing the RB concentration. The radical inhibition by RBH• is believed to account for the greatly improved phase separation and enhanced diffraction efficiency, through shortening the weight-average polymer chain length and subsequently delaying the photopolymerization gelation. The reconstructed colored 3D images that are easily identifiable to the naked eye under white light demonstrate great potential to be applied for advanced anticounterfeiting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - V A L Roy
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ahmed R, Yetisen AK, Khoury AE, Butt H. Printable ink lenses, diffusers, and 2D gratings. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:266-276. [PMID: 27906403 PMCID: PMC6089092 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07841a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Advances in holography have led to applications including data storage, displays, security labels, and colorimetric sensors. However, existing top-down approaches for the fabrication of holographic devices are complex, expensive, and expertise dependent, limiting their use in practical applications. Here, ink-based holographic devices have been created for a wide range of applications in diffraction optics. A single pulse of a 3.5 ns Nd:YAG laser allowed selective ablation of ink to nanofabricate planar optical devices. The practicality of this method is demonstrated by fabricating ink-based diffraction gratings, 2D holographic patterns, optical diffusers, and Fresnel zone plate (FZP) lenses by using the ink. The fabrication processes were rationally designed using predictive computational modeling and the devices were fabricated within a few minutes demonstrating amenability for large scale printable optics through industrial manufacturing. It is anticipated that ink will be a promising diffraction optical material for the rapid printing of low-cost planar nanophotonic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Ahmed
- Nanotechnology Laboratory
, School of Engineering
, University of Birmingham
,
Birmingham B15 2TT
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1214158623
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine
, Massachusetts General Hospital
,
65 Landsdowne Street
, Cambridge
, MA
02139
, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology
, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
,
Cambridge
, MA
02139
, USA
| | - Anthony El Khoury
- Nanotechnology Laboratory
, School of Engineering
, University of Birmingham
,
Birmingham B15 2TT
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1214158623
| | - Haider Butt
- Nanotechnology Laboratory
, School of Engineering
, University of Birmingham
,
Birmingham B15 2TT
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1214158623
| |
Collapse
|