1
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Yoo O, Salman S, von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Lim LY. Taste-Masked Flucloxacillin Powder Part 1: Optimisation of Fabrication Process Using a Mixture Design Approach. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1171. [PMID: 37631086 PMCID: PMC10458362 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It is extremely challenging to formulate age-appropriate flucloxacillin medicines for young children, because flucloxacillin sodium (FS) has a lingering, highly bitter taste, dissolves quickly in saliva, and requires multiple daily dosing at relatively large doses for treating skin infections. In this paper, we describe a promising taste-masked flucloxacillin ternary microparticle (FTM) formulation comprising FS, Eudragit EPO (EE), and palmitic acid (PA). To preserve the stability of the thermolabile and readily hydrolysed flucloxacillin, the fabrication process employed a non-aqueous solvent evaporation method at ambient temperature. Optimisation of the fabrication method using a mixture design approach resulted in a robust technique that generated stable and reproducible FTM products. The optimised method utilised only a single solvent evaporation step and minimal amounts of ICH class III solvents. It involved mixing two solution phases-FS dissolved in ethanol:acetone (1:4 v/v), and a combination of EE and PA dissolved in 100% ethanol-to give a ternary FS:EE:PA system in ethanol: acetone (3:1 v/v). Solvent evaporation yielded the FTMs containing an equimolar ratio of FS:EE:PA (1:0.8:0.6 w/w). The fabrication process, after optimisation, demonstrated robustness, reproducibility, and potential scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okhee Yoo
- Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Sam Salman
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Britta S. von Ungern-Sternberg
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
- Perioperative Medicine Team, Perioperative Care Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lee Yong Lim
- Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
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2
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Baumgarten N, Mumtaz M, Merino DH, Solano E, Halila S, Bernard J, Drockenmuller E, Fleury G, Borsali R. Interface Manipulations Using Cross-Linked Underlayers and Surface-Active Diblock Copolymers to Extend Morphological Diversity in High-χ Diblock Copolymer Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:23736-23748. [PMID: 37134266 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Top and bottom interfaces of high-χ cylinder-forming polystyrene-block-maltoheptaose (PS-b-MH) diblock copolymer (BCP) thin films are manipulated using cross-linked copolymer underlayers and a fluorinated phase-preferential surface-active polymer (SAP) additive to direct the self-assembly (both morphology and orientation) of BCP microdomains into sub-10 nm patterns. A series of four photo-cross-linkable statistical copolymers with various contents of styrene, a 4-vinylbenzyl azide cross-linker, and a carbohydrate-based acrylamide are processed into 15 nm-thick cross-linked passivation layers on silicon substrates. A partially fluorinated analogue of the PS-b-MH phase-preferential SAP additive is designed to tune the surface energy of the top interface. The self-assembly of PS-b-MH thin films on top of different cross-linked underlayers and including 0-20 wt % of SAP additive is investigated by atomic force microscopy and synchrotron grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering analysis. The precise manipulation of the interfaces of ca. 30 nm thick PS-b-MH films not only allows the control of the in-plane/out-of-plane orientation of hexagonally packed (HEX) cylinders but also promotes epitaxial order-order transitions from HEX cylinders to either face-centered orthorhombic or body-centered cubic spheres without modifying the volume fraction of both blocks. This general approach paves the way for the controlled self-assembly of other high-χ BCP systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Baumgarten
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, F-69003, Lyon, France
| | | | - Daniel Hermida Merino
- Dutch-Belgian Beamline, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, E36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Solano
- NCD-SWEET Beamline, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Sami Halila
- Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Bernard
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, F-69003, Lyon, France
| | - Eric Drockenmuller
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, F-69003, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Fleury
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
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3
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Chiarcos R, Perego M, Laus M. Polymer Brushes by Grafting to Reaction in Melt: New Insights into the Mechanism. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Chiarcos
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT) Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO) Viale T. Michel 11 Alessandria 15121 Italy
| | - Michele Perego
- CNR‐IMM Unit of Agrate Brianza Via C. Olivetti 2 Agrate Brianza 20864 Italy
| | - Michele Laus
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT) Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO) Viale T. Michel 11 Alessandria 15121 Italy
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4
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Pula P, Leniart A, Majewski PW. Solvent-assisted self-assembly of block copolymer thin films. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4042-4066. [PMID: 35608282 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00439a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solvent-assisted block copolymer self-assembly is a compelling method for processing and advancing practical applications of these materials due to the exceptional level of the control of BCP morphology and significant acceleration of ordering kinetics. Despite substantial experimental and theoretical efforts devoted to understanding of solvent-assisted BCP film ordering, the development of a universal BCP patterning protocol remains elusive; possibly due to a multitude of factors which dictate the self-assembly scenario. The aim of this review is to aggregate both seminal reports and the latest progress in solvent-assisted directed self-assembly and to provide the reader with theoretical background, including the outline of BCP ordering thermodynamics and kinetics phenomena. We also indicate significant BCP research areas and emerging high-tech applications where solvent-assisted processing might play a dominant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Pula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02089, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Leniart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02089, Poland.
| | - Pawel W Majewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02089, Poland.
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5
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Giammaria TJ, Laus M, Chiarcos R, Ober CK, Seguini G, Perego M. Influence of spin casting solvent on the self‐assembly of silicon‐containing block copolymer thin films via high temperature thermal treatment. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Laus
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT) Universitá del Piemonte Orientale ‘A. Avogadro’ Alessandria Italy
| | - Riccardo Chiarcos
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT) Universitá del Piemonte Orientale ‘A. Avogadro’ Alessandria Italy
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Cornell University New York NY USA
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6
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Residual changes and thickness effects in glass-forming polymer thin films after solvent vapor annealing. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Chiarcos R, Antonioli D, Gianotti V, Laus M, Munaò G, Milano G, De Nicola A, Perego M. Short vs. long chains competition during “ grafting to” process from melt. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00364c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A preferential grafting of short chains occurs during the “grafting to” reaction of hydroxy terminated P(S-st-MMA) blends consisting of short and long chains. The enrichment is enhanced when the chain length difference increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Chiarcos
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Diego Antonioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Valentina Gianotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Michele Laus
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Munaò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Milano
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Antonio De Nicola
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, University of Naples Federico II, Largo S. Marcellino 10, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Michele Perego
- CNR-IMM, Unit of Agrate Brianza, Via C. Olivetti 2, 20864 Agrate Brianza, Italy
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8
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Chiarcos R, Antonioli D, Ospina V, Laus M, Perego M, Gianotti V. Quantification of molecular weight discrimination in grafting to reactions from ultrathin polymer films by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Analyst 2021; 146:6145-6155. [PMID: 34487131 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01329g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a reliable and robust method was developed to quantify the molecular weight discrimination that can occur in grafting to reactions via indirect MALDI-TOF quantification of the molecular weights of grafted chains by comparing the characteristics of the polymeric material before the grafting reaction with those of the unreacted material recovered after grafting. Two polystyrene samples with different molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions were employed to prepare model blends that were grafted to silicon wafers and an analytical method was developed and validated to assess and quantify the modification of the molecular weight distribution that takes place during the grafting to process. Particular attention was paid to the standardization of the sample treatment and to find the best data collection and calibration methodologies in order to have statistically significant data even in the presence of a very scarce amount of the sample. Furthermore, to evaluate the accuracy of the analytical procedure, the lack of suitable standard and certified materials required a further experiment to be carried out by comparing the new optimized MALDI-TOF method and direct measurements using TGA-GC-MS on a model blend containing deuterated and hydrogenated polystyrene samples with appropriate molecular weights and distributions. The optimized method was applied on samples obtained by a thermally induced grafting to reaction from ultrathin polymer films and, for the first time, to our knowledge, an enrichment effect occurring in the ultrathin grafted layer obtained from a melt was evidenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Chiarcos
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Diego Antonioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Viviana Ospina
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Michele Laus
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Michele Perego
- Laboratorio MDM, IMM-CNR, Via C. Olivetti 2, 20864 Agrate Brianza, Italy
| | - Valentina Gianotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
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9
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Agostino A, Rao NRH, Paul S, Zhang Z, Leslie G, Le-Clech P, Henderson R. Polymer leachates emulate naturally derived fluorescent dissolved organic matter: Understanding and managing sample container interferences. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117614. [PMID: 34492363 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy has become a fundamental tool for the qualitative and quantitative fingerprinting of dissolved organic matter. Due to the inherent sensitivity of the technique, a strict sampling protocol should be followed to ensure sample integrity. A literature survey conducted as part of this research determined that 27% of fluorescence sampling has been conducted in polymeric containers, while 52% did not report. Given the potential for fluorescence leachates to arise from plastics commonly used in sampling bottles, a systematic laboratory investigation was undertaken to assess the likelihood of leachate contamination and consequent interferences. It was observed that characteristic fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) leachates from standard polypropylene sampling containers were produced at environmentally relevant peaks, Peak T (λEx/λEm: 250/349 nm) and B (λEx/λEm: 250/306 nm), commonly attributed to tryptophan-like and tyrosine-like molecular origins. Leachate fluorescence and concentration generally increased with elevated storage temperatures (>4 °C), sample acidification, container steam sterilisation and in new containers, with variability across different manufactured batches. For example, at ambient storage temperatures, the highest observed leachate intensity could contribute an error equivalent to as much as 98% (Peak T) and 2062% (Peak B) for highly treated water or 28% (Peak T) and 398% (Peak B) for surface water. For leachates formed under typical conditions, i.e., 3-day fridge storage, this reduced to 9% (Peak T) and 15% (Peak B) or 3% (Peak T/B) for the same water samples. In addition, PP was found to be typically unsuitable for DOC measurements, except under strict conditions (well-aged containers in short term cold storage). Consequently, we demonstrate the need for container material reporting, refrigerated storage, steam sterilisation avoidance, and the importance of glass usage for low FDOM samples. Future research should investigate the potential for polymer-based pollution as a potential origin of environmentally sampled FDOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Agostino
- Algae & Organic Matter Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Narasinga Rao Hanumanth Rao
- Algae & Organic Matter Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Sean Paul
- Algae & Organic Matter Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Zijun Zhang
- Algae & Organic Matter Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Greg Leslie
- UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science & Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Pierre Le-Clech
- UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science & Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Rita Henderson
- Algae & Organic Matter Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
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10
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Caputo S, Hristov V, Nicola AD, Herbst H, Pizzirusso A, Donati G, Munaò G, Albunia AR, Milano G. Efficient Hybrid Particle-Field Coarse-Grained Model of Polymer Filler Interactions: Multiscale Hierarchical Structure of Carbon Black Particles in Contact with Polyethylene. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:1755-1770. [PMID: 33577311 PMCID: PMC8023654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we propose, validate, and give first applications for large-scale systems of coarse-grained models suitable for filler/polymer interfaces based on carbon black (CB) and polyethylene (PE). The computational efficiency of the proposed approach, based on hybrid particle-field models (hPF), allows large-scale simulations of CB primary particles of realistic size (∼20 nm) embedded in PE melts. The molecular detailed models, here introduced, allow a microscopic description of the bound layer, through the analysis of the conformational behavior of PE chains adsorbed on different surface sites of CB primary particles, where the conformational behavior of adsorbed chains is different from models based on flat infinite surfaces. On the basis of the features of the systems, an optimized version of OCCAM code for large-scale (up to more than 8 million of beads) parallel runs is proposed and benchmarked. The computational efficiency of the proposed approach opens the possibility of a computational screening of the bound layer, involving the optimal combination of surface chemistry, size, and shape of CB aggregates and the molecular weight distribution of the polymers achieving an important tool to address the polymer/fillers interface and interphase engineering in the polymer industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Caputo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Velichko Hristov
- Innovation
& Technology, Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, St.-Peter-Straße 25, 4021, Linz, Austria
| | - Antonio De Nicola
- Department
of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata-ken 992-8510, Japan
| | - Harald Herbst
- Innovation
& Technology, Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, St.-Peter-Straße 25, 4021, Linz, Austria
| | - Antonio Pizzirusso
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Greta Donati
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Munaò
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della
Terra, Università degli Studi di
Messina, Viale F. Stagno
d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Milano
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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11
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Wang Z, Sun D, Wang X, Yang Y, Li Y, Zuo B, Huang J, Wang X. Enhanced Dynamics of PMMA Brushes Induced by the Chain Ends of a Flexible Polymer Chain. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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12
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Antonioli D, Chiarcos R, Gianotti V, Terragno M, Laus M, Munaò G, Milano G, De Nicola A, Perego M. Inside the brush: partition by molecular weight in grafting to reactions from melt. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01303c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A substantial partition by molecular weight takes place during the grafting to reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Antonioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Riccardo Chiarcos
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
- CNR-IMM, Unit of Agrate Brianza, Via C. Olivetti 2, 20864 Agrate Brianza, Italy
| | - Valentina Gianotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Margherita Terragno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Michele Laus
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Munaò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Milano
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Antonio De Nicola
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Universitá degli Studi di Salerno, via G. Paolo II 134, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Michele Perego
- CNR-IMM, Unit of Agrate Brianza, Via C. Olivetti 2, 20864 Agrate Brianza, Italy
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13
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Leniart A, Pula P, Tsai EHR, Majewski PW. Large-Grained Cylindrical Block Copolymer Morphologies by One-Step Room-Temperature Casting. Macromolecules 2020; 53:11178-11189. [PMID: 33380751 PMCID: PMC7759006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile method of ordering block copolymer (BCP) morphologies in which the conventional two-step casting and annealing steps are replaced by a single-step process where microphase separation and grain coarsening are seamlessly integrated within the casting protocol. This is achieved by slowing down solvent evaporation during casting by introducing a nonvolatile solvent into the BCP casting solution that effectively prolongs the duration of the grain-growth phase. We demonstrate the utility of this solvent evaporation annealing (SEA) method by producing well-ordered large-molecular-weight BCP thin films in a total processing time shorter than 3 min without resorting to any extra laboratory equipment other than a basic casting device, i.e., spin- or blade-coater. By analyzing the morphologies of the quenched samples, we identify a relatively narrow range of polymer concentration in the wet film, just above the order-disorder concentration, to be critical for obtaining large-grained morphologies. This finding is corroborated by the analysis of the grain-growth kinetics of horizontally oriented cylindrical domains where relatively large growth exponents (1/2) are observed, indicative of a more rapid defect-annihilation mechanism in the concentrated BCP solution than in thermally annealed BCP melts. Furthermore, the analysis of temperature-resolved kinetics data allows us to calculate the Arrhenius activation energy of the grain coarsening in this one-step BCP ordering process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Przemyslaw Pula
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02089, Poland
| | - Esther H. R. Tsai
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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14
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Laus M, Chiarcos R, Gianotti V, Antonioli D, Sparnacci K, Munaò G, Milano G, De Nicola A, Perego M. Evidence of Mechanochemical Control in “Grafting to” Reactions of Hydroxy-Terminated Statistical Copolymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Laus
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Riccardo Chiarcos
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Valentina Gianotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Diego Antonioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Katia Sparnacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Munaò
- Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Messina 98166, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Milano
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa, Yamagata-ken 992-8510, Japan
| | - Antonio De Nicola
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa, Yamagata-ken 992-8510, Japan
| | - Michele Perego
- CNR-IMM, Unit of Agrate Brianza, Agrate Brianza 20864, Italy
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15
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Giammaria TJ, Gharbi A, Paquet A, Nealey P, Tiron R. Resist-Free Directed Self-Assembly Chemo-Epitaxy Approach for Line/Space Patterning. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:nano10122443. [PMID: 33297348 PMCID: PMC7762273 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work reports a novel, simple, and resist-free chemo-epitaxy process permitting the directed self-assembly (DSA) of lamella polystyrene-block-polymethylmethacrylate (PS-b-PMMA) block copolymers (BCPs) on a 300 mm wafer. 193i lithography is used to manufacture topographical guiding silicon oxide line/space patterns. The critical dimension (CD) of the silicon oxide line obtained can be easily trimmed by means of wet or dry etching: it allows a good control of the CD that permits finely tuning the guideline and the background dimensions. The chemical pattern that permits the DSA of the BCP is formed by a polystyrene (PS) guide and brush layers obtained with the grafting of the neutral layer polystyrene-random-polymethylmethacrylate (PS-r-PMMA). Moreover, data regarding the line edge roughness (LER) and line width roughness (LWR) are discussed with reference to the literature and to the stringent requirements of semiconductor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Gharbi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (A.G.); (A.P.); (R.T.)
| | - Anne Paquet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (A.G.); (A.P.); (R.T.)
| | - Paul Nealey
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Raluca Tiron
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (A.G.); (A.P.); (R.T.)
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