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Radaszkiewicz KA, Sulcova M, Kohoutkova E, Harnos J. The role of prickle proteins in vertebrate development and pathology. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:1199-1221. [PMID: 37358815 PMCID: PMC11116189 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Prickle is an evolutionarily conserved family of proteins exclusively associated with planar cell polarity (PCP) signalling. This signalling pathway provides directional and positional cues to eukaryotic cells along the plane of an epithelial sheet, orthogonal to both apicobasal and left-right axes. Through studies in the fruit fly Drosophila, we have learned that PCP signalling is manifested by the spatial segregation of two protein complexes, namely Prickle/Vangl and Frizzled/Dishevelled. While Vangl, Frizzled, and Dishevelled proteins have been extensively studied, Prickle has been largely neglected. This is likely because its role in vertebrate development and pathologies is still being explored and is not yet fully understood. The current review aims to address this gap by summarizing our current knowledge on vertebrate Prickle proteins and to cover their broad versatility. Accumulating evidence suggests that Prickle is involved in many developmental events, contributes to homeostasis, and can cause diseases when its expression and signalling properties are deregulated. This review highlights the importance of Prickle in vertebrate development, discusses the implications of Prickle-dependent signalling in pathology, and points out the blind spots or potential links regarding Prickle, which could be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Radaszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czechia
| | - M Sulcova
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czechia
| | - E Kohoutkova
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czechia
| | - J Harnos
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czechia.
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2
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Qin K, Yu M, Fan J, Wang H, Zhao P, Zhao G, Zeng W, Chen C, Wang Y, Wang A, Schwartz Z, Hong J, Song L, Wagstaff W, Haydon RC, Luu HH, Ho SH, Strelzow J, Reid RR, He TC, Shi LL. Canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling: Multilayered mediators, signaling mechanisms and major signaling crosstalk. Genes Dis 2024; 11:103-134. [PMID: 37588235 PMCID: PMC10425814 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays a major role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. The Wnt ligands are a family of 19 secreted glycoproteins that mediate their signaling effects via binding to Frizzled receptors and LRP5/6 coreceptors and transducing the signal either through β-catenin in the canonical pathway or through a series of other proteins in the noncanonical pathway. Many of the individual components of both canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling have additional functions throughout the body, establishing the complex interplay between Wnt signaling and other signaling pathways. This crosstalk between Wnt signaling and other pathways gives Wnt signaling a vital role in many cellular and organ processes. Dysregulation of this system has been implicated in many diseases affecting a wide array of organ systems, including cancer and embryological defects, and can even cause embryonic lethality. The complexity of this system and its interacting proteins have made Wnt signaling a target for many therapeutic treatments. However, both stimulatory and inhibitory treatments come with potential risks that need to be addressed. This review synthesized much of the current knowledge on the Wnt signaling pathway, beginning with the history of Wnt signaling. It thoroughly described the different variants of Wnt signaling, including canonical, noncanonical Wnt/PCP, and the noncanonical Wnt/Ca2+ pathway. Further description involved each of its components and their involvement in other cellular processes. Finally, this review explained the various other pathways and processes that crosstalk with Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Qin
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael Yu
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jiaming Fan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Piao Zhao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guozhi Zhao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Interventional Neurology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523475, China
| | - Connie Chen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Annie Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zander Schwartz
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hong
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lily Song
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - William Wagstaff
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rex C. Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hue H. Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sherwin H. Ho
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jason Strelzow
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Russell R. Reid
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lewis L. Shi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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3
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Huang Y, Winklbauer R. Cell cortex regulation by the planar cell polarity protein Prickle1. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202008116. [PMID: 35512799 PMCID: PMC9082893 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202008116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The planar cell polarity pathway regulates cell polarity, adhesion, and rearrangement. Its cytoplasmic core components Prickle (Pk) and Dishevelled (Dvl) often localize as dense puncta at cell membranes to form antagonizing complexes and establish cell asymmetry. In vertebrates, Pk and Dvl have been implicated in actomyosin cortex regulation, but the mechanism of how these proteins control cell mechanics is unclear. Here we demonstrate that in Xenopus prechordal mesoderm cells, diffusely distributed, cytoplasmic Pk1 up-regulates the F-actin content of the cortex. This counteracts cortex down-regulation by Dvl2. Both factors act upstream of casein kinase II to increase or decrease cortical tension. Thus, cortex modulation by Pk1 and Dvl2 is translated into mechanical force and affects cell migration and rearrangement during radial intercalation in the prechordal mesoderm. Pk1 also forms puncta and plaques, which are associated with localized depletion of cortical F-actin, suggesting opposite roles for diffuse and punctate Pk1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Huang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ban Y, Yu T, Wang J, Wang X, Liu C, Baker C, Zou Y. Mutation of the murine Prickle1 (R104Q) causes phenotypes analogous to human symptoms of epilepsy and autism. Exp Neurol 2022; 347:113880. [PMID: 34597683 PMCID: PMC8718102 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) frequently show comorbidity, suggesting shared or overlapping neurobiological basis underlying these conditions. R104Q is the first mutation in the PRICKLE 1(PK1) gene that was discovered in human patients with progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME). Subsequently, a number of mutations in the PK1 gene were shown to be associated with either epilepsy, autism, or both, as well as other developmental disorders. Using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing, we generated a PK1R104Q mouse line. The mutant mice showed reduced density of excitatory synapses in hippocampus and impaired interaction between PK1 and the repressor element 1(RE-1) silencing transcription factor (REST). They also displayed reduced seizure threshold, impaired social interaction, and cognitive functions. Taken together, the PK1R104Q mice display characteristic behavioral features similar to the key symptoms of epilepsy and ASD, providing a useful model for studying the molecular and neural circuit mechanisms underlying the comorbidity of epilepsy and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ban
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Ting Yu
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Xiaojia Wang
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Can Liu
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Clayton Baker
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Yimin Zou
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America.
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Anderson CA, Kovar DR, Gardel ML, Winkelman JD. LIM domain proteins in cell mechanobiology. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:303-311. [PMID: 34028199 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is important for maintaining mechanical homeostasis in adherent cells, largely through its regulation of adhesion and cortical tension. The LIM (Lin-11, Isl1, MEC-3) domain-containing proteins are involved in a myriad of cellular mechanosensitive pathways. Recent work has discovered that LIM domains bind to mechanically stressed actin filaments, suggesting a novel and widely conserved mechanism of mechanosensing. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of LIM protein mechanosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A Anderson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David R Kovar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jonathan D Winkelman
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Parker DM, Winkenbach LP, Boyson S, Saxton MN, Daidone C, Al-Mazaydeh ZA, Nishimura MT, Mueller F, Osborne Nishimura E. mRNA localization is linked to translation regulation in the Caenorhabditis elegans germ lineage. Development 2020; 147:dev186817. [PMID: 32541012 PMCID: PMC7358130 DOI: 10.1242/dev.186817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans early embryos generate cell-specific transcriptomes despite lacking active transcription, thereby presenting an opportunity to study mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulatory control. We observed that some cell-specific mRNAs accumulate non-homogenously within cells, localizing to membranes, P granules (associated with progenitor germ cells in the P lineage) and P-bodies (associated with RNA processing). The subcellular distribution of transcripts differed in their dependence on 3'UTRs and RNA binding proteins, suggesting diverse regulatory mechanisms. Notably, we found strong but imperfect correlations between low translational status and P granule localization within the progenitor germ lineage. By uncoupling translation from mRNA localization, we untangled a long-standing question: Are mRNAs directed to P granules to be translationally repressed, or do they accumulate there as a consequence of this repression? We found that translational repression preceded P granule localization and could occur independently of it. Further, disruption of translation was sufficient to send homogenously distributed mRNAs to P granules. These results implicate transcriptional repression as a means to deliver essential maternal transcripts to the progenitor germ lineage for later translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Lindsay P Winkenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Sam Boyson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Matthew N Saxton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Camryn Daidone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Zainab A Al-Mazaydeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13115, Jordan
| | - Marc T Nishimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Florian Mueller
- Département Biologie Cellulaire et Infections, Unité Imagerie et Modélisation, Institut Pasteur and CNRS UMR 3691, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Erin Osborne Nishimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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ECT2 associated to PRICKLE1 are poor-prognosis markers in triple-negative breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2019; 120:931-940. [PMID: 30971775 PMCID: PMC6734648 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are poor-prognosis tumours candidate to chemotherapy as only systemic treatment. We previously found that PRICKLE1, a prometastatic protein involved in planar cell polarity, is upregulated in TNBC. We investigated the protein complex associated with PRICKLE1 in TNBC to identify proteins possibly involved in metastatic dissemination, which might provide new prognostic and/or therapeutic targets. Methods We used a proteomic approach to identify protein complexes associated with PRICKLE1. The mRNA expression levels of the corresponding genes were assessed in 8982 patients with invasive primary breast cancer. We then characterised the molecular interaction between PRICKLE1 and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor ECT2. Finally, experiments in Xenopus were carried out to determine their evolutionarily conserved interaction. Results Among the PRICKLE1 proteins network, we identified several small G-protein regulators. Combined analysis of the expression of PRICKLE1 and small G-protein regulators had a strong prognostic value in TNBC. Notably, the combined expression of ECT2 and PRICKLE1 provided a worst prognosis than PRICKLE1 expression alone in TNBC. PRICKLE1 regulated ECT2 activity and this interaction was evolutionary conserved. Conclusions This work supports the idea that an evolutionarily conserved signalling pathway required for embryogenesis and activated in cancer may represent a suitable therapeutic target.
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Maier D. The evolution of transcriptional repressors in the Notch signaling pathway: a computational analysis. Hereditas 2019; 156:5. [PMID: 30679936 PMCID: PMC6337844 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-019-0081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Notch signaling pathway governs the specification of different cell types in flies, nematodes and vertebrates alike. Principal components of the pathway that activate Notch target genes are highly conserved throughout the animal kingdom. Despite the impact on development and disease, repression mechanisms are less well studied. Repressors are known from arthropods and vertebrates that differ strikingly by mode of action: whereas Drosophila Hairless assembles repressor complexes with CSL transcription factors, competition between activator and repressors occurs in vertebrates (for example SHARP/MINT and KyoT2). This divergence raises questions on the evolution: Are there common ancestors throughout the animal kingdom? Results Available genome databases representing all animal clades were searched for homologues of Hairless, SHARP and KyoT2. The most distant species with convincing Hairless orthologs belong to Myriapoda, indicating its emergence after the Mandibulata-Chelicarata radiation about 500 million years ago. SHARP shares motifs with SPEN and SPENITO proteins, present throughout the animal kingdom. The CSL interacting domain of SHARP, however, is specific to vertebrates separated by roughly 600 million years of evolution. KyoT2 bears a C-terminal CSL interaction domain (CID), present only in placental mammals but highly diverged already in marsupials, suggesting introduction roughly 100 million years ago. Based on the LIM-domains that characterize KyoT2, homologues can be found in Drosophila melanogaster (Limpet) and Hydra vulgaris (Prickle 3 like). These lack the CID of KyoT2, however, contain a PET and additional LIM domains. Conservation of intron/exon boundaries underscores the phylogenetic relationship between KyoT2, Limpet and Prickle. Most strikingly, Limpet and Prickle proteins carry a tetra-peptide motif resembling that of several CSL interactors. Overall, KyoT2 may have evolved from prickle and Limpet to a Notch repressor in mammals. Conclusions Notch repressors appear to be specific to either chordates or arthropods. Orthologues of experimentally validated repressors were not found outside the phylogenetic group they have been originally identified. However, the data provide a hypothesis on the evolution of mammalian KyoT2 from Prickle like ancestors. The finding of a potential CSL interacting domain in Prickle homologues points to a novel, very ancestral CSL interactor present in the entire animal kingdom. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41065-019-0081-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Maier
- Institute of Genetics (240), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Chuykin I, Ossipova O, Sokol SY. Par3 interacts with Prickle3 to generate apical PCP complexes in the vertebrate neural plate. eLife 2018; 7:37881. [PMID: 30256191 PMCID: PMC6175575 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate neural tube formation depends on the coordinated orientation of cells in the tissue known as planar cell polarity (PCP). In the Xenopus neural plate, PCP is marked by the enrichment of the conserved proteins Prickle3 and Vangl2 at anterior cell boundaries. Here we show that the apical determinant Par3 is also planar polarized in the neuroepithelium, suggesting a role for Par3 in PCP. Consistent with this hypothesis, interference with Par3 activity inhibited asymmetric distribution of PCP junctional complexes and caused neural tube defects. Importantly, Par3 physically associated with Prickle3 and promoted its apical localization, whereas overexpression of a Prickle3-binding Par3 fragment disrupted PCP in the neural plate. We also adapted proximity biotinylation assay for use in Xenopus embryos and show that Par3 functions by enhancing the formation of the anterior apical PCP complex. These findings describe a mechanistic link between the apical localization of PCP components and morphogenetic movements underlying neurulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Chuykin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Olga Ossipova
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Sergei Y Sokol
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
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10
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Mercurio FA, Di Natale C, Pirone L, Iannitti R, Marasco D, Pedone EM, Palumbo R, Leone M. The Sam-Sam interaction between Ship2 and the EphA2 receptor: design and analysis of peptide inhibitors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17474. [PMID: 29234063 PMCID: PMC5727260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid phosphatase Ship2 represents a drug discovery target for the treatment of different diseases, including cancer. Its C-terminal sterile alpha motif domain (Ship2-Sam) associates with the Sam domain from the EphA2 receptor (EphA2-Sam). This interaction is expected to mainly induce pro-oncogenic effects in cells therefore, inhibition of the Ship2-Sam/EphA2-Sam complex may represent an innovative route to discover anti-cancer therapeutics. In the present work, we designed and analyzed several peptide sequences encompassing the interaction interface of EphA2-Sam for Ship2-Sam. Peptide conformational analyses and interaction assays with Ship2-Sam conducted through diverse techniques (CD, NMR, SPR and MST), identified a positively charged penta-amino acid native motif in EphA2-Sam, that once repeated three times in tandem, binds Ship2-Sam. NMR experiments show that the peptide targets the negatively charged binding site of Ship2-Sam for EphA2-Sam. Preliminary in vitro cell-based assays indicate that -at 50 µM concentration- it induces necrosis of PC-3 prostate cancer cells with more cytotoxic effect on cancer cells than on normal dermal fibroblasts. This work represents a pioneering study that opens further opportunities for the development of inhibitors of the Ship2-Sam/EphA2-Sam complex for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Anna Mercurio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Di Natale
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Luciano Pirone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Iannitti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Marasco
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Maria Pedone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosanna Palumbo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Marilisa Leone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy.
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A proteomic analysis of LRRK2 binding partners reveals interactions with multiple signaling components of the WNT/PCP pathway. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:54. [PMID: 28697798 PMCID: PMC5505151 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal-dominant mutations in the Park8 gene encoding Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) have been identified to cause up to 40% of the genetic forms of Parkinson's disease. However, the function and molecular pathways regulated by LRRK2 are largely unknown. It has been shown that LRRK2 serves as a scaffold during activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling via its interaction with the β-catenin destruction complex, DVL1-3 and LRP6. In this study, we examine whether LRRK2 also interacts with signaling components of the WNT/Planar Cell Polarity (WNT/PCP) pathway, which controls the maturation of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons, the main cell type lost in Parkinson's disease patients. METHODS Co-immunoprecipitation and tandem mass spectrometry was performed in a mouse substantia nigra cell line (SN4741) and human HEK293T cell line in order to identify novel LRRK2 binding partners. Inhibition of the WNT/β-catenin reporter, TOPFlash, was used as a read-out of WNT/PCP pathway activation. The capacity of LRRK2 to regulate WNT/PCP signaling in vivo was tested in Xenopus laevis' early development. RESULTS Our proteomic analysis identified that LRRK2 interacts with proteins involved in WNT/PCP signaling such as the PDZ domain-containing protein GIPC1 and Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in dopaminergic cells in vitro and in the mouse ventral midbrain in vivo. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that LRRK2 binds to two core components of the WNT/PCP signaling pathway, PRICKLE1 and CELSR1, as well as to FLOTILLIN-2 and CULLIN-3, which regulate WNT secretion and inhibit WNT/β-catenin signaling, respectively. We also found that PRICKLE1 and LRRK2 localize in signalosomes and act as dual regulators of WNT/PCP and β-catenin signaling. Accordingly, analysis of the function of LRRK2 in vivo, in X. laevis revelaed that LRKK2 not only inhibits WNT/β-catenin pathway, but induces a classical WNT/PCP phenotype in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows for the first time that LRRK2 activates the WNT/PCP signaling pathway through its interaction to multiple WNT/PCP components. We suggest that LRRK2 regulates the balance between WNT/β-catenin and WNT/PCP signaling, depending on the binding partners. Since this balance is crucial for homeostasis of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, we hypothesize that its alteration may contribute to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.
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Sala S, Catillon M, Hadzic E, Schaffner-Reckinger E, Van Troys M, Ampe C. The PET and LIM1-2 domains of testin contribute to intramolecular and homodimeric interactions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177879. [PMID: 28542564 PMCID: PMC5436826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The focal adhesion protein testin is a modular scaffold and tumour suppressor that consists of an N-terminal cysteine rich (CR) domain, a PET domain of unknown function and three C-terminal LIM domains. Testin has been proposed to have an open and a closed conformation based on the observation that its N-terminal half and C-terminal half directly interact. Here we extend the testin conformational model by demonstrating that testin can also form an antiparallel homodimer. In support of this extended model we determined that the testin region (amino acids 52–233) harbouring the PET domain interacts with the C-terminal LIM1-2 domains in vitro and in cells, and assign a critical role to tyrosine 288 in this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sala
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie Catillon
- Cytoskeleton and Cell Plasticity Lab, Life Sciences Research Unit - FSTC, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ermin Hadzic
- Cytoskeleton and Cell Plasticity Lab, Life Sciences Research Unit - FSTC, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Elisabeth Schaffner-Reckinger
- Cytoskeleton and Cell Plasticity Lab, Life Sciences Research Unit - FSTC, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | | | - Christophe Ampe
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Lim BC, Matsumoto S, Yamamoto H, Mizuno H, Kikuta J, Ishii M, Kikuchi A. Prickle1 promotes focal adhesion disassembly in cooperation with the CLASP-LL5β complex in migrating cells. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3115-29. [PMID: 27378169 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.185439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prickle is known to be involved in planar cell polarity, including convergent extension and cell migration; however, the detailed mechanism by which Prickle regulates cellular functions is not well understood. Here, we show that Prickle1 regulates front-rear polarization and migration of gastric cancer MKN1 cells. Prickle1 preferentially accumulated at the cell retraction site in close proximity to paxillin at focal adhesions. Prickle1 dynamics correlated with those of paxillin during focal adhesion disassembly. Furthermore, Prickle1 was required for focal adhesion disassembly. CLASPs (of which there are two isoforms, CLASP1 and CLASP2, in mammals) and LL5β (also known as PHLDB2) have been reported to form a complex at cell edges and to control microtubule-dependent focal adhesion disassembly. Prickle1 was associated with CLASPs and LL5β, and was required for the LL5β-dependent accumulation of CLASPs at the cell edge. Knockdown of CLASPs and LL5β suppressed Prickle1-dependent cell polarization and migration. Prickle1 localized to the membrane through its farnesyl moiety, and the membrane localization was necessary for Prickle1 to regulate migration, to bind to CLASPs and LL5β, and to promote microtubule targeting of focal adhesions. Taken together, these results suggest that Prickle1 promotes focal adhesion disassembly during the retraction processes of cell polarization and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Cheng Lim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mizuno
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Junichi Kikuta
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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MacNair L, Xiao S, Miletic D, Ghani M, Julien JP, Keith J, Zinman L, Rogaeva E, Robertson J. MTHFSD and DDX58 are novel RNA-binding proteins abnormally regulated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain 2015; 139:86-100. [PMID: 26525917 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tar DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is an RNA-binding protein normally localized to the nucleus of cells, where it elicits functions related to RNA metabolism such as transcriptional regulation and alternative splicing. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, TDP-43 is mislocalized from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of diseased motor neurons, forming ubiquitinated inclusions. Although mutations in the gene encoding TDP-43, TARDBP, are found in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, these are rare. However, TDP-43 pathology is common to over 95% of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases, suggesting that abnormalities of TDP-43 play an active role in disease pathogenesis. It is our hypothesis that a loss of TDP-43 from the nucleus of affected motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis will lead to changes in RNA processing and expression. Identifying these changes could uncover molecular pathways that underpin motor neuron degeneration. Here we have used translating ribosome affinity purification coupled with microarray analysis to identify the mRNAs being actively translated in motor neurons of mutant TDP-43(A315T) mice compared to age-matched non-transgenic littermates. No significant changes were found at 5 months (presymptomatic) of age, but at 10 months (symptomatic) the translational profile revealed significant changes in genes involved in RNA metabolic process, immune response and cell cycle regulation. Of 28 differentially expressed genes, seven had a ≥ 2-fold change; four were validated by immunofluorescence labelling of motor neurons in TDP-43(A315T) mice, and two of these were confirmed by immunohistochemistry in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases. Both of these identified genes, DDX58 and MTHFSD, are RNA-binding proteins, and we show that TDP-43 binds to their respective mRNAs and we identify MTHFSD as a novel component of stress granules. This discovery-based approach has for the first time revealed translational changes in motor neurons of a TDP-43 mouse model, identifying DDX58 and MTHFSD as two TDP-43 targets that are misregulated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura MacNair
- 1 Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Shangxi Xiao
- 1 Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Denise Miletic
- 1 Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Mahdi Ghani
- 1 Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Julien
- 3 Département de psychiatrie et de neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Julia Keith
- 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada 4 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Lorne Zinman
- 4 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- 1 Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Janice Robertson
- 1 Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
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Butler MT, Wallingford JB. Control of vertebrate core planar cell polarity protein localization and dynamics by Prickle 2. Development 2015; 142:3429-39. [PMID: 26293301 PMCID: PMC4631750 DOI: 10.1242/dev.121384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is a ubiquitous property of animal tissues and is essential for morphogenesis and homeostasis. In most cases, this fundamental property is governed by a deeply conserved set of 'core PCP' proteins, which includes the transmembrane proteins Van Gogh-like (Vangl) and Frizzled (Fzd), as well as the cytoplasmic effectors Prickle (Pk) and Dishevelled (Dvl). Asymmetric localization of these proteins is thought to be central to their function, and understanding the dynamics of these proteins is an important challenge in developmental biology. Among the processes that are organized by the core PCP proteins is the directional beating of cilia, such as those in the vertebrate node, airway and brain. Here, we exploit the live imaging capabilities of Xenopus to chart the progressive asymmetric localization of fluorescent reporters of Dvl1, Pk2 and Vangl1 in a planar polarized ciliated epithelium. Using this system, we also characterize the influence of Pk2 on the asymmetric dynamics of Vangl1 at the cell cortex, and we define regions of Pk2 that control its own localization and those impacting Vangl1. Finally, our data reveal a striking uncoupling of Vangl1 and Dvl1 asymmetry. This study advances our understanding of conserved PCP protein functions and also establishes a rapid, tractable platform to facilitate future in vivo studies of vertebrate PCP protein dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell T Butler
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Protein Misfolding in Lipid-Mimetic Environments. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 855:33-66. [PMID: 26149925 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17344-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Among various cellular factors contributing to protein misfolding and subsequent aggregation, membranes occupy a special position due to the two-way relations between the aggregating proteins and cell membranes. On one hand, the unstable, toxic pre-fibrillar aggregates may interact with cell membranes, impairing their functions, altering ion distribution across the membranes, and possibly forming non-specific membrane pores. On the other hand, membranes, too, can modify structures of many proteins and affect the misfolding and aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins. The effects of membranes on protein structure and aggregation can be described in terms of the "membrane field" that takes into account both the negative electrostatic potential of the membrane surface and the local decrease in the dielectric constant. Water-alcohol (or other organic solvent) mixtures at moderately low pH are used as model systems to study the joint action of the local decrease of pH and dielectric constant near the membrane surface on the structure and aggregation of proteins. This chapter describes general mechanisms of structural changes of proteins in such model environments and provides examples of various proteins aggregating in the "membrane field" or in lipid-mimetic environments.
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Mercurio FA, Scognamiglio PL, Di Natale C, Marasco D, Pellecchia M, Leone M. CD and NMR conformational studies of a peptide encompassing the Mid Loop interface of Ship2-Sam. Biopolymers 2014; 101:1088-98. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pasqualina L. Scognamiglio
- Department of Pharmacy; University "Federico II"; Naples Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sui Peptidi Bioattivi (CIRPEB); Naples Italy
- IIT Italian Institute of Technology; Naples Italy
| | - Concetta Di Natale
- Department of Pharmacy; University "Federico II"; Naples Italy
- IIT Italian Institute of Technology; Naples Italy
| | - Daniela Marasco
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (CNR); Naples Italy
- Department of Pharmacy; University "Federico II"; Naples Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sui Peptidi Bioattivi (CIRPEB); Naples Italy
| | | | - Marilisa Leone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (CNR); Naples Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sui Peptidi Bioattivi (CIRPEB); Naples Italy
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Alajlouni R, Drahos KE, Finkielstein CV, Capelluto DG. Lipid-mediated membrane binding properties of Disabled-2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:2734-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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VANG-1 and PRKL-1 cooperate to negatively regulate neurite formation in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002257. [PMID: 21912529 PMCID: PMC3164692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuritogenesis is a critical early step in the development and maturation of neurons and neuronal circuits. While extracellular directional cues are known to specify the site and orientation of nascent neurite formation in vivo, little is known about the genetic pathways that block inappropriate neurite emergence in order to maintain proper neuronal polarity. Here we report that the Caenorhabditis elegans orthologues of Van Gogh (vang-1), Prickle (prkl-1), and Dishevelled (dsh-1), core components of planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling, are required in a subset of peripheral motor neurons to restrict neurite emergence to a specific organ axis. In loss-of-function mutants, neurons display supernumerary neurites that extend inappropriately along the orthogonal anteroposterior (A/P) body axis. We show that autonomous and non-autonomous gene activities are required early and persistently to inhibit the formation or consolidation of growth cone protrusions directed away from organ precursor cells. Furthermore, prkl-1 overexpression is sufficient to suppress neurite formation and reorient neuronal polarity in a vang-1– and dsh-1–dependent manner. Our findings suggest a novel role for a PCP–like pathway in maintaining polarized neuronal morphology by inhibiting neuronal responses to extrinsic or intrinsic cues that would otherwise promote extraneous neurite formation. Neurons are among the most morphologically complex cells in the body. Early in development, newly born neurons project one or more processes called neurites that will eventually mature into axons and dendrites. While the genetic determinants that promote neurite emergence along specific trajectories are beginning to be elucidated, the cellular and molecular pathways that prevent inappropriate neurite formation to maintain proper neuronal morphology and prevent superfluous connections are largely unknown. Van Gogh and Prickle dependent-PCP signaling is a well-established regulator of cellular polarity especially along the surface of epithelial cells. In this study, we show that a conserved PCP–like pathway consisting of VANG-1/Van Gogh, PRKL-1/Prickle, and DSH-1/Dishevelled is involved in maintaining the polarized morphology of a subset of neurons in the nematode C. elegans. In particular, we show that loss of PRKL-1 results in neurons with too many neurites while PRKL-1 overexpression results in too few neurites. Our findings suggest that mechanisms that specifically block inappropriate neurite formation may be required to ensure proper neuronal connectivity in higher organisms.
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Zahedi B, Goo HJ, Beaulieu N, Tazmini G, Kay RJ, Cornell RB. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulates plasma membrane targeting of the Ras-specific exchange factor RasGRP1. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12712-23. [PMID: 21285350 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.189605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-induced targeting of exchange factors to specific cellular membranes is the predominant mechanism for initiating and compartmentalizing signal transduction by Ras GTPases. The exchange factor RasGRP1 has a C1 domain that binds the lipid diacylglycerol and thus can potentially mediate membrane localization in response to receptors that are coupled to diacylglycerol-generating phospholipase Cs. However, the C1 domain is insufficient for targeting RasGRP1 to the plasma membrane. We found that a basic/hydrophobic cluster of amino acids within the plasma membrane-targeting domain of RasGRP1 is instead responsible for plasma membrane targeting. This basic/hydrophobic cluster binds directly to phospholipid vesicles containing phosphoinositides via electrostatic interactions with polyanionic phosphoinositide headgroups and insertion of a tryptophan into the lipid bilayer. B cell antigen receptor ligation and other stimuli induce plasma membrane targeting of RasGRP1 by activating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway, which generates phosphoinositides within the plasma membrane. Direct detection of phosphoinositides by the basic/hydrophobic cluster of RasGRP1 provides a novel mechanism for coupling and co-compartmentalizing phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Ras signaling and, in coordination with diacylglycerol detection by the C1 domain, gives RasGRP1 the potential to serve as an integrator of converging signals from the phosphoinositide 3-kinase and phospholipase C pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bari Zahedi
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3
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Intrinsically Disordered Proteins and Their Environment: Effects of Strong Denaturants, Temperature, pH, Counter Ions, Membranes, Binding Partners, Osmolytes, and Macromolecular Crowding. Protein J 2009; 28:305-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-009-9201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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