1
|
Bhandari SK, Wiest N, Sallmyr A, Du R, Tomkinson A. Redundant but essential functions of PARP1 and PARP2 in DNA ligase I-independent DNA replication. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:10341-10354. [PMID: 39106163 PMCID: PMC11417376 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
While DNA ligase I (LigI) joins most Okazaki fragments, a backup pathway involving poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis, XRCC1 and DNA ligase IIIα (LigIIIα) functions along with the LigI-dependent pathway and is also capable of supporting DNA replication in the absence of LigI. Here we have addressed for the first time the roles of PARP1 and PARP2 in this pathway using isogenic null derivatives of mouse CH12F3 cells. While single and double null mutants of the parental cell line and single mutants of LIG1 null cells were viable, loss of both PARP1 and PARP2 was synthetically lethal with LigI deficiency. Thus, PARP1 and PARP2 have a redundant essential role in LigI-deficient cells. Interestingly, higher levels of PARP2 but not PARP1 associated with newly synthesized DNA in the LIG1 null cells and there was a much higher increase in PARP2 chromatin retention in LIG1 null cells incubated with the PARP inhibitor olaparib with this effect occurring independently of PARP1. Together our results suggest that PARP2 plays a major role in specific cell types that are more dependent upon the backup pathway to complete DNA replication and that PARP2 retention at unligated Okazaki fragments likely contributes to the side effects of current clinical PARP inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Khattri Bhandari
- Cancer Research Facility, Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Nathaniel Wiest
- Cancer Research Facility, Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Annahita Sallmyr
- Cancer Research Facility, Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ruofei Du
- Cancer Research Facility, Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Alan E Tomkinson
- Cancer Research Facility, Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang H, Zha S. The dynamics and regulation of PARP1 and PARP2 in response to DNA damage and during replication. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 140:103690. [PMID: 38823186 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
DNA strand breaks activate Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1 and 2, which use NAD+ as the substrate to covalently conjugate ADP-ribose on themselves and other proteins (e.g., Histone) to promote chromatin relaxation and recruit additional DNA repair factors. Enzymatic inhibitors of PARP1 and PARP2 (PARPi) are promising cancer therapy agents that selectively target BRCA1- or BRCA2- deficient cancers. As immediate early responders to DNA strand breaks with robust activities, PARP1 and PARP2 normally form transient foci (<10 minutes) at the micro-irradiation-induced DNA lesions. In addition to enzymatic inhibition, PARPi also extend the presence of PARP1 and PARP2 at DNA lesions, including at replication forks, where they may post a physical block for subsequent repair and DNA replication. The dynamic nature of PARP1 and PARP2 foci made live cell imaging a unique platform to detect subtle changes and the functional interaction among PARP1, PARP2, and their regulators. Recent imaging studies have provided new understandings of the biological consequence of PARP inhibition and uncovered functional interactions between PARP1 and PARP2 and new regulators (e.g., histone poly(ADP-ribosylation) factor). Here, we review recent advances in dissecting the temporal and spatial Regulation of PARP1 and PARP2 at DNA lesions and discuss their physiological implications on both cancer and normal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Zhang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shan Zha
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irvine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032, USA; Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Islam N, Haribabu Y, Alobaidi R, Shalamzari A, Graham G, Kuo LW, Sykora P, Rosenthal DS. CD133 Stimulates Cell Proliferation via the Upregulation of Amphiregulin in Melanoma. Cells 2024; 13:777. [PMID: 38727313 PMCID: PMC11083289 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
CD133, a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker in tumors, including melanoma, is associated with tumor recurrence, chemoresistance, and metastasis. Patient-derived melanoma cell lines were transduced with a Tet-on vector expressing CD133, generating doxycycline (Dox)-inducible cell lines. Cells were exposed to Dox for 24 h to induce CD133 expression, followed by RNA-seq and bioinformatic analyses, revealing genes and pathways that are significantly up- or downregulated by CD133. The most significantly upregulated gene after CD133 was amphiregulin (AREG), validated by qRT-PCR and immunoblot analyses. Induced CD133 expression significantly increased cell growth, percentage of cells in S-phase, BrdU incorporation into nascent DNA, and PCNA levels, indicating that CD133 stimulates cell proliferation. CD133 induction also activated EGFR and the MAPK pathway. Potential mechanisms highlighting the role(s) of CD133 and AREG in melanoma CSC were further delineated using AREG/EGFR inhibitors or siRNA knockdown of AREG mRNA. Treatment with the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib blocked CD133-induced cell growth increase and MAPK pathway activation. Importantly, siRNA knockdown of AREG reversed the stimulatory effects of CD133 on cell growth, indicating that AREG mediates the effects of CD133 on cell proliferation, thus serving as an attractive target for novel combinatorial therapeutics in melanoma and cancers with overexpression of both CD133 and AREG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Simbulan-Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Nusrat Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Yogameenakshi Haribabu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Ryyan Alobaidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Azadeh Shalamzari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Garrett Graham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Li-Wei Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Peter Sykora
- Amelia Technologies, LLC., Washington, DC 20001, USA;
| | - Dean S Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hezkiy EE, Kumar S, Gahramanov V, Yaglom J, Hesin A, Jadhav SS, Guzev E, Patel S, Avinery E, Firer MA, Sherman MY. Search for Synergistic Drug Combinations to Treat Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223671. [PMID: 36429097 PMCID: PMC9688317 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding synergistic drug combinations is an important area of cancer research. Here, we sought to rationally design synergistic drug combinations with an inhibitor of BTK kinase, ibrutinib, which is used for the treatment of several types of leukemia. We (a) used a pooled shRNA screen to identify genes that protect cells from the drug, (b) identified protective pathways via bioinformatics analysis of these gene sets, and (c) identified drugs that inhibit these pathways. Based on this analysis, we established that inhibitors of proteasome and mTORC1 could synergize with ibrutinib both in vitro and in vivo. We suggest that FDA-approved inhibitors of these pathways could be effectively combined with ibrutinib for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Valid Gahramanov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Julia Yaglom
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Arkadi Hesin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | | | - Ekaterina Guzev
- Department of Mathematics, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Shivani Patel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Elena Avinery
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Michael A. Firer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Ariel Center for Applied Cancer Research, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Michael Y. Sherman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-587819472
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yamashita S, Tanaka M, Ida C, Kouyama K, Nakae S, Matsuki T, Tsuda M, Shirai T, Kamemura K, Nishi Y, Moss J, Miwa M. Physiological levels of poly(ADP-ribose) during the cell cycle regulate HeLa cell proliferation. Exp Cell Res 2022; 417:113163. [PMID: 35447104 PMCID: PMC10009817 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein targets of polyADP-ribosylation undergo covalent modification with high-molecular-weight, branched poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) of lengths up to 200 or more ADP-ribose residues derived from NAD+. PAR polymerase 1 (PARP1) is the most abundant and well-characterized enzyme involved in PAR biosynthesis. Extensive studies have been carried out to determine how polyADP-ribosylation (PARylation) regulates cell proliferation during cell cycle, with conflicting conclusions. Since significant activation of PARP1 occurs during cell lysis in vitro, we changed the standard method for cell lysis, and using our sensitive ELISA system, quantified without addition of a PAR glycohydrolase inhibitor and clarified that the PAR level is significantly higher in S phase than that in G1. Under normal condition in the absence of exogenous DNA-damaging agent, PAR turns over with a half-life of <40 s; consistent with significant decrease of NAD+ levels in S phase, which is rescued by PARP inhibitors, in line with the observed rapid turnover of PAR. PARP inhibitors delayed cell cycle in S phase and decreased cell proliferation. Our results underscore the importance of a suitable assay system to measure rapid PAR chain dynamics in living cells and aid our understanding of the function of PARylation during the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Yamashita
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Masakazu Tanaka
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka 8-35-1, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Chieri Ida
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, College of Nagoya Women's University, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, 467-8610, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kouyama
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Setsu Nakae
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Taisuke Matsuki
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Masataka Tsuda
- Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kamemura
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yoshisuke Nishi
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Joel Moss
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1590, USA
| | - Masanao Miwa
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tiwari P, Khan H, Singh TG, Grewal AK. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase: An Overview of Mechanistic Approaches and Therapeutic Opportunities in the Management of Stroke. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1830-1852. [PMID: 35437712 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality accompanied by blood supply loss to a particular brain area. Several mechanistic approaches such as inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, therapies against tissue thrombosis, and neutrophils lead to stroke's therapeutic intervention. Evidence obtained with the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition and animals having a deficiency of PARP enzymes; represented the role of PARP in cerebral stroke, ischemia/reperfusion, and neurotrauma. PARP is a nuclear enzyme superfamily with various isoforms, each with different structural domains and functions, and out of all, PARP-1 is the best-characterized member. It has been shown to perform multiple physiological as well as pathological processes, including its role in inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The enzyme interacts with NF-κB, p53, and other transcriptional factors to regulate survival and cell death and modulates multiple downstream signaling pathways. Clinical trials have also been conducted using PARP inhibitors for numerous disorders and have shown positive results. However, additional information is yet to be established for the therapeutic intervention of PARP inhibitors in stroke. These agents' utilization appears to be challenging due to their unknown potential long-term side effects. PARP activity increased during ischemia, but its inhibition provided significant neuroprotection. Despite the increased interest in PARP as a pharmacological modulator for novel therapeutic therapies, the current review focused on stroke and poly ADP-ribosylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palak Tiwari
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
DNA Repair Factor Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 Is a Proviral Factor in Hepatitis B Virus Covalently Closed Circular DNA Formation. J Virol 2022; 96:e0058522. [DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00585-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The biogenesis and eradication of HBV cccDNA have been a research priority in recent years. In this study, we identified the DNA repair factor PARP1 as a host factor required for the HBV
de novo
cccDNA formation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Jin TY, Park KS, Nam SE, Yoo YB, Park WS, Yun IJ. BRCA1/2 Serves as a Biomarker for Poor Prognosis in Breast Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073754. [PMID: 35409110 PMCID: PMC8998777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1/2 are breast cancer susceptibility genes that are involved in DNA repair and transcriptional control. They are dysregulated in breast cancer, making them attractive therapeutic targets. Here, we performed a systematic multiomics analysis to expound BRCA1/2 functions as prognostic biomarkers in breast cancer. First, using different web-based bioinformatics platforms (Oncomine, TIMER 2.0, UALCAN, and cBioportal), the expression of BRCA1/2 was assessed. Then, the R package was used to analyze the diagnostic value of BRCA1/2 in patients. Next, we determined the relationship between BRCA1/2 mRNA expression and prognosis in patients (PrognoScan Database, R2: Kaplan Meier Scanner and Kaplan−Meier Plotter). Subsequently, the association of BRCA1/2 with mutation frequency alteration and copy number alterations in breast cancer was investigated using the cBioportal platform. After that, we identified known and predicted structural genes and proteins essential for BRCA1/2 functions using GeneMania and STRING db. Finally, GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed to elucidate the potential biological functions of the co-expression genes of BRCA1/2. The BRCA1/2 mRNA level in breast cancer tissues was considerably higher than in normal tissues, with AUCs of 0.766 and 0.829, respectively. Overexpression of BRCA1/2 was significantly related to the worse overall survival (p < 0.001) and was correlated to clinicopathological characteristics including lymph nodes, estrogen receptors, and progesterone receptors (p < 0.01). The alteration frequencies of both the gens have been checked, and the results show that BRCA1 and BRCA2 show different alteration frequencies. Their mutation sites differ from each other. GO and KEGG showed that BRCA1/2 was mainly enriched in catalytic activity, acting on DNA, chromosomal region, organelle fission, cell cycle, etc. The 20 most frequently changed genes were closely related to BRCA1/2, including PALB2 and RAD51 relatively. Our study provides suggestive evidence of the prognostic role of BRCA1/2 in breast cancer and the therapeutic target for breast cancer. Furthermore, BRCA1/2 may influence BRCA prognosis through catalytic activity, acting on DNA, chromosomal regions, organelle fission, and the cell cycle. Nevertheless, further validation is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yi Jin
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Korea; (T.Y.J.); (S.E.N.); (Y.B.Y.); (I.J.Y.)
- Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Korea
| | - Kyoung Sik Park
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Korea; (T.Y.J.); (S.E.N.); (Y.B.Y.); (I.J.Y.)
- Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul 05030, Korea
- Correspondence:
| | - Sang Eun Nam
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Korea; (T.Y.J.); (S.E.N.); (Y.B.Y.); (I.J.Y.)
- Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul 05030, Korea
| | - Young Bum Yoo
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Korea; (T.Y.J.); (S.E.N.); (Y.B.Y.); (I.J.Y.)
- Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul 05030, Korea
| | - Won Seo Park
- Department of Surgery, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Ik Jin Yun
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Korea; (T.Y.J.); (S.E.N.); (Y.B.Y.); (I.J.Y.)
- Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul 05030, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Manska S, Rossetto CC. Identification of cellular proteins associated with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA replication suggests novel cellular and viral interactions. Virology 2022; 566:26-41. [PMID: 34861458 PMCID: PMC8720285 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Upon entry of Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) into the host cell, the viral genome is transported to the nucleus where it serves as a template for transcription and genome replication. Production of new viral genomes is a coordinated effort between viral and cellular proteins. While the core replication proteins are encoded by the virus, additional cellular proteins support the process of genome synthesis. We used accelerated native isolation of proteins on nascent DNA (aniPOND) to study protein dynamics on nascent viral DNA during HCMV infection. Using this method, we identified specific viral and cellular proteins that are associated with nascent viral DNA. These included transcription factors, transcriptional regulators, DNA damage and repair factors, and chromatin remodeling complexes. The association of these identified proteins with viral DNA was confirmed by immunofluorescent imaging, chromatin-immunoprecipitation analyses, and shRNA knockdown experiments. These data provide evidence for the requirement of cellular factors involved in HCMV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Manska
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1664 North Virginia Street/MS320, Reno, NV 89557 USA
| | - Cyprian C. Rossetto
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1664 North Virginia Street/MS320, Reno, NV 89557 USA,Correspondence to: Cyprian C. Rossetto, Ph.D.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xiao G, Lundine D, Annor GK, Canar J, Ellison V, Polotskaia A, Donabedian PL, Reiner T, Khramtsova GF, Olopade OI, Mazo A, Bargonetti J. Gain-of-Function Mutant p53 R273H Interacts with Replicating DNA and PARP1 in Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 80:394-405. [PMID: 31776133 PMCID: PMC7002183 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over 80% of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) express mutant p53 (mtp53) and some contain oncogenic gain-of-function (GOF) p53. We previously reported that GOF mtp53 R273H upregulates the chromatin association of mini chromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins MCM2-7 and PARP and named this the mtp53-PARP-MCM axis. In this study, we dissected the function and association between mtp53 and PARP using a number of different cell lines, patient-derived xenografts (PDX), tissue microarrays (TMA), and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Endogenous mtp53 R273H and exogenously expressed R273H and R248W bound to nascent 5-ethynyl-2´-deoxyuridine-labeled replicating DNA. Increased mtp53 R273H enhanced the association of mtp53 and PARP on replicating DNA. Blocking poly-ADP-ribose gylcohydrolase also enhanced this association. Moreover, mtp53 R273H expression enhanced overall MCM2 levels, promoted cell proliferation, and improved the synergistic cytotoxicity of treatment with the alkylating agent temozolomide in combination with the PARP inhibitor (PARPi) talazoparib. Staining of p53 and PARP1 in breast cancer TMAs and comparison with the TCGA database indicated a higher double-positive signal in basal-like breast cancer than in luminal A or luminal B subtypes. Higher PARP1 protein levels and PAR proteins were detected in mtp53 R273H than in wild-type p53-expressing PDX samples. These results indicate that mtp53 R273H and PARP1 interact with replicating DNA and should be considered as dual biomarkers for identifying breast cancers that may respond to combination PARPi treatments. SIGNIFICANCE: p53 gain-of-function mutant 273H and PARP1 interact with replication forks and could serve as potential biomarkers for breast cancer sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/3/394/F1.large.jpg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gu Xiao
- The Department of Biological Sciences Hunter College, Belfer Building, City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Devon Lundine
- The Department of Biological Sciences Hunter College, Belfer Building, City University of New York, New York, New York
- The Graduate Center Biology and Biochemistry PhD Programs of City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - George K Annor
- The Department of Biological Sciences Hunter College, Belfer Building, City University of New York, New York, New York
- The Graduate Center Biology and Biochemistry PhD Programs of City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Jorge Canar
- The Department of Biological Sciences Hunter College, Belfer Building, City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Viola Ellison
- The Department of Biological Sciences Hunter College, Belfer Building, City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Alla Polotskaia
- The Department of Biological Sciences Hunter College, Belfer Building, City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Patrick L Donabedian
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Galina F Khramtsova
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health and Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Olufunmilayo I Olopade
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health and Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexander Mazo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jill Bargonetti
- The Department of Biological Sciences Hunter College, Belfer Building, City University of New York, New York, New York.
- The Graduate Center Biology and Biochemistry PhD Programs of City University of New York, New York, New York
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) mediated by poly ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs) plays a key role in DNA damage repair. Suppression of PARylation by PARP inhibitors impairs DNA damage repair and induces apoptosis of tumor cells with repair defects. Thus, PARP inhibitors have been approved by the US FDA for various types of cancer treatment. However, recent studies suggest that dePARylation also plays a key role in DNA damage repair. Instead of antagonizing PARylation, dePARylation acts as a downstream step of PARylation in DNA damage repair. Moreover, several types of dePARylation inhibitors have been developed and examined in the preclinical studies for cancer treatment. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress on the role of dePARylation in DNA damage repair and cancer suppression. We expect that targeting dePARylation could be a promising approach for cancer chemotherapy in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffer Ahmad Kassab
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Lily L. Yu
- Westridge School, 324 Madeline Dr., Pasadena, CA 91105 USA
| | - Xiaochun Yu
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Banerjee J, Lodhi N, Nguyen BN. The Role of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 in Cutaneous Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2019; 8:634-643. [PMID: 31750014 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2018.0821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical Issue: Chronic nonhealing wounds of the lower extremities resulting in major amputations are a major health problem worldwide. Significance: Diabetes and ischemia are two major etiologies of nonhealing wounds of the lower extremities. Hyperglycemia from diabetes and oxidative stress from ischemia activate polyadenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1), which is a nuclear enzyme that is best known for its role in DNA repair. However, the exact function of PARP-1 in ischemic/diabetic wound healing has not been well studied. Recent Advances: Poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) polymer has been detected in the wound bed and many of the PARylation-related reactions (oxidative stress response, expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, cell proliferation, and migration) are important in the wound healing process. However, the role of PARP-1 in wound healing and the potential of targeting PARP-1 therapeutically in wounds are only recently being elucidated, with much still unknown. This review summarizes the recent advances in this field, highlighting some of the mechanisms through which PARP-1 may affect normal wound closure. Future Directions: The review also presents a perspective on some of the downstream targets of PARP-1 that may be explored for their role in wound healing and discusses about the therapeutic potential of PARP inhibitors for wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Banerjee
- Department of Vascular Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Niraj Lodhi
- Department of Biomedical Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey
| | - Bao-Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hanzlikova H, Caldecott KW. Perspectives on PARPs in S Phase. Trends Genet 2019; 35:412-422. [PMID: 31036342 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Accurate copying of DNA during S phase is essential for genome stability and cell viability. During genome duplication, the progression of the DNA replication machinery is challenged by limitations in nucleotide supply and physical barriers in the DNA template that include naturally occurring DNA lesions and secondary structures that are difficult to replicate. To ensure correct and complete replication of the genome, cells have evolved several mechanisms that protect DNA replication forks and thus maintain genome integrity and stability during S phase. One class of enzymes that have recently emerged as important in this process, and therefore as promising targets in anticancer therapy, are the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). We review here the roles of these enzymes during DNA replication as well as their impact on genome stability and cellular viability in normal and cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Hanzlikova
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK; Department of Genome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Keith W Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK; Department of Genome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, 4, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Poly-ADP-ribosyl-polymerase inhibitor resistance mechanisms and their therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2019; 31:12-17. [DOI: 10.1097/gco.0000000000000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
15
|
Yamaza T, Masuda KF, Atsuta I, Nishijima K, Kido MA, Tanaka T. Oxidative Stress-induced DNA Damage in the Synovial Cells of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Rat. J Dent Res 2016; 83:619-24. [PMID: 15271970 DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovial hyperplasia is a feature of degenerative temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease. However, the mechanism by which hyperplasia progresses in the TMJ is unknown. Based on the hypothesis that the oxidative stress generated by mechanical loading causes degenerative changes in the TMJ synovium, we investigated the generation of the highly reactive species, peroxynitrite, and the occurrence of DNA damage in the synovium. After condylar hypermobility of rat TMJs, a marker of peroxynitrite, nitrotyrosine, was localized to the nuclei and cytoplasm of the synovial lining cells and fibroblasts in synovitis-induced TMJ. DNA single-strand breaks were found in the nuclei of the synovial cells only after enzyme treatment, whereas DNA double-strand breaks were not detected. These findings indicate that condylar hypermovement induces the proliferation of synovial cells, and suggest that oxidative stress leads to the progression of synovial hyperplasia via DNA damage of the synovial cells in TMJs after mechanical loading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Yamaza
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Oral Science, Kyushu University Graduate Schoolof Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schuhwerk H, Atteya R, Siniuk K, Wang ZQ. PARPing for balance in the homeostasis of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 63:81-91. [PMID: 27664469 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite more than 50 years of research, the vast majority of the biology of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) still remains a gross mystery. Originally described to be a part of the DNA repair machinery, poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is synthesized immediately by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs, also known as ARTDs) upon DNA damage and then rapidly removed by degrading enzymes. PAR provides a delicate and spatiotemporal interaction scaffold for numerous target proteins. Thus, the multifaceted PARylation system, consisting of PAR itself and its synthesizers and erasers, plays diverse roles in the DNA damage response (DDR), in DNA repair, transcription, replication, chromatin remodelling, metabolism and cell death. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the biology of PARylation, focusing on the functionality and the activities of the PARPs' founding member PARP1/ARTD1, which is modulated by a variety of posttranslational modifications. We also discuss the homeostasis of PAR - a process which is maintained by the balance of PAR synthesizers and erasers. We aim to sensitize the scientific community to the complexity of PAR homeostasis. Finally, we provide some perspective on how future research could try to disentangle the biology of PARylation - perhaps the most sophisticated, but still intricate posttranslational modification described to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Schuhwerk
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz-Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Reham Atteya
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz-Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kanstantsin Siniuk
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz-Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz-Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Fürstengraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hegedűs C, Robaszkiewicz A, Lakatos P, Szabó É, Virág L. Poly(ADP-ribose) in the bone: from oxidative stress signal to structural element. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 82:179-86. [PMID: 25660995 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to common perception bone is a dynamic organ flexibly adapting to changes in mechanical loading by shifting the delicate balance between bone formation and bone resorption carried out by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively. In the past decades numerous studies demonstrating production of reactive oxygen or nitrogen intermediates, effects of different antioxidants, and involvement of prototypical redox control mechanisms (Nrf2-Keap1, Steap4, FoxO, PAMM, caspase-2) have proven the central role of redox regulation in the bone. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation), a NAD-dependent protein modification carried out by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes recently emerged as a new regulatory mechanism fine-tuning osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Interestingly PARylation does not simply serve as a signaling mechanism during osteoblast differentiation but also couples it to osteoblast death. Even more strikingly, the poly(ADP-ribose) polymer likely released from succumbed cells at the terminal stage of differentiation is incorporated into the bone matrix representing the first structural role of this versatile biopolymer. Moreover, this new paradigm explains why and how osteodifferentiation and death of cells entering this pathway are closely coupled to each other. Here we review the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates as well as PARylation in osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, function, and cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Agnieszka Robaszkiewicz
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Petra Lakatos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Szabó
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Celik-Ozenci C, Tasatargil A. Role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases in male reproduction. SPERMATOGENESIS 2014; 3:e24194. [PMID: 23885303 PMCID: PMC3710221 DOI: 10.4161/spmg.24194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are a family of enzymes involved in a wide variety of biological processes, including DNA repair and maintenance of genomic stability following genotoxic stress, and regulates the expression of various proteins at the transcriptional level as well as replication and differentiation. However, excessive activation of PARP has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases associated with oxidative stress (OS), which has been known to play a fundamental role in the etiology of male infertility. Based on the degree and type of the stress stimulus, PARP directs cells to specific fates (such as, DNA repair vs. cell death). A large volume of accumulated evidence indicates the presence of PARP and its homologs in testicular germ line cells and its activity may offer a key mechanism for keeping DNA integrity in spermatogenesis. On the other hand, a possible role of PARP overactivation in OS-induced male reproductive disorders and in human sperm is gaining significance in recent years. In this review, we focus on the findings about the importance of PARP-1 and PARP-2 in male reproduction and possible involvement of PARP overactivation in various clinical conditions associated with male infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ciler Celik-Ozenci
- Akdeniz University Medical Faculty Department of Histology and Embryology; Antalya, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
El-Hamoly T, Hegedűs C, Lakatos P, Kovács K, Bai P, El-Ghazaly MA, El-Denshary ES, Szabó É, Virág L. Activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 delays wound healing by regulating keratinocyte migration and production of inflammatory mediators. Mol Med 2014; 20:363-71. [PMID: 25014793 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is a protein modification reaction regulating various diverse cellular functions ranging from metabolism, DNA repair and transcription to cell death. We set out to investigate the role of PARylation in wound healing, a highly complex process involving various cellular and humoral factors. We found that topically applied poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase (PARP) inhibitors 3-aminobenzamide and PJ-34 accelerated wound closure in a mouse model of excision wounding. Moreover, wounds also closed faster in PARP-1 knockout mice as compared with wild-type littermates. Immunofluorescent staining for poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) indicated increased PAR synthesis in scattered cells of the wound bed. Expression of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase and matrix metalloproteinase-9 was lower in the wounds of PARP-1 knockout mice as compared with control, and expression of IL-1β, cyclooxygenase-2, TIMP-1 and -2 also were affected. The level of nitrotyrosine (a marker of nitrating stress) was lower in the wounds of PARP-1 knockout animals as compared with controls. In vitro scratch assays revealed significantly faster migration of keratinocytes treated with 3-aminobenzamide or PJ34 as compared with control cells. These data suggest that PARylation by PARP-1 slows down the wound healing process by increasing the production of inflammatory mediators and nitrating stress and by slowing the migration of keratinocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek El-Hamoly
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Petra Lakatos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mona A El-Ghazaly
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ezzeddin S El-Denshary
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Éva Szabó
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dantzer F, Santoro R. The expanding role of PARPs in the establishment and maintenance of heterochromatin. FEBS J 2013; 280:3508-18. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Dantzer
- UMR7242; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université de Strasbourg; Laboratoire d'Excellence Medalis; Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg; Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg; Illkirch France
| | - Raffaella Santoro
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Marković J, Grdović N, Dinić S, Karan-Djurašević T, Uskoković A, Arambašić J, Mihailović M, Pavlović S, Poznanović G, Vidaković M. PARP-1 and YY1 are important novel regulators of CXCL12 gene transcription in rat pancreatic beta cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59679. [PMID: 23555743 PMCID: PMC3608566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress, the molecular mechanisms responsible for pancreatic beta cell depletion and development of diabetes remain poorly defined. At present, there is no preventive measure against diabetes. The positive impact of CXCL12 expression on the pancreatic beta cell prosurvival phenotype initiated this study. Our aim was to provide novel insight into the regulation of rat CXCL12 gene (Cxcl12) transcription. The roles of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) in Cxcl12 transcription were studied by examining their in vitro and in vivo binding affinities for the Cxcl12 promoter in a pancreatic beta cell line by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation. The regulatory activities of PARP-1 and YY1 were assessed in transfection experiments using a reporter vector with a Cxcl12 promoter sequence driving luciferase gene expression. Experimental evidence for PARP-1 and YY1 revealed their trans-acting potential, wherein PARP-1 displayed an inhibitory, and YY1 a strong activating effect on Cxcl12 transcription. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced general toxicity in pancreatic beta cells was followed by changes in Cxcl12 promoter regulation. PARP-1 binding to the Cxcl12 promoter during basal and in STZ-compromised conditions led us to conclude that PARP-1 regulates constitutive Cxcl12 expression. During the early stage of oxidative stress, YY1 exhibited less affinity toward the Cxcl12 promoter while PARP-1 displayed strong binding. These interactions were accompanied by Cxcl12 downregulation. In the later stages of oxidative stress and intensive pancreatic beta cell injury, YY1 was highly expressed and firmly bound to Cxcl12 promoter in contrast to PARP-1. These interactions resulted in higher Cxcl12 expression. The observed ability of PARP-1 to downregulate, and of YY1 to upregulate Cxcl12 promoter activity anticipates corresponding effects in the natural context where the functional interplay of these proteins could finely balance Cxcl12 transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Marković
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Grdović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Dinić
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Teodora Karan-Djurašević
- Laboratory for Molecular Hematology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Uskoković
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Arambašić
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Mihailović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja Pavlović
- Laboratory for Molecular Hematology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Poznanović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Melita Vidaković
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Uchiumi F, Watanabe T, Ohta R, Abe H, Tanuma SI. PARP1 gene expression is downregulated by knockdown of PARG gene. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1683-8. [PMID: 23467693 PMCID: PMC3658849 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a modification of nuclear proteins that regulates DNA replication, repair and transcription. In order to investigate the biological effects of degradation of poly(ADP-ribose), knockdown of the poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) gene was performed by introducing a short interfering RNA (siRNA)-pool into HeLa S3 cells. Notably, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated proteins did not accumulate in the cells. Western blotting, quantitative RT-PCR analysis and a transient transfection assay revealed that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) gene/protein expression and its promoter activity were reduced in the PARG knockdown cells. These results suggest that the amount of poly(ADP-ribose) in a cell is regulated under the control of PARP1/PARG gene expression balance. Furthermore, in this study, we showed that PARG-siRNA enhanced cell death induced by staurosporine (STS). Thus, we propose a PARG-siRNA utilizing gene-therapy for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Uchiumi
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba-ken 278-8510, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cantó C, Sauve AA, Bai P. Crosstalk between poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and sirtuin enzymes. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:1168-201. [PMID: 23357756 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are NAD(+) dependent enzymes that were identified as DNA repair proteins, however, today it seems clear that PARPs are responsible for a plethora of biological functions. Sirtuins (SIRTs) are NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase enzymes involved in the same biological processes as PARPs raising the question whether PARP and SIRT enzymes may interact with each other in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Hereby we review the current understanding of the SIRT-PARP interplay in regard to the biochemical nature of the interaction (competition for the common NAD(+) substrate, mutual posttranslational modifications and direct transcriptional effects) and the physiological or pathophysiological consequences of the interactions (metabolic events, oxidative stress response, genomic stability and aging). Finally, we give an overview of the possibilities of pharmacological intervention to modulate PARP and SIRT enzymes either directly, or through modulating NAD(+) homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Cantó
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Albadawi H, Haurani MJ, Oklu R, Trubiano JP, Laub PJ, Yoo HJ, Watkins MT. Differential effect of zoledronic acid on human vascular smooth muscle cells. J Surg Res 2012; 182:339-46. [PMID: 23164362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The activation of human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, adhesion and migration is essential for intimal hyperplasia formation. These experiments were designed to test whether zoledronic acid (ZA) would modulate indices of human smooth muscle cell activation, exert differential effects on proliferating versus quiescent cells, and determine whether these effects were dependent on GTPase binding proteins prenylation. ZA was chosen for testing in these experiments because it is clinically used in humans with cancer, and has been shown to modulate rat smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. METHODS Human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) were cultured under either proliferating or growth arrest (quiescent) conditions in the presence or absence of ZA for 48 hours, whereupon the effect of ZA on HASMC proliferation, cellular viability, metabolic activity, and membrane integrity were compared. In addition, the effect of ZA on adhesion and migration were assessed in proliferating cells. The effect of increased concentration of ZA on the mevalonate pathway and genomic/cellular stress related poly-adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase enzyme activity were assessed using the relative prenylation of Rap-1A/B protein and the formation of poly adenosine diphosphate-ribosylated protein, respectively. RESULTS There was a dose dependent inhibition of cellular proliferation, adhesion and migration following ZA treatment. ZA treatment decreased indices of cellular viability and significantly increased membrane injury in proliferating versus quiescent cells. This was correlated with the appearance of unprenylated Rap-1A protein and dose dependent down regulation of activity. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that ZA is effective in inhibiting HASMC proliferation, adhesion, and migration, which coincide with the appearance of unprenylated RAP-1A/B protein, thereby suggesting that the mevalonate pathway may play a role in the inhibition of HASMC activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Albadawi
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pic E, Gagné JP, Poirier GG. Mass spectrometry-based functional proteomics of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. Expert Rev Proteomics 2012; 8:759-74. [PMID: 22087659 DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PARP-1 is an abundant nuclear protein that plays an essential role in the regulation of many genome integrity and chromatin-based processes, such as DNA repair, replication or transcriptional regulation. PARP-1 modulates the function of chromatin and nuclear proteins through several poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr)-dependent pathways. Aside from the clearly established role of PARP-1 in the maintenance of genome stability, PARP-1 also emerged as an important regulator that links chromatin functions with extranuclear compartments. pADPr signaling has notably been found to be responsible for PARP-1-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Defining the mechanisms that govern the intrinsic functions of PARP-1 is fundamental to the understanding of signaling networks regulated by pADPr. The emergence of mass spectrometry-based proteomics and its broad applications in the study of biological systems represents an outstanding opportunity to widen our knowledge of the functional spectrum of PARP-1. In this article, we summarize various PARP-1 targeted proteomics studies and proteome-wide analyses that shed light on its protein interaction partners, expression levels and post-translational modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Pic
- Centre de Recherche du CHUQ ? Pavillon CHUL, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Guetg C, Scheifele F, Rosenthal F, Hottiger MO, Santoro R. Inheritance of silent rDNA chromatin is mediated by PARP1 via noncoding RNA. Mol Cell 2012; 45:790-800. [PMID: 22405650 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Faithful propagation of specific chromatin states requires re-establishment of epigenetic marks after every cell division. How the original epigenetic signature is inherited after disruption during DNA replication is still poorly understood. Here, we show that the poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase-1 (PARP1/ARTD1) is implicated in the maintenance of silent rDNA chromatin during cell division. We demonstrate that PARP1 associates with TIP5, a subunit of the NoRC complex, via the noncoding pRNA and binds to silent rRNA genes after their replication in mid-late S phase. PARP1 represses rRNA transcription and is implicated in the formation of silent rDNA chromatin. Silent rDNA chromatin is a specific substrate for ADP-ribosylation and the enzymatic activity of PARP1 is necessary to establish rDNA silencing. The data unravel a function of PARP1 and ADP-ribosylation that serves to allow for the inheritance of silent chromatin structures, shedding light on how epigenetic marks are transmitted during each cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Guetg
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
PARP-1 enhances the mismatch-dependence of 5'-directed excision in human mismatch repair in vitro. DNA Repair (Amst) 2011; 10:1145-53. [PMID: 21945626 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
End-directed mismatch-provoked excision has been reconstituted in several purified systems. While 3'-directed excision displays a mismatch dependence similar to that observed in nuclear extracts (≈20-fold), the mismatch dependence of 5'-directed excision is only 3-4-fold, significantly less than that in extracts (8-10-fold). Utilizing a fractionation-based approach, we have isolated a single polypeptide that enhances mismatch dependence of reconstituted 5'-directed excision and have shown it to be identical to poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP-1). Titration of reconstituted excision reactions or PARP-1-depleted HeLa nuclear extract with purified PARP-1 showed that the protein specifically enhances mismatch dependence of 5'-directed excision. Analysis of a set of PARP-1 mutants revealed that the DNA binding domain and BRCT fold contribute to the regulation of excision specificity. Involvement of the catalytic domain is restricted to its ability to poly(ADP-ribosyl)ate PARP-1 in the presence of NAD(+), likely through interference with DNA binding. Analysis of protein-protein interactions demonstrated that PARP-1 interacts with mismatch repair proteins MutSα, exonuclease 1, replication protein A (RPA), and as previously shown by others, replication factor C (RFC) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) as well. The BRCT fold plays an important role in the interaction of PARP-1 with the former three proteins.
Collapse
|
28
|
Bhatti S, Kozlov S, Farooqi AA, Naqi A, Lavin M, Khanna KK. ATM protein kinase: the linchpin of cellular defenses to stress. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2977-3006. [PMID: 21533982 PMCID: PMC11115042 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0683-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
ATM is the most significant molecule involved in monitoring the genomic integrity of the cell. Any damage done to DNA relentlessly challenges the cellular machinery involved in recognition, processing and repair of these insults. ATM kinase is activated early to detect and signal lesions in DNA, arrest the cell cycle, establish DNA repair signaling and faithfully restore the damaged chromatin. ATM activation plays an important role as a barrier to tumorigenesis, metabolic syndrome and neurodegeneration. Therefore, studies of ATM-dependent DNA damage signaling pathways hold promise for treatment of a variety of debilitating diseases through the development of new therapeutics capable of modulating cellular responses to stress. In this review, we have tried to untangle the complex web of ATM signaling pathways with the purpose of pinpointing multiple roles of ATM underlying the complex phenotypes observed in AT patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Bhatti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, 1 Km Raiwind Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sergei Kozlov
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, QIMR, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4029 Australia
| | - Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, 1 Km Raiwind Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Naqi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, 1 Km Raiwind Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Martin Lavin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, QIMR, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4029 Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, QIMR, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4029 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Helleday T. The underlying mechanism for the PARP and BRCA synthetic lethality: clearing up the misunderstandings. Mol Oncol 2011; 5:387-93. [PMID: 21821475 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors effectively kill tumours defective in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes through the concept of synthetic lethality. It is suggested that PARP inhibitors cause an increase in DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs), which are converted during replication to irreparable toxic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in BRCA1/2 defective cells. There are a number of recent reports challenging this model. Here, alternative models that are not mutually exclusive are presented to explain the synthetic lethality between BRCA1/2 and PARP inhibitors. One such model proposes that PARP inhibition causes PARP-1 to be trapped onto DNA repair intermediates, especially during base excision repair. This may in turn cause obstruction to replication forks, which require BRCA-dependent homologous recombination to be resolved. In another model, PARP is directly involved in catalysing replication repair in a distinct pathway from homologous recombination. Experimental evidence supporting these novel models to explain the PARP-BRCA synthetic lethality are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Helleday
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Rosenthal DS, Smulson ME. Purification and characterization of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated DNA replication/repair complexes. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 780:165-90. [PMID: 21870261 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-270-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PARP-1, the best studied isoform and most abundantly expressed member of the PARP family of 18 proteins, catalyzes the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) of various nuclear proteins and play key roles in DNA repair, genome maintenance, DNA replication, recombination, apoptosis, gene expression, and regulation of chromatin function. PARylation modulates the functions of target proteins, mainly PARP-1 itself. A multifunctional enzyme, PARP-1 has been localized within DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription complexes, and modifies and regulates the functions of specific components of these complexes. PARylation can regulate the activities of replicative enzymes, such as DNA polymerases α, δ, and ε, topo I and II, primase, RPA, and PCNA in isolated enzymes or within DNA replication complexes (DNA synthesome). PARP-1 and PARylation may (1) play dual roles in nuclear processes, depending on the levels of the substrate NAD and the presence of PARP-activating DNA breaks, (2) recruit acceptor proteins to certain sites or complexes through direct association or through binding to PAR and PAR-binding proteins, and (3) alters the nucleosomal structure of DNA by PARylation of nucleosomal proteins, such as histone H1 to destabilize higher order chromatin structures and promote access of DNA repair and replication enzymes as well as transcription factors to these sites. Here, we describe biochemical approaches that have been utilized in our laboratory for the purification and characterization of PARylated DNA replicative complexes. These methods can be modified for the purification of complexes involved in other nuclear processes. This chapter also briefly discusses current methods by which new PARylated complexes are being identified and studied. Identification, evaluation, and characterization of new complexes could aid in the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms by which PARylation and PARP mediates its pleiotropic roles in various nuclear processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Simbulan-Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Beneke S, Scherr AL, Ponath V, Popp O, Bürkle A. Enzyme characteristics of recombinant poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases-1 of rat and human origin mirror the correlation between cellular poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation capacity and species-specific life span. Mech Ageing Dev 2010; 131:366-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
32
|
PARP is activated at stalled forks to mediate Mre11-dependent replication restart and recombination. EMBO J 2009; 28:2601-15. [PMID: 19629035 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
If replication forks are perturbed, a multifaceted response including several DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint pathways is activated to ensure faithful DNA replication. Here, we show that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) binds to and is activated by stalled replication forks that contain small gaps. PARP1 collaborates with Mre11 to promote replication fork restart after release from replication blocks, most likely by recruiting Mre11 to the replication fork to promote resection of DNA. Both PARP1 and PARP2 are required for hydroxyurea-induced homologous recombination to promote cell survival after replication blocks. Together, our data suggest that PARP1 and PARP2 detect disrupted replication forks and attract Mre11 for end processing that is required for subsequent recombination repair and restart of replication forks.
Collapse
|
33
|
Beneke S, Cohausz O, Malanga M, Boukamp P, Althaus F, Bürkle A. Rapid regulation of telomere length is mediated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:6309-17. [PMID: 18835851 PMCID: PMC2577345 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shelterin/telosome is a multi-protein complex at mammalian telomeres, anchored to the double-stranded region by the telomeric-repeat binding factors-1 and -2. In vitro modification of these proteins by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation through poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases-5 (tankyrases) and -1/-2, respectively, impairs binding. Thereafter, at least telomeric-repeat binding factor-1 is degraded by the proteasome. We show that pharmacological inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity in cells from two different species leads to rapid decrease in median telomere length and stabilization at a lower setting. Specific knockdown of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 by RNA interference had the same effect. The length of the single-stranded telomeric overhang as well as telomerase activity were not affected. Release of inhibition led to a fast re-gain in telomere length to control levels in cells expressing active telomerase. We conclude that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 activity and probably its interplay with telomeric-repeat binding factor-2 is an important determinant in telomere regulation. Our findings reinforce the link between poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and aging/longevity and also impact on the use of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors in tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Beneke
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Parp and cell death or protection in rat primary astroglial cell cultures under LPS/IFNgamma induced proinflammatory conditions. Neurochem Res 2008; 33:2583-92. [PMID: 18758954 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9835-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) has a leader role in the DNA damage survey mechanisms by its nick-sensor function, but it is also involved in the early events of the programmed cell death, particularly during inflammatory injury, as a coactivator of NF-kB. In the present study, we evaluated the PARP involvement in the mechanisms of protection and/or cell death in rat astroglial cell cultures during the early phase of proinflammatory commitment after lipopolysaccharide and interferon gamma treatment. According with the recent findings that PARP-1 phosphorylation by MAPK/ERK-2 pathway seems to modulate PARP activation, in time course experiments we demonstrated that a very early PARP activation and expression is able to trigger a cell death pathway, DNA damage independent, during strong proinflammatory insults, maintaining its role of guardian of the genome stability only during the normal cell cycling.
Collapse
|
35
|
Carbone M, Rossi MN, Cavaldesi M, Notari A, Amati P, Maione R. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is implicated in the G0-G1 transition of resting cells. Oncogene 2008; 27:6083-92. [PMID: 18663363 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, catalysed by a family of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), plays an important role in a large variety of physiological processes, including cell proliferation, but its role in cell cycle progression is not yet completely defined. As reported here, the examination of early times following serum stimulation of quiescent fibroblasts suggests that poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is necessary for the transition from the G0 phase to the G1 phase. We show that PARP activity is involved in this step through the regulation of immediate-early response genes, such as c-Fos and c-Myc. This is supported by the finding that exogenous Myc expression substantially restores cell cycle reactivation in the absence of polymer synthesis. Furthermore, using RNA interference, we show that PARP-1 is the PARP family member playing the most prominent role in the upregulation of c-Fos and c-Myc during G0-G1 transition. We report that even in lectin-stimulated peripheral blood mononucleated cells, the inhibition of PARP activity interferes with the upregulation of immediate-early genes and delays the induction of proliferation, suggesting a general role for PARP-1 in linking growth factor signaling with cell cycle entry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Carbone
- Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Haematology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Woodhouse BC, Dianov GL. Poly ADP-ribose polymerase-1: an international molecule of mystery. DNA Repair (Amst) 2008; 7:1077-86. [PMID: 18468963 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is one of the most abundant proteins within mammalian cells. First described more than 45 years ago, PARP-1 has been the subject of many studies and was shown to be involved in multiple aspects of cellular metabolism. Despite many interesting studies that implicate PARP-1 in transcription, chromatin remodelling, apoptosis, DNA repair and several neurological disorders, its precise role is still unclear. This review will discuss the role of PARP-1 in DNA repair and propose a model whereby PARP-1 operates as a modulator of base excision repair capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany C Woodhouse
- Medical Research Council Radiation Oncology & Biology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 modulates DNA repair capacity and prevents formation of DNA double strand breaks. DNA Repair (Amst) 2008; 7:932-40. [PMID: 18472309 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) has no enzymatic activity involved in DNA damage processing by the base excision repair (BER) pathway, PARP-1 deficient cells are genetically unstable and sensitive to DNA-damaging agents. To explain this paradox, we investigated the impact of PARP-1 on BER in mammalian cells. We reduced cellular PARP-1 protein levels using siRNA, then introduced DNA damage by hydrogen peroxide treatment and examined the repair response. We find that PARP-1 is not involved in recruitment of the major BER proteins to sites of DNA damage. However, we find that PARP-1 protects excessive DNA single strand breaks (SSBs) from converting into DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) thus preserving them for subsequent repair by BER enzymes. This suggests that PARP-1 plays an important role in BER by extending the ability of BER enzymes to process DNA single strand breaks arising directly after mutagen stress or during processing of DNA lesions following extensive DNA damage.
Collapse
|
38
|
Zaniolo K, Desnoyers S, Leclerc S, Guérin SL. Regulation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) gene expression through the post-translational modification of Sp1: a nuclear target protein of PARP-1. BMC Mol Biol 2007; 8:96. [PMID: 17961220 PMCID: PMC2175517 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-8-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a nuclear enzyme that plays critical functions in many biological processes, including DNA repair and gene transcription. The main function of PARP-1 is to catalyze the transfer of ADP-ribose units from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to a large array of acceptor proteins, which comprises histones, transcription factors, as well as PARP-1 itself. We have previously demonstrated that transcription of the PARP-1 gene essentially rely on the opposite regulatory actions of two distinct transcription factors, Sp1 and NFI. In the present study, we examined whether suppression of PARP-1 expression in embryonic fibroblasts derived from PARP-1 knockout mice (PARP-1-/-) might alter the expression and/or DNA binding properties of Sp1 and NFI. We also explored the possibility that Sp1 or NFI (or both) may represent target proteins of PARP-1 activity. Results Expression of both Sp1 and NFI was found to be considerably reduced in PARP-1-/- cells. Co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that PARP-1 physically interacts with Sp1 in a DNA-independent manner, but neither with Sp3 nor NFI, in PARP-1+/+ cells. In addition, in vitro PARP assays indicated that PARP-1 could catalyze the addition of polymer of ADP-ribose to Sp1, which also translated into a reduction of Sp1 binding to its consensus DNA target site. Transfection of the PARP-1 promoter into both PARP-1+/+ and PARP-1-/- cells revealed that the lack of PARP-1 expression in PARP-1-/- cells also results in a strong increase in PARP-1 promoter activity. This influence of PARP-1 was found to rely on the presence of the Sp1 sites present on the basal PARP-1 promoter as their mutation entirely abolished the increased promoter activity observed in PARP-1-/- cells. Subjecting PARP-1+/+ cells to an oxidative challenge with hydrogen peroxide to increase PARP-1 activity translated into a dramatic reduction in the DNA binding properties of Sp1. However, its suppression by the inhibitor PJ34 improved DNA binding of Sp1 and led to a dramatic increase in PARP-1 promoter function. Conclusion Our results therefore recognized Sp1 as a target protein of PARP-1 activity, the addition of polymer of ADP-ribose to this transcription factor restricting its positive regulatory influence on gene transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Zaniolo
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Centre de Recherche du CHUL-CHUQ and Département d'Anatomie-Physiologie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pellicciari R, Camaioni E, Costantino G. 3. Life or death decisions: the cast of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) as a therapeutic target for brain ischaemia. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2005; 42:125-69. [PMID: 15003720 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(04)42003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pellicciari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Prichard MN, Lawlor H, Duke GM, Mo C, Wang Z, Dixon M, Kemble G, Kern ER. Human cytomegalovirus uracil DNA glycosylase associates with ppUL44 and accelerates the accumulation of viral DNA. Virol J 2005; 2:55. [PMID: 16022730 PMCID: PMC1185570 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-2-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human cytomegalovirus UL114 encodes a uracil-DNA glycosylase homolog that is highly conserved in all characterized herpesviruses that infect mammals. Previous studies demonstrated that the deletion of this nonessential gene delays significantly the onset of viral DNA synthesis and results in a prolonged replication cycle. The gene product, pUL114, also appears to be important in late phase DNA synthesis presumably by introducing single stranded breaks. Results A series of experiments was performed to formally assign the observed phenotype to pUL114 and to characterize the function of the protein in viral replication. A cell line expressing pUL114 complemented the observed phenotype of a UL114 deletion virus in trans, confirming that the observed defects were the result of a deficiency in this gene product. Stocks of recombinant viruses without elevated levels of uracil were produced in the complementing cells; however they retained the phenotype of poor growth in normal fibroblasts suggesting that poor replication was unrelated to uracil content of input genomes. Recombinant viruses expressing epitope tagged versions of this gene demonstrated that pUL114 was expressed at early times and that it localized to viral replication compartments. This protein also coprecipitated with the DNA polymerase processivity factor, ppUL44 suggesting that these proteins associate in infected cells. This apparent interaction did not appear to require other viral proteins since ppUL44 could recruit pUL114 to the nucleus in uninfected cells. An analysis of DNA replication kinetics revealed that the initial rate of DNA synthesis and the accumulation of progeny viral genomes were significantly reduced compared to the parent virus. Conclusion These data suggest that pUL114 associates with ppUL44 and that it functions as part of the viral DNA replication complex to increase the efficiency of both early and late phase viral DNA synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Prichard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
| | - Heather Lawlor
- Department of Research, MedImmune Vaccines Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Gregory M Duke
- Department of Research, MedImmune Vaccines Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Chengjun Mo
- Department of Research, MedImmune Vaccines Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoti Wang
- Department of Research, MedImmune Vaccines Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Dixon
- Department of Research, MedImmune Vaccines Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - George Kemble
- Department of Research, MedImmune Vaccines Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Earl R Kern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Nguewa PA, Fuertes MA, Valladares B, Alonso C, Pérez JM. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases: homology, structural domains and functions. Novel therapeutical applications. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 88:143-72. [PMID: 15561303 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are a family of enzymes, which show differences in structure, cellular location and functions. However, all these enzymes possess poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation activity. Overactivation of PARP enzymes has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetes, shock, neurodegenerative disorder and allergy. The best studied of these enzymes (PARP-1) is involved in the cellular response to DNA damage so that in the event of irreparable DNA damage overactivation of PARP-1 leads to necrotic cell death. Inhibitors of PARP-1 activity in combination with DNA-binding antitumor drugs may constitute a suitable strategy in cancer chemotherapy. In addition, PARP inhibitors may be also useful to restore cellular functions in several pathophysiological states and diseases. This review gives an update of the state-of-the-art concerning PARP enzymes and their exploitation as pharmacological targets in several illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Nguewa
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Laniel MA, Poirier GG, Guérin SL. A conserved initiator element on the mammalian poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 promoters, in combination with flanking core elements, is necessary to obtain high transcriptional activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 1679:37-46. [PMID: 15245915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2004] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a conserved nuclear protein present in nearly all eukaryotes. In mammalian cells, its abundant expression and its ability to specifically bind to DNA strand breaks make it an important enzyme in the rapid cellular response to DNA damage. Although the promoter regions of the three known mammalian PARP-1 genes, from human, rat and mouse, are different, they share common features, such as multiple GC-rich regions, lack of a functional TATA box, and presence of a putative initiator element. In this study, we analyzed the core promoter region of the rat PARP-1 gene, and show that it contains a functional initiator element surrounding the transcription start site. This core element lies within an approximately 40-base-pair region that is highly conserved in all three mammalian PARP-1 promoters. Furthermore, we show that other core elements located upstream and downstream of the PARP-1 initiator, including a functional Sp1 target site, synergize to regulate rat PARP-1 transcription. As the initiator region of all three PARP-1 gene promoters is highly conserved, their transcriptional regulation is likely achieved through similar mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Laniel
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUL Research Center, 2705 Laurier Blvd., Ste-Foy, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abdel-Aziz W, Hickey RJ, Malkas LH. An in vitro model system that can differentiate the stages of DNA replication affected by anticancer agents. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:11-21. [PMID: 15183113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported on the potential use of a novel in vitro human cell-derived model system to investigate the mechanism of action of anticancer agents that directly affect the process of DNA replication. Our cell-free system uses a multiprotein DNA replication complex (designated the DNA synthesome) that has been isolated, characterized, and extensively purified from a wide variety of mammalian cells and tissues. The DNA synthesome is competent to orchestrate simian virus 40 (SV40) origin-specific and large T antigen-dependent DNA replication in vitro. In this study, the synthesome-based cell-free system was tested to evaluate the mechanism of action of 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), camptothecin (CPT), and doxorubicin (DOX). Using a novel synthesome-based in vitro kinetic assay, we demonstrated that DNA replication mediated by the synthesome is initiated within the SV40 replication origin and proceeds bidirectionally in a manner analogous to that occurring within the cell. Ara-CTP, CPT, and DOX have been found to affect different stages of the in vitro DNA replication process mediated by the complex. Ara-CTP inhibited both the initiation and elongation stages, whereas CPT produced most of its effects by inhibiting the elongation phase of DNA replication. DOX inhibited the termination stage of DNA synthesis mediated by the synthesome. The data presented here support our contention that the DNA synthesome represents a highly effective in vitro model system for investigating the mechanism by which some anticancer agents can directly affect the process of DNA replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Cancer Research Institute, 1044 W. Walnut Street, R4-202 Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yang YG, Cortes U, Patnaik S, Jasin M, Wang ZQ. Ablation of PARP-1 does not interfere with the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, but compromises the reactivation of stalled replication forks. Oncogene 2004; 23:3872-82. [PMID: 15021907 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is an abundant DNA end-sensing and binding molecule. Inactivation of PARP-1 by chemicals and genetic mutations slows cell proliferation, increases sister chromatid exchange (SCE), micronuclei formation and chromosome instability, and shortens telomeres. Given its affinity to DNA breaks and temporal occupation on DNA strand break sites, PARP-1 is proposed to prevent inappropriate DNA recombination. We investigated the potential role of PARP-1 in repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and stalled replication forks. PARP-1-/- embryonic stem cells and embryonic fibroblast cells exhibited normal repair of DNA DSBs by either homologous recombination (HR) or nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathways. Inactivation of PARP-1 did not interfere with gene-targeting efficiency in ES cells. However, PARP-1-/- cells were hypersensitive to the replication damage agent hydroxyurea (HU)-induced cell death and exhibited enhanced SCE formation. Ablation of PARP-1 delayed reactivation of stalled replication forks imposed by HU and re-entry into the G2-M phase after HU release. These data indicate that PARP-1 is dispensable in HR induced by DSBs, but is involved in the repair and reactivation of stalled replication forks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Gui Yang
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert-Thomas, Lyon 69008, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Adelfalk C, Kontou M, Hirsch-Kauffmann M, Schweiger M. Physical and functional interaction of the Werner syndrome protein with poly-ADP ribosyl transferase. FEBS Lett 2003; 554:55-8. [PMID: 14596914 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Werner's syndrome is a rare disease of premature ageing. The WRN gene product defective in this disorder belongs to the RecQ helicase family and is thought to be involved in DNA metabolism. Another protein, which plays an important role in both DNA replication and repair, is the poly-ADP ribosyl transferase. Here we demonstrate an interaction of these two proteins resulting in ADP-ribosylation of the WRN protein. These results imply that WRN is involved in DNA replication and in DNA repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Adelfalk
- Free University of Berlin, Department of Biochemistry, Thielallee 63, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Rosenthal DS, Luo R, Samara R, Espinoza LA, Hassa PO, Hottiger MO, Smulson ME. PARP-1 binds E2F-1 independently of its DNA binding and catalytic domains, and acts as a novel coactivator of E2F-1-mediated transcription during re-entry of quiescent cells into S phase. Oncogene 2003; 22:8460-71. [PMID: 14627987 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor E2F-1 is implicated in the activation of S-phase genes as well as induction of apoptosis, and is regulated by interactions with Rb and by cell cycle-dependent alterations in E2F-1 abundance. We earlier demonstrated a pivotal role for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in the regulation of E2F-1 expression and promoter activity during S-phase re-entry when quiescent cells re-enter the cell cycle. We now investigate the putative mechanism(s) by which PARP-1 may upregulate E2F-1 promoter activity during S-phase re-entry. DNase-1 footprint assays with purified PARP-1 showed that PARP-1 did not directly bind the E2F-1 promoter in a sequence-specific manner. In contrast to p53, a positive acceptor in poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reactions, E2F-1 was not poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated by wild-type PARP-1 in vitro, indicating that PARP-1 does not exert a dual effect on E2F-1 transcriptional activation. Protein-binding reactions and coimmunoprecipitation experiments with purified PARP-1 and E2F-1, however, revealed that PARP-1 binds to E2F-1 in vitro. More significantly, physical association of PARP-1 and E2F-1 in vivo also occurred in wild-type fibroblasts 5 h after re-entry into S phase, coincident with the increase in E2F-1 promoter activity and expression of E2F-1-responsive S-phase genes cyclin A and c-Myc. Mapping of the interaction domains revealed that full-length PARP-1 as well as PARP-1 mutants lacking either the catalytic active site or the DNA-binding domain equally bind E2F-1, whereas a PARP-1 mutant lacking the automodification domain does not, suggesting that the protein interaction site is located in this central domain. Finally, gel shift analysis with end-blocked E2F-1 promoter sequence probes verified that the binding of PARP-1 to E2F-1 enhances binding to the E2F-1 promoter, indicating that PARP-1 acts as a positive cofactor of E2F-1-mediated transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Simbulan-Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Frouin I, Maga G, Denegri M, Riva F, Savio M, Spadari S, Prosperi E, Scovassi AI. Human proliferating cell nuclear antigen, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, and p21waf1/cip1. A dynamic exchange of partners. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:39265-8. [PMID: 12930846 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c300098200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We addressed the analysis of the physical and functional association of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a protein involved in many DNA transactions, with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1), an enzyme that plays a crucial role in DNA repair and interacts with many DNA replication/repair factors. We demonstrated that PARP-1 and PCNA co-immunoprecipitated both from the soluble and the DNA-bound fraction isolated from S-phase-synchronized HeLa cells. Immunoprecipitation experiments with purified proteins further confirmed a physical association between PARP-1 and PCNA. To investigate the effect of this association on PARP-1 activity, an assay based on the incorporation of radioactive NAD was performed. Conversely, the effect of PARP-1 on PCNA-dependent DNA synthesis was assessed by a DNA polymerase delta assay. A marked inhibition of both reactions was found. Unexpectedly, PARP-1 activity also decreased in the presence of p21waf1/cip1. By pull-down experiments, we provided the first evidence for an association between PARP-1 and p21, which involves the C-terminal part of p21 protein. This association was further demonstrated to occur also in vivo in MNNG (N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine)-treated human fibroblasts. These observations suggest that PARP-1 and p21 could cooperate in regulating the functions of PCNA during DNA replication/repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Frouin
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Miccoli L, Biard DSF, Frouin I, Harper F, Maga G, Angulo JF. Selective interactions of human kin17 and RPA proteins with chromatin and the nuclear matrix in a DNA damage- and cell cycle-regulated manner. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:4162-75. [PMID: 12853634 PMCID: PMC165974 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several proteins involved in DNA synthesis are part of the so-called 'replication factories' that are anchored on non-chromatin nuclear structures. We report here that human kin17, a nuclear stress-activated protein, associates with both chromatin and non-chromatin nuclear structures in a cell cycle- and DNA damage-dependent manner. After L-mimosine block and withdrawal we observed that kin17 protein was recruited in the nucleus during re-entry and progression through S phase. These results are consistent with a role of kin17 protein in DNA replication. About 50% of the total amount of kin17 protein was detected on nuclear structures and could not be released by detergents. Furthermore, the amount of kin17 protein greatly increased in both G(1)/S and S phase-arrested cells in fractions containing proteins anchored to nuclear structures. The detection of kin17 protein showed for the first time its preferential assembly within non-chromatin nuclear structures in G(1)/S and S phase-arrested cells, while the association with these structures was found to be less stable in the G(2)/M phase, as judged by fractionation of human cells and immunostaining. In asynchronous growing cells, kin17 protein interacted with both chromatin DNA and non-chromatin nuclear structures, while in S phase-arrested cells it interacted mostly with non-chromatin nuclear structures, as judged by DNase I treatment and in vivo UV cross-linking. In the presence of DNA damage in S phase cells, the distribution of kin17 protein became mainly associated with chromosomal DNA, as judged by limited formaldehyde cross-linking of living cells. The physical interaction of kin17 protein with components of the nuclear matrix was confirmed and visualized by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. Our results indicate that, during S phase, a fraction of the human kin17 protein preferentially associates with the nuclear matrix, a fundamentally non-chromatin higher order nuclear structure, and to chromatin DNA in the presence of DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Miccoli
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Laboratoire de Génétique de la Radiosensibilité, Département de Radiobiologie et de Radiopathologie, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Upadhyay D, Kamp DW. Asbestos-induced pulmonary toxicity: role of DNA damage and apoptosis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003; 228:650-9. [PMID: 12773695 DOI: 10.1177/153537020322800602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asbestos causes asbestosis and various malignancies by mechanisms that are not clearly defined. Here, we review the accumulating evidence showing that asbestos is directly genotoxic by inducing DNA strand breaks (DNA-SB) and apoptosis in relevant lung target cells. Although the exact mechanisms by which asbestos causes DNA damage and apoptosis are not firmly established, some of the implicated mechanisms include the generation of iron-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as reactive nitrogen species (RNS), alteration in the mitochondrial function, and activation of the death receptor pathway. We focus on the accumulating evidence implicating ROS. DNA repair mechanisms have a key role in limiting the extent of DNA damage. Recent studies show that asbestos activates DNA repair enzymes such as apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Asbestos-induced neoplastic transformation may result in the setting where DNA damage overwhelms DNA repair in the face of a persistent proliferative signal. Strategies aimed at limiting asbestos-induced oxidative stress may reduce DNA damage and, as such, prevent malignant transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daya Upadhyay
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lebel M, Lavoie J, Gaudreault I, Bronsard M, Drouin R. Genetic cooperation between the Werner syndrome protein and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in preventing chromatid breaks, complex chromosomal rearrangements, and cancer in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 162:1559-69. [PMID: 12707040 PMCID: PMC1851180 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Werner syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by the premature onset of a number of age-related diseases. The gene responsible for Werner syndrome encodes a DNA helicase/exonuclease protein. Participation in a replication complex is among the several functions postulated for the WRN protein. The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) enzyme, which is known to bind to DNA strand breaks, is also associated with the DNA replication complex. To determine whether Wrn and PARP-1 enzymes act in concert during cell growth, mice with a mutation in the helicase domain of the Wrn gene (Wrn(Deltahel/Deltahel) mice) were crossed to PARP-1-null mice. Both Wrn(Deltahel/Deltahel) and PARP-1-null/Wrn(Deltahel/Deltahel) cohorts developed more neoplasms than wild-type animals. The tumor spectrum was the same between PARP-1-null/Wrn(Deltahel/Deltahel) mice and Wrn mutants. However, PARP-1-null/Wrn(Deltahel/Deltahel) mice developed neoplasms at a younger age. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from such PARP-1-null/Wrn(Deltahel/Deltahel) mice stop dividing abruptly unlike Wrn(Deltahel/Deltahel) or PARP-1-null cells. PARP-1-null/Wrn(Deltahel/Deltahel) fibroblasts were distinguished by an increased frequency of chromatid breaks, complex chromosomal rearrangements, and fragmentation. Finally, experiments have indicated that the PARP-1 enzyme co-immunoprecipitates with the WRN protein in human 293 embryonic kidney cells. These results suggest that Wrn and PARP-1 enzymes may be part of a complex involved in the processing of DNA breaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Lebel
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebéc (CHUQ), Québec, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|