1
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Gnannt F, Gerwien A, Waldmannstetter S, Gracheva S, Dube H. Directional Bias in Molecular Photogearing Evidenced by LED-Coupled Chiral Cryo-HPLC. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405299. [PMID: 38958449 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Molecular gearing systems are technomimetic nanoscale analogues to complex geared machinery in the macroscopic world. They are defined as systems incorporating intermeshed movable parts which perform correlated rotational motions by mechanical engagement. Only recently, new methods to actively drive molecular gearing motions instead of relying on passive thermal activation have been developed. Further progress in this endeavor will pave the way for unidirectional molecular gearing devices with a distinct type of molecular machine awaiting its realization. Within this work an essential step towards this goal is achieved by evidencing directional biases for the light-induced rotations in our molecular photogear system. Using a custom-designed LED-coupled chiral cryo-HPLC setup for the in situ irradiation of enantiomeric analytes, an intrinsic selectivity for clockwise or counterclockwise rotations was elucidated experimentally. Significant directional biases in the photogearing processes and light-induced single bond rotations (SBRs) are observed for our photogear with directional preferences of up to 4.8 : 1. Harnessing these effects will allow to rationally design and construct a fully directional molecular gearing motor in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Gnannt
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aaron Gerwien
- Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Waldmannstetter
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sofia Gracheva
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Rams-Baron M, Błażytko A, Jurkiewicz K, Lodowski P, Książek M, Kusz J, Mozga W, Fordymacka M, Teymouri M, Krzywik J, Paluch M. Image of the solid-state rotary motion encoded in the dielectric response. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2024; 87:108002. [PMID: 39254173 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad7288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The future development of advanced molecular systems with controlled rotation requires the development of an effective methodology for assessing the rotational performance of artificial machine components. We identified two patterns of the dielectric behavior for polar rotators in a static non-polar framework of sizable crystal showing relations between the spectral and molecular-level features of solid-state rotary motion. Various functionalization of phenylene rotors with a fluorine atom(s) changed rotational performance from high to low with rotational barriers ranging from 6.06 to 11.84 kcal mol-1. The meta-F-substitution favored rotator-rotator contacts allowing for the implementation of fast rotary motion. Contrary, the presence of rotator-stator contacts inhibited independent rotator dynamics leading to opposite spectral behavior in terms of temperature evolution of loss peak amplitude. Our observations, supported by an analysis based on an asymmetric double well-potential model, show that easily noticeable spectral differences encoded some molecular-level information important for the implementation of rotary motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Rams-Baron
- August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Alfred Błażytko
- August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Karolina Jurkiewicz
- August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Piotr Lodowski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Maria Książek
- August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Joachim Kusz
- August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Witold Mozga
- TriMen Chemicals Sp. z o.o., Al, Piłsudskiego 141, 92-318 Łódź, Poland
| | - Marta Fordymacka
- TriMen Chemicals Sp. z o.o., Al, Piłsudskiego 141, 92-318 Łódź, Poland
| | - Mahshid Teymouri
- TriMen Chemicals Sp. z o.o., Al, Piłsudskiego 141, 92-318 Łódź, Poland
| | - Julia Krzywik
- TriMen Chemicals Sp. z o.o., Al, Piłsudskiego 141, 92-318 Łódź, Poland
| | - Marian Paluch
- August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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3
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Shi K, Jia G, Wu Y, Zhang S, Chen J. Dynamic control of circumrotation of a [2]catenane by acid-base switching. ChemistryOpen 2024; 13:e202300304. [PMID: 38333963 PMCID: PMC11319237 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic control of the motion in a catenane remains a big challenge as it requires precise design and sophisticated well-organized structures. This paper reports the design and synthesis of a donor-acceptor [2]catenane through mechanical interlocking, employing a crown ether featuring two dibenzylammonium salts on its side arms as the host and a cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT ⋅ 4PF6) ring as the guest molecule. By addition of external acid or base, the catenane can form self-complexed or decomplexed compounds to alter the cavity size of the crown ether ring, consequently affecting circumrotation rate of CBPQT ⋅ 4PF6 ring of the catenane. This study offers insights for the design and exploration of artificial molecular machines with intricate cascading responsive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelun Shi
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and DisplaysNational Center for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Guohui Jia
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and DisplaysNational Center for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and DisplaysNational Center for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Shilong Zhang
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and DisplaysNational Center for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Jiawen Chen
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and DisplaysNational Center for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsGuangzhou510006P. R. China
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4
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Maguire S, Strachan G, Norvaiša K, Donohoe C, Gomes-da-Silva LC, Senge MO. Porphyrin Atropisomerism as a Molecular Engineering Tool in Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Recognition, Supramolecular Assembly, and Catalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401559. [PMID: 38787350 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Porphyrin atropisomerism, which arises from restricted σ-bond rotation between the macrocycle and a sufficiently bulky substituent, was identified in 1969 by Gottwald and Ullman in 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(o-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrins. Henceforth, an entirely new field has emerged utilizing this transformative tool. This review strives to explain the consequences of atropisomerism in porphyrins, the methods which have been developed for their separation and analysis and present the diverse array of applications. Porphyrins alone possess intriguing properties and a structure which can be easily decorated and molded for a specific function. Therefore, atropisomerism serves as a transformative tool, making it possible to obtain even a specific molecular shape. Atropisomerism has been thoroughly exploited in catalysis and molecular recognition yet presents both challenges and opportunities in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Maguire
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Grant Strachan
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Karolis Norvaiša
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Claire Donohoe
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-535, Portugal
| | | | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Focus Group-Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenberg Str. 2a, 85748, Garching, Germany
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5
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Ofodum NM, Qi Q, Chandradat R, Warfle T, Lu X. Advancing Dynamic Polymer Mechanochemistry through Synergetic Conformational Gearing. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17700-17711. [PMID: 38888499 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Harnessing mechanical force to modulate material properties and enhance biomechanical functions is essential for advancing smart materials and bioengineering. Polymer mechanochemistry provides an emerging toolkit for exploring unconventional chemical transformations and modulating molecular structures through mechanical force. One of the key challenges is developing innovative force-sensing mechanisms for precise and in situ force detection. This study introduces mDPAC, a dynamic and sensitive mechanophore, demonstrating its mechanochromic properties through synergetic conformational gearing. Its unique mechanoresponsive mechanism is based on the simultaneous conformational synergy between its phenazine and phenyl moieties, facilitated by a worm-gear-like structure. We confirm mDPAC's complex mechanochemical response and elucidate its mechanotransduction mechanism through our experimental data and comprehensive simulations. The compatibility of mDPAC with hydrogels is particularly notable, highlighting its potential for applications in aqueous biological environments as a dynamic force sensor. Moreover, mDPAC's multicolored mechanochromic responses facilitate direct force sensing and visual detection, paving the way for precise and real-time mechanical force sensing in bulk materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnamdi M Ofodum
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Qingkai Qi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Richard Chandradat
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Theodore Warfle
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Xiaocun Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
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6
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Berry SN, Zou M, Nguyen SL, Sajowitz AE, Qin L, Lewis W, Jolliffe KA. Supramolecular Control of the Temperature Responsiveness of Fluorescent Macrocyclic Molecular Rotamers. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400504. [PMID: 38499467 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
To fully harness the potential of molecular machines, it is crucial to develop methods by which to exert control over their speed of motion through the application of external stimuli. A conformationally strained macrocyclic fluorescent rotamer, CarROT, displays a reproducible and linear fluorescence decrease towards temperature over the physiological temperature range. Through the external addition of anions, cations or through deprotonation, the compound can access four discreet rotational speeds via supramolecular interactions (very slow, slow, fast and very fast) which in turn stop, reduce or enhance the thermoluminescent properties due to increasing or decreasing non-radiative decay processes, thereby providing a means to externally control the temperature sensitivity of the system. Through comparison with analogues with a higher degree of conformational freedom, the high thermosensitivity of CarROT over the physiological temperature range was determined to be due to conformational strain, which causes a high energy barrier to rotation over this range. Analogues with a higher degree of conformational freedom display lower sensitivities towards temperature over the same temperature range. This study provides an example of an information rich small molecule, in which programable rotational speed states can be observed with facile read-out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart N Berry
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Meijun Zou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sarah L Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Aidan E Sajowitz
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Lei Qin
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Katrina A Jolliffe
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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7
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Long G, Deng Y, Zhao W, Zhou G, Broer DJ, Feringa BL, Chen J. Photoresponsive Biomimetic Functions by Light-Driven Molecular Motors in Three Dimensionally Printed Liquid Crystal Elastomers. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13894-13902. [PMID: 38728606 PMCID: PMC11117400 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Despite the fascinating developments in design and synthesis of artificial molecular machines operating at the nanoscales, translating molecular motion along multiple length scales and inducing mechanical motion of a three-dimensional macroscopic entity remains an important challenge. The key to addressing this amplification of motion relies on the effective organization of molecular machines in a well-defined environment. By taking advantage of long-range orientational order and hierarchical structures of liquid crystals and unidirectional rotation of light-driven molecular motors, we report here photoresponsive biomimetic functions of liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) by the repetitive unidirectional rotation of molecular motors using 3D printing. Molecular motors were built in the main chain of liquid crystals oligomers to serve as photoactuators. The oligomers were then used as the ink, and liquid crystal elastomers with different morphologies were printed. The obtained LCEs are able to conduct multiple types of motions including bending, helical coiling, closing of petals, and flipping of wings of a butterfly upon UV illumination, which paves the way for future design of responsive materials with enhanced complex actuating functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Long
- SCNU-UG
International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays,
National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Yanping Deng
- SCNU-UG
International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays,
National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- SCNU-TUE
Joint lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology
& Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy
of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China
Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- SCNU-UG
International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays,
National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- SCNU-TUE
Joint lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology
& Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy
of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China
Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dirk J. Broer
- SCNU-TUE
Joint lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology
& Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy
of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China
Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Stimuli-responsive
Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- SCNU-UG
International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays,
National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Jiawen Chen
- SCNU-UG
International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays,
National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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8
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Olszewska K, Mizera A, Ławniczak P, Kamińska A, Santillan R, Morales-Chamorro M, Ochoa ME, Farfán N, Łapiński A, Górecki M, Jastrzebska I, Runka T. Molecular Dynamics of Steroidal Rotors Probed by Theoretical, Spectroscopic and Dielectric Methods. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303933. [PMID: 38311598 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Our study focuses on molecular rotors with fast-moving rotators and their potential applications in the development of new amphidynamic crystals. Steroidal molecular rotors with a dipolar fluorine-substituted phenyl group as the rotator were synthesized and characterized. Three different rotors were investigated with varying numbers of fluorine atoms. A comprehensive analysis was performed using vibrational spectroscopy (Raman, FT-IR), electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and dielectric response to understand the behavior of the investigated model rotors. The results were supported by theoretical calculations using Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods. The angle-dependent polarized Raman spectra confirmed the crystallinity of the samples. Nearly frequency and temperature-independent permittivity suggest low-frequency librational motion of stators. An in-depth analysis of ECD spectra revealed high conformational flexibility in solution, resulting in low ECD effects, while in the solid-state with restricted rotation, significant ECD effects were observed. These findings shed light on the conformational behavior and potential applications of the studied steroidal molecular rotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Olszewska
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Institute of Materials Research and Quantum Engineering, Poznan University of Technology Piotrowo, 3, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Mizera
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Ławniczak
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Kamińska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rosa Santillan
- Departamento de Química Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México D.F. Apdo. Postal 14-740, 07000, México
| | - Maricela Morales-Chamorro
- Departamento de Química Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México D.F. Apdo. Postal 14-740, 07000, México
| | - Ma Eugenia Ochoa
- Departamento de Química Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México D.F. Apdo. Postal 14-740, 07000, México
| | - Norberto Farfán
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Andrzej Łapiński
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Górecki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabella Jastrzebska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1 K, 15-254, Białystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Runka
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Institute of Materials Research and Quantum Engineering, Poznan University of Technology Piotrowo, 3, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
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9
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Wysocka J, Malinowska M, Pawlak T, Zgardzińska B, Markiewicz KH, Misiak P, Wilczewska AZ, Potrzebowski M, Santillan R, Flórez-López E, Farfán N, Jastrzebska I. Polymer network comprised of steroidal rotors as promising storage material. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300793. [PMID: 38259120 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a new generation of polymeric networks as potential functional material based on changes in molecular dynamics in the solid state. The material is obtained by free radical polymerization of a diacrylate derivative bearing a steroid (stator) and a 1,4-diethynyl-phenylene-d4 fragment (rotator). Polymer research using the PALS technique complements the knowledge about nanostructural changes occurring in the system in the temperature range -115 °C - +190 °C. It indicates the presence of two types of free nanovolumes in the system and the occurrence of phase transitions. The polymer is characterized using 1 H NMR, 2 H Solid Echo NMR, ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopies, thermal analysis, and porosimetry. It is proved that the applied procedure leads to the formation of a novel porous organic material containing multiple molecular rotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wysocka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1 K, 15-254, Białystok, Poland
| | - Marta Malinowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1 K, 15-254, Białystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pawlak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363, Łódź, Sienkiewicza 112, Poland
| | - Bożena Zgardzińska
- Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 1, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Karolina H Markiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1 K, 15-254, Białystok, Poland
| | - Paweł Misiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1 K, 15-254, Białystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Z Wilczewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1 K, 15-254, Białystok, Poland
| | - Marek Potrzebowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363, Łódź, Sienkiewicza 112, Poland
| | - Rosa Santillan
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México, D.F. Apdo. Postal 14-740, 07000, Mexico
| | - Edwin Flórez-López
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, CDMX, México
| | - Norberto Farfán
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, CDMX, México
| | - Izabella Jastrzebska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1 K, 15-254, Białystok, Poland
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10
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Nag R, Sivaiah A, Rao CP. Supramolecular Logic Gates Based on the Conjugates of Calixarenes and Carbohydrates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:4579-4591. [PMID: 38386016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
In the era of application-oriented research, laboratory to real life translation is highly regarded and in great demand. This could mean that molecular science developed for sensing and detecting a variety of chemical species awaits conversion to devices. In that, the molecular logic gates are the most promising ones where the information storage and/or data processing can be easily carried out in terms of molecular inputs and electrical response outputs. This would facilitate the simultaneous execution of a diverse array of molecular sensing functions. The recent progress in molecular logic gates based on supramolecular optical receptors, in particular, fluorescent ones, such as calixarene derivatives and carbohydrate conjugates will have a transformative impact on molecular devices and will encourage this science to yield technology. Therefore, this review provides a critical evaluation of recent publications on molecular logic gates based on the derivatives of calixarenes and glyco-conjugates, including several from our own research group, with the view that the corresponding applications are a beneficiary in laboratory-to-device translation. In addition, this review is also expected to assist young researchers in planning their research focus in the broad area of supramolecular-based logic gates targeting some specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Nag
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Areti Sivaiah
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat - Surat-Dumas Road, Surat 395007, India
| | - Chebrolu Pulla Rao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, SRM University AP, Neerukonda (P.O.), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522240, India
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11
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Deng Y, Long G, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Zhou G, Feringa BL, Chen J. Photo-responsive functional materials based on light-driven molecular motors. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:63. [PMID: 38429259 PMCID: PMC10907585 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
In the past two decades, the research and development of light-triggered molecular machines have mainly focused on developing molecular devices at the nanoscale. A key scientific issue in the field is how to amplify the controlled motion of molecules at the nanoscale along multiple length scales, such as the mesoscopic or the macroscopic scale, or in a more practical perspective, how to convert molecular motion into changes of properties of a macroscopic material. Light-driven molecular motors are able to perform repetitive unidirectional rotation upon irradiation, which offers unique opportunities for responsive macroscopic systems. With several reviews that focus on the design, synthesis and operation of the motors at the nanoscale, photo-responsive macroscopic materials based on light-driven molecular motors have not been comprehensively summarized. In the present review, we first discuss the strategy of confining absolute molecular rotation into relative rotation by grafting motors on surfaces. Secondly, examples of self-assemble motors in supramolecular polymers with high internal order are illustrated. Moreover, we will focus on building of motors in a covalently linked system such as polymeric gels and polymeric liquid crystals to generate complex responsive functions. Finally, a perspective toward future developments and opportunities is given. This review helps us getting a more and more clear picture and understanding on how complex movement can be programmed in light-responsive systems and how man-made adaptive materials can be invented, which can serve as an important guideline for further design of complex and advanced responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Deng
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Long
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Zhang
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ben L Feringa
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jiawen Chen
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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12
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Jin B, Yuan C, Guo JC, Wu YB. CBe 4H 6: a molecular rotor with a built-in on-off switch. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:4778-4786. [PMID: 38305072 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05695c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
It is highly challenging to control (stop and resume as needed) molecular rotors because their intramolecular rotations are electronically enabled by delocalized σ bonding, and the desired control needs to be able to destroy and restore such σ bonding, which usually means difficult chemical manipulation (substitution or doping atom). In this work, we report CBe4H6, a molecular rotor that can be controlled independently of chemical manipulation. This molecule exhibited the uninterrupted free rotation of Be and H atoms around the central carbon in first-principles molecular dynamics simulations at high temperatures (600 and 1000 K), but the rotation cannot be witnessed in the simulation at room temperature (298 K). Specifically, when a C-H bond in the CBe4H6 molecule adopts the equatorial configuration at 298 K, it destroys the central delocalized σ bonding and blocks the intramolecular rotation (the rotor is turned "OFF"); when it can adopt the axial configuration at 600 and 1000 K, the central delocalized σ bonding can be restored and the intramolecular rotation can be resumed (the rotor is turned "ON"). Neutral CBe4H6 is thermodynamically favorable and electronically stable, as reflected by a wide HOMO-LUMO gap of 7.99 eV, a high vertical detachment energy of 9.79 eV, and a positive electron affinity of 0.24 eV, so it may be stable enough for the synthesis, not only in the gas phase, but also in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 1 East Dunqi Street, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
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13
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Li W, Xie M, Zhang SY, Zeng CH, Du ZY, He CT. A confinement-regulated (H 3C-NH 3) + ion as a smallest dual-wheel rotator showing bisected rotation dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:7269-7275. [PMID: 38193864 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05406c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
On the basis of variable-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction, rotational energy barrier analysis, variable-temperature/frequency dielectric response, and molecular dynamics simulations, here we report a new crystalline supramolecular rotor (CH3NH3)(18-crown-6)[CuCl3], in which the (H3C-NH3)+ ion functions as a smallest dual-wheel rotator showing bisected rotation dynamics, while the host 18-crown-6 macrocycle behaves as a stator that is not strictly stationary. This study also provides a helpful insight into the dynamics of ubiquitous -CH3/-NH3 groups confined in organic or organic-inorganic hybrid solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Miao Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
| | - Shi-Yong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Cheng-Hui Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zi-Yi Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
| | - Chun-Ting He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
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14
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Hayasaka R, Sakai H, Fuki M, Okamoto T, Khan R, Higashi M, Tkachenko NV, Kobori Y, Hasobe T. The Effect of Torsional Motion on Multiexciton Formation through Intramolecular Singlet Fission in Ferrocene-Bridged Pentacene Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315747. [PMID: 38179830 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A series of ferrocene(Fc)-bridged pentacene(Pc)-dimers [Fc-Ph(2,n)-(Pc)2 : n=number of phenylene spacers] were synthesized to examine the tortional motion effect of Fc-terminated phenylene linkers on strongly coupled quintet multiexciton (5 TT) formation through intramolecular singlet fission (ISF). Fc-Ph(2,4)-(Pc)2 has a relatively small electronic coupling and large conformational flexibility according to spectroscopic and theoretical analyses. Fc-Ph(2,4)-(Pc)2 exhibits a high-yield 5 TT together with quantitative singlet TT (1 TT) generation through ISF. This demonstrates a much more efficient ISF than those of other less flexible Pc dimers. The activation entropy in 1 TT spin conversion of Fc-Ph(2,4)-(Pc)2 is larger than those of the other systems due to the larger conformational flexibility associated with the torsional motion of the linkers. The torsional motion of linkers in 1 TT is attributable to weakened metal-ligand bonding in the Fc due to hybridization of the hole level of Pc to Fc in 1 TT unpaired orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hayasaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hayato Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Masaaki Fuki
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Okamoto
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ramsha Khan
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials Group, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Masahiro Higashi
- Department of Complex Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Nikolai V Tkachenko
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials Group, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Yasuhiro Kobori
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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15
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Xiao H, Hu WY, Wang Q, Zeng CH, Li HH, Liu H, Du ZY, He CT. Molecular rotators anchored on a rod-like anionic coordination polymer adhered by charge-assisted hydrogen bonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:3974-3980. [PMID: 38221866 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05597c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
On the basis of variable-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction, variable-temperature/frequency dielectric analysis, variable-temperature solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations, here we present a new model of crystalline supramolecular rotor (i-PrNHMe2)[CdBr3], where a conformationally flexible near-spherical (i-PrNHMe2)+ cation functions as a rotator and a rod-like anionic coordination polymer {[CdBr3]-}∞ acts as the stator, and the adhesion of them is realized by charge-assisted hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
| | - Wei-Yu Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Cheng-Hui Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
| | - Hao-Hong Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Haiming Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zi-Yi Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
| | - Chun-Ting He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
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16
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Meekel EG, Nicholas TC, Slater B, Goodwin AL. Torsional flexibility in zinc-benzenedicarboxylate metal-organic frameworks. CrystEngComm 2024; 26:673-680. [PMID: 38293003 PMCID: PMC10823780 DOI: 10.1039/d3ce01078c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
We explore the role and nature of torsional flexibility of carboxylate-benzene links in the structural chemistry of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on Zn and benzenedicarboxlyate (bdc) linkers. A particular motivation is to understand the extent to which such flexibility is important in stabilising the unusual topologically aperiodic phase known as TRUMOF-1. We compare the torsion angle distributions of TRUMOF-1 models with those for crystalline Zn/1,3-bdc MOFs, including a number of new materials whose structures we report here. We find that both periodic and aperiodic Zn/1,3-bdc MOFs sample a similar range of torsion angles, and hence the formation of TRUMOF-1 does not require any additional flexibility beyond that already evident in chemically-related crystalline phases. Comparison with Zn/1,4-bdc MOFs does show, however, that the lower symmetry of the 1,3-bdc linker allows access to a broader range of torsion angles, reflecting a greater flexibility of this linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Meekel
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | | | - Ben Slater
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Andrew L Goodwin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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17
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Stockerl WJ, Reißenweber L, Gerwien A, Bach NN, Thumser S, Mayer P, Gschwind RM, Dube H. Azotriptycenes: Photoswitchable Molecular Brakes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302267. [PMID: 37779321 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The control of molecular motions is a central topic of molecular machine research. Molecular brakes are fundamental building blocks towards such goal as they allow deliberately decelerating specific motions after an outside stimulus is applied. Here we present azotriptycenes as structural framework for light-controlled molecular brakes. The intrinsic kinetics and their changes upon azotriptycene isomerization are scrutinized comprehensively by a mixed theoretical and variable temperature NMR approach. With azotriptycenes C-N bond rotation rates can be decelerated or accelerated reversibly by up to five orders of magnitude. Rate change effects are highly localized and are strongest for the C-N bond connecting a triptycene rotor fragment to the central diazo group. The detailed mechanistic insights provide a solid basis for further conscious design and applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willibald J Stockerl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lilli Reißenweber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aaron Gerwien
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolai N Bach
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Thumser
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Vassilev NG, Ivanov IC. A Small Change in Structure, a Big Change in Flexibility. Molecules 2023; 28:8004. [PMID: 38138494 PMCID: PMC10745939 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of the rotational barrier energy of the amide bond using quantum computing and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are focused mainly on its use as a model of the peptide bond. The results of these studies are valuable not only in terms of the fundamental conformational properties of amide bonds, but also in the design of molecular machines, which have recently attracted interest. We investigate the fluxionality of the amide and enamide bonds of compound 3-[(E)-(dimethylamino)methylidene]-1,1-dimethylurea using advanced dynamic NMR experiments and a theoretical evaluation of the density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The dynamic NMR study shows restricted rotation around the amide group (16.4 kcal/mol) and a very high barrier around the enamine group (18.6 kcal/mol). In a structurally similar compound, (E)-3-(dimethylamino)-N,N-dimethylacrylamide (N atom is replaced by CH), the amide barrier is 12.4 kcal/mol and the enamine barrier is 11.7 kcal/mol. The DFT studies of both compounds reveal the electronic origin of this phenomenon. Theoretical calculations reveal the origin of the higher enamine barrier. The better delocalization of the lone pair of electrons on the end nitrogen atom into the antibonding orbital of the neighboring C-N double bond leads to the better stabilization of the ground state, and this leads to a greater increase in the enamine barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay G. Vassilev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bontchev Str. Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivo C. Ivanov
- Faculty Chemistry, Aalen University of Applied Sciences, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430 Aalen, Germany;
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19
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Jin B, Huo B, Yuan C, Li SD, Wu YB. [(OB) 2-M©B 7O 7-BO] - (M = Mn, Tc, Re): Chemically Stable and Triply Aromatic Ballet Rotors. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 38032749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule nanorotors are generally constructed based on boron atoms to obtain structural fluxionality via possessing the delocalized multicenter bonds. However, the electron-deficient boron atoms are commonly exposed in these nanorotors, which leads to extremely high chemical reactivity, which blocks the synthesis in the condensed phase. In this work, we computationally designed a series of transition-metal-doped boron oxide clusters MB10O10- (in structural configuration of [(OB)2-M©B7O7-BO]-, M = Mn, Tc, Re, © means "centered" in a planar or quasi-planar hypercoordinate environment), which can be vividly named as "ballet rotors" to label their anthropomorphic dynamic rotational behaviors. The rotational fluxionality in ballet rotors originates from the completely delocalized nature of the bonding within their MB10 core moieties. Remarkably, compared with single-molecule nanorotors having bare boron atoms and the narrow HOMO-LUMO gaps (≤4.00 eV) as well as low vertical detachment energies (VDEs, ≤4.46 eV for anions), the ballet rotors possess significantly improved chemical stability, as evidenced sterically by the absence of exposed boron atoms and electronically by much wider HOMO-LUMO gaps (5.66-5.98 eV) as well as obviously higher VDEs between 5.36 and 5.47 eV. Specifically, the ballet rotors are mainly stabilized by the delicately placed peripheral oxygen atoms, which can compensate for all electron-deficient boron atoms via O → B π back bonds and sterically protect them. Simultaneously, they are additionally stabilized by aromatic stabilization effect from possessing the novel S + P + D triple aromaticity. We expect that the proposal of chemically stable ballet rotors in this work can arouse the rational design of nanorotors for experimental realization in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Huo
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Dian Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
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20
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Mondal D, Kundu S, Elramadi E, Rajasekaran VV, Schmittel M. Orthogonal Initiation of Molecular Motion Devices by Two Chemical Fuels. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 38019966 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate the selective dissipative and orthogonal actuation of two distinct molecular devices controlled by alternate fuel use. When the multicomponent ensemble of [2]rotaxane 1 and turnstile [Cu(2)(3)]+ was charged with AgBF4 as chemical fuel (Fuel 1) together with NEt3/PhCH2Br (cofuels), the transiently formed [Ag(1)]+ showed a stochastic shuttling of the silver macrocycle between two degenerate triazole stations on the thread (k298 = 1.2 × 105 s-1), whereas [Cu(2)(3)]+ was unperturbed. Instead, treatment of the mixture with PPh3 as an alternative fuel (Fuel 2) in the presence of oxidant 4 (cofuel) generated the complex [Cu(3)(PPh3)2]+ and transient thermal motion in rotor 2 (k298 = 4.9 × 104 s-1), whereas rotaxane 1 stayed dormant. Thus, two distinct chemical fuels selectively and orthogonally activated two distinct transient motion devices from a multicomponent mixture. In total, four interference-free dissipative cycles were demonstrated by using alternating fuel additions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Mondal
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ), Organische Chemie I, School of Science and Engineering, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Sohom Kundu
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ), Organische Chemie I, School of Science and Engineering, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Emad Elramadi
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ), Organische Chemie I, School of Science and Engineering, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Vishnu Verman Rajasekaran
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ), Organische Chemie I, School of Science and Engineering, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ), Organische Chemie I, School of Science and Engineering, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
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21
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Herold D, Kind J, Frieß F, Thiele CM. Extraction of pure component spectra from ex situ illumination UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2599-2606. [PMID: 37751073 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00475-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining understanding of a photochemical reaction relies on the observation, identification and quantification of the compounds involved. The photochemical properties of the individual components are of particular importance, and their determination, however, is not always trivial. This is also true for the quantitative measure on the ability to absorb light, the extinction coefficient εi if more than one species i is present and two or more species absorb light of the same wavelength. In this work, it is demonstrated how pure component spectra can be obtained with a simple combination of successive and repeated ex situ illumination, UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy. From the complementary information accessible, the wavelength-dependent extinction coefficients of all species can be calculated yielding the pure component spectra. A comparison with published data shows excellent agreement and thus proves that this approach is highly reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Herold
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jonas Kind
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Florian Frieß
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christina M Thiele
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
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22
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El-Zohry AM, Sølling T, Hussien AE, Shekhah O, Shaikh AC, Eddaoudi M. Charge Transfer Process of a Solvated Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Network. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9050-9057. [PMID: 37842951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
We show the first example of an organic linker (OL) terminated by carboxylic groups that can form a hydrogen-bonded network/polymer (HBN) in solution under controlled conditions in which the photogenerated charges can hop from a monomer OL to the hydrogen-bonded backbone of OLs, as probed by transient absorption (fs-TA). While fs-TA reveals a slow twisting process in the monomer form of the OL, the formation of a hydrogen-bonded network in solution suppresses such process and favors instead a charge transfer (CT) state along the low-lying hydrogen-bonded backbone. Theoretical calculations show that such solvated HBN in a specific polar solvent is stabilized due to the huge change of the dipole moment from monomer compared to the network, leading to a charge delocalization character due to the symmetry breaking. Our findings will open new avenues for implementing solvated hydrogen-bonded molecules in applications such as sensing and photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M El-Zohry
- Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy Lab, Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Theis Sølling
- Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy Lab, Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A E Hussien
- Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Shekhah
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group (FMD3), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aslam C Shaikh
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group (FMD3), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Eddaoudi
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group (FMD3), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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23
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Guo J, Zhang SY, Zeng CH, Zhou ZG, Xie M, Du ZY, He CT, Zhang WX, Chen XM. Temperature-Tuned Variable Confined Space for Modulating Dipolar Polarization of a Disc-Shaped Ammonium Ion. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8009-8015. [PMID: 37651131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Free accessible confined space and loose interaction are crucial for most solid-state ionic motions. Here, by using a near-spherical anion and a disc-shaped ammonium as two distinct but rigid building blocks, we report a new ionic crystal, (HMIm)3[La(NO3)6] (HMIm = 1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium), in which the different confined spaces of three (HMIm)+ ions are fine-tuned over a broad temperature range. This effect can be utilized to modulate the dipolar polarization across a wide temperature/frequency range. Additionally, small-scale substitution of (HMIm)+ by its isomer of almost identical shape/size affords molecular solid solutions, which can further tune the dipolar polarization by varying the doping ratio. It is revealed that the differences in dipole moment and hydrogen bond rather than that of shape/size lead to a distorted crystalline environment for these solid solutions. Overall, we provide an exceptional model for understanding and regulating the dipole motion of polar aromatic molecules/ions in a crystalline environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Shi-Yong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Cheng-Hui Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Zhong-Gao Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Miao Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Zi-Yi Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Chun-Ting He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Wei-Xiong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
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24
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Georgiev NI, Bakov VV, Bojinov VB. A Tutorial Review on the Fluorescent Probes as a Molecular Logic Circuit-Digital Comparator. Molecules 2023; 28:6327. [PMID: 37687156 PMCID: PMC10489932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid progress in the field of fluorescent probes and fluorescent sensing material extended this research area toward more complex molecular logic gates capable of carrying out a variety of sensing functions simultaneously. These molecules are able to calculate a composite result in which the analysis is not performed by a man but by the molecular device itself. Since the first report by de Silva of AND molecular logic gate, all possible logic gates have been achieved at the molecular level, and currently, utilization of more complicated molecular logic circuits is a major task in this field. Comparison between two digits is the simplest logic operation, which could be realized with the simplest logic circuit. That is why the right understanding of the applied principles during the implementation of molecular digital comparators could play a critical role in obtaining logic circuits that are more complicated. Herein, all possible ways for the construction of comparators on the molecular level were discussed, and recent achievements connected with these devices were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai I. Georgiev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Ventsislav V. Bakov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Vladimir B. Bojinov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1040 Sofia, Bulgaria
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25
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Schnabel J, Schulz A, Lunkenheimer P, Volkmer D. Benzothiadiazole-based rotation and possible antipolar order in carboxylate-based metal-organic frameworks. Commun Chem 2023; 6:161. [PMID: 37516750 PMCID: PMC10387106 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
By modifying organic ligands of metal-organic framework with dipolar units, they turn suitable for various applications, e.g., in the field of sensor systems or switching of gas permeation. Dipolar linkers in the organic ligand are capable to rotate in certain temperature and frequency ranges. The copper-bearing paddlewheel shaped metal-organic frameworks ZJNU-40 and JLU-Liu30 possess such a polarizable dipole moment due to their benzothiadiazole moiety in the organic ligands. Here, we investigate the molecular rotor behavior of benzothiadiazole units of the two carboxylate-based MOFs by dielectric spectroscopy and computational simulation. Our dielectric results provide clear evidence for significant reorientational relaxation dynamics of these rotors, revealing various characteristics of glasslike freezing upon cooling. The calculated rotational energy barriers are consistent with experimentally determined barriers for single-dipole dynamics. Moreover, for JLU-Liu30 we find hints at antipolar ordering below about 300 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schnabel
- Chair of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, University of Augsburg, Institute of Physics, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Arthur Schulz
- Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, Institute of Physics, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Peter Lunkenheimer
- Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, Institute of Physics, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Volkmer
- Chair of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, University of Augsburg, Institute of Physics, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany.
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26
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Corra S, Curcio M, Credi A. Photoactivated Artificial Molecular Motors. JACS AU 2023; 3:1301-1313. [PMID: 37234111 PMCID: PMC10207102 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Accurate control of long-range motion at the molecular scale holds great potential for the development of ground-breaking applications in energy storage and bionanotechnology. The past decade has seen tremendous development in this area, with a focus on the directional operation away from thermal equilibrium, giving rise to tailored man-made molecular motors. As light is a highly tunable, controllable, clean, and renewable source of energy, photochemical processes are appealing to activate molecular motors. Nonetheless, the successful operation of molecular motors fueled by light is a highly challenging task, which requires a judicious coupling of thermal and photoinduced reactions. In this paper, we focus on the key aspects of light-driven artificial molecular motors with the aid of recent examples. A critical assessment of the criteria for the design, operation, and technological potential of such systems is provided, along with a perspective view on future advances in this exciting research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Corra
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività, CNR area della ricerca
Bologna, via Gobetti,
101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso-Montanari”, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento, 8, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Curcio
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività, CNR area della ricerca
Bologna, via Gobetti,
101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso-Montanari”, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento, 8, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività, CNR area della ricerca
Bologna, via Gobetti,
101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso-Montanari”, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento, 8, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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27
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Ma J, Zhao D, Yu L, Jiang C, Lan Z, Li F. Simultaneously improving the efficiencies of photo- and thermal isomerization of an oxindole-based light-driven molecular rotary motor by a structural redesign. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:12800-12809. [PMID: 37129050 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00559c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We designed a novel highly efficient light-driven molecular rotary motor theoretically by using electronic structure calculations and nonadiabatic dynamics simulations, and it showed excellent performance for both photo- and thermal isomerization processes simultaneously. By the small structural modification based on 3-(2,7-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene)-1-methylindolin-2-one (DDIYM) synthesized by Feringa et al. recently, an oxindole-based light-driven molecular rotary motor, 3-(1,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydrocyclopenta[b]pyrrol-6(1H)-ylidene)-1-methylindolin-2-one (DDPYM), is proposed, which displays a significant electronic push-pull character and weak steric hindrance for double-bond isomerization. The newly designed motor DDPYM shows a remarkable improvement of the quantum yield for both EP → ZM and ZP → EM photoisomerization processes, compared to the original motor DDIYM. Furthermore, the rotary motion in photoisomerization processes of DDPYM behaves more like a pure axial rotational motion approximately, while that of DDIYM is an obvious precessional motion. The weakness of the steric hindrance reduces the energy barriers of the thermal helix EM → EP and ZM → ZP inversion steps, and would accelerate two ground-state isomerization steps significantly. Our results confirm the feasibility of simultaneously improving the efficiencies of photo- and thermal isomerization of oxindole-based light-driven molecular rotary motors and this design idea sheds light on the future development of more efficient molecular motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzheng Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China.
| | - Di Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China.
| | - Le Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Chenwei Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China.
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Fuli Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China.
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28
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Wang R, Yang X, Huang W, Liu Z, Zhu Y, Liu H, Wang Z. Superatomic states under high pressure. iScience 2023; 26:106281. [PMID: 36950123 PMCID: PMC10025982 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of superatoms has attracted great interest since they apparently go beyond the traditional understanding of the periodic table of elements. In this work, we clearly show that superatoms can be extended from conventional structures to states under pressure condition. By studying the compression process of the CH4@C60 system formed via embedding methane molecules inside fullerene C60, it is found that the system maintains superatomic properties in both static states, and even dynamic rotation situations influenced by quantum tunneling. Remarkably, the simulations reveal the emergence of new superatomic molecular orbitals by decreasing the confined space to approach the van der Waals boundary between CH4 and C60. Our current results not only establish a complete picture of superatoms from ambient condition to high pressure, but also offer a perspective for the discovery and exploration of new properties in superatom systems under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xinrui Yang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wanrong Huang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hanyu Liu
- International Center for Computational Method & Software and State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- International Center for Computational Method & Software and State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
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29
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Jana G, Mendoza-Cortes JL. Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Optical Properties of Rotaxane: A First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2671-2687. [PMID: 36921095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Through molecular mechanics using the force field along with the quantum dynamical aspect of mechanically interlocked compounds, rotaxanes (defined as macromolecular rings that are threaded on a dumbbell-shaped axle molecule) are investigated with advanced quantum mechanical methods, including the atom-centered density matrix propagation simulation technique, at different temperatures like 300, 500, 700, 900, 2000, and 2500 K for 1.2 ps. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulation is carried out. In addition to, we investigate the noncovalent interaction present in the rotaxane compound 2R-D-2PF6 with the help of reduced density gradient, average reduced density gradient, density overlap region indicator, and interaction region indicator as well as Hirshfeld surface analyses. Furthermore, the stability of 2R-D-2PF6 at room temperature and higher temperatures is elucidated by analyzing the thermal fluctuation index through a dynamic process. In order to check the optical behavior of our selected rotaxane compound, an evaluation of the electronic dipole moment, static and frequency-dependent average polarizability, and first- and second-order hyperpolarizability is carried out. The rotaxane compound shows very promising linear and nonlinear optical responses, which indicates its utility as a very good optical material. The calculation of the time-dependent density-functional theory highlights the broad absorption band of rotaxane spanning the UV-visible domain. Therefore, we also unravel that this can tap into solar radiation or harnessing of solar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourhari Jana
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jose L Mendoza-Cortes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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30
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Asher M, Bardini M, Catalano L, Jouclas R, Schweicher G, Liu J, Korobko R, Cohen A, Geerts Y, Beljonne D, Yaffe O. Mechanistic View on the Order-Disorder Phase Transition in Amphidynamic Crystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1570-1577. [PMID: 36748229 PMCID: PMC9940296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We combine temperature-dependent low-frequency Raman measurements and first-principles calculations to obtain a mechanistic understanding of the order-disorder phase transition of 2,7-di-tert-butylbenzo[b]benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]thiophene (ditBu-BTBT) and 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS-pentacene) semiconducting amphidynamic crystals. We identify the lattice normal modes associated with the phase transition by following the position and width of the Raman peaks with temperature and identifying peaks that exhibit nonlinear dependence toward the phase transition temperature. Our findings are interpreted according to the "hardcore mode" model previously used to describe order-disorder phase transitions in inorganic and hybrid crystals with a Brownian sublattice. Within the framework of this model, ditBu-BTBT exhibits an ideal behavior where only one lattice mode is associated with the phase transition. TIPS-pentacene deviates strongly from the model due to strong interactions between lattice modes. We discuss the origin of the different behaviors and suggest side-chain engineering as a tool to control polymorphism in amphidynamic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maor Asher
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot76100, Israel
| | - Marco Bardini
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons, 7000Mons, Belgium
| | - Luca Catalano
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères, Université
Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rémy Jouclas
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères, Université
Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères, Université
Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères, Université
Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roman Korobko
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot76100, Israel
| | - Adi Cohen
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot76100, Israel
| | - Yves Geerts
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères, Université
Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050Brussels, Belgium
- International
Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons, 7000Mons, Belgium
| | - Omer Yaffe
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot76100, Israel
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31
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Cation controlled rotation in anionic pillar[5]arenes and its application for fluorescence switch. Nat Commun 2023; 14:590. [PMID: 36737437 PMCID: PMC9898256 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36131-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling molecular motion is one of hot topics in the field of chemistry. Molecular rotors have wide applications in building nanomachines and functional materials, due to their controllable rotations. Hence, the development of novel rotor systems, controlled by external stimuli, is desirable. Pillar[n]arenes, a class of macrocycles, have a unique planar chirality, in which two stable conformational isomers pR and pS would interconvert by oxygen-through-the-annulus rotations of their hydroquinone rings. We observe the differential kinetic traits of planar chirality transformation in sodium carboxylate pillar[5]arene (WP5-Na) and ammonium carboxylate pillar[5]arene (WP5-NH4), which inspire us to construct a promising rotary platform in anionic pillar[5]arenes (WP5) skeletons. Herein, we demonstrate the non-negligible effect of counter cations on rotational barriers of hydroquinone rings in WP5, which enables a cation grease/brake rotor system. Applications of this tunable rotor system as fluorescence switch and anti-counterfeiting ink are further explored.
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32
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Yu R, Yan GR, Liu YQ, Cui ZH. Two-layer molecular rotors: A zinc dimer rotating over planar hypercoordinate motifs. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:240-247. [PMID: 35470906 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multi-layer molecular rotors represent a class of unique combination of topology and bonding, featuring a barrier-free rotation of one layer with respect to other layers. This emerging fluxional behavior has been found in a few doped boron clusters. Herein, we strongly enrich this intriguing family followed by an effective design strategy, summarized as essential factors: i) considerable electrostatic interactions originated from a strong charge transfer between layers; ii) the absence of strong covalent bonds between layers; and iii) fully delocalized σ/π electrons from at least one layer. We found that planar hypercoordinate motifs consisting of monocyclic boron rings and metals with σ + π dual aromaticity can be regarded as one promising layer, which can support the suspended X2 (X = Zn, Cd, Hg) dimers. By detailed investigations of thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities of 60 species, eventually, MB7 X2 - and MB8 X2 (X = Zn, Cd; M = Be, Ru, Os; Be works only for Zn-based cases) clusters were verified to be the global-minimum two-layer molecular rotors. Especially, their electronic structure analyses vividly confirm the practicability of the electronic structure requirements mentioned above for designing multi-layer molecular rotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gai-Ru Yan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Qian Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
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33
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Shen S, Baryshnikov GV, Xie Q, Wu B, Lv M, Sun H, Li Z, Ågren H, Chen J, Zhu L. Making multi-twisted luminophores produce persistent room-temperature phosphorescence. Chem Sci 2023; 14:970-978. [PMID: 36755727 PMCID: PMC9890967 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05741g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-twisted molecules, especially those with more than four branched rotation axes, have served as superior prototypes in diverse fields like molecular machines, optical materials, sensors, and so forth. However, due to excessive non-radiative relaxation of these molecules, it remains challenging to address their persistent room-temperature phosphorescence (pRTP), which limits their further development. Herein, we develop a host-guest energy-transfer relay strategy to improve the phosphorescence lifetime of multi-twisted luminophores by over thousand-fold to realize pRTP, which can be witnessed by the naked eye after removing the excitation light source. Moreover, we employ photoexcitation-induced molecular rearrangement to further prolong the phosphorescence lifetime, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first example of photoactivation in ordered host-guest systems. Our systems show superior humidity and oxygen resistance, enabling long-term (at least over 9-12 months) stability of the pRTP properties. By achieving pRTP of multi-twisted luminophores, this work can advance the understanding of molecular photophysical mechanisms and guide the study of more molecular systems that are difficult to achieve pRTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Glib V. Baryshnikov
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping UniversityNorrköping 60174Sweden
| | - Qishan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Meng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal UniversityShanghai200241P. R. China
| | - Hao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala UniversityBox 516UppsalaSE-751 20Sweden
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal UniversityShanghai200241P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
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34
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Vazquez-Chavez J, Martínez-Torres FC, Navarro-Huerta A, Flores-Alamo M, Maldonado-Domínguez M, Blahut J, Štoček JR, Dračínský M, Rodríguez-Molina B, Iglesias-Arteaga MA. A Crystalline Dimeric Steroidal Diboronate with Electronically Impeded Rotation. J Org Chem 2023; 88:49-59. [PMID: 36480791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The dimeric steroid SMR-3, featuring a 1,4-phenyldiboronic ester flanked by two pregnan-triol frameworks, was synthesized to explore the intramolecular dynamics of its central component. The structural data from single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies and the Hirshfeld analyses indicate small steric effects around the aromatic ring that should favor the intended motion. However, solid-state NMR data obtained through VT 13C{1H} CPMAS and 2H spin-echo experiments, using the deuterated analogue SMR-3D4, revealed that this component is rigid even at temperatures where other reported steroidal molecular rotors experience fast rotation (85 °C). A combination of classical molecular dynamics, molecular mechanics, and correlated ab initio calculations allowed us to distinguish the steric and electronic factors that restrict the potential motion in this compound. The experimental and computational data reveal that electronic components dominate the behavior and are responsible for the high rotational barrier in the SMR-3 crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Vazquez-Chavez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fátima C Martínez-Torres
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Armando Navarro-Huerta
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marcos Flores-Alamo
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Jan Blahut
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Radek Štoček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Braulio Rodríguez-Molina
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Martín A Iglesias-Arteaga
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
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35
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Pfeifer L, Stindt CN, Feringa BL. Coupled Rotary and Oscillatory Motion in a Second-Generation Molecular Motor Pd Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:822-829. [PMID: 36603116 PMCID: PMC9853862 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular machines offer many opportunities for the development of responsive materials and introduce autonomous motion in molecular systems. While basic molecular switches and motors carry out one type of motion upon being exposed to an external stimulus, the development of molecular systems capable of performing coupled motions is essential for the development of more advanced molecular machinery. Overcrowded alkene-based rotary molecular motors are an ideal basis for the design of such systems as they undergo a controlled rotation initiated by light allowing for excellent spatio-temporal precision. Here, we present an example of a Pd complex of a second-generation rotary motor whose Pd center undergoes a coupled oscillatory motion relative to the motor core upon rotation of the motor. We have studied this phenomenon by UV-vis, NMR, and density functional theory calculations to support our conclusions. With this demonstration of a coupled rotation-oscillation motion powered by a light-driven molecular motor, we provide a solid basis for the development of more advanced molecular machines integrating different types of motion in their operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pfeifer
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte N. Stindt
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands,Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands,
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36
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Liu E, Cherraben S, Boulo L, Troufflard C, Hasenknopf B, Vives G, Sollogoub M. A molecular information ratchet using a cone-shaped macrocycle. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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37
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Transferring policy of deep reinforcement learning from simulation to reality for robotics. NAT MACH INTELL 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s42256-022-00573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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38
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Cisternas J, Navarro M, Duarte S, Concha A. Equilibrium and symmetries of altitudinal magnetic rotors on a circle. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2022; 32:123120. [PMID: 36587347 DOI: 10.1063/5.0119916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Macroscopic magnets can easily be manipulated and positioned so that interactions between themselves and with external fields induce interesting dynamics and equilibrium configurations. In this work, we use rotating magnets positioned in a line or at the vertices of a regular polygon. The rotation planes of the magnets can be modified at will. The rich structure of stable and unstable configurations is dictated by symmetry and the side of the polygon. We show that both symmetric solutions and their symmetry-breaking bifurcations can be explained with group theory. Our results suggest that the predicted magnetic textures should emerge at any length scale as long as the interaction is polar, and the system is endowed with the same symmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cisternas
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Alvaro del Portillo, 12455 Santiago, Chile
| | - M Navarro
- Condensed Matter i-Lab, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Diagonal las Torres 2640, Building D, Peñalolén, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Duarte
- Design Engineering Center, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Diagonal las Torres 2640, Building D, Peñalolén, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Concha
- Condensed Matter i-Lab, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Diagonal las Torres 2640, Building D, Peñalolén, Santiago, Chile
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39
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Solid-state molecular dynamics of a torsion-variable ammonium embedded in a deformable supramolecular framework. CHINESE JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2022.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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40
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An aggregation induced emission based simple and sensitive fluorescence ‘Turn-On’ method for monitoring sodium hexa-meta-phosphate, a food preservative. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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(η4-Tetraphenylcyclobutadiene)-(η5-pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl)-cobalt. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A one-pot reaction starting with C5Ph5Br, n-BuLi and [CoCl(PPh3)3] followed by the addition of diphenylethyne produces the title compound with 12% yield. Spectroscopic characterization involved 1H, 13C-NMR, UV-Vis and mass spectrometry. A crystal structure determination showed that the central aromatic rings are exactly parallel with the cyclobutadiene ring further apart from the metal as usual. The pentaphenyl–cyclopentadienyl ligand shows an usual paddlewheel orientation, whereas in the tetraphenyl–cyclobutadiene ligand, two of the phenyl groups are nearly coplanar with the four-membered ring. There are also numerous C–H…C(π) interactions between the phenyl groups on the same ring, as well as between rings.
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42
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Yuste C, Castellano M, Ferrando-Soria J, Stiriba SE, Marino N, Julve M, Lloret F, Ruiz-García R, Cano J. Review: from computational design to the synthesis of molecular magnetic wires for single-molecule spintronics and quantum computing nanotechnologies †. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2133604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Yuste
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)/Departament de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
| | - María Castellano
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)/Departament de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
| | - Jesús Ferrando-Soria
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)/Departament de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
| | - Salah-Eddine Stiriba
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)/Departament de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
| | - Nadia Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Miguel Julve
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)/Departament de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
| | - Francesc Lloret
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)/Departament de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
| | - Rafael Ruiz-García
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)/Departament de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
| | - Joan Cano
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)/Departament de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
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43
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Ribetto FD, Deghi SE, Calvo HL, Bustos-Marún RA. A dynamical model for Brownian molecular motors driven by inelastic electron tunneling. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:164102. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0113504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several artificial molecular motors driven and controlled by electric currents have been proposed. Similar to Brownian machines, these systems work by turning random inelastic tunneling events into a directional rotation of the molecule. Despite their importance as the ultimate component of future molecular machines, their modeling has not been sufficiently studied. Here, we develop a dynamical model to describe these systems. We illustrate the validity and usefulness of our model by applying it to a well-known molecular motor, showing that the obtained results are consistent with the available experimental data. Moreover, we demonstrate how to use our model to extract some difficult-to-access microscopic parameters. Finally, we include an analysis of the expected effects of current-induced forces (CIFs). Our analysis suggests that, although nonconservative contributions of the CIFs can be important in some scenarios, they do not seem important in the analyzed case. Despite this, the conservative contributions of CIFs could be strong enough to significantly alter the system’s dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico D. Ribetto
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (CONICET) and FaMAF, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Sebastián E. Deghi
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (CONICET) and FaMAF, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hernán L. Calvo
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (CONICET) and FaMAF, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Raúl A. Bustos-Marún
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (CONICET) and FaMAF, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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44
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Estrada AL, Wang L, Hess G, Hampel F, Gladysz JA. Square-Planar and Octahedral Gyroscope-Like Metal Complexes Consisting of Dipolar Rotators Encased in Dibridgehead Di(triaryl)phosphine Stators: Syntheses, Structures, Dynamic Properties, and Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:17012-17025. [PMID: 36264646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For a variety of purposes, it is of interest to embed metals in cagelike trans-spanning di(triaryl)phosphine ligands. Toward this end, a combination of P(p-C6H4O(CH2)mCH═CH2)3 [3; m = 4 (a), 5 (b), 6 (c), and 7 (d)], [Rh(COD)(μ-Cl)]2, and CO gives square-planar trans-Rh(CO)(Cl)[P(p-C6H4O(CH2)mCH═CH2)3]2 (4a-4d). Reactions of 4b-4d with Grubbs' catalyst (first generation) and then H2 (catalyst PtO2) yield the title compounds trans-Rh(CO)(Cl)[P(p-C6H4O(CH2)nO-p-C6H4)3P] (n = 2m + 2, 6b-6d; 26-41% from 4b-4d). Two are crystallographically characterized. The Cl-Rh-CO moieties rapidly rotate on the NMR time scale at -120 °C, per the ample clearance provided by the (CH2)n segments. Steric interactions with the PC6H4O linkages are analyzed. LiC≡CAr displaces the chloride ligand from 6b to give RhC≡CAr adducts (Ar = C6H5/p-C6H4CH3, 7b/8b). The ArC≡C-Rh-CO rotator of 7b rapidly rotates on the NMR time scale (-70 °C), but with 8b, the longer p-CH3C6H4C≡C group is confined between two (CH2)12 bridges, even at 120 °C. Reactions of Re(CO)5(X) and 3c (140 °C) give octahedral mer,trans-Re(CO)3(X)[P(p-C6H4O(CH2)6CH═CH2)3]2 (X = Cl/Br), and metathesis/hydrogenation sequences yield mer,trans-Re(CO)3(X)[P(p-C6H4O(CH2)14O-p-C6H4)3P]. Reactions of 6c and 6d and excess PMe3 give the free diphosphines P(p-C6H4O(CH2)nO-p-C6H4)3P (14c and 14d, 83-75%). The addition of 14d to [Rh(CO)2(μ-Cl)]2 reconstitutes 6d (87%). Both in,in and out,out isomers of 14c and 14d are possible, but low-temperature NMR spectra show one set of signals, consistent with rapid homeomorphic isomerizations that turn the molecules inside out. Thermolyses (C6D5Br, 140 °C) effect phosphorus inversion to give in,out isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Estrada
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Leyong Wang
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Gisela Hess
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - John A Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
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45
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Doležal J, Canola S, Hapala P, de Campos Ferreira RC, Merino P, Švec M. Evidence of exciton-libron coupling in chirally adsorbed single molecules. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6008. [PMID: 36224183 PMCID: PMC9556530 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interplay between motion of nuclei and excitations has an important role in molecular photophysics of natural and artificial structures. Here we provide a detailed analysis of coupling between quantized librational modes (librons) and charged excited states (trions) on single phthalocyanine dyes adsorbed on a surface. By means of tip-induced electroluminescence performed with a scanning probe microscope, we identify libronic signatures in spectra of chirally adsorbed phthalocyanines and find that these signatures are absent from spectra of symmetrically adsorbed species. We create a model of the libronic coupling based on the Franck-Condon principle to simulate the spectral features. Experimentally measured librational spectra match very well the theoretically calculated librational eigenenergies and peak intensities (Franck-Condon factors). Moreover, the comparison reveals an unexpected depopulation channel for the zero libron of the excited state that can be effectively controlled by tuning the size of the nanocavity. Our results showcase the possibility of characterizing the dynamics of molecules by their low-energy molecular modes using µeV-resolved tip-enhanced spectroscopy. Vibronic coupling in molecules plays an essential role in photophysics. Here, the authors observe optical fingerprints of the coupling between librational states and charged excited states in a single phthalocyanine molecule chirally absorbed on a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Doležal
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ16200, Praha 6, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, CZ12116, Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Sofia Canola
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ16200, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Prokop Hapala
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ16200, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | | | - Pablo Merino
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid; CSIC, E28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Švec
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ16200, Praha 6, Czech Republic. .,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ16000, Praha 6, Czech Republic.
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46
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Mondal A, Toyoda R, Costil R, Feringa BL. Chemically Driven Rotatory Molecular Machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206631. [PMID: 35852813 PMCID: PMC9826306 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular machines are at the frontier of biology and chemistry. The ability to control molecular motion and emulating the movement of biological systems are major steps towards the development of responsive and adaptive materials. Amazing progress has been seen for the design of molecular machines including light-induced unidirectional rotation of overcrowded alkenes. However, the feasibility of inducing unidirectional rotation about a single bond as a result of chemical conversion has been a challenging task. In this Review, an overview of approaches towards the design, synthesis, and dynamic properties of different classes of atropisomers which can undergo controlled switching or rotation under the influence of a chemical stimulus is presented. They are categorized as molecular switches, rotors, motors, and autonomous motors according to their type of response. Furthermore, we provide a future perspective and challenges focusing on building sophisticated molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Mondal
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ryojun Toyoda
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceTohoku University6-3 Aramaki-Aza-AobaAobaku, Sendai980-8578Japan
| | - Romain Costil
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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47
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Zhao YL, Lin W, Jitapunkul K, Zhao R, Zhang RQ, Van Hove MA. Surface-Mounted Dipolar Molecular Rotors Driven by External Electric Field, As Revealed by Torque Analyses. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:35159-35169. [PMID: 36211039 PMCID: PMC9535713 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Driven by a high-speed rotating electric field (E-field), molecular motors with polar groups may perform a unidirectional, repetitive, and GHz frequency rotation and thus offer potential applications as nanostirrers. To drive the unidirectional rotation of molecular motors, it is crucial to consider factors of internal charge flow, thermal noise, molecular flexibility, and so forth before selecting an appropriate frequency of a rotating E-field. Herein, we studied two surface-mounted dipolar rotors of a "caltrop-like" molecule and a "sandwich" molecule by using quantum-mechanical computations in combination with torque analyses. We find that the rotational trend as indicated by the magnitude and the direction of torque vectors can sensitively change with the lag angle (α) between the dipolar arm and the E-field. The atomic charges timely flow within the molecule as the E-field rotates, so the lag angle α must be kept in particular intervals to maintain the rotor's unidirectional rotation. The thermal effect can substantially slow down the rotation of the dipolar rotor in the E-field. The flexible dipolar arm shows a more rigid geometry in the E-field with higher rotation speed. Our work would be useful for designing E-driven molecular rotors and for guiding their practical applications in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Zhao
- Department
of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Shenzhen
Research Institute, City University of Hong
Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wanxing Lin
- Department
of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Kulpavee Jitapunkul
- Department
of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Rundong Zhao
- School
of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Shenzhen
JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen 518129, China
| | - Rui-Qin Zhang
- Department
of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Shenzhen
JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen 518129, China
| | - Michel A. Van Hove
- Institute
of Computational and Theoretical Studies & Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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48
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Sudarkova SM, Ioffe IN. E/ Z photoisomerization pathway in pristine and fluorinated di(3-furyl)ethenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23749-23757. [PMID: 36156663 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02563a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report an XMCQDPT2 study of the E/Z photoisomerization in a series of fluorinated di(3-furyl)ethenes (3DFEs). Upon excitation, pristine and low-fluorinated 3DFE show conventional behavior of many diarylethenes: unhindered twisting motion toward the pyramidalized zwitterionic state where relaxation to the ground state occurs. However, deep fluorination of 3DFEs can hamper E-to-Z isomerization by giving rise to an alternative excited-state relaxation pathway: an out-of-plane motion of a ring fluorine atom. Importantly, the case of fluorinated 3DFEs reveals serious deficiencies of the popular TDDFT approach. With some commonly used exchange-correlation functionals, the alternative relaxation pathway is not reproduced and, moreover, an irrelevant ring rotation coordinate is predicted instead. Nevertheless, TDDFT remains qualitatively adequate for the E-to-Z twisting coordinate taken alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana M Sudarkova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Ilya N Ioffe
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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49
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Feng L, Astumian RD, Stoddart JF. Controlling dynamics in extended molecular frameworks. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:705-725. [PMID: 37117491 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular machines are essential dynamic components for fuel production, cargo delivery, information storage and processing in living systems. Scientists have demonstrated that they can design and synthesize artificial molecular machines that operate efficiently in isolation - for example, at high dilution in solution - fuelled by chemicals, electricity or light. To organize the spatial arrangement and motion of these machines within close proximity to one another in solid frameworks, such that useful macroscopic work can be performed, remains a challenge in both chemical and materials science. In this Review, we summarize the progress that has been made during the past decade in organizing dynamic molecular entities in such solid frameworks. Emerging applications of these dynamic smart materials in the contexts of molecular recognition, optoelectronics, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy and water desalination are highlighted. Finally, we review recent work on a new non-equilibrium adsorption phenomenon for which we have coined the term mechanisorption. The ability to use external energy to drive directional processes in mechanized extended frameworks augurs well for the future development of artificial molecular factories.
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Ma J, Zhao D, Jiang C, Lan Z, Li F. Effect of Temperature on Photoisomerization Dynamics of a Newly Designed Two-Stroke Light-Driven Molecular Rotary Motor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179694. [PMID: 36077091 PMCID: PMC9456002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The working mechanism of conventional light-driven molecular rotary motors, especially Feringa-type motors, contains two photoisomerization steps and two thermal helix inversion steps. Due to the existence of a thermal helix inversion step, both the ability to work at lower temperatures and the rotation speed are limited. In this work, a two-stroke light-driven molecular rotary motor, 2-(1,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydrocyclopenta[b]pyrrol-6(1H)-ylidene)-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrol-3-one (DDPY), is proposed, which is capable of performing unidirectional and repetitive rotation by only two photoisomerization (EP→ZP and ZP→EP) steps. With trajectory surface-hopping simulation at the semi-empirical OM2/MRCI level, the EP→ZP and ZP→EP nonadiabatic dynamics of DDPY were systematically studied at different temperatures. Both EP→ZP and ZP→EP photoisomerizations are on an ultrafast timescale (ca. 200–300 fs). The decay mode of EP→ZP photoisomerization is approximately bi-exponential, while that of ZP→EP photoisomerization is found to be periodic. For EP and ZP isomers of DDPY, after the S0→S1 excitation, the dynamical processes of nonadiabatic decay are both followed by twisting about the central C=C double bond and the pyramidalization of the C atom at the stator-axle linkage. The effect of temperature on the nonadiabatic dynamics of EP→ZP and ZP→EP photoisomerizations of DDPY has been systematically investigated. The average lifetimes of the S1 excited state and quantum yields for both EP→ZP and ZP→EP photoisomerization are almost temperature-independent, while the corresponding unidirectionality of rotation is significantly increased (e.g., 74% for EP→ZP and 72% for ZP→EP at 300 K vs 100% for EP→ZP and 94% for ZP→EP at 50 K) with lowering the temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzheng Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Chenwei Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Correspondence: (C.J.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: (C.J.); (Z.L.)
| | - Fuli Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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