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Lindquist KP, Eghdami A, Deschene CR, Heyer AJ, Wen J, Smith AG, Solomon EI, Lee YS, Neaton JB, Ryan DH, Karunadasa HI. Stabilizing Au 2+ in a mixed-valence 3D halide perovskite. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1780-1786. [PMID: 37640854 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Although Cu2+ is ubiquitous, the relativistic destabilization of the 5d orbitals makes the isoelectronic Au2+ exceedingly rare, typically stabilized only through Au-Au bonding or by using redox non-innocent ligands. Here we report the perovskite Cs4AuIIAuIII2Cl12, an extended solid with mononuclear Au2+ sites, which is stable to ambient conditions and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The 2+ oxidation state of Au was assigned using 197Au Mössbauer spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, and magnetic susceptibility measurements, with comparison to paramagnetic and diamagnetic analogues with Cu2+ and Pd2+, respectively, as well as to density functional theory calculations. This gold perovskite offers an opportunity to study the optical and electronic transport of the uncommon Au2+/3+ mixed-valence state and the characteristics of the elusive Au2+ ion coordinated to simple ligands. Compared with the perovskite Cs2AuIAuIIICl6, which has been studied since the 1920s, Cs4AuIIAuIII2Cl12 exhibits a 0.7 eV reduction in optical absorption onset and a 103-fold increase in electronic conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Armin Eghdami
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jiajia Wen
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Alexander G Smith
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Young S Lee
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Neaton
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dominic H Ryan
- Physics Department and Centre for the Physics of Materials, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hemamala I Karunadasa
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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Michałowski T, Malinowski PJ, Grochala W. Synthesis, crystal structures, and selected properties of metal fluorosulfates(VI). J Fluor Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Preiß S, Melomedov J, Wünsche von Leupoldt A, Heinze K. Gold(iii) tetraarylporphyrin amino acid derivatives: ligand or metal centred redox chemistry? Chem Sci 2016; 7:596-610. [PMID: 29896349 PMCID: PMC5952892 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03429a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
EPR spectroscopy and DFT calculations show that the site of reduction of porphyrinato gold(iii) complexes depends on the counterions X, the meso substituents R and the solvent.
Meso tetraarylporphyrinato gold(iii) cations bearing different substituents at the aryl substituents (COOMe, COOH, NO2, NH2, NHAc, H, OnBu, CF3) were prepared and characterised. Their reversible one-electron reductions were studied by (spectro)electrochemical means as well as by selective chemical one-electron reduction using cobaltocene. The preferred location of the spin density, namely gold centred or porphyrin centred, was probed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (g values, 197Au hyperfine coupling) as well as by density functional theory calculations (spin densities). In all cases studied experimentally and theoretically, the gold(ii) valence isomer (5d9 electron configuration) is preferred over the porphyrin π radical anion. In the hexafluorophosphate salt of the nitro derivative a further nitro π radical anion valence isomeric species is significantly populated. In the presence of chloride ions this nitro π radical anion/AuII valence isomeric equilibrium evolves towards the porphyrin π radical anion. The electronic structures of the nitro π radical and the AuII σ radical valence isomers (5dx2–y2 orbital) could be calculated by DFT methods. The electron transfer pathway between the nitro π radical anion and the AuII valence isomer is well described by the location of the hexfluorophosphate counterion, the Au–N distances (corresponding to the totally symmetric stretching vibration), the symmetric stretching mode of the NO2 substituent and a meso-nitrophenyl rotation. The specific geometric and electronic properties of the favoured gold(ii) σ radical valence isomer, namely counterion dislocation and σ symmetry of the redox orbital, might stabilise charge-shifted states [(gold(ii) porphyrin)-donor˙+] by retarding the back electron transfer to give the ground state (gold(iii) porphyrin)-donor. This will guide the design of (photo-induced) electron transfer pathways with tetraarylporphyrinato gold(iii) complexes as electron acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Preiß
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49-6131-39-25886
| | - Jascha Melomedov
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49-6131-39-25886
| | - Anica Wünsche von Leupoldt
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49-6131-39-25886
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49-6131-39-25886
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Khullar P, Mahal A, Singh V, Banipal TS, Kaur G, Bakshi MS. How PEO-PPO-PEO triblock polymer micelles control the synthesis of gold nanoparticles: temperature and hydrophobic effects. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:11363-11371. [PMID: 20369849 DOI: 10.1021/la100734p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous micellar solutions of F68 (PEO(78)-PPO(30)-PEO(78)) and P103 (PEO(17)-PPO(60)-PEO(17)) triblock polymers were used to synthesize gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) at different temperatures. All reactions were monitored with respect to reaction time and temperature by using UV-visible studies to understand the growth kinetics of NPs and the influence of different micellar states on the synthesis of NPs. The shape, size, and locations of NPs in the micellar assemblies were determined with the help of TEM, SEM, and EDS analyses. The results explained that all reactions were carried out with the PEO-PPO-PEO micellar surface cavities present at the micelle-solution interface and were precisely controlled by the micellar assemblies. Marked differences were detected when predominantly hydrophilic F68 and hydrophobic P103 micelles were employed to conduct the reactions. The UV-visible results demonstrated that the reduction of gold ions into nucleating centers was channeled through the ligand-metal charge-transfer complex (LMCT) and carried out by the surface cavities. Excessive hydration of the surface cavities in the case of F68 micelles produced a few small NPs, but their yield and size increased as the micelles were dehydrated under the effect of increasing temperature. The results concluded that the presence of well-defined predominantly hydrophobic micelles with a compact micelle-solution interfacial arrangement of surface cavities ultimately controlled the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Khullar
- Department of Chemistry, BBK DAV College for Women, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
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Barakat KA, Cundari TR, Rabaâ H, Omary MA. Disproportionation of Gold(II) Complexes. A Density Functional Study of Ligand and Solvent Effects. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:14645-51. [PMID: 16869567 DOI: 10.1021/jp062501y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A computational study of gold(II) disproportionation is presented for the atomic ion as well as complexes with chloride and neutral ligands. The Au2+ atomic ion is stable to disproportionation, but the barrier is more than halved to 119 kcal/mol in an aqueous environment vs 283 kcal/mol in the gas phase. For dissociative disproportionation of chloride complexes, the loss of chlorine, either as an atom (Delta G(aq) = +20 kcal/mol) or as an anion (Delta G(aq) = +15 kcal/mol) represents the largest calculated barrier. The calculated transition state for associative disproportionation is only 9 kcal/mol above separated Au(II)Cl3(-) anions. For the disproportionation of Au(II)L3 complexes with neutral ligands, disproportionation is highly endergonic in the gas phase. Calculations imply that for synthesis of a monometallic Au(II) complex, a nonpolar solvent is preferred. With the exception of [Au(CO)3]2+, disproportionation of Au(II)L3 complexes to Au(I)L and Au(III)L3 is exergonic in solution phase for the ligands investigated. The driving force is provided by the very favorable solvation free energy of the trivalent gold complex. The solvation free energy contribution to the reaction (Delta G(solv)) is very large for small and polar ligands such as ammonia and water. Furthermore, calculations imply that choosing ligands that would yield neutral species upon disproportionation may provide an effective route to thwart this decomposition pathway for Au(II) complexes. Likewise, bulkier ligands that yield larger, more weakly solvated complex ions would appear to be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaldoon A Barakat
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), University of North Texas, P.O. Box 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5070, USA
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Ohkubo K, Sintic PJ, Tkachenko NV, Lemmetyinen H, E W, Ou Z, Shao J, Kadish KM, Crossley MJ, Fukuzumi S. Photoinduced electron-transfer dynamics and long-lived CS states of donor–acceptor linked dyads and a triad containing a gold porphyrin in nonpolar solvents. Chem Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kampf M, Griebel J, Kirmse R. EPR-spektroskopische Charakterisierung (X-, Q-Band) monomerer AgII- und AuII-Komplexe der Thiakronenether [12]anS4, [16]anS4, [18]anS6 und [27]anS9. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200400294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mazej Z, Benkič P, Tressaud A, Žemva B. Palladium Chemistry in Anhydrous HF/AsF5 Superacid Medium. Eur J Inorg Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200300681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kunkely H, Vogler A. The reactivity of gold atoms generated by the photolysis of gold azide complexes in acetonitrile. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1387-7003(03)00040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ihlo L, Olk RM, Kirmse R. [AuII(dmit)2]2−-X-band EPR spectra of a new monomeric Au(II) complex. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1387-7003(01)00286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Grochala W, Hoffmann R. Real and Hypothetical Intermediate-Valence AgII/AgIII and AgII/AgI Fluoride Systems as Potential Superconductors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:2742-2781. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010803)40:15<2742::aid-anie2742>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2000] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Grochala W, Hoffmann R. Real and Hypothetical Intermediate-Valence AgII/AgIII and AgII/AgI Fluoride Systems as Potential Superconductors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010803)40:15%3c2742::aid-anie2742%3e3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Grochala W, Hoffmann R. Existierende und hypothetische intermediärvalente AgII/AgIII- und AgII/AgI-Fluoride als potentielle Supraleiter. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20010803)113:15<2816::aid-ange2816>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Walker NR, Wright RR, Barran PE, Murrell JN, Stace AJ. Comparisons in the behavior of stable copper(II), silver(II), and gold(II) complexes in the gas phase: are there implications for condensed-phase chemistry? J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:4223-7. [PMID: 11457187 DOI: 10.1021/ja003431q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experiments conducted in the gas phase have led to the formation of a series of stable gold(II) complexes with nitrogen- and oxygen-containing ligands. Such complexes are very rare in condensed-phase chemistry. However, there is also a significant group of potential ligands, for example, H2O and NH3, for which stable complexes could not be formed. There are strong similarities between these observations and earlier results presented for silver(II), but both metal ions behave markedly different from copper(II). As a group the majority of successful gold(II) ligands are characterized by being good sigma donor-pi acceptor molecules; however, it is also possible to understand the ability of individual ligands to stabilize the metal ion in terms of a simple electrostatic model. Application of the latter reveals a semiquantitative trend between the physical properties of a ligand, e.g. ionization energy, dipole moment, and polarizability, and the ligand's ability to stabilize either Cu(II), Ag(II), or Au(II). The model successfully accounts for the preference of Cu(II) for aqueous chemistry, in comparison to the complete absence of such behavior on the part of Ag(II) and Au(II). Ligands from recent examples of stable condensed-phase gold(II) complexes appear to meet at least one of the criteria identified from the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Walker
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
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Walker NR, Wright RR, Barran PE, Stace AJ. Stable Gold(II) Complexes in the Gas Phase. Organometallics 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/om990260t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Walker
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Rossana R. Wright
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Perdita E. Barran
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Anthony J. Stace
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
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Ihlo L, Böttcher R, Olk RM, Kirmse R. A single-crystal electron paramagnetic resonance, 13C and 1H electron nuclear double resonance study of tetra-n-butylammonium-bis(1,2-dicyanoethylene-1,2-dithiolato)aurate(II), [(n-C4H9)4N]2[AuII(mnt)2]. Inorganica Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(98)00163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Elder SH, Lucier GM, Hollander FJ, Bartlett N. Synthesis of Au(II) Fluoro Complexes and Their Structural and Magnetic Properties. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9630654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott H. Elder
- Contribution from the Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and Department of Chemistry, The University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - George M. Lucier
- Contribution from the Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and Department of Chemistry, The University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Frederick J. Hollander
- Contribution from the Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and Department of Chemistry, The University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Neil Bartlett
- Contribution from the Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and Department of Chemistry, The University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
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Aubke F. The generation of unusual noble-metal cations in fluoro acids and super acids, and their spectroscopic properties. J Fluor Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-1139(94)00407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mistrys F, Aubke F. The synthesis and vibrational spectra of fluorosulfate derivatives of titanium, zirconium and hafnium. J Fluor Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-1139(93)05001-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rakhimov RD, Butin KP, Grandberg KI. Redox properties of gold(I) compounds with organic ligands. J Organomet Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(94)87282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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