1
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Trang CM, Mora Perez C, Ran J, Prezhdo OV, Inkpen MS. Counterion Loss from Charged Surface-Bound Complexes Drives the Formation of Loosely Packed Monolayers. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:25625-25639. [PMID: 39250739 PMCID: PMC11421008 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The functionality of multicomponent self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) can be severely diminished by the segregation of like components into nanoscale domains, a process that maximizes favorable short-range intermolecular interactions. Here, we explore the use of a modular family of sulfur-functionalized metal bis(terpyridine) complexes ([M(tpy-R)2]2+(PF6-)2) to prepare mixed SAMs, considering that the comparable structure, dimensions, and ionic composition of these species should render them interchangeable within the adsorbed surface layer. While surface voltammetry experiments show that these SAMs do exhibit compositions representative of their assembly solutions, they also suggest, in line with previous reports, that adjacent complexes in the monolayer are separated by a gap of ∼ 1 nm. Remarkably, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies reveal no F 1s peak features that would confirm the proliferation of PF6- counterions on the surface. We propose that the loosely packed structure of these SAMs results from the loss or exchange of PF6- counterions, which introduces significant repulsive Coulomb interactions between the adsorbed 2+ charged complexes. The hypothesis is supported by an electrostatic model which indicates that these complexes should form close-packed SAMs if mobile counterions are present. First-principles calculations demonstrate that complex-counterion binding interactions are weakened by charge transfer to the gold substrate, suggesting that this may play an important role in the formation of such low-coverage SAMs. Together, this study raises important questions regarding the assembly, organization, and composition of charged SAMs and highlights new opportunities in the design of multicomponent monolayer assemblies with free volume, for example, to facilitate surface-based reactions or support molecular switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina
D. M. Trang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Carlos Mora Perez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jingyi Ran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Oleg V. Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Michael S. Inkpen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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2
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Tetenoire A, Omelchuk A, Malytskyi V, Jabin I, Lepeintre V, Bruylants G, Luo Y, Fihey A, Kepenekian M, Lagrost C. Multipodal Au-C grafting of calix[4]arene molecules on gold nanorods. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc02355b. [PMID: 39170717 PMCID: PMC11333938 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02355b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The interface robustness and spatial arrangement of functional molecules on metallic nanomaterials play a key part in the potential applications of functional nano-objects. The design of mechanically stable and electronically coupled attachments with the underlying metal is essential to bring specific desirable properties to the resulting hybrid materials. In this context, rigid multipodal platforms constitute a unique opportunity for the controllable grafting of functionality. Herein, we provide for the first time an in-depth description of the interface between gold nanorods and a chemically-grafted multipodal platform based on diazonium salts. Thanks to Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies and theoretical modeling, we deliver insights on the structural and electronic properties of the hybrid material. More importantly, it allows for the accurate assignment of Raman bands. The combination of experimental and theoretical results establishes the formation of four carbon-gold anchors for the calix[4]arene macrocycle leading to the exceptional stability of the functionalized nano-objects. Our results lay the foundations for the future design of robust and versatile platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auguste Tetenoire
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226 F-35000 Rennes France
| | - Anna Omelchuk
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226 F-35000 Rennes France
| | - Volodymyr Malytskyi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Ivan Jabin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Victor Lepeintre
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
- Engineering of Molecular NanoSystems, Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP165/64 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Gilles Bruylants
- Engineering of Molecular NanoSystems, Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP165/64 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Yun Luo
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques F-75006 Paris France
| | - Arnaud Fihey
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226 F-35000 Rennes France
| | - Mikaël Kepenekian
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226 F-35000 Rennes France
| | - Corinne Lagrost
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226 F-35000 Rennes France
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3
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Severa L, Santos Hurtado C, Rončević I, Mašát M, Bastien G, Štoček JR, Dračínský M, Houska V, Kaletová E, Garza DJ, Císařová I, Cimatu KLA, Bastl Z, Kaleta J. Regular Arrays of Rod-Shaped Molecular Photoswitches: Synthesis, Preparation, Characterization, and Selective Photoswitching within Mono- and Bilayer Systems. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302828. [PMID: 37858965 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
We assembled photoresponsive mono- and bilayer systems with well-defined properties from rod-shaped molecules equipped with different photoswitches. Using properly chosen chromophores (diarylethene-based switch and unidirectional light-driven molecular motor), we then selectively targeted layers made of the same types of photoswitches using appropriate monochromatic light. UV-vis analysis confirmed smooth and unrestricted photoisomerization. To achieve this, we synthesized a new class of triptycene-based molecular pedestals adept at forming sturdy Langmuir-Blodgett films on a water-air interface. The films were smoothly transferred to gold and quartz surfaces. Repeated deposition afforded bilayer systems: one layer containing diarylethene-based photoswitches and the other a unidirectional light-driven molecular motor. Structural analysis of both mono- and bilayer systems revealed the molecules to be tilted with carboxylic functions pointing to the surface. At least two different polymorphs differing in monolayer thickness and tilt angle (~40° and ~60°) were identified on the gold surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Severa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carina Santos Hurtado
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Rončević
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Mašát
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Guillaume Bastien
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Radek Štoček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Houska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kaletová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Danielle John Garza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | | | - Zdeněk Bastl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kaleta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Snegir S, Dappe YJ, Sysoiev D, Huhn T, Scheer E. Nonuniform STM Contrast of Self-Assembled Tri- n-octyl-triazatriangulenium Tetrafluoroborate on HOPG. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38766-38772. [PMID: 37867726 PMCID: PMC10586247 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
We have assembled 4,8,12-tri-n-octyl-4,8,12-triazatrianguleniumtetrafluoroborate (TATA-BF4) on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and have studied the structure and tunneling properties of this self-assembled monolayer (SAM) using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under ambient conditions. We show that the triazatriangulenium cations TATA+ form hexagonally packed structures driven by the interaction between the aromatic core and the HOPG lattice, as evidenced by density functional theory (DFT) modeling. According to the DFT results, the three alkyl chains of the platform tend to follow the main crystallographic directions of HOPG, leading to a different STM appearance. The STM contrast of the SAM shows that the monolayer is formed by two types of species, namely, TATA+ with BF4- counterions on top and without them. The cationic TATA+ platform gives rise to a seemingly higher appearance than neutral TATA-BF4, in contrast to observations made on metallic substrates. The variation of the STM tunneling parameters does not change the relative difference of contrast, revealing the stability of both species on HOPG. DFT calculations show that TATA-BF4 on HOPG has sufficient binding energy to resist dissociation into TATA+ and BF4-, which might occur under the action of the electric field in the tunneling gap during STM scanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Snegir
- Department
of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Yannick J. Dappe
- SPEC,
CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cédex 91191, France
| | - Dmytro Sysoiev
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Thomas Huhn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Elke Scheer
- Department
of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
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5
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Trang CDM, Saal T, Inkpen MS. Methyldisulfide groups enable the direct connection of air-stable metal bis(terpyridine) complexes to gold surfaces. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:7836-7842. [PMID: 37218422 PMCID: PMC10330856 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00955f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We show that a new terpyridine ligand comprising a directly-connected methyldisulfide group (tpySSMe) can be used to prepare a modular series of metal bis(terpyidine) complexes, [M(tpySSMe)2](PF6)2 (M = Fe, Co, Zn), suitable for the functionalization of metal surfaces. Critically, we find these complexes are air-stable in solution for >7 d, in stark contrast to their thiol-substituted analogues, [M(tpySH)2](PF6)2 (M = Fe, Co), which decompose in <1 d. While CoSH has previously been utilized in several important studies, we explicitly detail its synthesis and characterization here for the first time. We subsequently probe the electrochemical properties of [M(tpySSMe)2](PF6)2 in solution, showing that the (electro)chemical reactions associated with disulfide reduction significantly increase the complexity of the voltammetric response. In preliminary surface voltammetry studies, we confirm that CoSS and FeSS form solution-stable self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold with comparable electrochemical properties to those formed from CoSH. Taken together, this work provides a robust foundation for future studies of this prominent class of complexes as redox-active components of SAMs or single-molecule junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D M Trang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Thomas Saal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Michael S Inkpen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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6
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Xie R, Hu Y, Lee SL. A Paradigm Shift from 2D to 3D: Surface Supramolecular Assemblies and Their Electronic Properties Explored by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300413. [PMID: 36922729 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exploring supramolecular architectures at surfaces plays an increasingly important role in contemporary science, especially for molecular electronics. A paradigm of research interest in this context is shifting from 2D to 3D that is expanding from monolayer, bilayers, to multilayers. Taking advantage of its high-resolution insight into monolayers and a few layers, scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) turns out a powerful tool for analyzing such thin films on a solid surface. This review summarizes the representative efforts of STM/STS studies of layered supramolecular assemblies and their unique electronic properties, especially at the liquid-solid interface. The superiority of the 3D molecular networks at surfaces is elucidated and an outlook on the challenges that still lie ahead is provided. This review not only highlights the profound progress in 3D supramolecular assemblies but also provides researchers with unusual concepts to design surface supramolecular structures with increasing complexity and desired functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Xie
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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7
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Kaletová E, Santos Hurtado C, Císařová I, Teat SJ, Kaleta J. Triptycene-Based Molecular Rods for Langmuir-Blodgett Monolayers. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200023. [PMID: 35195369 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Herein we introduce fully modular synthesis leading to three representative examples of rigid molecular rods that are intended to form sturdy monolayers on various surfaces. These molecules contain two triptycene units that are designed to interlock into a compact "double-decker" structure. Two of the three final products provided suitable crystals for X-ray diffraction (analyzed on synchrotron), allowing deeper insight into packing in the 3-D crystal lattice. The acidity of all three compounds were determined by capillary electrophoresis, and the pKa values ranged between 2.06-2.53. All three rigid rods easily formed Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers (LBMs) on the water-air interfaces, with the area per molecule equal to 55-59 Å2 /molecule, suggesting tight intermolecular packing. The thickness of all three films reached ∼19 Å after transfer to a gold (111) surface, meaning that individual molecules are tilted maximally 38° from the axis perpendicular to the surface. The structure of one of these films on a gold (111) surface was visualized by AFM. These geometrically unique molecules represent promising platforms with a wide scope of applicability in the supramolecular architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kaletová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Carina Santos Hurtado
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 12840, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jiří Kaleta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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8
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Poluektov G, Keller TJ, Jochemich A, Krönert A, Müller U, Spicher S, Grimme S, Jester S, Höger S. Supramolecular Nanopatterns of Molecular Spoked Wheels with Orthogonal Pillars: The Observation of a Fullerene Haze. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgiy Poluektov
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Tristan J. Keller
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Anna Jochemich
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Anna Krönert
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Ute Müller
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Sebastian Spicher
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan‐S. Jester
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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9
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Poluektov G, Keller TJ, Jochemich A, Krönert A, Müller U, Spicher S, Grimme S, Jester S, Höger S. Supramolecular Nanopatterns of Molecular Spoked Wheels with Orthogonal Pillars: The Observation of a Fullerene Haze. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27264-27270. [PMID: 34672411 PMCID: PMC9298702 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Molecular spoked wheels with intraannular functionalizable pillars are synthesized in a modular approach. The functionalities at their ends are variable, and a propargyl alcohol, a [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyrate, and a perylene monoimide are investigated. All compounds form two-dimensional crystals on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite at the solid-liquid interface. As determined by submolecularly resolved scanning tunneling microscopy, the pillars adopt equilibrium distances of 6.0 nm. The fullerene has a residual mobility, limited by the length of the flexible connector unit. The experimental results are supported and rationalized by molecular dynamics simulations. These also show that, in contrast, the more rigidly attached perylene monoimide units remain oriented along the surface normal and maintain a smallest distance of 2 nm above the graphite substrate. The robust packing concept also holds for cocrystals with molecular hexagons that expand the pillar-pillar distances by 15 % and block unspecific intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiy Poluektov
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Tristan J. Keller
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Anna Jochemich
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Anna Krönert
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Ute Müller
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Sebastian Spicher
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnBeringstr. 453115BonnGermany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnBeringstr. 453115BonnGermany
| | - Stefan‐S. Jester
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Str. 153121BonnGermany
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10
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Hamer S, von Glasenapp J, Röhricht F, Li C, Berndt R, Herges R. Azimuthal Dipolar Rotor Arrays on Surfaces. Chemistry 2021; 27:17452-17458. [PMID: 34664752 PMCID: PMC9298050 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A set of dipolar molecular rotor compounds was designed, synthesized and adsorbed as self-assembled 2D arrays on Ag(111) surfaces. The title molecules are constructed from three building blocks: (a) 4,8,12-trioxatriangulene (TOTA) platforms that are known to physisorb on metal surfaces such as Au(111) and Ag(111), (b) phenyl groups attached to the central carbon atom that function as pivot joints to reduce the barrier to rotation, (c) pyridine and pyridazine units as small dipolar units on top. Theoretical calculations and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) investigations hint at the fact that the dipoles of neighboring rotors interact through space through pairs of energetically favorable head-to-tail arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hamer
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische ChemieKiel UniversityOtto-Hahn-Platz 424098KielGermany
| | | | - Fynn Röhricht
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische ChemieKiel UniversityOtto-Hahn-Platz 424098KielGermany
| | - Chao Li
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte PhysikKiel UniversityLeibnizstrasse 1924098KielGermany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte PhysikKiel UniversityLeibnizstrasse 1924098KielGermany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische ChemieKiel UniversityOtto-Hahn-Platz 424098KielGermany
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11
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Wang Y, Iglesias D, Gali SM, Beljonne D, Samorì P. Light-Programmable Logic-in-Memory in 2D Semiconductors Enabled by Supramolecular Functionalization: Photoresponsive Collective Effect of Aligned Molecular Dipoles. ACS NANO 2021; 15:13732-13741. [PMID: 34370431 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the unrelenting growth of the digital universe calls for radically novel strategies for data processing and storage. An extremely promising and powerful approach relies on the development of logic-in-memory (LiM) devices through the use of floating gate and ferroelectric technologies to write and erase data in a memory operating as a logic gate driven by electrical bias. In this work, we report an alternative approach to realize the logic-in-memory based on two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) where multiple memorized logic output states have been established via the interface with responsive molecular dipoles arranged in supramolecular arrays. The collective dynamic molecular dipole changes of the axial ligand coordinated onto self-assembled metal phthalocyanine nanostructures on the surface of 2D TMD enables large reversible modulation of the Fermi level of both n-type molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and p-type tungsten diselenide (WSe2) field-effect transistors (FETs), to achieve multiple memory states by programming and erasing with ultraviolet (UV) and with visible light, respectively. As a result, logic-in-memory devices were built up with our supramolecular layer/2D TMD architecture where the output logic is encoded by the motion of the molecular dipoles. Our strategy relying on the dynamic control of the 2D electronics by harnessing the functions of molecular-dipole-induced memory in a supramolecular hybrid layer represents a versatile way to integrate the functional programmability of molecular science into the next generation nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- University of Strasbourg,CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniel Iglesias
- University of Strasbourg,CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sai Manoj Gali
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of Strasbourg,CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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12
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Knecht P, Reichert J, Deimel PS, Feulner P, Haag F, Allegretti F, Garnica M, Schwarz M, Auwärter W, Ryan PTP, Lee T, Duncan DA, Seitsonen AP, Barth JV, Papageorgiou AC. Conformational Control of Chemical Reactivity for Surface-Confined Ru-Porphyrins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16561-16567. [PMID: 33938629 PMCID: PMC8362151 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We assess the crucial role of tetrapyrrole flexibility in the CO ligation to distinct Ru-porphyrins supported on an atomistically well-defined Ag(111) substrate. Our systematic real-space visualisation and manipulation experiments with scanning tunnelling microscopy directly probe the ligation, while bond-resolving atomic force microscopy and X-ray standing-wave measurements characterise the geometry, X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy the electronic structure, and temperature-programmed desorption the binding strength. Density-functional-theory calculations provide additional insight into the functional interface. We unambiguously demonstrate that the substituents regulate the interfacial conformational adaptability, either promoting or obstructing the uptake of axial CO adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Knecht
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Joachim Reichert
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Peter S. Deimel
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Peter Feulner
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Felix Haag
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Manuela Garnica
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
- Current address: Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Martin Schwarz
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Paul T. P. Ryan
- Diamond Light SourceDidcotOX11 0DEUK
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonExhibition RoadSW7 2AZLondonUK
- Current address: Institute of Applied PhysicsTechnische Universität WienWiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/1341040ViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Ari Paavo Seitsonen
- Département de ChimieEcole Normale Supérieure24 rue Lhomond75005ParisFrance
- Université de recherche Paris-Sciences-et-LettresSorbonne UniversitéCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique75005ParisFrance
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
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13
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Knecht P, Reichert J, Deimel PS, Feulner P, Haag F, Allegretti F, Garnica M, Schwarz M, Auwärter W, Ryan PTP, Lee T, Duncan DA, Seitsonen AP, Barth JV, Papageorgiou AC. Conformational Control of Chemical Reactivity for Surface‐Confined Ru‐Porphyrins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Knecht
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Joachim Reichert
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Peter S. Deimel
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Peter Feulner
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Felix Haag
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Manuela Garnica
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Current address: Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Martin Schwarz
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Paul T. P. Ryan
- Diamond Light Source Didcot OX11 0DE UK
- Department of Materials Imperial College London Exhibition Road SW7 2AZ London UK
- Current address: Institute of Applied Physics Technische Universität Wien Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/134 1040 Vienna Austria
| | | | | | - Ari Paavo Seitsonen
- Département de Chimie Ecole Normale Supérieure 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
- Université de recherche Paris-Sciences-et-Lettres Sorbonne Université Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 75005 Paris France
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Anthoula C. Papageorgiou
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
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14
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Brill AR, Kafri A, Mohapatra PK, Ismach A, de Ruiter G, Koren E. Modulating the Optoelectronic Properties of MoS 2 by Highly Oriented Dipole-Generating Monolayers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:32590-32597. [PMID: 34190537 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The noncovalent functionalization of two-dimensional materials (2DMs) with bespoke organic molecules is of central importance for future nanoscale electronic devices. Of particular interest is the incorporation of molecular functionalities that can modulate the physicochemical properties of the 2DMs via noninvasive external stimuli. In this study, we present the reversible modulation of the photoluminescence, spectroscopic properties (Raman), and charge transport characteristics of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-based devices via photoisomerization of a self-assembled monolayer of azobenzene-modified triazatriangulene molecules. The observed (opto)electronic modulations are explained by the n-type doping of the MoS2 lattice induced by the photoisomerization of the highly ordered azobenzene monolayer. This novel behavior could have profound effects on future composite 2DM-based (opto)electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Brill
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Alonit Kafri
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Pranab K Mohapatra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ariel Ismach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Graham de Ruiter
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Elad Koren
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
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15
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Snegir S, Dappe YJ, Sysoiev D, Pluchery O, Huhn T, Scheer E. Where do the counterions go? Tip-induced dissociation of self-assembled triazatriangulenium-based molecules on Au(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9930-9937. [PMID: 33861285 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00221j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical coupling of functional molecules on top of the so-called platform molecules allows the formation of functional self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). An often-used example of such a platform is triazatriangulenium (TATA), which features an extended aromatic core providing good electronic contact to the underlying metal surface. Here, we present a study of the SAM formation of a TATA platform on Au(111) employing scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under ambient atmospheric conditions. In solution, the TATA platform is stabilized by BF4 counterions, while after deposition on a gold substrate, the localization of the BF4 counterions remains unknown. We used 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as a solvent of TATA-BF4 to induce SAM formation on a heated (∼50 °C) Au substrate. We show by STM how to detect and distinguish TATA-BF4 from TATA platforms, which lost their BF4 counterions. Finally, we observe a change of the counterion position on the SAM during the STM scanning, which we explain by an electric-field-induced decrease of the electrostatic interaction in TATA-BF4 on the surface. We applied DFT calculations to reveal the influence of the gold lattice and the electric field of the STM tip on the stability of TATA-BF4 physisorbed on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Snegir
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Y J Dappe
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - D Sysoiev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - O Pluchery
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris (INSP), 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T Huhn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - E Scheer
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
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16
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Frauhammer T, Gerhard L, Edelmann K, Lindner M, Valášek M, Mayor M, Wulfhekel W. Addressing a lattice of rotatable molecular dipoles with the electric field of an STM tip. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:4874-4881. [PMID: 33616122 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06146h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Functional molecular groups mounted on specific foot structures are ideal model systems to study intermolecular interactions, due to the possibility to separate the functionality and the adsorption mechanism. Here, we report on the rotational switching of a thioacetate group mounted on a tripodal tetraphenylmethane (TPM) derivative adsorbed in ordered islands on a Au(111) surface. Using low temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy, individual freestanding molecular groups of the lattice can be switched between two bistable orientations. The functional dependence of this rotational switching on the sample bias and tip-sample distance allows us to model the energy landscape of this molecular group as an electric dipole in the electric field of the tunnelling junction. As expected for the interaction of two dipoles, we found states of neighbouring molecules to be correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Frauhammer
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. and Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lukas Gerhard
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kevin Edelmann
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. and Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marcin Lindner
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Michal Valášek
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. and Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland and Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), 510275 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wulf Wulfhekel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. and Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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17
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Henzel S, Becker S, Hennen D, Keller TJ, Bahr J, Jester SS, Höger S. Highly Strained Nanoscale Bicyclophane Monolayers Entering the Third Dimension: A Combined Synthetic and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Investigation. Chempluschem 2020; 86:803-811. [PMID: 33411359 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tetrabromo aromatics can be synthesized by the Fischer-Zimmermann condensation of appropriate pyrylium salts with arylene dicarboxylic acid salts. Their cyclization by intramolecular Yamamoto coupling yields strained bicyclophanes with adjustable sizes and different intraannular bridges. All compounds adsorb at the solid/liquid interface on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and are investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) with submolecular resolution. The observed two-dimensional (2D) supramolecular nanopatterns depend only on the sizes and alkoxy periphery of the cyclophanes and are independent of the specific structures of the intraannular bridges. Since the central arylene moieties of the smaller species are oriented perpendicular to the planes of the bicyclophanes, their substituents protrude from the surface by up to 1.6 nm after adsorption. Therefore, these molecules are attractive platforms for addressing the volume phase above the graphite surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Henzel
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Steven Becker
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Hennen
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tristan J Keller
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joshua Bahr
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan-S Jester
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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18
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Gao Y, Walter V, Ferguson MJ, Tykwinski RR. Hierarchical Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical Properties of Gallium- and Ruthenium-Porphyrins with Axially Bonded Azo Ligands. Chemistry 2020; 26:16712-16720. [PMID: 32706454 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The hierarchical synthesis of three porphyrin and four bisporphyrin derivatives is presented. This strategy relies on the incorporation of linkers based on azo moieties appended with pyridyl and/or acetylenic groups that facilitate axial coordination to Ga- and Ru-metalloporphyrins. These porphyrinic systems allow for a quantitative analysis of the effects of diamagnetic anisotropy (DA) by using 1 H NMR spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses. A simple power-law relationship between the proton chemical shift and the distance from the porphyrin core is experimentally outlined, which confirms previous theoretical predictions and shows that the limit of DA is about 2 nm. Photophysical properties of the azo-linked porphyrins are analyzed by UV/Vis spectroscopy, showing that significant cis-trans isomerization is not observed for azo ligands bound only to Ga-porphyrins. Incorporation of Ru-porphyrins to an azo ligand facilitates photoswitching behavior, but the process faces competition from decarbonylation of the Ru-porphyrin, and appreciable switching is only documented for GaL1Ru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Vroni Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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19
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Brill AR, Kuntumalla MK, de Ruiter G, Koren E. Formation of Highly Ordered Self-Assembled Monolayers on Two-Dimensional Materials via Noncovalent Functionalization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:33941-33949. [PMID: 32589020 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized two-dimensional materials (2DMs) are attracting much attention due to their promising applications in nanoscale devices. Producing continuous and homogeneous surface assemblies with a high degree of order has been challenging. In this work, we demonstrate that by noncovalently self-assembling molecular platforms on 2DMs, high-quality and highly ordered monolayers can be generated. The high degree of order and uniformity of the self-assembled monolayer layers were confirmed by a variety of analytic techniques including time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, scanning tunnelling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Furthermore, by selectively enhancing the molecular vibrations of the molecular platform, via a combination of graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (GERS) and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), we were able to determine the orientation of self-assembled molecular platforms with respect to the surface normal. The selective enhancement of the vibrational modes occurs by taking advantage of the distance dependence of the Raman enhancement either by the graphene surface (GERS) or the silver nanoparticules (SERS) that are located on top of the self-assembled monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Brill
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Mohan Kumar Kuntumalla
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Graham de Ruiter
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Elad Koren
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
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20
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Riaz S, Friedrichs G. Vibrational sum-frequency generation study of molecular structure, sterical constraints and nonlinear optical switching contrast of mixed alkyl-azobenzene self-assembled monolayers. Z PHYS CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2020-1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of azobenzene (AB) functionalized alkyl thiols on gold diluted with simple alkyl thiols provide a straightforward way to photochromic surfaces with high and tunable photoswitching efficiency. Trans-cis isomerization of the AB molecule changes the physical properties of the surface, including the nonlinear optical (NLO) response. Vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy as a nonlinear type of laser spectroscopy offers surface- and orientation-sensitive insight into the molecular structure of mixed SAMs. In this study, VSFG as well as ultraviolet-visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy has been employed to investigate the morphology, molecular structure, and NLO response of mixed SAMs with systematically varied surface composition. Methylazobenzene (MeAB) has been used as the molecular switch with the methyl substituent serving as orientational VSFG marker. Both short-chain and long-chain alkyl thiol co-ligands have been used to gain insight into the interplay between SAM structure and sterical constraints that are known to limit the free switching volume. Underlining the dominating role of sterical effects for controlling photochromic properties, a strong inhibition of the photoswitching efficiency and NLO response has been observed for the SAMs with an alkyl thiol co-ligand long enough to spatially extend into the layer of the MeAB chromophore. Overall, with <12% signal change, the relative NLO switching contrasts remained low in all cases. VSFG spectral trends clearly revealed that the presumably higher photoswitching efficiency upon dilution with the co-ligand is counteracted by a loss of structural order of the chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Riaz
- Islamabad College for Girls , F-6/2 , Islamabad, 44000 , Pakistan
| | - Gernot Friedrichs
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Max-Eyth-Str. 1, 24118 , Kiel , Germany
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21
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Jasper-Toennies T, Gruber M, Johannsen S, Frederiksen T, Garcia-Lekue A, Jäkel T, Roehricht F, Herges R, Berndt R. Rotation of Ethoxy and Ethyl Moieties on a Molecular Platform on Au(111). ACS NANO 2020; 14:3907-3916. [PMID: 32073820 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Molecular rotors have attracted considerable interest for their prospects in nanotechnology. However, their adsorption on supporting substrates, where they may be addressed individually, usually modifies their properties. Here, we investigate the switching of two closely related three-state rotors mounted on platforms on Au(111) using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculations. Being physisorbed, the platforms retain important gas-phase properties of the rotor. This simplifies a detailed analysis and permits, for instance, the identification of the vibrational modes involved in the rotation process. The symmetry provided by the platform enables active control of the rotation direction through electrostatic interactions with the tip and charged neighboring adsorbates. The present investigation of two model systems may turn out useful for designing platforms that provide directional rotation and for transferring more sophisticated molecular machines from the gas phase to surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Jasper-Toennies
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel Gruber
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sven Johannsen
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Frederiksen
- Donostia International Physics Center, DIPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Aran Garcia-Lekue
- Donostia International Physics Center, DIPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Torben Jäkel
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fynn Roehricht
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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22
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Jasper-Tönnies T, Gruber M, Ulrich S, Herges R, Berndt R. Coverage-Controlled Superstructures of C 3 -Symmetric Molecules: Honeycomb versus Hexagonal Tiling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7008-7017. [PMID: 32106353 PMCID: PMC7216838 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The competition between honeycomb and hexagonal tiling of molecular units can lead to large honeycomb superstructures on surfaces. Such superstructures exhibit pores that may be used as 2D templates for functional guest molecules. Honeycomb superstructures of molecules that comprise a C3 symmetric platform on Au(111) and Ag(111) surfaces are presented. The superstructures cover nearly mesoscopic areas with unit cells containing up to 3000 molecules, more than an order of magnitude larger than previously reported. The unit cell size may be controlled by the coverage. A fairly general model was developed to describe the energetics of honeycomb superstructures built from C3 symmetric units. Based on three parameters that characterize two competing bonding arrangements, the model is consistent with the present experimental data and also reproduces various published results. The model identifies the relevant driving force, mostly related to geometric aspects, of the pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Jasper-Tönnies
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel Gruber
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandra Ulrich
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
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23
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Jasper‐Tönnies T, Gruber M, Ulrich S, Herges R, Berndt R. Coverage‐Controlled Superstructures of
C
3
‐Symmetric Molecules: Honeycomb versus Hexagonal Tiling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torben Jasper‐Tönnies
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Manuel Gruber
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Sandra Ulrich
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
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24
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Benneckendorf FS, Rohnacher V, Sauter E, Hillebrandt S, Münch M, Wang C, Casalini S, Ihrig K, Beck S, Jänsch D, Freudenberg J, Jaegermann W, Samorì P, Pucci A, Bunz UHF, Zharnikov M, Müllen K. Tetrapodal Diazatriptycene Enforces Orthogonal Orientation in Self-Assembled Monolayers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:6565-6572. [PMID: 31825591 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Conformationally rigid multipodal molecules should control the orientation and packing density of functional head groups upon self-assembly on solid supports. Common tripods frequently fail in this regard because of inhomogeneous bonding configuration and stochastic orientation. These issues are circumvented by a suitable tetrapodal diazatriptycene moiety, bearing four thiol-anchoring groups, as demonstrated in the present study. Such molecules form well-defined self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au(111) substrates, whereby the tetrapodal scaffold enforces a nearly upright orientation of the terminal head group with respect to the substrate, with at least three of the four anchoring groups providing thiolate-like covalent attachment to the surface. Functionalization by condensation chemistry allows a large variety of functional head groups to be introduced to the tetrapod, paving the path toward advanced surface engineering and sensor fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Benneckendorf
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
- InnovationLab , Speyerer Straße 4 , 69115 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Valentina Rohnacher
- InnovationLab , Speyerer Straße 4 , 69115 Heidelberg , Germany
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Eric Sauter
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Sabina Hillebrandt
- InnovationLab , Speyerer Straße 4 , 69115 Heidelberg , Germany
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews KY16 9SS , United Kingdom
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Maybritt Münch
- InnovationLab , Speyerer Straße 4 , 69115 Heidelberg , Germany
- Materials Science Department, Surface Science Division , TU Darmstadt , Otto-Berndt-Straße 3 , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Can Wang
- University of Strasbourg , CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Stefano Casalini
- University of Strasbourg , CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Katharina Ihrig
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Sebastian Beck
- InnovationLab , Speyerer Straße 4 , 69115 Heidelberg , Germany
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Daniel Jänsch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
- InnovationLab , Speyerer Straße 4 , 69115 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
- InnovationLab , Speyerer Straße 4 , 69115 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Wolfram Jaegermann
- InnovationLab , Speyerer Straße 4 , 69115 Heidelberg , Germany
- Materials Science Department, Surface Science Division , TU Darmstadt , Otto-Berndt-Straße 3 , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of Strasbourg , CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Annemarie Pucci
- InnovationLab , Speyerer Straße 4 , 69115 Heidelberg , Germany
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- InnovationLab , Speyerer Straße 4 , 69115 Heidelberg , Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
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25
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Fast E, Schlimm A, Lautenschläger I, Clausen KU, Strunskus T, Spormann C, Lindhorst TK, Tuczek F. Improving the Switching Capacity of Glyco-Self-Assembled Monolayers on Au(111). Chemistry 2020; 26:485-501. [PMID: 31660639 PMCID: PMC6973251 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) decorated with photoisomerizable azobenzene glycosides are useful tools for investigating the effect of ligand orientation on carbohydrate recognition. However, photoswitching of SAMs between two specific states is characterized by a limited capacity. The goal of this study is the improvement of photoswitchable azobenzene glyco-SAMs. Different concepts, in particular self-dilution and rigid biaryl backbones, have been investigated. The required SH-functionalized azobenzene glycoconjugates were synthesized through a modular approach, and the respective glyco-SAMs were fabricated on Au(111). Their photoswitching properties have been extensively investigated by applying a powerful set of methods (IRRAS, XPS, and NEXAFS). Indeed, the combination of tailor-made biaryl-azobenzene glycosides and suitable diluent molecules led to photoswitchable glyco-SAMs with a significantly enhanced and unprecedented switching capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Fast
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielOtto-Hahn-Platz 424118KielGermany
| | - Alexander Schlimm
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielMax-Eyth Straße 224118KielGermany
| | - Irene Lautenschläger
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielMax-Eyth Straße 224118KielGermany
| | - Kai Uwe Clausen
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielMax-Eyth Straße 224118KielGermany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Institute for Materials Science—Multicomponent MaterialsChristian-Albrechts-University KielKaisertr. 224143KielGermany
| | - Carina Spormann
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielOtto-Hahn-Platz 424118KielGermany
| | - Thisbe K. Lindhorst
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielOtto-Hahn-Platz 424118KielGermany
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielMax-Eyth Straße 224118KielGermany
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26
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Chu Z, Klajn R. Polysilsesquioxane Nanowire Networks as an "Artificial Solvent" for Reversible Operation of Photochromic Molecules. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:7106-7111. [PMID: 31539469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Efficient isomerization of photochromic molecules often requires conformational freedom and is typically not available under solvent-free conditions. Here, we report a general methodology allowing for reversible switching of such molecules on the surfaces of solid materials. Our method is based on dispersing photochromic compounds within polysilsesquioxane nanowire networks (PNNs), which can be fabricated as transparent, highly porous, micrometer-thick layers on various substrates. We found that azobenzene switching within the PNNs proceeded unusually fast compared with the same molecules in liquid solvents. Efficient isomerization of another photochromic system, spiropyran, from a colorless to a colored form was used to create reversible images in PNN-coated glass. The coloration reaction could be induced with sunlight and is of interest for developing "smart" windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglin Chu
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Rafal Klajn
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
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27
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Löw R, Rusch T, Moje T, Röhricht F, Magnussen OM, Herges R. Norbornadiene-functionalized triazatriangulenium and trioxatriangulenium platforms. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1815-1821. [PMID: 31467601 PMCID: PMC6693376 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Triazatriangulenium (TATA) and trioxatriangulenium (TOTA) ions are particularly suited systems to mount functional molecules onto atomically flat surfaces such as Au(111). The TATA and TOTA units serve as platforms that absorb onto the surface and form ordered monolayers, while the functional groups are protruding upright and freestanding from the central carbon atoms. Azobenzene derivatized TATA’s are known to exhibit extremely fast cis→trans isomerization on metal surfaces, via a peculiar non-adiabatic singlet→triplet→singlet mechanism. We now prepared norbornadienes (NBD) and quadricyclanes (QC) attached to TATA and TOTA platforms which can be used to check if these accelerated rates and the spin change mechanism also apply to [2 + 2] cycloreversions (QC→NBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Löw
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Talina Rusch
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, Leibnizstraße 19, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Moje
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fynn Röhricht
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Olaf M Magnussen
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, Leibnizstraße 19, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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28
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Löw R, Rusch T, Röhricht F, Magnussen O, Herges R. Diazocine-functionalized TATA platforms. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1485-1490. [PMID: 31354866 PMCID: PMC6633206 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been shown that the thermochemical cis→trans isomerization of azobenzenes is accelerated by a factor of more than 1000 by electronic coupling to a gold surface via a conjugated system with 11 bonds and a distance of 14 Å. The corresponding molecular architecture consists of a platform (triazatriangulenium (TATA)) which adsorbs on the gold surface, with an acetylene spacer standing upright, like a post in the middle of the platform and the azobenzene unit mounted on top. The rate acceleration is due to a very peculiar thermal singlet-triplet-singlet mechanism mediated by bulk gold. To investigate this mechanism further and to examine scope and limitation of the "spin-switch catalysis" we now prepared analogous diazocine systems. Diazocines, in contrast to azobenzenes, are stable in the cis-configuration. Upon irradiation with light of 405 nm the cis-configuration isomerizes to the trans-form, which slowly returns back to the stable cis-isomer. To investigate the thermal trans→cis isomerization as a function of the conjugation to the metal surface, we connected the acetylene spacer in meta (weak conjugation) and in para (strong conjugation) position. Both isomers form ordered monolayers on Au(111) surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Löw
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Talina Rusch
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, Leibnizstraße 19, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fynn Röhricht
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Olaf Magnussen
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, Leibnizstraße 19, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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29
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Hamer S, Röhricht F, Jakoby M, Howard IA, Zhang X, Näther C, Herges R. Synthesis of dipolar molecular rotors as linkers for metal-organic frameworks. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1331-1338. [PMID: 31293682 PMCID: PMC6604738 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis of five dicarboxylic acid-substituted dipolar molecular rotors for the use as linker molecules in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The rotor molecules exhibit very low rotational barriers and decent to very high permanent, charge free dipole moments, as shown by density functional theory calculations on the isolated molecules. Four rotors are fluorescent in the visible region. The linker designs are based on push-pull-substituted phenylene cores with ethynyl spacers as rotational axes, functionalized with carboxylic acid groups for implementation in MOFs. The substituents at the phenylene core are chosen to be small to leave rotational freedom in solids with confined free volumes. The dipole moments are generated by electron-donating substituents (benzo-1,3-dioxole, benzo-1,4-dioxane, or benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole annelation) and withdrawing substituents (difluoro, or dicyano substitution) at the opposite positions of the central phenylene core. A combination of 1,4-dioxane annelation and dicyano substitution generates a theoretically predicted, very high dipole moment of 10.1 Debye. Moreover, the molecules are sufficiently small to fit into cavities of 10 Å3. Hence, the dipolar rotors should be ideally suited as linkers in MOFs with potential applications as ferroelectric materials and for optical signal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hamer
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Kiel University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fynn Röhricht
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Kiel University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marius Jakoby
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ian A Howard
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld,Universitätsstr. 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Näther
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Kiel University, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Kiel University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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30
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Schlimm A, Löw R, Rusch T, Röhricht F, Strunskus T, Tellkamp T, Sönnichsen F, Manthe U, Magnussen O, Tuczek F, Herges R. Long‐Distance Rate Acceleration by Bulk Gold. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6574-6578. [PMID: 30793824 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schlimm
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry Max-Eyth-Str. 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Roland Löw
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute of Organic Chemistry Otto-Hahn-Platz 4 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Talina Rusch
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute of Experimental and Applied Physics Leibnizstr. 19 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Fynn Röhricht
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute of Organic Chemistry Otto-Hahn-Platz 4 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute for Materials Science Kaiserstr. 2 24143 Kiel Germany
| | - Tobias Tellkamp
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute of Organic Chemistry Otto-Hahn-Platz 4 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Frank Sönnichsen
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute of Organic Chemistry Otto-Hahn-Platz 4 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Uwe Manthe
- University of BielefeldInstitute of Theoretical Chemistry Universitätsstr. 25 33501 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Olaf Magnussen
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute of Experimental and Applied Physics Leibnizstr. 19 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry Max-Eyth-Str. 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute of Organic Chemistry Otto-Hahn-Platz 4 24118 Kiel Germany
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31
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Freibert A, Dieterich JM, Hartke B. Exploring self-organization of molecular tether molecules on a gold surface by global structure optimization. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:1978-1989. [PMID: 31069834 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We employ nondeterministic global cluster structure optimization, based on the evolutionary algorithms paradigm, to model the self-assembly of complex molecules on a surface. As a real-life application example directly related to many recent experiments, we use this approach for the assembly of triazatriangulene "platform" molecules on the Au(111) surface. Without additional restrictions like spatial discretizations, coarse-graining or precalculated adsorption poses, and despite the proof-of-principle character of this study, we achieve satisfactory qualitative agreement with several experimental observations and can provide answers to questions that experiments on these species had left open so far. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Freibert
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Johannnes M Dieterich
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Hartke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany
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32
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Jasper-Tönnies T, Garcia-Lekue A, Frederiksen T, Ulrich S, Herges R, Berndt R. High-conductance contacts to functionalized molecular platforms physisorbed on Au(1 1 1). JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:18LT01. [PMID: 30721893 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The conductances of molecules physisorbed to Au(1 1 1) via an extended [Formula: see text] system are probed with the tip of a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope to maximize the control of the junction geometry. Inert hydrogen, methyl, and reactive propynyl subunits were attached to the platform and stand upright. Because of their different reactivities, either non-bonding (hydrogen and methyl) or bonding (propynyl) tip-molecule contacts are formed. The conductances exhibit little scatter between different experimental runs on different molecules, display distinct evolutions with the tip-subunit distance, and reach contact values of 0.003-0.05 G 0. For equal tip-platform distances the contact conductance of the inert methyl is close to that of the reactive propynyl. Under further compression, the inert species, hydrogen and methyl, are found to be better conductors. This shows that the current flow is not directly correlated with the chemical interaction. Atomistic calculations for the methyl case reproduce the conductance evolution and reveal the role of the junction geometry, forces and orbital symmetries at the tip-molecule interface. The current flow is controlled by orbital symmetries at the electrode interfaces rather than by the energy alignment of the molecular orbitals and electrode states. Functionalized molecular platforms thus open new ways to control and engineer electron conduction through metal-molecule interfaces at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Jasper-Tönnies
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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33
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Schlimm A, Löw R, Rusch T, Röhricht F, Strunskus T, Tellkamp T, Sönnichsen F, Manthe U, Magnussen O, Tuczek F, Herges R. Long‐Distance Rate Acceleration by Bulk Gold. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schlimm
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry Max-Eyth-Str. 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Roland Löw
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute of Organic Chemistry Otto-Hahn-Platz 4 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Talina Rusch
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute of Experimental and Applied Physics Leibnizstr. 19 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Fynn Röhricht
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute of Organic Chemistry Otto-Hahn-Platz 4 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute for Materials Science Kaiserstr. 2 24143 Kiel Germany
| | - Tobias Tellkamp
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute of Organic Chemistry Otto-Hahn-Platz 4 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Frank Sönnichsen
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute of Organic Chemistry Otto-Hahn-Platz 4 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Uwe Manthe
- University of BielefeldInstitute of Theoretical Chemistry Universitätsstr. 25 33501 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Olaf Magnussen
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute of Experimental and Applied Physics Leibnizstr. 19 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry Max-Eyth-Str. 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Christian Albrechts University KielInstitute of Organic Chemistry Otto-Hahn-Platz 4 24118 Kiel Germany
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34
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Rusch TR, Hammerich M, Herges R, Magnussen OM. Molecular platforms as versatile building blocks for multifunctional photoswitchable surfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9511-9514. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04528g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Structurally well-defined arrangements of multiple functional groups can be prepared by self-assembly of mixed monolayers based on molecular platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talina R. Rusch
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics
- Kiel University
- Kiel
- Germany
| | | | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Kiel University
- Kiel
- Germany
| | - Olaf M. Magnussen
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics
- Kiel University
- Kiel
- Germany
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35
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Schuster S, Füser M, Asyuda A, Cyganik P, Terfort A, Zharnikov M. Photoisomerization of azobenzene-substituted alkanethiolates on Au(111) substrates in the context of work function variation: the effect of structure and packing density. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9098-9105. [PMID: 31017144 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00255c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photoisomerization of a series of custom-designed, azobenzene-substituted alkanethiolate (AT) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au(111) substrates was studied in the context of work function variation, using Kelvin probe measurements as a transduction technique. These SAMs featured variable packing density (by ∼14%; due to the odd-even effects) and, as an option, were additionally decorated with the electron donating/withdrawing -CH3 and -CF3 tail group, respectively, which induce additional dipole moments. The efficiency of photoisomerization and the respective extent of work function variation (ΔΦ) were found to be quite low and independent of the packing density in the SAMs, within the given odd-even packing density variation. They could only be increased, up to ca. 40 meV for ΔΦ, by mixing the azobenzene-substituted ATs with shorter "matrix" molecules, which were introduced for a partial release of the sterical constraints. The ΔΦ values for the SAMs decorated with the -CH3 and -CF3 tail groups were found to be lower than those for the monolayers without such a decoration, which correlated well with the theoretical estimates for the change of the dipole moment of the relevant molecules upon the photoisomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swen Schuster
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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36
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Jasper-Tönnies T, Poltavsky I, Ulrich S, Moje T, Tkatchenko A, Herges R, Berndt R. Stability of functionalized platform molecules on Au(111). J Chem Phys 2018; 149:244705. [PMID: 30599747 DOI: 10.1063/1.5059344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trioxatriangulenium (TOTA) platform molecules were functionalized with methyl, ethyl, ethynyl, propynyl, and hydrogen and sublimated onto Au(111) surfaces. Low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy data reveal that >99% of ethyl-TOTA and methyl-TOTA remain intact, whereas 60% of H-TOTA and >99% of propynyl-TOTA and ethynyl-TOTA decompose. The observed tendency toward fragmentation on Au(111) is opposite to the sequence of gas-phase stabilities of the molecules. Although Au(111) is the noblest of all metal surfaces, the binding energies of the decomposition products to Au(111) destabilize the functionalized platforms by 2 to 3.9 eV (190-370 kJ/mol) and even render some of them unstable as revealed by density functional theory calculations. Van der Waals forces are important, as they drive the adsorption of the platform molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Jasper-Tönnies
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Igor Poltavsky
- Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City L-1511, Luxembourg
| | - Sandra Ulrich
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Moje
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexandre Tkatchenko
- Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City L-1511, Luxembourg
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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37
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Raeker T, Jansen B, Behrens D, Hartke B. Simulations of optically switchable molecular machines for particle transport. J Comput Chem 2018; 39:1433-1443. [PMID: 29573268 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A promising application for design and deployment of molecular machines is nanoscale transport, driven by artificial cilia. In this contribution, we present several further steps toward this goal, beyond our first-generation artificial cilium (Raeker et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 2012, 116, 11241). Promising new azobenzene-derivatives were tested for use as cilium motors. Using a QM/MM partitioning in on-the-fly photodynamics, excited-state surface-hopping trajectories were calculated for each isomerization direction and each motor version. The methods used were reparametrized semiempirical quantum chemistry together with floating-occupation configuration interaction as the QM part and the OPLSAA-L forcefield as MM part. In addition, we simulated actual particle transport by a single cilium attached to a model surface, with varying attachment strengths and modes, and with transport targets ranging from single atoms to multi-molecule arrangements. Our results provide valuable design guidelines for cilia-driven nanoscale transport and emphasize the need to carefully select the whole setup (not just the cilium itself, but also its surface attachment and the dynamic cilium-target interaction) to achieve true transport. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Raeker
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, Kiel, D-24098, Germany
| | - Björn Jansen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, Kiel, D-24118, Germany
| | - Dominik Behrens
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, Kiel, D-24098, Germany
| | - Bernd Hartke
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, Kiel, D-24098, Germany
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38
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Delgado IH, Pascal S, Besnard C, Voci S, Bouffier L, Sojic N, Lacour J. C-Functionalized Cationic Diazaoxatriangulenes: Late-Stage Synthesis and Tuning of Physicochemical Properties. Chemistry 2018; 24:10186-10195. [PMID: 29698563 PMCID: PMC6099254 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of nine C-functionalized cationic diazaoxatriangulene (DAOTA) dyes have been successfully synthesized and fully characterized, including X-ray structural analysis of four derivatives. The introduction of electron-withdrawing or -donating functions enables the tuning of both electro- and photochemical properties with, for instance, two consecutive (reversible) reductions or oxidations observed for nitro or amino derivatives, respectively. The substituents also impacted on the optical properties, with absorption maxima varying from λ=528 to 640 nm and fluorescence being shifted from the yellow to the red range, up to λ=656 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Hernández Delgado
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Genevaquai Ernest Ansermet 301211Geneva 4Switzerland
| | - Simon Pascal
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Genevaquai Ernest Ansermet 301211Geneva 4Switzerland
| | - Céline Besnard
- Laboratory of CrystallographyUniversity of Genevaquai Ernest Ansermet 241211Geneva 4Switzerland
| | - Silvia Voci
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INPISM, UMR 525533400TalenceFrance
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INPISM, UMR 525533400TalenceFrance
| | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INPISM, UMR 525533400TalenceFrance
| | - Jérôme Lacour
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Genevaquai Ernest Ansermet 301211Geneva 4Switzerland
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39
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Schlimm A, Stucke N, Flöser BM, Rusch T, Krahmer J, Näther C, Strunskus T, Magnussen OM, Tuczek F. Influence of a Metal Substrate on Small-Molecule Activation Mediated by a Surface-Adsorbed Complex. Chemistry 2018; 24:10732-10744. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schlimm
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Christian Albrechts University Kiel; Max-Eyth-Strasse 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Nadja Stucke
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Christian Albrechts University Kiel; Max-Eyth-Strasse 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Benedikt M. Flöser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Christian Albrechts University Kiel; Max-Eyth-Strasse 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Talina Rusch
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics; Christian Albrechts University Kiel; Leibnizstrasse 19 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Jan Krahmer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Christian Albrechts University Kiel; Max-Eyth-Strasse 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Christian Näther
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Christian Albrechts University Kiel; Max-Eyth-Strasse 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Institute for Materials Science-Multicomponent Materials; Christian Albrechts University Kiel; Kaiserstrasse 2 24143 Kiel Germany
| | - Olaf M. Magnussen
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics; Christian Albrechts University Kiel; Leibnizstrasse 19 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Christian Albrechts University Kiel; Max-Eyth-Strasse 2 24118 Kiel Germany
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40
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Berrocal J, Teyssandier J, Goor OJGM, De Feyter S, Meijer EW. Supramolecular Loop Stitches of Discrete Block Molecules on Graphite: Tunable Hydrophobicity by Naphthalenediimide End-Capped Oligodimethylsiloxane. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018; 30:3372-3378. [PMID: 29861547 PMCID: PMC5973779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The noncovalent functionalization of surfaces has gained widespread interest in the scientific community, and it is progressively becoming an extremely productive research field offering brand new directions for both supramolecular and materials chemistry. As the end-groups often play a dominant role in the surface properties obtained, creating loops with end-groups only at the surface will lead to unexpected architectures and hence properties. Here we report the self-assembly of discrete block molecules-structures in-between block copolymers and liquid crystals-featuring oligodimethylsiloxanes (ODMS) end-capped with naphthalenediimides (NDIs) at the 1-phenyloctane/highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (1-PO/HOPG) interface. These structures produce unprecedented vertically nanophase-separated monolayers featuring NDI moieties that regularly arrange on the HOPG surface, while the highly dynamic ODMS segments form loops above them. Such arrangement is preserved upon drying and generates hydrophobic HOPG substrates in which the ODMS block length tunes the hydrophobicity. Thus, the exact structural fidelity of the discrete macromolecules allows for the correlation of nanoscopic organization with macroscopic properties of the self-assembled materials. We present a general strategy for tunable hydrophobic coatings on graphite based on molecularly combining crystalline aromatic moieties and immiscible oligodimethylsiloxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José
Augusto Berrocal
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joan Teyssandier
- Division
of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven−University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olga J. G. M. Goor
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division
of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven−University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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41
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Brisse R, Guianvarc'h D, Mansuy C, Sagan S, Kreher D, Sosa-Vargas L, Hamitouche L, Humblot V, Arfaoui I, Labet V, Paris C, Petit C, Attias AJ. Probing the in-air growth of large area of 3D functional structures into a 2D supramolecular nanoporous network. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10068-10071. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06125d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
2D host–guest chemistry combined with drop-casting allows to trap functionalized 3D Zn–phthalocyanine complex into a large 2D porous supramolecular template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Brisse
- IPCM
- UMR CNRS-Sorbonne Université 8232
- 75005 Paris
- France
- Sorbonne Université
| | - Dominique Guianvarc'h
- Sorbonne Université
- École Normale Supérieure
- PSL University
- CNRS, Laboratoire des biomolécules
- LBM
| | - Christelle Mansuy
- Sorbonne Université
- École Normale Supérieure
- PSL University
- CNRS, Laboratoire des biomolécules
- LBM
| | - Sandrine Sagan
- Sorbonne Université
- École Normale Supérieure
- PSL University
- CNRS, Laboratoire des biomolécules
- LBM
| | - David Kreher
- IPCM
- UMR CNRS-Sorbonne Université 8232
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | | | | | | | - Imad Arfaoui
- MONARIS
- UMR CNRS-Sorbonne Université 8233
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | - Vanessa Labet
- MONARIS
- UMR CNRS-Sorbonne Université 8233
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | - Céline Paris
- MONARIS
- UMR CNRS-Sorbonne Université 8233
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | | | - André-Jean Attias
- IPCM
- UMR CNRS-Sorbonne Université 8232
- 75005 Paris
- France
- UMI Building Blocks for Future Electronics
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42
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Investigation of the geometrical arrangement and single molecule charge transport in self-assembled monolayers of molecular towers based on tetraphenylmethane tripod. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Valášek M, Mayor M. Spatial and Lateral Control of Functionality by Rigid Molecular Platforms. Chemistry 2017; 23:13538-13548. [PMID: 28766790 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Surface mounted molecular devices have received significant attention in the scientific community because of their unique ability to construct functional materials. The key involves the platform on which the molecular device works on solid substrates, such as in solid-liquid or solid-vacuum interfaces. Here, we outline the concept of rigid molecular platforms to immobilize active functionality atop flat surfaces in a controllable manner. Most of these (multipodal) platforms have at least three anchoring groups to control the spatial arrangement of the protruding functional moieties and form mechanically stable and electronically tuned contacts to the underlying substrate. Another approach is based on employing of flat aromatic scaffolds bearing perpendicular functionalities that form stable lateral assemblies on various surfaces. Emphasis is placed on the need for controllable assembly and separation of these tailor-made molecules that expose functionalities at the molecular scale. The discussions are focused on the different molecular designs realizing functional 3D architectures on surfaces, the role of various anchoring strategies to control the spatial arrangement, and structural considerations controlling physical features like the coupling to the surface or the available space for sterically demanding molecular operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Valášek
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Xingang Rd. W., Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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44
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Jasper-Tönnies T, Garcia-Lekue A, Frederiksen T, Ulrich S, Herges R, Berndt R. Conductance of a Freestanding Conjugated Molecular Wire. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:066801. [PMID: 28949604 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.066801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A freestanding molecular wire is placed vertically on Au(111) using a platform molecule and contacted by a scanning tunneling microscope. Despite the simplicity of the single-molecule junction, its conductance G reproducibly varies in a complex manner with the electrode separation. Transport calculations show that G is controlled by a deformation of the molecule, a symmetry mismatch between the tip and molecule orbitals, and the breaking of a C≡C triple in favor of a Au─C─C bond. This tip-controlled reversible bond formation or rupture alters the electronic spectrum of the junction and the states accessible for transport, resulting in an order of magnitude variation of the conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Jasper-Tönnies
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Aran Garcia-Lekue
- Donostia International Physics Center, DIPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Thomas Frederiksen
- Donostia International Physics Center, DIPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sandra Ulrich
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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45
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Stremlau S, Maass F, Tegeder P. Adsorption and switching properties of nitrospiropyran on Bi(1 1 4). JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:314004. [PMID: 28604364 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa78be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spiropyrans are prototype molecular switches, which undergo a reversible photoinduced ring-opening/-closure reaction between the closed three-dimensional spiropyran (SP) and the open, planar merocyanine (MC) form. In solution the SP isomer is the thermodynamically stable form. Using high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, we resolve a thermally-activated irreversible ring-opening reaction of nitrospiropyran resulting in the MC form for coverages above one monolayer. Thus, the situation found in solution is reversed for the adsorbed molecules, since the MC form is more stable due to the modified energetics by the presence of the substrate. In addition, illumination with blue light (445 nm) induced also the ring-opening, while the photostimulated back-reaction could not be observed. The photoisomerization is driven by a substrate-mediated process, i.e. a charge transfer from the substrate into molecular states. The situation changes completely in the monolayer regime. Neither a thermally-assisted nor a photoinduced ring-opening reaction has been identified. We ascribe the suppression to sterical effects stabilizing the SP form due to the surface structure of Bi(1 1 4), which consists of straight atomic rows separated by rough valleys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Stremlau
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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46
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Nakatsuka S, Gotoh H, Kinoshita K, Yasuda N, Hatakeyama T. Divergent Synthesis of Heteroatom-Centered 4,8,12-Triazatriangulenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5087-5090. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Nakatsuka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology; Kwansei Gakuin University; 2-1 Gakuen Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Hajime Gotoh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology; Kwansei Gakuin University; 2-1 Gakuen Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Keisuke Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology; Kwansei Gakuin University; 2-1 Gakuen Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yasuda
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI); 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho Sayo-gun Hyogo 679-5198 Japan
| | - Takuji Hatakeyama
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology; Kwansei Gakuin University; 2-1 Gakuen Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
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47
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Nakatsuka S, Gotoh H, Kinoshita K, Yasuda N, Hatakeyama T. Divergent Synthesis of Heteroatom-Centered 4,8,12-Triazatriangulenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Nakatsuka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology; Kwansei Gakuin University; 2-1 Gakuen Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Hajime Gotoh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology; Kwansei Gakuin University; 2-1 Gakuen Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Keisuke Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology; Kwansei Gakuin University; 2-1 Gakuen Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yasuda
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI); 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho Sayo-gun Hyogo 679-5198 Japan
| | - Takuji Hatakeyama
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology; Kwansei Gakuin University; 2-1 Gakuen Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
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48
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Bogh S, Simmermacher M, Westberg M, Bregnhøj M, Rosenberg M, De Vico L, Veiga M, Laursen BW, Ogilby PR, Sauer SPA, Sørensen TJ. Azadioxatriangulenium and Diazaoxatriangulenium: Quantum Yields and Fundamental Photophysical Properties. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:193-203. [PMID: 31457221 PMCID: PMC6641101 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, we have investigated and exploited the photophysical properties of triangulenium dyes. Azadioxatriangulenium (ADOTA) and diazaoxatriangulenium (DAOTA), in particular, have features that make them useful in various fluorescence-based technologies (e.g., bioimaging). Through our work with ADOTA and DAOTA, we became aware that the reported fluorescence quantum yields (ϕfl) for these dyes are lower than their actual values. We thus set out to further investigate the fundamental structure-property relationships in these unique conjugated cationic systems. The nonradiative processes in the systems were explored using transient absorption spectroscopy and time-resolved emission spectroscopy in combination with computational chemistry. The influence of molecular oxygen on the fluorescence properties was explored, and the singlet oxygen sensitization efficiencies of ADOTA and DAOTA were determined. We conclude that, for these dyes, the amount of nonradiative deactivation of the first excited singlet state (S1) of the azaoxa-triangulenium fluorophores is low, that the rate of such deactivation is slower than what is observed in common cationic dyes, that there are no observable radiative transitions occurring from the first excited triplet state (T1) of these dyes, and that the efficiency of sensitized singlet oxygen production is low (ϕΔ ≤ 10%). These photophysical results provide a solid base upon which technological applications of these fluorescent dyes can be built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel
A. Bogh
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
| | - Mats Simmermacher
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
| | - Michael Westberg
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bregnhøj
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Martin Rosenberg
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
| | - Luca De Vico
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
| | - Manoel Veiga
- PicoQuant
GmbH, Rudower Chaussee
29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bo W. Laursen
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter R. Ogilby
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stephan P. A. Sauer
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
| | - Thomas Just Sørensen
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
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49
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Zaborova E, Six A, Amokrane H, Charra F, Mathevet F, Attias AJ, Kreher D. Synthesis of new dithia[3.3]parapara- and metapara-cyclophane based tectons: toward an universal surface-confined 2D/3D molecular binding motif. PURE APPL CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-0818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA series of new paraphenylene-based 2D and 3D tectons has been designed for supramolecular self-assembly on both HOPG and Au. Several versatile chemical strategies have been developed to reach the target tectons, bearing either metaparacyclophane or paraparacyclophane cores, functionalized or not, allowing the obtention soon of more complex 3D tectons bearing functional unit such as chromophores. Moreover, preliminary STM results show that these compounds can successfully self-assemble both on HOPG and Au(111) substrates at liquid-solid interface, encouraging us in finding an universal surface-confined 2D/3D molecular binding motif. This feature combined with the preliminary results of the self-assembly on the plasmonic substrate Au(111) open-up opportunities in the field of Nanoscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zaborova
- 1Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), chimie des polymères, 75005 Paris, France
- 2Aix Marseille Universite, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Campus de Luminy, Case 913, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Alice Six
- 1Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), chimie des polymères, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hanane Amokrane
- 3Service de Physique de l’Etat Condensé, SPEC CEA CNRS Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Fabrice Charra
- 3Service de Physique de l’Etat Condensé, SPEC CEA CNRS Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Fabrice Mathevet
- 1Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), chimie des polymères, 75005 Paris, France
| | - André-Jean Attias
- 1Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), chimie des polymères, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David Kreher
- 1Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), chimie des polymères, 75005 Paris, France
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50
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Molecular Plasmonics: From Molecular-Scale Measurements and Control to Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2016-1224.ch002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
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