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Pierri G, Schettini R. Advances in MRI: Peptide and peptidomimetic-based contrast agents. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3544. [PMID: 37726947 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a common medical imaging technique that provides three-dimensional body images. MRI contrast agents improve image contrast by raising the rate of water proton relaxation in specific tissues. Peptides and peptidomimetics act as scaffolds for MRI imaging agents because of their increased size and offer the possibility to engine a higher hydration value within the design. The design of a new Gd-based contrast agent must take into account high stability constants to avoid free Gd(III), with the subsequent nephrotoxicity, and high relaxivity values. This review analyzes various synthetic approaches, reports studies of relaxometric parameters, and focuses on the description and application of Gd(III)-chelates based on peptide and peptidomimetic scaffolds. In addition, the X-ray molecular structures of three DOTA complexes will be reported to emphasize the necessity of using the X-ray diffraction analysis to identify the coordination sphere of the metals and the mechanism of action of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pierri
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Rosaria Schettini
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
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2
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Herlan CN, Feser D, Schepers U, Bräse S. Bio-instructive materials on-demand - combinatorial chemistry of peptoids, foldamers, and beyond. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11131-11152. [PMID: 34611672 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04237h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial chemistry allows for the rapid synthesis of large compound libraries for high throughput screenings in biology, medicinal chemistry, or materials science. Especially compounds from a highly modular design are interesting for the proper investigation of structure-to-activity relationships. Permutations of building blocks result in many similar but unique compounds. The influence of certain structural features on the entire structure can then be monitored and serve as a starting point for the rational design of potent molecules for various applications. Peptoids, a highly diverse class of bioinspired oligomers, suit perfectly for combinatorial chemistry. Their straightforward synthesis on a solid support using repetitive reaction steps ensures easy handling and high throughput. Applying this modular approach, peptoids are readily accessible, and their interchangeable side-chains allow for various structures. Thus, peptoids can easily be tuned in their solubility, their spatial structure, and, consequently, their applicability in various fields of research. Since their discovery, peptoids have been applied as antimicrobial agents, artificial membranes, molecular transporters, and much more. Studying their three-dimensional structure, various foldamers with fascinating, unique properties were discovered. This non-comprehensive review will state the most interesting discoveries made over the past years and arouse curiosity about what may come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Nicole Herlan
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann von Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Dominik Feser
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann von Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann von Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz Haber Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann von Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany. .,Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz Haber Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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3
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Solid-Phase Insertion of N-mercaptoalkylglycine Residues into Peptides. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234261. [PMID: 31766740 PMCID: PMC6930625 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
N-mercaptoalkylglycine residues were inserted into peptides by reacting N-free amino groups of peptides, which were initially synthesized on 2-chlorotrityl resin (Cltr) using the Fmoc/tBu method, with bromoacetic acid and subsequent nucleophilic replacement of the bromide by reacting with S-4-methoxytrityl- (Mmt)/S-trityl- (Trt) protected aminothiols. The synthesized thiols containing peptide–peptoid hybrids were cleaved from the resin, either protected by treatment with dichloromethane (DCM)/trifluoroethanol (TFE)/acetic acid (AcOH) (7:2:1), or deprotected (fully or partially) by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) solution using triethylsilane (TES) as a scavenger.
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Ganesh SD, Saha N, Zandraa O, Zuckermann RN, Sáha P. Peptoids and polypeptoids: biomimetic and bioinspired materials for biomedical applications. Polym Bull (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-016-1902-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Kodadek T, McEnaney PJ. Towards vast libraries of scaffold-diverse, conformationally constrained oligomers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:6038-59. [PMID: 26996593 PMCID: PMC4846527 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00617e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is great interest in the development of probe molecules and drug leads that would bind tightly and selectively to protein surfaces that are difficult to target with traditional molecules, such as those involved in protein-protein interactions. The currently available evidence suggests that this will require molecules that are larger and have quite different chemical properties than typical Lipinski-compliant molecules that target enzyme active sites. We describe here efforts to develop vast libraries of conformationally constrained oligomers as a potentially rich source of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kodadek
- Departments of Chemistry and Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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6
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Schwochert J, Turner R, Thang M, Berkeley RF, Ponkey AR, Rodriguez KM, Leung SSF, Khunte B, Goetz G, Limberakis C, Kalgutkar AS, Eng H, Shapiro MJ, Mathiowetz AM, Price DA, Liras S, Jacobson MP, Lokey RS. Peptide to Peptoid Substitutions Increase Cell Permeability in Cyclic Hexapeptides. Org Lett 2015; 17:2928-31. [PMID: 26046483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of peptide-to-peptoid substitutions on the passive membrane permeability of an N-methylated cyclic hexapeptide is examined. In general, substitutions maintained permeability but increased conformational heterogeneity. Diversification with nonproteinogenic side chains increased permeability up to 3-fold. Additionally, the conformational impact of peptoid substitutions within a β-turn are explored. Based on these results, the strategic incorporation of peptoid residues into cyclic peptides can maintain or improve cell permeability, while increasing access to diverse side-chain functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Schwochert
- †Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Rushia Turner
- †Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Melissa Thang
- †Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Ray F Berkeley
- †Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Alexandra R Ponkey
- †Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Kelsie M Rodriguez
- †Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Siegfried S F Leung
- ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Bhagyashree Khunte
- ∥World Wide Medicinal Chemistry, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Inc. Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gilles Goetz
- ∥World Wide Medicinal Chemistry, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Inc. Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chris Limberakis
- ∥World Wide Medicinal Chemistry, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Inc. Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heather Eng
- ⊥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Inc. Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael J Shapiro
- ∥World Wide Medicinal Chemistry, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Inc. Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Alan M Mathiowetz
- ○World Wide Medicinal Chemistry, Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David A Price
- ○World Wide Medicinal Chemistry, Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Spiros Liras
- ○World Wide Medicinal Chemistry, Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew P Jacobson
- ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - R Scott Lokey
- †Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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Suwal S, Kodadek T. Synthesis of libraries of peptidomimetic compounds containing a 2-oxopiperazine unit in the main chain. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:2088-92. [PMID: 23440085 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27476d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Peptoid libraries have been shown to be a useful source of protein-binding agents. However, simple linear peptoids lack conformational constraints, which may limit their binding affinity for proteins. Here we report facile chemistry for the assembly of 2-oxopiperazine rings into the main chain of peptoid-like oligomers, thus rigidifying the structure. This modified sub-monomer synthesis is suitable for the creation of high quality combinatorial libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Suwal
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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Roy O, Caumes C, Esvan Y, Didierjean C, Faure S, Taillefumier C. The tert-Butyl Side Chain: A Powerful Means to Lock Peptoid Amide Bonds in the Cis Conformation. Org Lett 2013; 15:2246-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol400820y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Roy
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France, CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, BP 80026, F-63171 Aubière, France, and CRM2, Equipe Biocristallographie, UMR 7036 CNRS-UL, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Lorraine, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - C. Caumes
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France, CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, BP 80026, F-63171 Aubière, France, and CRM2, Equipe Biocristallographie, UMR 7036 CNRS-UL, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Lorraine, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Y. Esvan
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France, CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, BP 80026, F-63171 Aubière, France, and CRM2, Equipe Biocristallographie, UMR 7036 CNRS-UL, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Lorraine, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - C. Didierjean
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France, CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, BP 80026, F-63171 Aubière, France, and CRM2, Equipe Biocristallographie, UMR 7036 CNRS-UL, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Lorraine, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - S. Faure
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France, CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, BP 80026, F-63171 Aubière, France, and CRM2, Equipe Biocristallographie, UMR 7036 CNRS-UL, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Lorraine, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - C. Taillefumier
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France, CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, BP 80026, F-63171 Aubière, France, and CRM2, Equipe Biocristallographie, UMR 7036 CNRS-UL, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Lorraine, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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9
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Cardenal C, Vollrath SBL, Schepers U, Bräse S. Synthesis of Functionalized Glutamine- and Asparagine-Type Peptoids - Scope and Limitations. Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Fang WJ, Yakovleva T, Aldrich JV. A convenient approach to synthesizing peptide C-terminal N-alkyl amides. Biopolymers 2011; 96:715-22. [PMID: 22252422 PMCID: PMC3924563 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Peptide C-terminal N-alkyl amides have gained more attention over the past decade due to their biological properties, including improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. However, the synthesis of this type of peptide on solid phase by current available methods can be challenging. Here we report a convenient method to synthesize peptide C-terminal N-alkyl amides using the well-known Fukuyama N-alkylation reaction on a standard resin commonly used for the synthesis of peptide C-terminal primary amides, the peptide amide linker-polyethylene glycol-polystyrene (PAL-PEG-PS) resin. The alkylation and oNBS deprotection were conducted under basic conditions and were therefore compatible with this acid labile resin. The alkylation reaction was very efficient on this resin with a number of different alkyl iodides or bromides, and the synthesis of model enkephalin N-alkyl amide analogs using this method gave consistently high yields and purities, demonstrating the applicability of this methodology. The synthesis of N-alkyl amides was more difficult on a Rink amide resin, especially the coupling of the first amino acid to the N-alkyl amine, resulting in lower yields for loading the first amino acid onto the resin. This method can be widely applied in the synthesis of peptide N-alkyl amides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatyana Yakovleva
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Jane V. Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Culf AS, Ouellette RJ. Solid-phase synthesis of N-substituted glycine oligomers (alpha-peptoids) and derivatives. Molecules 2010; 15:5282-335. [PMID: 20714299 PMCID: PMC6257730 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15085282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptoids (N-substituted polyglycines and extended peptoids with variant backbone amino-acid monomer units) are oligomeric synthetic polymers that are becoming a valuable molecular tool in the biosciences. Of particular interest are their applications to the exploration of peptoid secondary structures and drug design. Major advantages of peptoids as research and pharmaceutical tools include the ease and economy of synthesis, highly variable backbone and side-chain chemistry possibilities. At the same time, peptoids have been demonstrated as highly active in biological systems while resistant to proteolytic decay. This review with 227 references considers the solid-phase synthetic aspects of peptoid preparation and utilization up to 2010 from the instigation, by R. N. Zuckermann et al., of peptoid chemistry in 1992.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Culf
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada.
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Dolle RE, Bourdonnec BL, Goodman AJ, Morales GA, Thomas CJ, Zhang W. Comprehensive Survey of Chemical Libraries for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology: 2007. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:753-802. [PMID: 18991466 DOI: 10.1021/cc800119z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland E. Dolle
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Bertrand Le Bourdonnec
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Allan J. Goodman
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Guillermo A. Morales
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Craig J. Thomas
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Wei Zhang
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
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