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Queffélec C, Pati PB, Pellegrin Y. Fifty Shades of Phenanthroline: Synthesis Strategies to Functionalize 1,10-Phenanthroline in All Positions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6700-6902. [PMID: 38747613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
1,10-Phenanthroline (phen) is one of the most popular ligands ever used in coordination chemistry due to its strong affinity for a wide range of metals with various oxidation states. Its polyaromatic structure provides robustness and rigidity, leading to intriguing features in numerous fields (luminescent coordination scaffolds, catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, sensors, theranostics, etc.). Importantly, phen offers eight distinct positions for functional groups to be attached, showcasing remarkable versatility for such a simple ligand. As a result, phen has become a landmark molecule for coordination chemists, serving as a must-use ligand and a versatile platform for designing polyfunctional arrays. The extensive use of substituted phenanthroline ligands with different metal ions has resulted in a diverse array of complexes tailored for numerous applications. For instance, these complexes have been utilized as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells, as luminescent probes modified with antibodies for biomaterials, and in the creation of elegant supramolecular architectures like rotaxanes and catenanes, exemplified by Sauvage's Nobel Prize-winning work in 2016. In summary, phen has found applications in almost every facet of chemistry. An intriguing aspect of phen is the specific reactivity of each pair of carbon atoms ([2,9], [3,8], [4,7], and [5,6]), enabling the functionalization of each pair with different groups and leading to polyfunctional arrays. Furthermore, it is possible to differentiate each position in these pairs, resulting in non-symmetrical systems with tremendous versatility. In this Review, the authors aim to compile and categorize existing synthetic strategies for the stepwise polyfunctionalization of phen in various positions. This comprehensive toolbox will aid coordination chemists in designing virtually any polyfunctional ligand. The survey will encompass seminal work from the 1950s to the present day. The scope of the Review will be limited to 1,10-phenanthroline, excluding ligands with more intracyclic heteroatoms or fused aromatic cycles. Overall, the primary goal of this Review is to highlight both old and recent synthetic strategies that find applicability in the mentioned applications. By doing so, the authors hope to establish a first reference for phenanthroline synthesis, covering all possible positions on the backbone, and hope to inspire all concerned chemists to devise new strategies that have not yet been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Pellegrin
- Nantes Université, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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2
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Vanden Bussche F, Kaczmarek AM, Veerapandian SKP, Everaert J, Debruyne M, Abednatanzi S, Morent R, De Geyter N, Van Speybroeck V, Van Der Voort P, Stevens CV. N-Rich Porous Polymer with Isolated Tb 3+ -Ions Displays Unique Temperature Dependent Behavior through the Absence of Thermal Quenching. Chemistry 2020; 26:15596-15604. [PMID: 32519784 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The challenge of measuring fast moving or small scale samples is based on the absence of contact between sample and sensor. Grafting lanthanides onto hybrid materials arises as one of the most promising accurate techniques to obtain noninvasive thermometers. In this work, a novel bipyridine based porous organic polymer (bpyDAT POP) was investigated as temperature sensor after grafting with Eu(acac)3 and Tb(acac)3 complexes. The bpyDAT POP successfully showed temperature-dependent behavior in the 10-310 K range, proving the potential of amorphous, porous organic frameworks. We observed unique temperature dependent behavior. More intriguingly, instead of the standard observed change in emission as a result of a change in temperature for both Eu3+ and Tb3+ , the emission spectrum of Tb3+ remained constant. This work provides framework- and energy-based explanations for the observed phenomenon. The conjugation in the bpyDAT POP framework is interrupted, creating energetically isolated Tb3+ environments. Energy transfer from Tb3+ to Eu3+ is therefore absent, nor energy back transfer from Tb3+ to bpyDAT POP ligand (i.e. no thermal quenching) is detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore Vanden Bussche
- Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Savita K P Veerapandian
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 (B4), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonas Everaert
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Debruyne
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Rino Morent
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 (B4), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Geyter
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 (B4), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - Christian V Stevens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Garcia LM, Rajak S, Chair K, Godoy CM, Silva AJ, Gomes PVR, Sanches EA, Ramos AS, De Souza RFB, Duong A, Neto AO. Conversion of Methane into Methanol Using the [6,6'-(2,2'-Bipyridine-6,6'-Diyl)bis(1,3,5-Triazine-2,4-Diamine)](Nitrato-O)Copper(II) Complex in a Solid Electrolyte Reactor Fuel Cell Type. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:16003-16009. [PMID: 32656421 PMCID: PMC7346244 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The application of solid electrolyte reactors for methane oxidation to co-generation of power and chemicals could be interesting, mainly with the use of materials that could come from renewable sources and abundant metals, such as the [6,6'- (2, 2'-bipyridine-6, 6'-diyl)bis (1,3,5-triazine-2, 4-diamine)](nitrate-O)copper (II) complex. In this study, we investigated the optimal ratio between this complex and carbon to obtain a stable, conductive, and functional reagent diffusion electrode. The most active Cu-complex compositions were 2.5 and 5% carbon, which were measured with higher values of open circuit and electric current, in addition to the higher methanol production with reaction rates of 1.85 mol L-1 h-1 close to the short circuit potential and 1.65 mol L-1 h-1 close to the open circuit potential, respectively. This activity was attributed to the ability of these compositions to activate water due to better distribution of the Cu complex in the carbon matrix as observed in the rotating ring disk electrode experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M.
S. Garcia
- Instituto
de PesquisasEnergéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP, Av. Prof. LineuPrestes, 2242 CidadeUniversitária, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Département
de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Institut de Recherchesur l’Hydrogène, Université du Québec a Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québéc G9A5H7, Canada
| | - Sanil Rajak
- Département
de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Institut de Recherchesur l’Hydrogène, Université du Québec a Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québéc G9A5H7, Canada
| | - Khaoula Chair
- Département
de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Institut de Recherchesur l’Hydrogène, Université du Québec a Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québéc G9A5H7, Canada
| | - Camila M. Godoy
- Instituto
de PesquisasEnergéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP, Av. Prof. LineuPrestes, 2242 CidadeUniversitária, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Araceli Jardim Silva
- Instituto
de PesquisasEnergéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP, Av. Prof. LineuPrestes, 2242 CidadeUniversitária, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo V. R. Gomes
- Department
of Chemistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas 69067-005, Brazil
| | | | - Andrezza S. Ramos
- Instituto
de PesquisasEnergéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP, Av. Prof. LineuPrestes, 2242 CidadeUniversitária, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F. B. De Souza
- Instituto
de PesquisasEnergéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP, Av. Prof. LineuPrestes, 2242 CidadeUniversitária, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adam Duong
- Département
de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Institut de Recherchesur l’Hydrogène, Université du Québec a Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québéc G9A5H7, Canada
| | - Almir O. Neto
- Instituto
de PesquisasEnergéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP, Av. Prof. LineuPrestes, 2242 CidadeUniversitária, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Rajak S, Schott O, Kaur P, Maris T, Hanan GS, Duong A. Mimicking 2,2′:6′,2′′:6′′,2′′′-quaterpyridine complexes for the light-driven hydrogen evolution reaction: synthesis, structural, thermal and physicochemical characterizations. RSC Adv 2019; 9:28153-28164. [PMID: 35530454 PMCID: PMC9071053 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04303a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic difficulties associated with quaterpyridine (qtpy) complexes have limited their use in the formation of various metallosupramolecular architectures in spite of their diverse structural and physicochemical properties. Providing a new facile synthetic route to the synthesis of functionalised qtpy mimics, we herein report the synthesis of three novel –NH2 functionalized qtpy-like complexes 12–14 with the general formula M(C16H14N12)(NO3)2 (M = Co(ii), Ni(ii) and Cu(ii)) in high yield and purity. Characterization of these complexes has been done by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), thermogravimetric analysis, UV-Vis, infrared, mass spectrometry and cyclic voltammetry. As indicated by SCXRD, in all the synthesized complexes, the metal ions show a strongly distorted octahedral coordination geometry and typical hydrogen bonding networks involving DAT groups. In addition, complexes 12–14 have been analyzed as potential photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) displaying good turnover numbers (TONs). Hydrogen produced from these photocatalysts can serve as the possible alternative for fossil fuels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only study showcasing –NH2 functionalized qtpy-like complexes of Co(ii), Ni(ii) and Cu(ii) and employing them as photocatalysts for HER. Thus, a single proposed strategy solves two purposes-one related to synthesis while second is related to our environment. Facile synthesis of three novel –NH2 functionalized qtpy-like complexes, their characterizations and study of their photocatalytic properties for hydrogen evolution reaction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanil Rajak
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique
- Institut de Recherche sur L’Hydrogène
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
- Trois-Rivières
- Canada
| | - Olivier Schott
- Département de Chimie
- Université de Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Prabhjyot Kaur
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique
- Institut de Recherche sur L’Hydrogène
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
- Trois-Rivières
- Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie
- Université de Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Garry S. Hanan
- Département de Chimie
- Université de Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Adam Duong
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique
- Institut de Recherche sur L’Hydrogène
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
- Trois-Rivières
- Canada
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5
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Cheong HY, Kim SY, Cho YJ, Cho DW, Kim CH, Son HJ, Pac C, Kang SO. Photosensitization Behavior of Ir(III) Complexes in Selective Reduction of CO2 by Re(I)-Complex-Anchored TiO2 Hybrid Catalyst. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:12042-12053. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Advanced Materials
Chemistry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - So-Yoen Kim
- Department of Advanced Materials
Chemistry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Yang-Jin Cho
- Department of Advanced Materials
Chemistry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Dae Won Cho
- Department of Advanced Materials
Chemistry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Chul Hoon Kim
- Department of Advanced Materials
Chemistry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Son
- Department of Advanced Materials
Chemistry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Chyongjin Pac
- Department of Advanced Materials
Chemistry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Sang Ook Kang
- Department of Advanced Materials
Chemistry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
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6
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Self-assembly in solvates of 2,4-diamino-6-(4-methyl- phenyl)-1,3,5-triazine and in its molecular adducts with some aliphatic dicarboxylic acids. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Titi HM, Tripuramallu BK, Goldberg I. Porphyrin-based assemblies directed by non-covalent interactions: highlights of recent investigations. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce00359a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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8
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Le T, Bhadbhade M, Gao J, Hook JM, Marjo CE. Persistence of a self-complementary N–H⋯N tape motif in chloro-s-triazine crystals: crystal structures of simazine and atrazine herbicides and their polymorphic and inclusion behaviour. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce02206a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thes-triazine herbicides simazine and atrazine assemble as hydrogen-bonded tapes in the solid state, and in a range of others-triazines in the CSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Le
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Kensington, Australia 2052
| | - Mohan Bhadbhade
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre
- University of New South Wales
- Kensington, Australia 2052
| | - Jiabin Gao
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre
- University of New South Wales
- Kensington, Australia 2052
| | - James M. Hook
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre
- University of New South Wales
- Kensington, Australia 2052
| | - Christopher E. Marjo
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre
- University of New South Wales
- Kensington, Australia 2052
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9
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Hammer N, Schaub TA, Meinhardt U, Kivala M. N-Heterotriangulenes: Fascinating Relatives of Triphenylamine. CHEM REC 2015. [PMID: 26223442 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Carbonyl- and dimethylmethylene-bridged triphenylamines called N-heterotriangulenes are not only aesthetically pleasing π-conjugated scaffolds interesting on their own but also provide numerous possibilities for further synthetic modifications to serve as versatile precursors for the construction of functional organic molecules. In this Personal Account we give a historical synopsis depicting the long way from the initial synthesis of N-heterotriangulenes back in the 1970s to their derivatization followed by recent applications in organic electronics. As a part of our ongoing research on heteroatom-doped π-conjugated scaffolds we provide an overview of our synthetic efforts involving the N-heterotriangulene scaffolds and discuss the optoelectronic, redox, and self-assembly properties of the resulting molecular entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Hammer
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias A Schaub
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ute Meinhardt
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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10
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An improved synthesis of 4-cyano-1,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-dicyano-1,10-phenanthroline and their bis(4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) complexes. Polyhedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Mocilac P, Gallagher JF. Trezimides and Tennimides: New Imide-Based Macrocycles. J Org Chem 2013; 78:2355-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302448h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavle Mocilac
- School of Chemical
Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - John F. Gallagher
- School of Chemical
Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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12
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Young MC, Liew E, Ashby J, McCoy KE, Hooley RJ. Spin state modulation of iron spin crossover complexes via hydrogen-bonding self-assembly. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:6331-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42851f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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