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Nanofabrication Techniques in Large-Area Molecular Electronic Devices. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10176064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The societal impact of the electronics industry is enormous—not to mention how this industry impinges on the global economy. The foreseen limits of the current technology—technical, economic, and sustainability issues—open the door to the search for successor technologies. In this context, molecular electronics has emerged as a promising candidate that, at least in the short-term, will not likely replace our silicon-based electronics, but improve its performance through a nascent hybrid technology. Such technology will take advantage of both the small dimensions of the molecules and new functionalities resulting from the quantum effects that govern the properties at the molecular scale. An optimization of interface engineering and integration of molecules to form densely integrated individually addressable arrays of molecules are two crucial aspects in the molecular electronics field. These challenges should be met to establish the bridge between organic functional materials and hard electronics required for the incorporation of such hybrid technology in the market. In this review, the most advanced methods for fabricating large-area molecular electronic devices are presented, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Special emphasis is focused on bottom-up methodologies for the fabrication of well-ordered and tightly-packed monolayers onto the bottom electrode, followed by a description of the top-contact deposition methods so far used.
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Li J, Sun CL, An P, Liu X, Dong R, Sun J, Zhang X, Xie Y, Qin C, Zheng W, Zhang HL, Jiang X. Construction of Dopamine-Releasing Gold Surfaces Mimicking Presynaptic Membrane by On-Chip Electrochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8816-8824. [PMID: 31117642 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a strategy to construct a dopamine-releasing gold surface mimicking a presynaptic membrane on a microfluidic chip to simulate in vivo neural signaling. We constructed dopamine self-assembled monolayers (DA SAMs) by electrochemical deprotection of methyl group-protected DA SAMs on a gold surface. Electrochemically controllable release of DA SAMs can be realized by applying nonhydrolytic negative potential on the gold surface. Our method in constructing DA SAMs avoids the polymerization and protonation of DA molecules which may lead to the failure of the DA SAM formation. By combining microfluidics, we realized spatial and temporal controllable release of DA by electrochemistry from the gold surface. Furthermore, by culturing neurons on the patterned DA SAMs, the interface between the DA SAMs and the neurons could serve as a presynaptic membrane, and the spatiotemporal release of DA could modulate the neuron activity with high precision. Our study holds great promise in the fields of neurobiology research and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Joint Lab of Nanofluidics and Interfaces (LONI), School of Natural and Applied Sciences , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , Shanxi 710072 , P. R. China
| | - Chun-Lin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , P. R. China
| | - Pengrong An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Joint Lab of Nanofluidics and Interfaces (LONI), School of Natural and Applied Sciences , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , Shanxi 710072 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , National Center for NanoScience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Ruihua Dong
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , National Center for NanoScience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Jinghong Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Joint Lab of Nanofluidics and Interfaces (LONI), School of Natural and Applied Sciences , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , Shanxi 710072 , P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Joint Lab of Nanofluidics and Interfaces (LONI), School of Natural and Applied Sciences , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , Shanxi 710072 , P. R. China
| | - Yanbo Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Joint Lab of Nanofluidics and Interfaces (LONI), School of Natural and Applied Sciences , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , Shanxi 710072 , P. R. China
| | - Chuanguang Qin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Joint Lab of Nanofluidics and Interfaces (LONI), School of Natural and Applied Sciences , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , Shanxi 710072 , P. R. China
| | - Wenfu Zheng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , National Center for NanoScience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Southern University of Science and Technology , No. 1088 Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , P. R. China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , National Center for NanoScience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
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Kang H, Jung W, Yeo WS. Facile Preparation of Functional Group Gradient Surfaces by Desorption and Re
-Adsorption of Alkanethiols on Gold. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunook Kang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 South Korea
| | - Woong Jung
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Kyung Hee University Hospital at Kangdong; Seoul 05278 South Korea
| | - Woon-Seok Yeo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 South Korea
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Wang T, Handschuh-Wang S, Huang L, Zhang L, Jiang X, Kong T, Zhang W, Lee CS, Zhou X, Tang Y. Controlling Directional Liquid Motion on Micro- and Nanocrystalline Diamond/β-SiC Composite Gradient Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:1419-1428. [PMID: 29251943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this Article, we report the synthesis of micro- and nanocrystalline diamond/β-SiC composite gradient films, using a hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) technique and its application as a robust and chemically inert means to actuate water and hazardous liquids. As revealed by scanning electron microscopy, the composition of the surface changed gradually from pure nanocrystalline diamond (hydrophobic) to a nanocrystalline β-SiC surface (hydrophilic). Transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were employed to determine the presence of diamond, graphite, and β-SiC phases. The as-prepared gradient films were evaluated for their ability to actuate water. Indeed, water was transported via the gradient from the hydrophobic (hydrogen-terminated diamond) to the hydrophilic side (hydroxyl-terminated β-SiC) of the gradient surface. The driving distance and velocity of water is pivotally influenced by the surface roughness. The nanogradient surface showed significant promise as the lower roughness combined with the longer gradient yields in transport distances of up to 3.7 mm, with a maximum droplet velocity of nearly 250 mm/s measured by a high-speed camera. As diamond and β-SiC are chemically inert, the gradient surfaces can be used to drive hazardous liquids and reactive mixtures, which was signified by the actuation of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution. We envision that the diamond/β-SiC gradient surface has high potential as an actuator for water transport in microfluidic devices, DNA sensors, and implants, which induce guided cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Huang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621907, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen , Paul-Bonatz-Straße 9-11, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Tiantian Kong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Sing Lee
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbing Tang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
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Sharma A, Bhattarai JK, Nigudkar SS, Pistorio SG, Demchenko AV, Stine KJ. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study of carbohydrate-terminated alkanethiol monolayers on nanoporous gold: Implications for pore wetting. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016; 782:174-181. [PMID: 28413373 PMCID: PMC5388453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is used to compare the apparent electron transfer rate constant (kapp) for a series of alkanethiol and of carbohydrate-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on both flat gold and on nanoporous gold (np-Au). Using the surface area for np-Au determined by oxide stripping, the values of kapp for the alkanethiol modified np-Au are initially over two orders of magnitude smaller than the values found on flat Au. This result provides evidence that the diffusing redox probe Fe(CN)63-/4- only accesses a fraction of the np-Au surface after alkanethiol modification suggesting very limited wetting of the internal pores due to the hydrophobic nature of these surfaces. In contrast, for np-Au modified by carbohydrate-terminated (mannose or galactose) alkanethiols the values of kapp are about 10-40 fold smaller than on flat gold, suggesting more extensive access of the diffusing redox probe within the pores and better but still incomplete wetting, a result also found for modification of np-Au with mercaptododecanoic acid. A short chain PEG thiol derivative is found to result in a comparison of kapp values that suggests nearly complete wetting of the internal pores for this highly hydrophilic derivative. These results are of significance for the potential applications of SAM modified np-Au in electrochemical sensors, especially for those based on carbohydrate-protein recognition, or those of np-Au modified by SAMs with polar terminal groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeera Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121
| | - Jay K Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121
| | - Swati S Nigudkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121
| | - Salvatore G Pistorio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121
| | - Keith J Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121
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Dallavalle M, Lugli F, Rapino S, Zerbetto F. "Active" drops as phantom models for living cells: a mesoscopic particle-based approach. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:3538-3544. [PMID: 26890581 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02686e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Drops and biological cells share some morphological features and visco-elastic properties. The modelling of drops by mesoscopic non-atomistic models has been carried out to a high degree of success in recent years. We extend such treatment and discuss a simple, drop-like model to describe the interactions of the outer layer of cells with the surfaces of materials. Cells are treated as active mechanical objects that are able to generate adhesion forces. They appear with their true size and are made of "parcels of fluids" or beads. The beads are described by (very) few quantities/parameters related to fundamental chemical forces such as hydrophilicity and lipophilicity that represent an average of the properties of a patch of material or an area of the cell(s) surface. The investigation of adhesion dynamics, motion of individual cells, and the collective behavior of clusters of cells on materials is possible. In the simulations, the drops become active soft matter objects and different from regular droplets they do not fuse when in contact, their trajectories are not Brownian, and they can be forced "to secrete" molecules, to name some of the properties targeted by the modeling. The behavior that emerges from the simulations allows ascribing some cell properties to their mechanics, which are related to their biological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Dallavalle
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, V. F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italia.
| | - Francesca Lugli
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, V. F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italia.
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, V. F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italia.
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, V. F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italia.
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Chemisorption Threshold of Thiol-based Monolayer on Copper: Effect of Electric Potential and Elevated Temperature. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kim S, Nam J, Yeo WS. A Method for Generation and Characterization of Orthogonal Three-Component Gradient Surfaces. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Jungchan Nam
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Woon-Seok Yeo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
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Dewoolkar VC, Kannan B, Ashraf KM, Higgins DA, Collinson MM. Amine-phenyl multi-component gradient stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1410:190-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Stolar RB, Guerra E, Shepherd JL. The influence of thiolate readsorption on the quality of mixed monolayers formed through an electrochemcial method. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:2157-2166. [PMID: 25625688 DOI: 10.1021/la5046767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lateral Force Microscopy (LFM) was used to probe the quality of binary mixed monolayers formed on planar polycrystalline gold through an electrochemical method. In the approach, portions of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) composed of 2-aminoethanethiol (AET) were removed from the Au(111) surface facets by selective reductive desorption which maintained undisrupted regions of AET elsewhere on the polycrystalline surface. Monolayer voids created by this method were backfilled with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) and the interface characterized with ex situ LFM. This produced images with domains of high and low friction corresponding to isolated zones of MUA and AET respectively. Reverse sequence mixed monolayers were also prepared with MUA as the starting layer and rendered LFM images that mirrored the AET based layers. This demonstrates flexibility of the electrochemical method to produce heterogeneous binary SAMs, and to further probe the quality of mixed monolayers, a number of experimental conditions including desorption time, electrode configuration, and initial incubation period were studied. AET/MUA layers that produced the most enhanced LFM images were formed on a planar electrode that was vertically submerged into the electrolyte while maintaining a selective desorption potential for 5 min before backfilling with MUA. This condition allowed for the effective diffusion of AET away from the interface and created well-defined monolayer voids for backfilling. At desorption times lower than 1 min, some of the AET molecules that remained near the interface would readsorb onto the surface and interfere with the backfilling process thereby creating lower contrast LFM images. Structural features of these layers were independent of initial incubation time (10 min and 16 h); however, the contrast between domains was improved when using AET layers formed over a longer incubation period. Interestingly, the contrast was significantly reduced when mixed layers were created on electrodes set in a hanging meniscus with the electrolyte. Here, electrochemical evidence pointed to prolonged readsorption of thiolates creating less well-defined voids for backfilling, and the event was most pronounced for MUA based layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rylan B Stolar
- Chemistry & Biochemistry Department, Laurentian University , Sudbury, ON, Canada , P3E 2C6
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