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Fathieh S, Grieve SM, Negishi K, Figtree GA. Potential Biological Mediators of Myocardial and Vascular Complications of Air Pollution-A State-of-the-Art Review. Heart Lung Circ 2023; 32:26-42. [PMID: 36585310 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2022.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution is recognised globally as a significant contributor to the burden of cardiovascular diseases. The evidence from both human and animal studies supporting the cardiovascular impact of exposure to air pollution has grown substantially, implicating numerous pathophysiological pathways and related signalling mediators. In this review, we summarise the list of activated mediators for each pathway that lead to myocardial and vascular injury in response to air pollutants. We performed a systematic search of multiple databases, including articles between 1990 and Jan 2022, summarising the evidence for activated pathways in response to each significant air pollutant. Particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) was the most studied pollutant, followed by particulate matter between 2.5 μm-10 μm (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3). Key pathogenic pathways that emerged included activation of systemic and local inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and autonomic dysfunction. We looked at how potential mediators of each of these pathways were linked to both cardiovascular disease and air pollution and included the overlapping mediators. This review illustrates the complex relationship between air pollution and cardiovascular diseases, and discusses challenges in moving beyond associations, towards understanding causal contributions of specific pathways and markers that may inform us regarding an individual's exposure, response, and likely risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Fathieh
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart M Grieve
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kazuaki Negishi
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan; Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre Nepean, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gemma A Figtree
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Meldrum K, Moura JA, Doak SH, Clift MJD. Dynamic Fluid Flow Exacerbates the (Pro-)Inflammatory Effects of Aerosolised Engineered Nanomaterials In Vitro. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193431. [PMID: 36234557 PMCID: PMC9565225 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The majority of in vitro studies focusing upon particle-lung cell interactions use static models at an air-liquid interface (ALI). Advancing the physiological characteristics of such systems allows for closer resemblance of the human lung, in turn promoting 3R strategies. PATROLS (EU Horizon 2020 No. 760813) aimed to use a well-characterised in vitro model of the human alveolar epithelial barrier to determine how fluid-flow dynamics would impact the outputs of the model following particle exposure. Using the QuasiVivoTM (Kirkstall Ltd., York, UK) system, fluid-flow conditions were applied to an A549 + dTHP-1 cell co-culture model cultured at the ALI. DQ12 and TiO2 (JRCNM01005a) were used as model particles to assess the in vitro systems' sensitivity. Using a quasi- and aerosol (VitroCell Cloud12, VitroCell Systems, Waldkirch, Germany) exposure approach, cell cultures were exposed over 24 h at IVIVE concentrations of 1 and 10 (DQ12) and 1.4 and 10.4 (TiO2) µg/cm2, respectively. We compared static and fluid flow conditions after both these exposure methods. The co-culture was subsequently assessed for its viability, membrane integrity and (pro-)inflammatory response (IL-8 and IL-6 production). The results suggested that the addition of fluid flow to this alveolar co-culture model can influence the viability, membrane integrity and inflammatory responses dependent on the particle type and exposure.
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The Composition and Origin of PM1-2 Microspheres in High-Calcium Fly Ash from Pulverized Lignite Combustion. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15155551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the results of a systematic study on the composition and origin of PM1-2 microspheres in high-calcium fly ash. The composition of individual microspheres was studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It is shown that the compositions of the analyzed microspheres satisfy the general dependency with a high correlation coefficient: [SiO2 + Al2O3] = 88.80 − 1.02 [CaO + Fe2O3 + MgO], r = −0.97. The formation pathway is parallel to the general trend: anorthite, gehlenite, esseneite, tricalcium aluminate, ferrigehlenite, and brownmillerite. The microspheres were classified into four groups depending on the content of major components: Group 1 (CaO > 40, SiO2 + Al2O3 ≤ 35, Fe2O3 < 23, MgO < 16 wt %); Group 2 (30 < CaO < 40, SiO2 + Al2O3 ≤ 40, Fe2O3 < 27, MgO < 21 wt %); Group 3 (CaO ≤ 30, 40 ≤ SiO2 + Al2O3 ≤ 75, Fe2O3 < 10, MgO < 10 wt %); and Group 4 (14 < CaO < 40, SiO2 + Al2O3 < 14, Fe2O3 > 30, MgO ≤ 14 wt %). A comparative analysis of the relationship between major component concentrations suggests the routes of PM1-2 formation from feldspars and Ca–, Mg–, and Fe–humate complexes during lignite combustion.
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Meldrum K, Evans SJ, Vogel U, Tran L, Doak SH, Clift MJD. The influence of exposure approaches to in vitro lung epithelial barrier models to assess engineered nanomaterial hazard. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:114-134. [PMID: 35343373 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2051627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENM) poses a potential health risk to humans through long-term, repetitive low-dose exposures. Currently, this is not commonplace within in vitro lung cell cultures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to consider the optimal exposure approach toward determining the stability, sensitivity and validity of using in vitro lung cell mono- and co-cultures to determine ENM hazard. A range of exposure scenarios were conducted with DQ12 (previously established as a positive particle control) (historic and re-activated), TiO2 (JRC NM-105) and BaSO4 (JRC NM-220) on both monocultures of A549 cells as well as co-cultures of A549 cells and differentiated THP-1 cells. Cell cultures were exposed to either a single, or a repeated exposure over 24, 48- or 72-hours at in vivo extrapolated concentrations of 0-5.2 µg/cm2, 0-6 µg/cm2 and 0-1µg/cm2. The focus of this study was the pro-inflammatory, cytotoxic and genotoxic response elicited by these ENMs. Exposure to DQ12 caused pro-inflammatory responses after 48 hours repeat exposures, as well as increases in micronucleus frequency. Neither TiO2 nor BaSO4 elicited a pro-inflammatory response at this time point. However, there was induction of IL-6 after 24 hours TiO2 exposure. In conclusion, it is important to consider the appropriateness of the positive control implemented, the cell culture model, the time of exposure as well as the type of exposure (bolus or fractionated) before establishing if an in vitro model is appropriate to determine the level of response to the specific ENM of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Meldrum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Ulla Vogel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Tirado-Ballestas IP, Alvarez-Ortega N, Maldonado-Rojas W, Olivero-Verbel J, Caballero-Gallardo K. Oxidative stress and alterations in the expression of genes related to inflammation, DNA damage, and metal exposure in lung cells exposed to a hydroethanolic coal dust extract. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4861-4871. [PMID: 35334019 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Open cast mining is well known as a concerning source of environmental and public health problems. This work aimed to obtain a hydroethanolic coal dust extract (≤ 38 µm) and to characterize its composition with particular regard to content of organic compounds by GC/MS, as well as describe its toxicity in vitro on Calu-1 after exposure to several concentrations (0-500 μg/mL). MATERIALS AND RESULTS Cytotoxicity was measured with MTT assay and DCFH-DA probe was employed to estimate the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Calu-1 cells. RT-PCR was employed to quantify relative expression of genes associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, as well as metals, and lipid metabolism. Seventeen organic compounds were identified in the extract, highlighting undecane, dodecane, pentadecane and benzo[a]anthracene, 6,12-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-. Cytotoxicity test showed a decrease trend in the cell viability after 24 h hours from the concentration of 62.5 µg/mL. Further, the extract raised intracellular ROS when compared with control. Expression levels of CYP1A1, IL-8, IL-6, MT1X, and NQO1 were up-regulated when cells were exposed to 125 µg/mL of coal dust, whereas PPAR-α was down-regulated, likely involving aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulation. CONCLUSIONS In short, this study shows that despite hydroethanolic coal dust extract is not cytotoxic to Calu-1 cells, it produces an elevation of intracellular ROS and alters the expression in marker genes of oxidative stress, inflammation, metal transport, xenobiotic and lipid metabolism. These findings suggest that chemicals present in coal dust are biologically active and may interfere key biochemical process in the living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Tirado-Ballestas
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla Campus, 130014, Cartagena, Colombia.,Functional Toxicology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla Campus, 130014, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - N Alvarez-Ortega
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla Campus, 130014, Cartagena, Colombia.,Functional Toxicology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla Campus, 130014, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - W Maldonado-Rojas
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla Campus, 130014, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - J Olivero-Verbel
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla Campus, 130014, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - K Caballero-Gallardo
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla Campus, 130014, Cartagena, Colombia. .,Functional Toxicology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla Campus, 130014, Cartagena, Colombia.
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Saba E, Lee YS, Yang WK, Lee YY, Kim M, Woo SM, Kim K, Kwon YS, Kim TH, Kwak D, Park YC, Shin HJ, Han CK, Oh JW, Lee YC, Kang HS, Rhee MH, Kim SH. Effects of a herbal formulation, KGC3P, and its individual component, nepetin, on coal fly dust-induced airway inflammation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14036. [PMID: 32820197 PMCID: PMC7441173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coal fly dust (CFD)-induced asthma model is used as an ambient particulate matter model of serious pulmonary damage. We aimed to evaluate the effects of a combination of ginseng and Salvia plebeia R. Br extract (KGC-03-PS; KG3P) and its individual components (hispidulin, nepetin and rosmarinic acid) in a CFD-induced mouse model of airway inflammation (asthma). We also evaluated signal transduction by KG3P and its individual components in the alveolar macrophage cell line, MH-S cells. In vitro, KG3P and its individual components inhibited nitric oxide production and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines (iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) through the NF-κB and MAPK pathways in coal fly ash (CFA)-induced inflammation in MH-S cells. Moreover, in the CFD-induced asthma model in mice, KG3P and its predominant individual component, nepetin, inhibited Asymmetric Dimethyl arginine (ADMA) and Symmetric Dimethyl arginine (SDMA) in serum, and decreased the histopathologic score in the lungs. A significant reduction in the neutrophils and immune cells in BALF and lung tissue was demonstrated, with significant reduction in the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, IRAK-1 localization was also potently inhibited by KG3P and nepetin. Thus, KG3P extract can be considered as a potent candidate for amelioration of airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Saba
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sil Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Dajeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Yang
- Division of Respiratory Systems, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon, 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuan Yee Lee
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - MinKi Kim
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Woo
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - KilSoo Kim
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sam Kwon
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Chun Park
- Division of Respiratory Systems, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Jae Shin
- KT&G Research Institute, Daejeon, 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Kyun Han
- KGC Research Institute, Daejeon, 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Cheol Lee
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, 83 Sangjidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Hyung Kim
- Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon, 34520, Republic of Korea.
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George S, Chua ML, ZheWei DZ, Das R, Bijin VA, Connolly JE, Lee KP, Yung CF, Teoh OH, Thomas B. Personal level exposure and hazard potential of particulate matter during haze and non-haze periods in Singapore. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125401. [PMID: 31995870 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Severe haze episodes originating from biomass burning are common in Southeast Asia. However, there is a paucity of data on the personal exposure and characteristics of Particulate Matter (PM) present in ambient air during haze and non-haze periods. Aims of this study were to monitor 24 h ambulatory exposure to PM among school children in Singapore; characterize haze and non-haze PM for their physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity and inflammatory potential, using bronchial epithelial cell culture model (BEAS-2B). Forty-six children had ambulatory PM exposure monitored using portable Aethalometer and their hourly activity recorded. The mean (±SE) PM exposure on a typical school day was 3343 (±174.4) ng/m3/min. Higher PM exposure was observed during haze periods and during commuting to and from the school. Characterization of PM collected showed a drastic increase in the proportion of ultrafine particle (UFP) in haze PM. These PM fraction showed higher level of sulphur, potassium and trace metals in comparison to those collected during non-haze periods. Dose dependent increases in abiotic reactive oxygen species generation, activation of NF-κB and cytotoxicity were observed for both haze and non-haze PM. Generally, haze PM induced significantly higher release of IL-6, IL-8 and TNFα by BEAS-2B cells in comparison to non-haze PM. In summary, this study provides experimental evidence for higher PM exposure during haze period which has the potential to elicit oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine release from airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saji George
- Centre for Sustainable Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Nanyang Polytechnic, 569830, Singapore; Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X3V9, Canada.
| | - Mei Ling Chua
- Centre for Sustainable Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Nanyang Polytechnic, 569830, Singapore
| | | | - Reshmi Das
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore; School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University 700032, India
| | | | | | - Khai Pin Lee
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899, Singapore
| | - Chee Fu Yung
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899, Singapore
| | - Oon Hoe Teoh
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Biju Thomas
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Tomašek I, Damby DE, Horwell CJ, Ayris PM, Delmelle P, Ottley CJ, Cubillas P, Casas AS, Bisig C, Petri-Fink A, Dingwell DB, Clift MJD, Drasler B, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Assessment of the potential for in-plume sulphur dioxide gas-ash interactions to influence the respiratory toxicity of volcanic ash. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 179:108798. [PMID: 31629947 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volcanic plumes are complex environments composed of gases and ash particles, where chemical and physical processes occur at different temperature and compositional regimes. Commonly, soluble sulphate- and chloride-bearing salts are formed on ash as gases interact with ash surfaces. Exposure to respirable volcanic ash following an eruption is potentially a significant health concern. The impact of such gas-ash interactions on ash toxicity is wholly un-investigated. Here, we study, for the first time, whether the interaction of volcanic particles with sulphur dioxide (SO2) gas, and the resulting presence of sulphate salt deposits on particle surfaces, influences toxicity to the respiratory system, using an advanced in vitro approach. METHODS To emplace surface sulphate salts on particles, via replication of the physicochemical reactions that occur between pristine ash surfaces and volcanic gas, analogue substrates (powdered synthetic volcanic glass and natural pumice) were exposed to SO2 at 500 °C, in a novel Advanced Gas-Ash Reactor, resulting in salt-laden particles. The solubility of surface salt deposits was then assessed by leaching in water and geochemical modelling. A human multicellular lung model was exposed to aerosolised salt-laden and pristine (salt-free) particles, and incubated for 24 h. Cell cultures were subsequently assessed for biological endpoints, including cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase release), oxidative stress (oxidative stress-related gene expression; heme oxygenase 1 and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1) and its (pro-)inflammatory response (tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin 8 and interleukin 1β at gene and protein levels). RESULTS In the lung cell model no significant effects were observed between the pristine and SO2-exposed particles, indicating that the surface salt deposits, and the underlying alterations to the substrate, do not cause acute adverse effects in vitro. Based on the leachate data, the majority of the sulphate salts from the ash surfaces are likely to dissolve in the lungs prior to cellular uptake. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study indicate that interaction of volcanic ash with SO2 during ash generation and transport does not significantly affect the respiratory toxicity of volcanic ash in vitro. Therefore, sulphate salts are unlikely a dominant factor controlling variability in in vitro toxicity assessments observed during previous eruption response efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Tomašek
- Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Science Labs, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - David E Damby
- Volcano Science Center, United States Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California, 94025, United States
| | - Claire J Horwell
- Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Science Labs, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M Ayris
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Section for Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 41, D-80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Pierre Delmelle
- Earth & Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix Du Sud 2, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Christopher J Ottley
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Science Labs, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Cubillas
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Science Labs, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ana S Casas
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Section for Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 41, D-80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Bisig
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland; Chemistry Department, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Musee, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Donald B Dingwell
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Section for Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 41, D-80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin J D Clift
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Drasler
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Liati A, Schreiber D, Arroyo Rojas Dasilva Y, Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler P. Ultrafine particle emissions from modern Gasoline and Diesel vehicles: An electron microscopic perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:661-669. [PMID: 29709837 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine (<100 nm) particles related to traffic are of high environmental and human health concern, as they are supposed to be more toxic than larger particles. In the present study transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is applied to obtain a concrete picture on the nature, morphology and chemical composition of non-volatile ultrafine particles in the exhaust of state-of-the-art, Euro 6b, Gasoline and Diesel vehicles. The particles were collected directly on TEM grids, at the tailpipe, downstream of the after-treatment system, during the entire duration of typical driving cycles on the chassis dynamometer. Based on TEM imaging coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, numerous ultrafine particles could be identified, imaged and analyzed chemically. Particles <10 nm were rarely detected. The ultrafine particles can be distinguished into the following types: soot, ash-bearing soot and ash. Ash consists of Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Fe, S, and minor Sn compounds. Most elements originate from lubricating oil additives; Sn and at least part of Fe are products of engine wear; minor W ± Si-bearing nearly spherical particles in Diesel exhaust derive from catalytic coating material. Ultrafine ash particles predominate over ultrafine soot or are nearly equal in amount, in contrast to emissions of larger sizes where soot is by far the prevalent particle type. This is probably due to the low ash amount per volume fraction in the total emissions, which does not favor formation of large ash agglomerates, opposite to soot, which is abundant and thus easily forms agglomerates of sizes larger than those of the ultrafine range. No significant differences of ultrafine particle characteristics were identified among the tested Gasoline and Diesel vehicles and driving cycles. The present TEM study gives information also on the imaging and chemical composition of the solid fraction of the unregulated sub-23 nm size category particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Liati
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Schreiber
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Yadira Arroyo Rojas Dasilva
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Electron Microscopy Center, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Panayotis Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Hao Y, Zhang G, Han B, Xu X, Feng N, Li Y, Wang W, Kan H, Bai Z, Zhu Y, Au W, Xia ZL. Prospective evaluation of respiratory health benefits from reduced exposure to airborne particulate matter. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2017; 27:126-135. [PMID: 28245677 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2017.1292497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate if short-term exposure to reduced particulate matter (PM) air pollution would affect respiratory function in healthy adults. We followed a cohort of 42 healthy participants from a community afflicted with severe PM air pollution to a substantially less polluted area for nine days. We measured daily airborne PM [with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and 10 μm (PM10)] and PM2.5 carbon component concentrations. Five repeated respiratory function measurements and fractional exhaled nitric oxide test were made for each participant. Associations between respiratory health and PM exposure were assessed using linear mixed models. Each 10 μg/m3 decrease in same-day PM2.5 was associated with small but consistent increase in the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) (9.00 mL) and forced vital capacity (14.35 mL). Our observations indicate that respiratory health benefits can be achieved even after a short-term reduction of exposure to PM. Our results provide strong evidence for more rigorous air pollution controls for the health benefit of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Hao
- a Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- a Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Bin Han
- b State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment , Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- a Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Nannan Feng
- a Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yong Li
- a Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Wei Wang
- c Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , College of Public Health, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Haidong Kan
- a Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- b State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment , Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yiliang Zhu
- c Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , College of Public Health, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - William Au
- d Department of Environmental Toxicology , Preventive Medicine and MPH Education Center, Shantou University Medical College , Shantou , China
| | - Zhao-Lin Xia
- a Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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11
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Brenner AK, Tvedt THA, Nepstad I, Rye KP, Hagen KM, Reikvam H, Bruserud Ø. Patients with acute myeloid leukemia can be subclassified based on the constitutive cytokine release of the leukemic cells; the possible clinical relevance and the importance of cellular iron metabolism. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:357-369. [PMID: 28281897 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1300255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous malignancy; we studied how the constitutive cytokine release by the AML cells varies among patients. METHODS We investigated the constitutive release of 28 mediators during in vitro culture for 79 consecutive patients. RESULTS Constitutive cytokine release profiles differed among patients, and hierarchical clustering identified three subsets with high, intermediate and low release, respectively. The high-release subset showed high levels of most mediators, usually monocytic differentiation as well as altered mRNA expression of proteins involved in intracellular iron homeostasis and molecular trafficking; this subset also included 4 out of 6 patients with inv(16). Spontaneous in vitro apoptosis did not differ among the subsets. For the high-release patients, cytokines were released both by CD34+ and CD34- cells. The mRNA and released protein levels showed statistically significant correlations only for eleven of the cytokines. The overall survival after intensive anti-leukemic therapy was significantly higher for high-release compared with low-release patients. Pharmacological targeting of iron metabolism (iron chelation, transferrin receptor blocking) altered the cytokine release profile. CONCLUSIONS Subclassification of AML patients based on the constitutive cytokine release may be clinically relevant and a part of a low-risk (i.e. chemosensitive) AML cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette K Brenner
- a Section for Haematology, Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | | | - Ina Nepstad
- a Section for Haematology, Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Kristin P Rye
- a Section for Haematology, Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Karen M Hagen
- a Section for Haematology, Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- a Section for Haematology, Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- a Section for Haematology, Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
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12
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Olloquequi J, Silva O R. Biomass smoke as a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effects on innate immunity. Innate Immun 2016; 22:373-81. [PMID: 27226464 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916650272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, is considered an archetypical disease of innate immunity, where inhaled particles and gases trigger an inflammatory response, favoring tissue proliferation in small airways and tissue destruction in lung parenchyma, in addition to the recruitment of immune cells to these compartments. Although cigarette smoking is still considered the main risk factor for developing COPD, the trend of proposing biomass smoke (BS) exposure as a principal risk factor is gaining importance, as around 3 billion people worldwide are exposed to this pollutant daily. A considerable amount of evidence has shown the potential of BS as an enhancer of lung inflammation. However, an impairment of some innate immune responses after BS exposure has also been described. Regarding the mechanisms by which biomass smoke alters the innate immune responses, three main classes of cell surface receptors-the TLRs, the scavenger receptors and the transient receptor potential channels-have shown the ability to transduce signals initiated after BS exposure. This article is an updated and comprehensive review of the immunomodulatory effects described after the interaction of BS components with these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Olloquequi
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Rafael Silva O
- Unidad de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Regional de Talca, Región del Maule, Chile
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13
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Clifford HD, Perks KL, Zosky GR. Geogenic PM₁₀ exposure exacerbates responses to influenza infection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 533:275-282. [PMID: 26172594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) exposure has been linked epidemiologically to exacerbations of lung disease, including respiratory infections. We investigated the effects of geogenic (earth-derived) PM10 (PM<10 μm diameter) on the response to a respiratory viral infection. Geogenic dust was sampled from four communities in arid environments in Western Australia. Adult female BALB/c mice were intranasally exposed to chronic doses of PM10 (10 μg/day for 10 days), and/or infected with influenza (A/Mem/1/71) virus. Inflammation (cells, IL-6, IFN-γ) was measured in bronchoalveolar lavage. Lung mechanics were measured using the forced oscillation technique. Geogenic PM10 induced lung inflammation (neutrophils, macrophages) with additive effects in mice also infected with influenza. PM10 also modified the influenza-induced IL-6 and IFN-γ responses. Geogenic PM10 increased airway resistance, and increased hysteresivity in those exposed to both insults. Viral titres were significantly higher after PM10 exposure. Iron concentration was inversely associated with IFN-γ and positively associated with viral titre and hysteresivity. Geogenic PM10 exposure increases inflammation, impairs lung function and increases viral load, exacerbating the response to respiratory viral infection. Iron in the particles may be a driver of these responses. This has important implications for respiratory health in communities exposed to high geogenic PM10, such as those in arid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly D Clifford
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Kara L Perks
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Graeme R Zosky
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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14
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Silva R, Oyarzún M, Olloquequi J. Pathogenic Mechanisms in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Due to Biomass Smoke Exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arbr.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Chemical characterization of outdoor and subway fine (PM(2.5-1.0)) and coarse (PM(10-2.5)) particulate matter in Seoul (Korea) by computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:2090-104. [PMID: 25689348 PMCID: PMC4344713 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120202090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor and indoor (subway) samples were collected by passive sampling in urban Seoul (Korea) and analyzed with computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (CCSEM-EDX). Soil/road dust particles accounted for 42%–60% (by weight) of fine particulate matter larger than 1 µm (PM2.5–1.0) in outdoor samples and 18% of PM2.5–1.0 in subway samples. Iron-containing particles accounted for only 3%–6% in outdoor samples but 69% in subway samples. Qualitatively similar results were found for coarse particulate matter (PM10–2.5) with soil/road dust particles dominating outdoor samples (66%–83%) and iron-containing particles contributing most to subway PM10–2.5 (44%). As expected, soil/road dust particles comprised a greater mass fraction of PM10–2.5 than PM2.5–1.0. Also as expected, the mass fraction of iron-containing particles was substantially less in PM10–2.5 than in PM2.5–1.0. Results of this study are consistent with known emission sources in the area and with previous studies, which showed high concentrations of iron-containing particles in the subway compared to outdoor sites. Thus, passive sampling with CCSEM-EDX offers an inexpensive means to assess PM2.5–1.0 and PM10-2.5 simultaneously and by composition at multiple locations.
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16
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Totlandsdal AI, Låg M, Lilleaas E, Cassee F, Schwarze P. Differential proinflammatory responses induced by diesel exhaust particles with contrasting PAH and metal content. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:188-96. [PMID: 23900936 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to diesel engine exhaust particles (DEPs), representing a complex and variable mixture of components, has been linked with cellular production and release of several types of mediators related to pulmonary inflammation. A key challenge is to identify the specific components, which may be responsible for these effects. The aim of this study was to compare the proinflammatory potential of two DEP-samples with contrasting contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals. The DEP-samples were compared with respect to their ability to induce cytotoxicity, expression and release of proinflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-8), activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and expression of CYP1A1 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells. In addition, dithiothreitol and ascorbic acid assays were performed in order to examine the oxidative potential of the PM samples. The DEP-sample with the highest PAH and lowest metal content was more potent with respect to cytotoxicity and expression and release of proinflammatory mediators, CYP1A1 and HO-1 expression and MAPK activation, than the DEP-sample with lower PAH and higher metal content. The DEP-sample with the highest PAH and lowest metal content also possessed a greater oxidative potential. The present results indicate that the content of organic components may be determinant for the proinflammatory effects of DEP. The findings underscore the importance of considering the chemical composition of particulate matter-emissions, when evaluating the potential health impact and implementation of air pollution regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annike I Totlandsdal
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Silva R, Oyarzún M, Olloquequi J. Pathogenic mechanisms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to biomass smoke exposure. Arch Bronconeumol 2015; 51:285-92. [PMID: 25614376 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality and morbidity have increased significantly worldwide in recent decades. Although cigarette smoke is still considered the main risk factor for the development of the disease, estimates suggest that between 25% and 33% of COPD patients are non-smokers. Among the factors that may increase the risk of developing COPD, biomass smoke has been proposed as one of the most important, affecting especially women and children in developing countries. Despite the epidemiological evidence linking exposure to biomass smoke with adverse health effects, the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms by which this pollutant can be harmful for the respiratory and cardiovascular systems remain unclear. In this article we review the main pathogenic mechanisms proposed to date that make biomass smoke one of the major risk factors for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Manuel Oyarzún
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jordi Olloquequi
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile.
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18
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Xiong Q, Ru Q, Chen L, Yue K, Tian X, Ma B, Liu L, Wu R, Xu C, Pi M, Li C. Combined effects of fine particulate matter and lipopolysaccharide on apoptotic responses in NR8383 macrophages. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:443-452. [PMID: 25785558 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.993490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) are the predominant lung cells responsible for both ingestion and clearance of inhaled particulate matter (PM). The aims of this study were (1) to examine effects of fine PM on rat NR8383 cell line apoptosis, and (2) to determine whether NR8383 cell functions are further affected when exposed to fine PM in the presence of inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Standard Reference Material 2786 (SRM 2786) for fine PM was used to measure the following parameters: cytotoxicity, apoptotic rate, Bax/Bcl-2 expression, nitric oxide (NO) production, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in NR8383 cells. Data showed that SRM 2786 alone induced damage and apoptosis in NR8383 cells in a concentration-dependent manner as demonstrated by significant decrease in expression of Bcl-2 and increase in expression of Bax, suggesting fine PM might trigger apoptosis involving a mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway. In addition, there was elevated production of free radicals, such as NO and ROS, suggesting oxidative stress plays a role in the observed apoptotic responses. Further, LPS pretreatment enhanced apoptosis of NR8383 cells induced by SRM 2786. Consequently, data indicate that SRM 2786 triggered cell apoptosis in NR8383 cells, probably by mechanisms involving oxidative stress, as evidenced by elevated NO and ROS levels, while the degree of apoptosis was further aggravated by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiong
- a Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Jianghan University , Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone , Wuhan , P. R. China
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Gray DL, Wallace LA, Brinkman MC, Buehler SS, La Londe C. Respiratory and cardiovascular effects of metals in ambient particulate matter: a critical review. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 234:135-203. [PMID: 25385514 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10638-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we critically evaluated the epidemiological and toxicological evidence for the role of specific transition metals (As. Cr. Cu. Fe. Mn. Ni. Sc. Ti. V and Zn) in causing or contributing to the respiratory and cardiovascular health effects associated with ambient PM. Although the epidemiologic studies arc suggestive. and both the in vivo and in vitro laboratory studies document the toxicity of specific metals (Fe. Ni. V and Zn). the overall weight of evidence does not convincingly implicate metals as major contributors to health effects. None of the epidemiology studies that we reviewed conclusively implicated specific transition metals as having caused the respiratory and cardiovascular effects associated with ambient levels of PM. However, the studies reviewed tended to be internal ly consistent in identifying some metals (Fe, Ni, V and Zn) more frequently than others (As, Cu, Mn and Sc) as having positive associations wi th health effects. The major problem wi th which the epidemiological studies were faced was classifying and quantifying exposure. Community and population exposures to metals or other components of ambient PM were inferred from centrally- located samplers that may not accurately represent individual level exposures. Only a few authors reported findings that did not support the stated premise of the study; indeed, statistic ally significant associations are not necessarily biologically significant. It is likely that ·'negative studies" are under-represented in the published literature, making it a challenge to achieve a balanced evaluation of the role of metals in causing health effects associated with ambient PM. Both the in vivo and in vitro study results demonstrated that individual metals (Cu. Fe. Ni. V and Zn) and extracts of metals from ambient PM sources can produce acute inflammatory responses. However. the doses administered to laboratory animals were many orders of magnitude greater than what humans experience from breathing ambient air. The studies that used intratracheal instillation have the advantage of delivering a known dose to a specific anatomical location. but arc not analogous to an inhaled dose that is distributed over the surface area of the respiratory tract. Studies. in which laboratory animals or human volunteers inhaled CAPs best represent exposures to the general human population. The in vivo and in vitro studies reviewed provide indications that the probable mechanisms involved in the respiratory and cardiac effects from high metal exposures include: an inflammatory response mediated by formation of ROS, upregulation of genes coding for inflammatory cytokines, altered expression of genes involved in cell signaling pathways and maintenance of metals homeostasis.The fact that doses of metals many orders of magnitude greater than those existing in ambient air were required to produce measurable adverse effects in animals makes it doubtful that metals play any major role in respiratory and cardiovascular effects produced from human exposure to ambient PM. We suggest that future research priorities should focus on testing at more environmentally relevant exposure levels and that any new toxicological studies be written to include dosages in units that can be easily compared to human exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Gray
- Stantec Consulting Services, Inc., 1500 Lake Shore Drive, Suite 100, Columbus, OH, 43204, USA,
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20
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Durga M, Nathiya S, Rajasekar A, Devasena T. Effects of ultrafine petrol exhaust particles on cytotoxicity, oxidative stress generation, DNA damage and inflammation in human A549 lung cells and murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:518-530. [PMID: 25173103 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has persistently been the major cause of respiratory-related illness and death. Environmental pollutants such as diesel and petrol exhaust particles (PEPs) are the major contributors to urban air pollution. The aim of the present study was to characterize and investigate the in vitro cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, DNA damage and inflammation induced by PEPs. Cultured type II epithelium cells (human A549 lung cells) and alveolar macrophages (murine RAW 264.7 cells) were exposed to control, vehicle control and to different concentrations of PEPs for up to 24h. Each treatment was evaluated by cell viability, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, DNA damage and inflammatory parameters. Overall in vitro studies demonstrated that both cell lines showed similar patterns in response to the above studies induced by petrol exhaust nanoparticles (PENPs). Vehicle control showed no changes compared with the control. In both cell lines, significant changes at the dose of 20 and 50μg/mL (A549 cell lines) and 10and 20μg/mL (macrophages) for PENPs were found. The reactive oxygen species production in both cell lines shot up in minutes, reached the maximum within an hour and came down after 4h. Hence, exposure to PENPs resulted in dose-dependent toxicity in cultured A549 cells and RAW 264.7 cells and was closely correlated to increased oxidative stress, DNA damage and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Durga
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Anna University Chennai, Ac Tech Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soundararajan Nathiya
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Anna University Chennai, Ac Tech Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abbu Rajasekar
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Anna University Chennai, Ac Tech Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thiyagarajan Devasena
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Anna University Chennai, Ac Tech Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Abstract
Numerous studies have reported the association between fine particle matter (PM) and lung diseases. Alveolar macrophages (AM) are the key lung cells with strong capability of eliminating external particle pollutant. Therefore the prevention of AM from apoptosis induced by fine PM is vital for clinical treatment of increased pulmonary diseases. This study aims to investigate the ultrastructural changes in cultured AM induced by fine PM, which can directly reflect the effect of fine PM on AM apoptosis. In addition, Standard Reference Material for fine PM (SRM 2786) was used in current study due to its relative uniform composition. The results in this study suggested that SRM 2786 induced morphology changes in AM in a dose-dependent manner by transmission electron microscope observation, including nuclear fragmentation, chromatin aggregation, increased numbers of lysosomes and so forth. Consequently, this study provides reliable evidence for us to further investigate the apoptotic mechanism of AM induced by fine PM treatment in the future.
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Bourgeois B, Owens JW. The influence of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on the inflammatory cytokine response and protein expression in A549 cells exposed to PM2.5 collected in the Baton Rouge-Port Allen industrial corridor of Southeastern Louisiana in 2005. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24:220-42. [PMID: 24401135 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.881945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hurricanes Katrina and Rita hit the coast of Louisiana in 2005 and killed more than 2000 people. The two storms resulted in a significant spike in particulate matter (PM2.5) levels across the state of Louisiana. This report focuses on PM2.5 samples collected in 2005 from two monitoring sites in the neighboring cities of Baton Rouge and Port Allen, Louisiana. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) revealed the presence of PM2.5-adsorbed representative and Fenton-active transition metals. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses revealed the presence of 23 PAH compounds. Endotoxins were also detected. Metals and endotoxins were extracted with water. PAH were extracted with dichloromethane. In order to assess cytotoxicity, aqueous PM2.5 extracts were introduced to A549 Human Epithelial Lung Carcinoma Cells. Results indicated decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, with an LC50 of 235 µg/ml and 250 µg/ml, respectively, for the two sites featured here. Endotoxins alone were not cytotoxic. The concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and released LDH activity increased following exposure of A549 cells to aqueous PM2.5 extracts. Fluorescence microscopy revealed apoptotic and necrotic cell death mechanisms. ELISA revealed increased secretion of primary pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. Global PCR gene expression revealed up-regulation of proteins associated with the cytokine storm; e.g. interleukins, chemokines, and TNF-α. Global antibody microarray was consistent with an inflammatory response, with up-regulation of cytokines involved in the down-field activation of the caspase cascade and kinase pathways. The up-regulation of metal-redox sensitive transcription factors, NF-κβ and AP-1, is consistent with a cell death mechanism initiated by Fenton-active transition metal redox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bourgeois
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University & A&M College , Baton Rouge, LA , USA
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Michael S, Montag M, Dott W. Pro-inflammatory effects and oxidative stress in lung macrophages and epithelial cells induced by ambient particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 183:19-29. [PMID: 23462618 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the toxicological effects of different source-related ambient PM10 samples in regard to their chemical composition. In this context we investigated airborne PM from different sites in Aachen, Germany. For the toxicological investigation human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) and murine macrophages (RAW264.7) were exposed from 0 to 96 h to increasing PM concentrations (0-100 μg/ml) followed by analyses of cell viability, pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. The chemical analysis of these particles indicated the presence of 21 elements, water-soluble ions and PAHs. The toxicological investigations of the PM10 samples demonstrated a concentration- and time-dependent decrease in cell viability and an increase in pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Michael
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Human Technology Centre, RWTH Aachen University, Theaterplatz 14, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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Mumby S, Ramakrishnan L, Evans TW, Griffiths MJD, Quinlan GJ. Methemoglobin-induced signaling and chemokine responses in human alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 306:L88-100. [PMID: 24142518 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00066.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage is characterized by the presence of red blood cells and free hemoglobin in the alveoli and complicates a number of serious medical and surgical lung conditions including the pulmonary vasculitides and acute respiratory distress syndrome. In this study we investigated the hypothesis that exposure of human alveolar epithelial cells to hemoglobin and its breakdown products regulates chemokine release via iron- and oxidant-mediated activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. Methemoglobin alone stimulated the release of IL-8 and MCP-1 from A549 cells via activation of the NF-κB pathway; additionally, IL-8 required ERK activation and MCP-1 required JNK activation. Neither antioxidants nor iron chelators and knockdown of ferritin heavy and light chains affected these responses, indicating that iron and reactive oxygen species are not involved in the response of alveolar epithelial cells to methemoglobin. Incubation of primary cultures of human alveolar type 2 cells with methemoglobin resulted in a similar pattern of chemokine release and signaling pathway activation. In summary, we have shown for the first time that methemoglobin induced chemokine release from human lung epithelial cells independent of iron- and redox-mediated signaling involving the activation of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Decompartmentalization of hemoglobin may be a significant proinflammatory stimulus in a variety of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Mumby
- Unit of Critical Care, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Sydney St., London SW3 6NP, UK.
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Comparative physicochemical and biological characterization of NIST Interim Reference Material PM2.5 and SRM 1648 in human A549 and mouse RAW264.7 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2289-98. [PMID: 24100107 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The epidemiological association between exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and adverse health effects is well-known. Here we report the size distribution, metals content, endotoxin content, and biological activity of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Interim Reference Material (RM) PM2.5. Biological activity was measured in vitro by effects on cell viability and the release of four inflammatory immune mediators, from human A549 alveolar epithelial cells or murine RAW264.7 monocytes. A dose range covering three orders of magnitude (1-1000μg/mL) was tested, and biological activity was compared to an existing Standard Reference Material (SRM) for urban PM (NIST SRM 1648). Robust release of IL-8 and MCP-1 from A549 cells was observed in response to IRM PM2.5 exposures. Significant TNF-α, but not IL-6, secretion from RAW264.7 cells was observed in response to both IRM PM2.5 and SRM 1648 particle types. Cytokine or chemokine release at high doses often occurred in the presence of cytotoxicity, likely as a result of externalization of preformed mediator. Our results are consistent with a local cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory mechanism of response to exposure to inhaled ambient PM2.5 and reinforce the continued relevance of in vitro assays for mechanistic research in PM toxicology. Our study furthers the goal of developing reference samples of environmentally relevant particulate matter of various sizes that can be used for hypothesis testing by multiple investigators.
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Liberda EN, Chen LC. An evaluation of the toxicological aspects and potential doses from the inhalation of coal combustion products. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2013; 63:671-680. [PMID: 23858993 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2013.777374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews toxicological literature pertaining to coal combustion products (CCPs) inhalation and presents case studies on the inhalation of CCPs from the Kingston Fossil Plant area and from the Colbert Fossil Plant CCP landfill site. While most research regarding coal plant emissions focuses on fly ash, this article takes a holistic approach to examining not only emitted particulate matter such as fly ash, but also the theoretical calculated doses of landfilled CCPs. Furthermore, these doses are compared to in vitro and in vivo studies in order to highlight differences between laboratory-based studies and to emphasize the difficulty in extrapolating effects from inhalation exposures. In both case studies, fugitive emissions from the Kingston ash spill or the Colbert CCP-handling operations did not exceed any national ambient air quality standards or reference concentrations for individual components. Adverse effects such as mild pulmonary inflammation noted in the reviewed literature were in response to doses much higher than would be likely to occur in humans exposed to landfilled CCPs. We conclude that the doses for fugitive emissions calculated herein do not appear to be high enough to elicit a measurable adverse response in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric N Liberda
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Pavagadhi S, Betha R, Venkatesan S, Balasubramanian R, Hande MP. Physicochemical and toxicological characteristics of urban aerosols during a recent Indonesian biomass burning episode. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:2569-2578. [PMID: 22972615 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Air particulate matter (PM) samples were collected in Singapore from 21 to 29 October 2010. During this time period, a severe regional smoke haze episode lasted for a few days (21-23 October). Physicochemical and toxicological characteristics of both haze and non-haze aerosols were evaluated. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 (PM with aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm) increased by a factor of 4 during the smoke haze period (107.2 μg/m(3)) as compared to that during the non-smoke haze period (27.0 μg/m(3)). The PM2.5 samples were analyzed for 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and 10 transition metals. Out of the seven PAHs known as potential or suspected carcinogens, five were found in significantly higher levels in smoke haze aerosols as compared to those in the background air. Metal concentrations were also found to be higher in haze aerosols. Additionally, the toxicological profile of the PM2.5 samples was evaluated using a human epithelial lung cell line (A549). Cell viability and death counts were measured after a direct exposure of PM2.5 samples to A459 cells for a period of 48 h. The percentage of metabolically active cells decreased significantly following a direct exposure to PM samples collected during the haze period. To provide further insights into the toxicological characteristics of the aerosol particles, glutathione levels, as an indirect measure of oxidative stress and caspase-3/7 levels as a measure of apoptotic death, were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Pavagadhi
- Singapore Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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Pattanaik S, Huggins FE, Huffman GP. Chemical speciation of Fe and Ni in residual oil fly ash fine particulate matter using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:12927-12935. [PMID: 23126560 DOI: 10.1021/es301080s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have linked residual oil fly ash fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm (ROFA PM(2.5)) to morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses. Bioavailable transition metals within PM have been cited as one of the components that induce such illnesses. By combining synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy with leaching experiment, we studied the effect of residual oil compositions and combustion conditions on the speciation of Fe and Ni in ROFA PM(2.5) and the implication of these species for human health and environment. PM(2.5) samples were obtained from two types of combustors, a fire tube boiler (FTB) and a refractory line combustor (RLC). The study reveals that only Fe(2)(SO(4))(3)·nH(2)O is present in RLC PM(2.5) while Fe(2)(SO(4))(3)·nH(2)O predominates in FTB PM(2.5) with inclusion of varying amounts of nickel ferrite. The finding that RLC PM(2.5) is more bioavailable and hence more toxic than FTB PM(2.5) is significant. The reduction of toxicity of FTB PM(2.5) is due to the immobilization of a portion of Fe and Ni in the formation of an insoluble NiFe(2)O(4). This may explain the variation of toxicity from exposure to different ROFA PM(2.5). Additionally, the speciation data are sought for developing emission inventories for source apportionment study and understanding the mechanism of PM formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhartha Pattanaik
- Department of Applied Physics and Ballistics, F.M. University, Balasore 756 019, India.
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Dwivedi S, Saquib Q, Al-Khedhairy AA, Ali AYS, Musarrat J. Characterization of coal fly ash nanoparticles and induced oxidative DNA damage in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 437:331-338. [PMID: 22960109 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The nano-sized particles present in coal fly ash (CFA) were characterized through the X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM, SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. The XRD data revealed the average crystallite size of the CFA nanoparticles (CFA-NPs) as 14 nm. TEM and SEM imaging demonstrated predominantly spherical and some polymorphic structures in the size range of 11 to 25 nm. The amount of heavy metal associated with CFA particles (μg/g) were determined as Fe (34160.0±1.38), Ni (150.8±0.78), Cu (99.3±0.56) and Cr (64.0±0.86). However, the bioavailability of heavy metals in terms of percent release was in the order as Cr>Ni>Cu>Fe in CFA-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) extract. The comet and cytokinesis blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assays revealed substantial genomic DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMN) cells treated with CFA-NPs in Aq and DMSO extracts. About 1.8 and 3.6 strand breaks per unit of DNA were estimated through alkaline unwinding assay at 1:100 DNA nucleotide/CFA ppm ratios with the Aq and DMSO extracts, respectively. The DNA and mitochondrial damage was invariably greater with CFA-DMSO extract vis-à-vis -Aq extract. Generation of superoxide anions (O(2)•(-)) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) through metal redox-cycling, alteration in mitochondrial potential and 8-oxodG production elucidated CFA-NPs induced oxidative stress as a plausible mechanism for CFA-induced genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Dwivedi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Taube F. Manganese in occupational arc welding fumes--aspects on physiochemical properties, with focus on solubility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 57:6-25. [PMID: 22997412 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mes053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Physicochemical properties, such as particle sizes, composition, and solubility of welding fumes are decisive for the bioaccessibility of manganese and thereby for the manganese cytotoxic and neurotoxic effects arising from various welding fumes. Because of the diverse results within the research on welding fume solubility, this article aims to review and discuss recent literature on physicochemical properties of gas metal arc welding, shielded metal arc welding, and flux-cored arc welding fumes, with focus on solubility properties. This article also presents a short introduction to the literature on arc welding techniques, health effects from manganese, and occupational exposure to manganese among welders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Taube
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Box 414, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Lin LY, Lin HY, Chen HW, Su TL, Huang LC, Chuang KJ. Effects of temple particles on inflammation and endothelial cell response. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 414:68-72. [PMID: 22104382 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To pray in temples is a regular activity in Buddhism and Taoism societies, yet few studies investigated the effects of particles from incense-burning in temples. The objectives of this study are to examine particle size and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) effects of particles on coronary artery endothelial cell. We used two micro-orifice uniform deposit impactors to collect 11 sets of particles at a Chinese temple in Yi-Lan, Taiwan. 16 PAHs were determined by a high-resolution gas chomatograph/high-resolution mass spectrometer. Human coronary artery endothelial cells were exposed to particle extracts in three size ranges: PM(0.1) (diameters less than 0.1 μm), PM(1.0-0.1) (diameters between 1.0 and 0.1 μm), and PM(10-1.0) (diameters between 10 and 1.0 μm) at 50 μg/mL for 4h, and interleukin-6 (IL-6), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in the medium were measured. We found that PM(1.0-0.1) stimulation resulted in significantly higher IL-6 and ET-1 production than PM(0.1) and PM(10-1.0). PM(1.0-0.1) also significantly reduced HCAEA cells to synthesize NO. Naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene and anthracene of PM(1.0-0.1) were highly correlated with NO reduction. This study found that size and composition of temple particles were both important factors in inducing cytokine production and reducing NO formation in human coronary artery endothelial cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Yu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Val S, Stéphanie V, Martinon L, Laurent M, Cachier H, Hélène C, Yahyaoui A, Abderrazak Y, Marfaing H, Hélène M, Baeza-Squiban A, Armelle BS. Role of size and composition of traffic and agricultural aerosols in the molecular responses triggered in airway epithelial cells. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23:627-40. [PMID: 21879948 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.599445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The increased levels of fine particles in the atmosphere are suspected of aggravating cardiopulmonary diseases, but the determinants of particle toxicity are poorly understood. This work aims at studying the role of composition and size in the toxicity of size-segregated particulate matter (PM) collected at different sites on human bronchial epithelial cells. PM were sampled at a traffic urban site (Urb S) and a rural site (Rur S) during the pesticide-spreading period. Ultrafine (UF), fine (F), and coarse (C) PM were characterized by their shape and chemical composition. Whatever the site, the finest PM (UF and F) induced the mRNA expression of CYP1A1, a biomarker of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) exposure, NQO-1 and heme HO-1, two antioxidant responsive element-driven genes; and two effect biomarkers, GM-CSF, a proinflammatory cytokine and amphiregulin (AR), a growth factor. C PM have a low or no effect. Interestingly, AR is more strongly induced by rural PM at the same mass exposure. These discrepancies suggest involvement of PM chemical composition: rural PM bearing the characteristics of aged aerosols with a high content of water-soluble components, and PM at urban kerbside sites containing mainly water-insoluble components. To conclude, we provide evidence that the finest PM fractions, whatever their origin, are more prone to induce exposure and effect biomarkers. The AR differential expression suggests a source-dependent effect requiring further investigation because of the role of this growth factor in airway remodeling, a characteristic feature of chronic lung respiratory diseases exacerbated by particulate pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Val
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Responses to Xenobiotics, Unit of Functional and Adaptative Biology, Paris Cedex, France.
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Anti-oxidative and inflammatory responses induced by fly ash particles and carbon black in lung epithelial cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:3197-212. [PMID: 21626191 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Combustion-derived nanoparticles as constituents of ambient particulate matter have been shown to induce adverse health effects due to inhalation. However, the components inducing these effects as well as the biological mechanisms are still not fully understood. The fine fraction of fly ash particles collected from the electrostatic precipitator of a municipal solid waste incinerator was taken as an example for real particles with complex composition released into the atmosphere to study the mechanism of early biological responses of BEAS-2B human lung epithelial cells. The studies include the effects of the water-soluble and -insoluble fractions of the fly ash and the well-studied carbon black nanoparticles were used as a reference. Fly ash induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased the total cellular glutathione (tGSH) content. Carbon black also induced ROS generation; however, in contrast to the fly ash, it decreased the intracellular tGSH. The fly ash-induced oxidative stress was correlated with induction of the anti-oxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 and increase of the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2. Carbon black was not able to induce HO-1. ROS generation, tGSH increase and HO-1 induction were only induced by the insoluble fraction of the fly ash, not by the water-soluble fraction. ROS generation and HO-1 induction were markedly inhibited by pre-incubation of the cells with the anti-oxidant N-acetyl cysteine which confirmed the involvement of oxidative stress. Both effects were also reduced by the metal chelator deferoxamine indicating a contribution of bioavailable transition metals. In summary, both fly ash and carbon black induce ROS but only fly ash induced an increase of intracellular tGSH and HO-1 production. Bioavailable transition metals in the solid water-insoluble matrix of the fly ash mostly contribute to the effects.
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Ghiazza M, Scherbart AM, Fenoglio I, Grendene F, Turci F, Martra G, Albrecht C, Schins RPF, Fubini B. Surface Iron Inhibits Quartz-Induced Cytotoxic and Inflammatory Responses in Alveolar Macrophages. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 24:99-110. [DOI: 10.1021/tx1003003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Ghiazza
- Dip. di Chimica IFM, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, and NIS Interdepartmental Center. University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Particle Research Group, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) at the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Agnes M. Scherbart
- Dip. di Chimica IFM, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, and NIS Interdepartmental Center. University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Particle Research Group, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) at the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ivana Fenoglio
- Dip. di Chimica IFM, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, and NIS Interdepartmental Center. University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Particle Research Group, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) at the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Francesca Grendene
- Dip. di Chimica IFM, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, and NIS Interdepartmental Center. University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Particle Research Group, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) at the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Francesco Turci
- Dip. di Chimica IFM, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, and NIS Interdepartmental Center. University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Particle Research Group, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) at the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gianmario Martra
- Dip. di Chimica IFM, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, and NIS Interdepartmental Center. University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Particle Research Group, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) at the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Catrin Albrecht
- Dip. di Chimica IFM, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, and NIS Interdepartmental Center. University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Particle Research Group, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) at the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roel P. F. Schins
- Dip. di Chimica IFM, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, and NIS Interdepartmental Center. University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Particle Research Group, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) at the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bice Fubini
- Dip. di Chimica IFM, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, and NIS Interdepartmental Center. University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Particle Research Group, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) at the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Hnizdo E, Storey E. Occupational exposure to gases, fumes, or chemicals and risk of community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:1087-8; author reply 1088. [PMID: 20947909 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.182.8.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Physicochemical characterisation of different welding aerosols. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:1773-80. [PMID: 20845032 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Physicochemical properties important in exposure characterisation of four different welding aerosols were investigated. Particle number size distributions were determined by scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), mass size distributions by separation and weighing the individual size fractions of an 11-stage cascade impactor. The size distribution of the primary particles of agglomerates, chemical composition and morphology of the particles were examined by TEM. There were significant differences in the particle number size distributions of the different welding aerosols according to the SMPS determinations. The particle mass size distributions determined gravimetrically were, however, not really different. The dominant range with respect to mass was between 0.1 and 1 μm, regardless of the welding technique. Most of the primary particles in all different welding aerosols had diameters between 5 and 40 nm. All types of primary particles had a tendency to form chainlike agglomerates. A clear size dependence of the particle chemical composition was encountered in the case of manual metal arc welding aerosol. Small particles with diameters below 50 nm were mostly metal oxides in contrast to larger particles which also contained more volatile elements (e.g. potassium, fluorine, sodium, sulphur).
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Viau E, Levi-Schaffer F, Peccia J. Respiratory toxicity and inflammatory response in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to biosolids, animal manure, and agricultural soil particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:3142-3148. [PMID: 20232909 DOI: 10.1021/es902943w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated cytotoxicity and inflammation caused by human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to respirable aerosols produced during the land application of stabilized sewage sludges (biosolids). BEAS-2B cells were exposed to respirable aerosols (PM(10)) derived from soils, biosolids stabilized by mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD), temperature-phased anaerobic digestion (TPAD), and composting (COM) as well as animal manures stabilized by mesophilic anaerobic digestion (AMAD) and composting (ACOM). Anaerobically digested particles (MAD, TPAD, AMAD) induced the highest cytotoxicity with LD(50) levels of 70 microg/cm(2), 310 microg/cm(2) for, and 375 microg/cm(2) for MAD, AMAD, and TPAD, respectively. Conversely, there was no observed cytotoxicity for soils, composted biosolids, or composted manures at the in vitro doses tested. Inflammatory responses, measured by interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 release, were 2- to 15-fold greater in biosolids and manures than for equivalent doses in soils. Biosolids treatment rankings for human bronchial epithelial cell toxicity and inflammation were similar to the rankings found in recent biosolids pathogen content studies-from lowest pathogen content or toxicity to highest, rankings were as follows: COM < TPAD < MAD. Coupling in vitro responses with modeled tracheobronchial lung surface doses that may occur during a biosolids land application event suggests that an inflammatory aerosol exposure in the TB region could only occur under worst case scenarios (exercising human with reduced lung capacity at <65 m set backs), but examination of lower in vitro doses as well as consideration of the head and lower lung respiratory tract regions are needed to more definitively describe the links between biosolids aerosols and the potential for respiratory inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Viau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Zhong CY, Zhou YM, Smith KR, Kennedy IM, Chen CY, Aust AE, Pinkerton KE. Oxidative injury in the lungs of neonatal rats following short-term exposure to ultrafine iron and soot particles. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:837-847. [PMID: 20391124 DOI: 10.1080/15287391003689366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Greater risk of adverse effects from particulate matter (PM) has been noted in susceptible subpopulations, such as children. However, the physicochemical components responsible for these biological effects are not understood. As critical constituents of PM, transition metals were postulated to be involved in a number of pathological processes of the respiratory system through free radical-medicated damage. The purpose of this study was to examine whether oxidative injury in the lungs of neonatal rats could be induced by repeated short-term exposure to iron (Fe) and soot particles. Sprague Dawley rats 10 d of age were exposed by inhalation to two different concentrations of ultrafine iron particles (30 or 100 microg/m(3)) in combination with soot particles adjusted to maintain a total particle concentration of 250 microg/m(3). Exposure at 10 d and again at 23 d of age was for 6 h/d for 3 d. Oxidative stress was observed at both Fe concentrations in the form of significant elevations in glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and GSSG/glutathione (GSH) ratio and a reduction in ferric/reducing antioxidant power in bronchoalveolar lavage. A significant decrease in cell viability associated with significant increases in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, interleukin-1-beta (IL-1beta), and ferritin expression was noted following exposure to particles containing the highest Fe concentration. Iron from these particles was shown to be bioavailable in an in vitro assay using the physiologically relevant chelator, citrate. Data indicate that combined Fe and soot particle exposure induces oxidative injury, cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory responses in the lungs of neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yun Zhong
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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39
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Chen LC, Lippmann M. Effects of Metals within Ambient Air Particulate Matter (PM) on Human Health. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:1-31. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370802105405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Dormans JAMA, Bloemen HJT, Leseman DLAC, Boere AJF, Kelly FJ, Mudway IS, Jimenez AA, Donaldson K, Guastadisegni C, Janssen NAH, Brunekreef B, Sandström T, van Bree L, Cassee FR. Toxicity of Coarse and Fine Particulate Matter from Sites with Contrasting Traffic Profiles. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 19:1055-69. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370701626261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sharma AK, Jensen KA, Rank J, White PA, Lundstedt S, Gagne R, Jacobsen NR, Kristiansen J, Vogel U, Wallin H. Genotoxicity, inflammation and physico-chemical properties of fine particle samples from an incineration energy plant and urban air. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2007; 633:95-111. [PMID: 17683978 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Revised: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) was sampled by use of an electrostatic sampler in an oven hall and a receiving hall in a waste-incineration energy plant, and from urban air in a heavy-traffic street and from background air in Copenhagen. PM was sampled for 1-2 weeks, four samples at each site. The samples were extracted and examined for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, YG1041 and YG5161, for content of inorganic elements and for the presence of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The induction of IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression and the presence of DNA damage - tested by the comet assay - were determined after 24-h incubations with human A549 lung epithelial cells. The PM(2.5) concentration was about twofold greater in the oven hall than in the receiving hall. The particle size distribution in the receiving hall was similar to that in street air (maximum mode at about 25nm), but the distribution was completely different in the oven hall (maximum mode at about 150nm). Also chemically, the samples from the oven hall were highly different from the other samples. PM extracts from the receiving hall, street and background air were more mutagenic than the PM extracts from the oven hall. PM from all four sites caused similar levels of DNA damage in A549 cells; only the oven hall samples gave results that were statistically significantly different from those obtained with street-air samples. The receiving hall and the urban air samples were similarly inflammatory (relative IL-8 mRNA expression), whereas the oven hall did not cause a statistically significant increase in IL-8 mRNA expression. A principal component analysis separated the oven hall and the receiving hall by the first principal component. These two sites were separated from street and background air with the second principal component. Several clusters of constituents were identified. One cluster consisted of all the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), several groups of metals and one group of the biological endpoints (DNA damage, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression). The PAH and the inorganic content of the air in the receiving hall may be due to vehicle emissions and suspended waste particles. The inorganic content in the street and background air may have been influenced by break wear, road emissions and long-range transport. The results from a partial least-square regression analysis predicted that both PAHs and a group of metals including Fe and Mn contributed to IL-6 and IL-8 induction. Only Mn and Sr were predicted to influence DNA damage statistically significantly. Among the PAHs only chrysene had influence on DNA damage. The PM from the oven hall was markedly different from the PM at other locations in particle size distribution, chemical composition and the resulting biological effects when A549 cells were incubated with the PM. These characteristics and observations in the oven hall indicated that the PM source was oven exhaust, which was well combusted.
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Veranth JM, Kaser EG, Veranth MM, Koch M, Yost GS. Cytokine responses of human lung cells (BEAS-2B) treated with micron-sized and nanoparticles of metal oxides compared to soil dusts. Part Fibre Toxicol 2007. [PMID: 17326846 DOI: 10.1186/1743‐8977‐4‐2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The induction of cytokines by airway cells in vitro has been widely used to assess the effects of ambient and occupational particles. This study measured cytotoxicity and the release of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 by human bronchial epithelial cells treated with manufactured nano- and micron-sized particles of Al2O3, CeO2, Fe2O3, NiO, SiO2, and TiO2, with soil-derived particles from fugitive dust sources, and with the positive controls LPS, TNF-alpha, and VOSO4. RESULTS The nano-sized particles were not consistently more potent than an equal mass of micron-sized particles of the same nominal composition for the induction of IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in the in vitro models used in this study. The manufactured pure oxides were much less potent than natural PM2.5 particles derived from soil dust, and the cells were highly responsive to the positive controls. The nano-sized particles in the media caused artifacts in the measurement of IL-6 by ELISA due to adsorption of the cytokine on the high-surface-area particles. The potency for inducing IL-6 secretion by BEAS-2B cells did not correlate with the generation of reactive oxygen species in cell-free media. CONCLUSION Direct comparisons of manufactured metal oxide nanoparticles and previously studied types of particles and surrogate proinflammatory agonists showed that the metal oxide particles have low potency to induce IL-6 secretion in BEAS-2B cells. Particle artifacts from non-biological effects need to be considered in experiments of this type, and the limitations inherent in cell culture studies must be considered when interpreting in vitro results. This study suggests that manufactured metal oxide nanoparticles are not highly toxic to lung cells compared to environmental particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Veranth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Veranth JM, Kaser EG, Veranth MM, Koch M, Yost GS. Cytokine responses of human lung cells (BEAS-2B) treated with micron-sized and nanoparticles of metal oxides compared to soil dusts. Part Fibre Toxicol 2007; 4:2. [PMID: 17326846 PMCID: PMC1821039 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The induction of cytokines by airway cells in vitro has been widely used to assess the effects of ambient and occupational particles. This study measured cytotoxicity and the release of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 by human bronchial epithelial cells treated with manufactured nano- and micron-sized particles of Al2O3, CeO2, Fe2O3, NiO, SiO2, and TiO2, with soil-derived particles from fugitive dust sources, and with the positive controls LPS, TNF-alpha, and VOSO4. RESULTS The nano-sized particles were not consistently more potent than an equal mass of micron-sized particles of the same nominal composition for the induction of IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in the in vitro models used in this study. The manufactured pure oxides were much less potent than natural PM2.5 particles derived from soil dust, and the cells were highly responsive to the positive controls. The nano-sized particles in the media caused artifacts in the measurement of IL-6 by ELISA due to adsorption of the cytokine on the high-surface-area particles. The potency for inducing IL-6 secretion by BEAS-2B cells did not correlate with the generation of reactive oxygen species in cell-free media. CONCLUSION Direct comparisons of manufactured metal oxide nanoparticles and previously studied types of particles and surrogate proinflammatory agonists showed that the metal oxide particles have low potency to induce IL-6 secretion in BEAS-2B cells. Particle artifacts from non-biological effects need to be considered in experiments of this type, and the limitations inherent in cell culture studies must be considered when interpreting in vitro results. This study suggests that manufactured metal oxide nanoparticles are not highly toxic to lung cells compared to environmental particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Veranth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Erin G Kaser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Martha M Veranth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Michael Koch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Garold S Yost
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Smith KR, Veranth JM, Kodavanti UP, Aust AE, Pinkerton KE. Acute pulmonary and systemic effects of inhaled coal fly ash in rats: comparison to ambient environmental particles. Toxicol Sci 2006; 93:390-9. [PMID: 16840564 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although primary particle emissions of ash from coal-fired power plants are well controlled, coal fly ash (CFA) can still remain a significant fraction of the overall particle exposure for some plant workers and highly impacted communities. The effect of CFA on pulmonary and systemic inflammation and injury was measured in male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to filtered air or CFA for 4 h/day for 3 days. The average concentration of CFA particulate matter less than 2.5 microm (PM(2.5)) was 1400 microg/m(3), of which 600 microg/m(3) was PM(1). Animals were examined 18 and 36 h postexposure. Chemical analysis of CFA detected silicon, calcium, aluminum, and iron as major components. Total number of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) following exposure to CFA was significantly increased along with significantly elevated blood neutrophils. Exposure to CFA caused slight increases in macrophage inflammatory protein-2, and marked increases in transferrin in BALF. Interleukin-1beta and total antioxidant potential in lung tissues were also increased in rats exposed to CFA. Histological examination of lung tissue demonstrated focal alveolar septal thickening and increased cellularity in select alveoli immediately beyond terminal bronchioles. These responses are consistent with the ability of CFA to induce mild neutrophilic inflammation in the lung and blood following short-term exposure at levels that could be occupationally relevant. However, when comparing the effects of CFA with those of concentrated ambient particles, CFA does not appear to have greater potency to cause pulmonary alterations. This study furthers our understanding of possible mechanisms by which specific sources of particulate air pollution affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Smith
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Cormier SA, Lomnicki S, Backes W, Dellinger B. Origin and health impacts of emissions of toxic by-products and fine particles from combustion and thermal treatment of hazardous wastes and materials. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:810-7. [PMID: 16759977 PMCID: PMC1480527 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature, controlled incineration and thermal treatment of contaminated soils, sediments, and wastes at Superfund sites are often preferred methods of remediation of contaminated sites under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 and related legislation. Although these methods may be executed safely, formation of toxic combustion or reaction by-products is still a cause of concern. Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ; chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) , including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans ; and toxic metals (e.g., chromium VI) have historically been the focus of combustion and health effects research. However, fine particulate matter (PM) and ultrafine PM, which have been documented to be related to cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, and cancer, have more recently become the focus of research. Fine PM and ultrafine PM are effective delivery agents for PAHs, CHCs, and toxic metals. In addition, it has recently been realized that brominated hydrocarbons (including brominated/chlorinated dioxins) , redox-active metals, and redox-active persistent free radicals are also associated with PM emissions from combustion and thermal processes. In this article, we discuss the origin of each of these classes of pollutants, the nature of their association with combustion-generated PM, and the mechanisms of their known and potential health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Biological Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
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Veranth JM, Moss TA, Chow JC, Labban R, Nichols WK, Walton JC, Watson JG, Yost GS. Correlation of in vitro cytokine responses with the chemical composition of soil-derived particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:341-9. [PMID: 16507455 PMCID: PMC1392226 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We treated human lung epithelial cells, type BEAS-2B, with 10-80 microg/cm2 of dust from soils and road surfaces in the western United States that contained particulate matter (PM) < 2.5 microm aerodynamic diameter. Cell viability and cytokine secretion responses were measured at 24 hr. Each dust sample is a complex mixture containing particles from different minerals mixed with biogenic and anthropogenic materials. We determined the particle chemical composition using methods based on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Speciation Trends Network (STN) and the National Park Service Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network. The functionally defined carbon fractions reported by the ambient monitoring networks have not been widely used for toxicology studies. The soil-derived PM2.5 from different sites showed a wide range of potency for inducing the release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 in vitro. Univariate regression and multivariate redundancy analysis were used to test for correlation of viability and cytokine release with the concentrations of 40 elements, 7 ions, and 8 carbon fractions. The particles showed positive correlation between IL-6 release and the elemental and pyrolyzable carbon fractions, and the strongest correlation involving crustal elements was between IL-6 release and the aluminum:silicon ratio. The observed correlations between low-volatility organic components of soil- and road-derived dusts and the cytokine release by BEAS-2B cells are relevant for investigation of mechanisms linking specific air pollution particle types with the initiating events leading to airway inflammation in sensitive populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Veranth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5820, USA.
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Kubátová A, Dronen LC, Picklo MJ, Hawthorne SB. Midpolarity and Nonpolar Wood Smoke Particulate Matter Fractions Deplete Glutathione in RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Chem Res Toxicol 2006; 19:255-61. [PMID: 16485901 DOI: 10.1021/tx050172f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wood smoke particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of components falling in a spectrum of highly polar to nonpolar species. Wood smoke PM is a likely factor in pulmonary disease and induces oxidative damage. Most toxicity studies focus upon nonpolar species such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, the role of more polar PM constituents as toxicants is not clear. In this work, we evaluated the ability of multiple fractions of varying polarity to deplete glutathione (GSH) in RAW 264.7 macrophages and BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells. We utilized hot pressurized (subcritical) water to fractionate wood smoke PM into seven fractions of decreasing polarity. In contrast to polar fractions, midpolarity and nonpolar fractions exhibited greater GSH depletion (ED50 at PM concentrations of approximately 50 microg/mL). GSH depletion caused by nonpolar fractions (extracted at 250-300 degrees C) was associated with the presence of PAHs. In midpolarity fractions (extracted at 100-150 degrees C), oxy-PAHs, syringylguaiacyls, disyringyls, and lower molecular weight PAHs were found. Direct comparison of GSH depletion by individual oxy-PAHs and PAHs suggests that oxy-PAHs are contributors to oxidative stress caused by wood smoke PM. However, other unidentified PM constituents contribute to GSH depletion as well. The results indicate the toxicological importance of oxygenated organics found in midpolarity PM fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kubátová
- Energy & Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 9018, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-9018, USA.
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Donaldson K, Tran L, Jimenez LA, Duffin R, Newby DE, Mills N, MacNee W, Stone V. Combustion-derived nanoparticles: a review of their toxicology following inhalation exposure. Part Fibre Toxicol 2005; 2:10. [PMID: 16242040 PMCID: PMC1280930 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This review considers the molecular toxicology of combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNP) following inhalation exposure. CDNP originate from a number of sources and in this review we consider diesel soot, welding fume, carbon black and coal fly ash. A substantial literature demonstrates that these pose a hazard to the lungs through their potential to cause oxidative stress, inflammation and cancer; they also have the potential to redistribute to other organs following pulmonary deposition. These different CDNP show considerable heterogeneity in composition and solubility, meaning that oxidative stress may originate from different components depending on the particle under consideration. Key CDNP-associated properties of large surface area and the presence of metals and organics all have the potential to produce oxidative stress. CDNP may also exert genotoxic effects, depending on their composition. CDNP and their components also have the potential to translocate to the brain and also the blood, and thereby reach other targets such as the cardiovascular system, spleen and liver. CDNP therefore can be seen as a group of particulate toxins unified by a common mechanism of injury and properties of translocation which have the potential to mediate a range of adverse effects in the lungs and other organs and warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Donaldson
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Park North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Luis Albert Jimenez
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rodger Duffin
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David E Newby
- Cardiovascular Research, Division of Medical and Radiological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SU, UK
| | - Nicholas Mills
- Cardiovascular Research, Division of Medical and Radiological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SU, UK
| | - William MacNee
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Vicki Stone
- Napier University, School of Life Sciences, 10 Colinton Rd, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
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Lee CC, Cheng YW, Kang JJ. Motorcycle exhaust particles induce IL-8 production through NF-kappaB activation in human airway epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2005; 68:1537-55. [PMID: 16076765 DOI: 10.1080/15287390590967496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Motorcycle exhaust particles (MEP) are among the major air pollutants, especially in urban area of Taiwan. In our previous study, data showed that MEP induce proinflammatory and proallergic response profiles in BALB/c mice. Effects of MEP on interleukin (IL)-8 production in A549 human airway epithelial cells were further investigated in this study. It was found that MEP enhanced IL-8 protein and mRNA expression in human epithelial cells. Pretreatment with an NF-kappaB inhibitor (1 mM PDTC), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor (50 microM PD98059), JNK inhibitor (25 microM SP600125), p38 inhibitor (2 microM SB203580), and three antioxidants (500 U/ml superoxide dismutase [SOD], 50 microM vitamin E, 10 mMN-acetylcysteine [NAC]) attenuated the MEP-induced increase in IL-8 production. Through further, direct detection of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation in epithelial cells using immunoblotting of nuclear p65 and NF-kappaB reporter assay, data showed that MEP induced nuclear translocation of p65 and enhancement of NF-kappaB luciferase gene expression. MEP also induced activation of ERK, JNK, and p38 signaling pathways and produced an increase of oxidative stress in A549 cells. By using mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors and antioxidant, it was demonstrated that ERK inhibitor, JNK inhibitor, and antioxidants but not p38 inhibitor attenuated the MEP-induced increase in NF-kappaB reporter activity. In conclusion, evidence shows that filter-trapped particles emitted from unleaded gasoline-fueled, two-stroke motorcycle engines induce an increase in IL-8 production by activation of NF-kappaB in human airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Lee
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, Republic of China
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50
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Huang X, Li W, Attfield MD, Nádas A, Frenkel K, Finkelman RB. Mapping and prediction of coal workers' pneumoconiosis with bioavailable iron content in the bituminous coals. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:964-8. [PMID: 16079064 PMCID: PMC1280334 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on the first National Study of Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis (CWP) and the U.S. Geological Survey database of coal quality, we show that the prevalence of CWP in seven coal mine regions correlates with levels of bioavailable iron (BAI) in the coals from that particular region (correlation coefficient r = 0.94, p < 0.0015). CWP prevalence is also correlated with contents of pyritic sulfur (r = 0.91, p < 0.0048) or total iron (r = 0.85, p < 0.016) but not with coal rank (r = 0.59, p < 0.16) or silica (r = 0.28, p < 0.54). BAI was calculated using our model, taking into account chemical interactions of pyrite, sulfuric acid, calcite, and total iron. That is, iron present in coals can become bioavailable by pyrite oxidation, which produces ferrous sulfate and sulfuric acid. Calcite is the major component in coals that neutralizes the available acid and inhibits iron's bioavailability. Therefore, levels of BAI in the coals are determined by the available amounts of acid after neutralization of calcite and the amount of total iron in the coals. Using the linear fit of CWP prevalence and the calculated BAI in the seven coal mine regions, we have derived and mapped the pneumoconiotic potencies of 7,000 coal samples. Our studies indicate that levels of BAI in the coals may be used to predict coal's toxicity, even before large-scale mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Huang
- Department of Environmental Medicine and NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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