1
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Brar S, Dixon SN, Paterson JM, Dirk J, Hahn E, Kim SJ, Ng V, Solomon M, Vasilevska-Ristovska J, Banh T, Nathan PC, Parekh RS, Chanchlani R. Incidence of cardiovascular disease and mortality in childhood solid organ transplant recipients: a population-based study. Pediatr Nephrol 2023; 38:801-810. [PMID: 35849223 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05635-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With improved survival among children after transplantation, our understanding of the risk for developing other comorbidities is improving, yet little is known about the long-term risk of cardiovascular events and mortality after solid organ transplantation. METHODS In a cohort study using health administrative data, we compared cardiovascular events in children (n = 615) with liver, lung, kidney, small bowel, or multi-organ transplant at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, with asthmatic children (n = 481,697) between 1996 and 2014. Outcomes included non-fatal cardiovascular events, cardiovascular death, all-cause mortality, and a composite of non-fatal and fatal cardiovascular events. Time-stratified Cox proportional hazards models were used. RESULTS Among 615 children, 317 (52%) were recipients of kidneys, 253 (41%) of livers, and the remaining 45 (7%) had lung, small bowel, or multi-organ transplants. Median follow-up was 12.1 [7.2, 16.7] years. Non-fatal incident cardiovascular events were 34 times higher among solid organ transplant recipients than non-transplanted children (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 34.4, 95% CI: 25.5, 46.4). Among transplant recipients, the cumulative incidence of non-fatal and fatal cardiovascular events was 2.3% and 13.0%, 5 and 15 years after transplantation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Increased rate of cardiovascular events in children after transplantation highlights the need for surveillance during transition into adulthood and beyond. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Brar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Stephanie N Dixon
- ICES Western, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - J Michael Paterson
- ICES Central, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jade Dirk
- ICES Western, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Emma Hahn
- ICES Western, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - S Joseph Kim
- ICES Western, London, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Nephrology and the Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vicky Ng
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, Transplant and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Melinda Solomon
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Transplant and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tonny Banh
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul C Nathan
- ICES Central, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rulan S Parekh
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Academics, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville St., Toronto, ON, M5S 1B2, Canada.
| | - Rahul Chanchlani
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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2
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Bogle C, Cantor R, Koehl D, Lochridge J, Kirklin JK, Barnes A, Wallis G, Amdani S, Ameduri R, Pahl E, Simpson KE, Blume ED. Obesity and dyslipidemia predict cardiac allograft vasculopathy and graft loss in children and adolescents post-heart transplant: A PHTS multi-institutional analysis. Pediatr Transplant 2022; 26:e14244. [PMID: 35122464 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and dyslipidemia afflict children of all ages. We explored the prevalence of obesity and dyslipidemia in pediatric heart transplant (HT) recipients and its effects on cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) and survival. METHODS This study included primary HT recipients (≤18 years) transplanted between 01/1996 and 12/2018 included in the Pediatric Heart Transplant Society database. Obesity was categorized according to WHO/CDC guidelines and dyslipidemia according to the National Cholesterol Education Program. Kaplan-Meier analyses for CAV and graft loss stratified for BMI and lipid panels were generated and risk factors identified using multivariate analyses. RESULTS Among 6291 HT patients (median age [range] at HT = 4.3 [0.6-12.8] years; 45% Female; 68% White), 56% had a normal BMI at HT. Obese patients at HT had an increased risk for graft loss (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01-1.4, p = .04). Poor total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, and TG were associated with the risk of both CAV (HR 1.79, p < .0001; HR 1.65, p = .0015; HR 1.53, p < .0001, respectively) and graft loss (HR 1.58, p = .0008; HR 1.22, p = .04; HR 1.43, p = .0007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Pediatric patients who are obese at the time of HT and dyslipidemic at 1 year post-HT are at an increased risk for CAV and graft loss. Preventative interventions may reduce morbidity and mortality among this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Bogle
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan Cantor
- Kirklin Institute for Research in Surgical Outcomes, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Devin Koehl
- Kirklin Institute for Research in Surgical Outcomes, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jillien Lochridge
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James K Kirklin
- Kirklin Institute for Research in Surgical Outcomes, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Aliessa Barnes
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Gonzalo Wallis
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Levine Children's Hospital, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shahnawaz Amdani
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Rebecca Ameduri
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elfriede Pahl
- Division of Cardiology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kathleen E Simpson
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Blume
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Bogle C, Marma Perak A, Wilkens SJ, Aljiffry A, Rychlik K, Costello JM, Lloyd-Jones DM, Pahl E. Cardiovascular health in pediatric heart transplant patients. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:139. [PMID: 35365073 PMCID: PMC8973961 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02575-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ideal "cardiovascular health" (CVH)-optimal diet, exercise, nonsmoking, BMI, BP, lipids, and glucose-is associated with healthy longevity in adults. Pediatric heart transplant (HT) patients may be at risk for suboptimal CVH. METHODS Single-center retrospective study of HT patients 2003-2014 who survived 1 year post-transplant. Five CVH metrics were collected at listing, 1, 3 and 5 years post-transplant (diet and exercise were unavailable). CVH was scored by summing individual metrics: ideal = 2, intermediate = 1, and poor = 0 points; total scores of 8-10 points were considered high (favorable). CVH was compared between HT patients and the US pediatric population (GP) utilizing NHANES 2007-2016. Logistic regression was performed to examine the association of CVH 1 year post-transplant with a composite adverse outcome (death, re-listing, coronary vasculopathy, or chronic kidney disease) 3 years post-transplant. RESULTS We included 110 HT patients (median age at HT: 6 years [range 0.1-21]) and 19,081 NHANES participants. CVH scores among HT patients were generally high at listing (75%), 1 (74%), 3 (87%) and 5 (76%) years post-transplant and similar to GP, but some metrics (e.g., glucose) were worse among HT patients. Among HT patients, CVH was poorer with older age and non-Caucasian race/ethnicity. Per 1-point higher CVH score, the demographic-adjusted OR for adverse outcomes was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.7-1.4). CONCLUSIONS HT patients had generally favorable CVH, but some metrics were unfavorable and CVH varied by age and race/ethnicity. No significant association was detected between CVH and adverse outcomes in this small sample, but study in a larger sample is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Bogle
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,University of Maryland Children's Heart Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Amanda Marma Perak
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah J Wilkens
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Karen Rychlik
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John M Costello
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Medical University of South Carolina Children's Health, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Elfriede Pahl
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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4
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Cousino MK, Miller VA, Smith C, Uzark K, Lowery R, Rottach N, Blume ED, Schumacher KR. Medical and end-of-life decision making in adolescents' pre-heart transplant: A descriptive pilot study. Palliat Med 2020; 34:272-280. [PMID: 31647374 PMCID: PMC8063635 DOI: 10.1177/0269216319874689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents and young adults undergoing heart transplantation experience risks of morbidity and mortality both pre- and post-transplant. To improve end-of-life care for this population, it is necessary to understand their medical and end-of-life decision-making preferences. AIM (1) To examine adolescent/young adult decision-making involvement specific to heart transplant listing, and (2) to characterize their preferences specific to medical and end-of-life decision making. DESIGN This cross-sectional research study utilized survey methods. Data were collected from October 2016 to March 2018. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Twelve adolescent and young adult patients listed for heart transplant (ages = 12-19 years) and one parent for each were enrolled at a single-center, US children's hospital. RESULTS Consistent with their preferences, the majority of adolescent/young adult participants (82%) perceived a high level of involvement in the decision to be listed for transplant. Patient involvement in this decision was primarily by way of seeking advice or information from their parents and being asked to express their opinion from parents. Despite a preference among patients to discuss their prognosis and be involved in end-of-life decision making if seriously ill, only 42% of patients had discussed their end-of-life wishes with anyone. Few parents recounted having such discussions. Preferences regarding the timing and nature of end-of-life decision-making discussions varied. CONCLUSIONS Although young people are involved in the decision to pursue heart transplantation, little attention is paid to involving them in discussions regarding end-of-life decision making in a manner that is consistent with individual preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Cousino
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,University of Michigan Transplant Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Congenital Heart Center, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Victoria A Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia Smith
- Congenital Heart Center, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karen Uzark
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Congenital Heart Center, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ray Lowery
- Congenital Heart Center, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nichole Rottach
- Congenital Heart Center, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Blume
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kurt R Schumacher
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,University of Michigan Transplant Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Congenital Heart Center, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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5
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Lamour JM, Mason KL, Hsu DT, Feingold B, Blume ED, Canter CE, Dipchand AI, Shaddy RE, Mahle WT, Zuckerman WA, Bentlejewski C, Armstrong BD, Morrison Y, Diop H, Iklé DN, Odim J, Zeevi A, Webber SA. Early outcomes for low-risk pediatric heart transplant recipients and steroid avoidance: A multicenter cohort study (Clinical Trials in Organ Transplantation in Children - CTOTC-04). J Heart Lung Transplant 2019; 38:972-981. [PMID: 31324444 PMCID: PMC8359669 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppression strategies have changed over time in pediatric heart transplantation. Thus, comorbidity profiles may have evolved. Clinical Trials in Organ Transplantation in Children-04 is a multicenter, prospective, cohort study assessing the impact of pre-transplant sensitization on outcomes after pediatric heart transplantation. This sub-study reports 1-year outcomes among recipients without pre-transplant donor-specific antibodies (DSAs). METHODS We recruited consecutive candidates (<21 years) at 8 centers. Sensitization status was determined by a core laboratory. Immunosuppression was standardized as follows: Thymoglobulin induction with tacrolimus and/or mycophenolate mofetil maintenance. Steroids were not used beyond 1 week. Rejection surveillance was by serial biopsy. RESULTS There were 240 transplants. Subjects for this sub-study (n = 186) were non-sensitized (n = 108) or had no DSAs (n = 78). Median age was 6 years, 48.4% were male, and 38.2% had congenital heart disease. Patient survival was 94.5% (95% confidence interval, 90.1-97.0%). Freedom from any type of rejection was 67.5%. Risk factors for rejection were older age at transplant and presence of non-DSAs pre-transplant. Freedom from infection requiring hospitalization/intravenous anti-microbials was 75.4%. Freedom from rehospitalization was 40.3%. New-onset diabetes mellitus and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) occurred in 1.6% and 1.1% of subjects, respectively. There was no decline in renal function over the first year. Corticosteroids were used in 14.5% at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric heart transplantation recipients without DSAs at transplant and managed with a steroid avoidance regimen have excellent short-term survival and a low risk of first-year diabetes mellitus and PTLD. Rehospitalization remains common. These contemporary observations allow for improved caregiver and/or patient counseling and provide the necessary outcomes data to help design future randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Lamour
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, New York.
| | | | - Daphne T Hsu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, New York
| | - Brian Feingold
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth D Blume
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles E Canter
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Anne I Dipchand
- Department of Paediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Center, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert E Shaddy
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William T Mahle
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Warren A Zuckerman
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Carol Bentlejewski
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Helena Diop
- Rho Federal Systems Division, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David N Iklé
- Rho Federal Systems Division, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jonah Odim
- Transplantation Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adriana Zeevi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven A Webber
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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6
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Sparks JD, Cantor RS, Pruitt E, Kirklin JK, Carboni M, Dreyer W, Kindel S, Ryan TD, Morrow WR. New-onset diabetes after pediatric heart transplantation: A review of the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study. Pediatr Transplant 2019; 23:e13476. [PMID: 31124221 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
NDT is a well-defined complication after solid organ transplantation. Little has been published describing the incidence, risk factors, and effect on outcome after pediatric heart transplantation. We performed a retrospective evaluation of pediatric patients from the PHTS registry from 2004 to 2014. Group comparison, associated factors, incidence using Kaplan-Meier method, and risk factor and outcome analysis for NDT at 1 year post-transplant. Of the 2185 recipients, 1756 were alive and followed at 1 year. Overall freedom from NDT was 98.9%, 94.7%, and 92.6% at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Patients with NDT were more likely to be black (non-Hispanic; P = 0.002), older at time of transplant (P < 0.0001), and have a higher BMI percentile at time of transplant (P < 0.0001). Adjusted risk factors for NDT at 1 year were older age at transplant (years; >12 years, OR: 8.8 and 5-12 years, HR: 8.0), obese BMI percentile at time of transplant (OR: 3.8), and steroid use at 30 days after transplant (OR: 4.7). Though uncommon, NDT occurs with a constant hazard after pediatric heart transplant; it occurs more often in older patients at transplant, those who are of black race, those who are obese, and those who use steroids. Therefore, targeted weight reduction and selective steroid use in at-risk populations could reduce the incidence of early NDT. Further data are needed to determine the risk imparted by transplantation, factors that predict late-onset NDT, and whether NDT alters the outcome after transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan S Cantor
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | | | | | - Steven Kindel
- Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Thomas D Ryan
- University Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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7
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Chen AC, Rosenthal DN, Couch SC, Berry S, Stauffer KJ, Brabender J, McDonald N, Lee D, Barkoff L, Nourse SE, Kazmucha J, Wang CJ, Olson I, Selamet Tierney ES. Healthy hearts in pediatric heart transplant patients with an exercise and diet intervention via live video conferencing-Design and rationale. Pediatr Transplant 2019; 23:e13316. [PMID: 30393915 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric heart transplant (PedHtx) patients have increased cardiovascular risk profiles that affect their long-term outcomes and quality of life. We designed a 12- to 16-week diet and exercise intervention delivered via live video conferencing to improve cardiovascular health. Our methodology and baseline assessment of the first 13 enrolled patients are reported. METHODS Inclusion criteria are as follows: (a) 8-19 years old; (b) heart transplant >12 months; (c) ability to fast overnight; (d) cardiac clearance by cardiologist; and (e) presence of an adult at home during exercise sessions for patients <14 years old. Exclusion criteria are as follows: (a) acute illness; (b) latex allergy; (c) transplant rejection <3 months ago; and (d) multi-organ transplantation. The intervention consists of one diet and three exercise sessions weekly via live video conferencing. Study visits are conducted at baseline, intervention completion, and end of maintenance period. RESULTS A total of 13 participants (15.2 [2.3] years) have been enrolled. Median percent-predicted VO2 max was 56.8 [20.7]% (10 patients <70%). Ten patients had abnormal endothelial function (reactive hyperemia index <1.9; 1.4 [0.325]) and 11 patients had stiff arteries (pulse wave velocity ≧5.5 m/s for 15-19 years, ≧4.5 m/s for 8-14 years; 5.6 [0.7] m/s). Patients had suboptimal diets (saturated fat: 22.7 [23.8] g/d, sodium: 2771 [1557] mg/d) and were sedentary at a median of 67.5 [13.8]% of their time. CONCLUSIONS Baseline assessment confirms that PedHtx patients have abnormal cardiac, vascular, and functional health indices, poor dietary habits, and are sedentary. These results support the rationale to test the feasibility and impact of a non-pharmacologic lifestyle intervention in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Chen
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
| | - David N Rosenthal
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
| | - Sarah C Couch
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Samuel Berry
- American Council on Exercise, San Diego, California
| | - Katie J Stauffer
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
| | - Jerrid Brabender
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
| | - Nancy McDonald
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
| | - Donna Lee
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
| | - Lynsey Barkoff
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
| | - Susan E Nourse
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
| | - Jeffrey Kazmucha
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
| | - C Jason Wang
- Division of General Pediatrics, Center for Policy, Outcomes and Prevention, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Inger Olson
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
| | - Elif Seda Selamet Tierney
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
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8
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Chew JD, Soslow JH, Thurm C, Hall M, Dodd DA, Feingold B, Simmons J, Godown J. Heart Transplantation in Children with Turner Syndrome: Analysis of a Linked Dataset. Pediatr Cardiol 2018; 39:610-616. [PMID: 29299618 PMCID: PMC5831528 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-017-1801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) have poor single ventricle palliation outcomes; therefore, consideration of other potential management strategies is important. Little is known about heart transplantation (HTx) in this group, as standard HTx databases do not allow for identification of TS. This study describes experiences and outcomes of HTx in TS using a unique linkage between the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients and the Pediatric Health Information System databases. All pediatric HTx recipients (2002-2016) with TS were identified in the database using ICD-9 code 758.6 (gonadal dysgenesis) in conjunction with female sex. Patient characteristics and outcomes were described. Fourteen patients with TS were identified who underwent 16 HTx procedures at eight centers. For initial HTx, HLHS was the most common indication (10/14) with a median age of 10 months (IQR 3-73 months). Median transplant-free survival following initial HTx was 4.1 years (IQR 16 days-10.5 years), with all deaths occurring in the first year post-HTx. For patients that survived past 1 year (8/14), follow-up ranged from 4.1 to 10.9 years (median 8.0 years) with no deaths observed. Our cohort demonstrates that while there is a clear risk for early mortality, there is the potential for favorable outcomes following HTx in patients with TS. Therefore, TS should not be viewed as an absolute contraindication to HTx, but careful assessment of candidate risk is needed. Primary palliation with HTx for HLHS and TS may be a reasonable consideration given the poor outcomes of single ventricle palliation in this group. Further research is needed to fully delineate the outcomes and characteristics of this unique population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Chew
- Pediatric Cardiology, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN
| | - Jonathan H. Soslow
- Pediatric Cardiology, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN
| | - Cary Thurm
- Children’s Hospital Association, Lenexa, KS
| | - Matt Hall
- Children’s Hospital Association, Lenexa, KS
| | - Debra A. Dodd
- Pediatric Cardiology, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN
| | - Brian Feingold
- Pediatrics and Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jill Simmons
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital, Nashville, TN
| | - Justin Godown
- Pediatric Cardiology, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN
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9
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Sehgal S, Bock MJ, Louks Palac H, Brickman WJ, Gossett JG, Marino BS, Backer CL, Pahl E. New-onset diabetes mellitus after heart transplantation in children - Incidence and risk factors. Pediatr Transplant 2016; 20:963-969. [PMID: 27421915 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a recognized complication of SOT in adults and is associated with decreased graft and patient survival. Little is known about NOD in pediatric HT recipients. We aimed to characterize the incidence and describe risk factors for development of NOD after HT in children. Children who developed diabetes after HT were identified from the OPTN database. Demographic and clinical data before and after transplant were compared between patients with and without NOD. A total of 2056 children were included, 56% were male, 54% were Caucasian, and 62% had cardiomyopathy prior to HT. NOD developed in 219 children (11%) after HT. The incidence of NOD was 2.4, 9.0, and 10.4% at one, five, and 10 yr after HT, respectively. Obesity (HR: 4.32), dialysis prior to transplant (HR: 2.38), African American race (HR: 1.86), transplant before year 2000 (HR: 1.82), female gender (HR: 1.68), and older age at transplant (HR: 1.28) were independent predictors of NOD. The major modifiable risk factor for NOD is obesity, imparting the maximum hazard. Improved surveillance for diabetes in high-risk patients and specific prevention and intervention strategies are imperative in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sehgal
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Matthew J Bock
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hannah Louks Palac
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wendy J Brickman
- Division of Endocrinology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Gossett
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bradley S Marino
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carl L Backer
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Siragusa Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elfriede Pahl
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Moore DJ. New onset diabetes mellitus after heart transplantation in children is a common but potentially modifiable burden. Pediatr Transplant 2016; 20:886-887. [PMID: 27726266 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Moore
- Ian Burr Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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11
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Grupper A, Grupper A, Daly RC, Pereira NL, Hathcock MA, Kremers WK, Cosio FG, Edwards BS, Kushwaha SS. Kidney transplantation as a therapeutic option for end-stage renal disease developing after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2016; 36:297-304. [PMID: 27642059 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive renal failure is a frequent complication after heart transplantation (HTx). It may result in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), prompting consideration of kidney Tx after HTx (KAH). METHODS We performed a retrospective single-center study of 268 HTx recipients to evaluate outcomes after KAH compared with HTx recipients with and without ESRD. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 76 months, ESRD developed in 51 patients (19), and 39 of them (76%) underwent KAH. The mean time from HTx to ESRD was 83 months. The incidence of switching to a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-free regimen based on sirolimus was significantly lower among recipients with ESRD (6% vs 57%, p = 0.0001), and prolonged exposure to CNI significantly increased the risk for ESRD (hazard ratio, 1.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.15; p < 0.005). Death-censored renal graft survival after KAH was 95%, 95%, and 83% at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Median long-term survival of KAH patients was comparable to HTx recipients without ESRD (17.5 vs 17.1 years, p = 0.27) and significantly better compared with HTx recipients with ESRD (17.5 vs 7.3 years, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Prolonged exposure to CNI immunosuppression medications significantly increases the risk for ESRD among HTx recipients. KAH is a good therapeutic option for HTx recipients with ESRD, with survival benefit comparable to HTx without ESRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishay Grupper
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; William J. von Liebig Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ayelet Grupper
- William J. von Liebig Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Richard C Daly
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Naveen L Pereira
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; William J. von Liebig Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew A Hathcock
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Walter K Kremers
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Fernando G Cosio
- William J. von Liebig Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Brooks S Edwards
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; William J. von Liebig Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sudhir S Kushwaha
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; William J. von Liebig Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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13
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Prokai A, Fekete A, Pasti K, Rusai K, Banki NF, Reusz G, Szabo AJ. The importance of different immunosuppressive regimens in the development of posttransplant diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13:81-91. [PMID: 21595806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid-organ transplantation is the optimal long-term treatment for most patients with end-stage organ failure. After solid-organ transplantation, short-term graft survival significantly improved (1). However, due to chronic allograft nephropathy and death with functioning graft, long-term survival has not prolonged remarkably (2). Posttransplant immunosuppressive medications consist of one of the calcineurin inhibitors in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or azathioprine (Aza) and steroids. All of them have different adverse effects, among which posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) events and infections causing the death of many transplant patients and it may directly contribute to graft failure (3). According to the criteria of the American Diabetes Association (4), diabetes mellitus (DM) is defined by symptoms of diabetes (polyuria and polydipsia and weight loss) plus casual plasma glucose concentration ≥ 11.1 mmol/L or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or 2-h plasma glucose level ≥ 11.1 mmol/L following oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). This metabolic disorder occurring as a complication of organ transplantation has been recognized for many years. PTDM, which is a combination of decreased insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance, develops in 4.9/15.9% of liver transplant patients, in 4.7/11.5% of kidney recipients, and in 15/17.5% of heart and lung transplants [cyclosporine A (CyA)/tacrolimus (Tac)-based regimen, respectively] (5). Risk factors of PTDM can be divided into non-modifiable and modifiable ones (6), among which the most prominent is the immunosuppressive therapy being responsible for 74% of PTDM development (7). Emphasizing the importance of the PTDM, numerous studies have determined the long-term outcome. On the basis of these studies, graft and patient survival is tendentiously (8) or significantly (9, 10) decreased for those developing PTDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prokai
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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14
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Colvin-Adams M, Agnihotri A. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy: current knowledge and future direction. Clin Transplant 2011; 25:175-84. [PMID: 21457328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2010.01307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a unique form of coronary artery disease affecting heart transplant recipients. Although prognosis of heart transplant recipients has improved over time, CAV remains a significant cause of mortality beyond the first year of cardiac transplantation. Many traditional and non-traditional risk factors for the development of CAV have been described. Traditional risk factors include dyslipidemia, diabetes and hypertension. Non-traditional risk factors include cytomegalovirus infection, HLA mismatch, antibody-mediated rejection, and mode of donor brain death. There is a complex interplay between immunological and non-immunological factors ultimately leading to endothelial injury and exaggerated repair response. Pathologically, CAV manifests as fibroelastic proliferation of intima and luminal stenosis. Early diagnosis is paramount as heart transplant recipients are frequently asymptomatic owing to cardiac denervation related to the transplant surgery. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) offers many advantages over conventional angiography and is an excellent predictor of prognosis in heart transplant recipients. Many non-invasive diagnostic tests including dobutamine stress echocardiography, CT angiography, and MRI are available; though, none has replaced angiography. This review discusses the risk factors, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of CAV and highlights some current concepts and recent developments in this field.
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15
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Costanzo MR, Dipchand A, Starling R, Anderson A, Chan M, Desai S, Fedson S, Fisher P, Gonzales-Stawinski G, Martinelli L, McGiffin D, Smith J, Taylor D, Meiser B, Webber S, Baran D, Carboni M, Dengler T, Feldman D, Frigerio M, Kfoury A, Kim D, Kobashigawa J, Shullo M, Stehlik J, Teuteberg J, Uber P, Zuckermann A, Hunt S, Burch M, Bhat G, Canter C, Chinnock R, Crespo-Leiro M, Delgado R, Dobbels F, Grady K, Kao W, Lamour J, Parry G, Patel J, Pini D, Towbin J, Wolfel G, Delgado D, Eisen H, Goldberg L, Hosenpud J, Johnson M, Keogh A, Lewis C, O'Connell J, Rogers J, Ross H, Russell S, Vanhaecke J, Russell S, Vanhaecke J. The International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for the care of heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 29:914-56. [PMID: 20643330 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2010.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1172] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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16
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Kuo HT, Lau C, Sampaio MS, Bunnapradist S. Pretransplant risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus after transplant in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 2010; 16:1249-56. [PMID: 21031540 DOI: 10.1002/lt.22139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our objectives are to examine the incidence of new-onset diabetes mellitus after transplant (NODAT) and to identify its risk factors in pediatric liver transplant recipients using the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network/United Network for Organ Sharing database. Between July 2004 and December 2008, a total of 1214 children (2-20 years old) received their first liver transplant alone, and had at least 1 follow-up report of posttransplant diabetic status. Among these, 1161 recipients were identified as not having diabetes mellitus before transplant. Risk factors for NODAT were examined using classification and regression tree and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Diabetes mellitus was newly reported in 10.1% of the 1161 recipients over the median follow-up time of 770 days. The cumulative incidences of NODAT at 1, 2, and 3 years after transplant were 5.9%, 8.3%, and 11.2%, respectively. More than 50% of recipients with cystic fibrosis developed NODAT. In recipients without cystic fibrosis, independent risk factors for NODAT included increased recipient age (compared to 2-5 years, hazard ratio = 3.09 for 5-13 years, p = 0.02; 7.14 for ≥13 years, p < 0.001), African American race (1.97, p = 0.003), and primary diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (2.24, p = 0.02) and acute hepatic necrosis (1.89, p = 0.04). In conclusion, NODAT occurred in one-tenth of pediatric liver transplant recipients in the United States during the median follow-up of 2 years. Some of the risk factors for NODAT in pediatric liver transplant recipients are similar to those reported in other solid organ transplants. Underlying liver disease of cystic fibrosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and acute hepatic necrosis are independent risk factors for NODAT in pediatric liver transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Tien Kuo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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17
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Schonder KS, Mazariegos GV, Weber RJ. Adverse effects of immunosuppression in pediatric solid organ transplantation. Paediatr Drugs 2010; 12:35-49. [PMID: 20034340 DOI: 10.2165/11316180-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is a life-saving treatment for end-stage organ failure in children. Immunosuppressant medications are used to prevent rejection of the organ transplant. However, these medications are associated with significant adverse effects that impact growth and development, quality of life (QOL), and sometimes long-term survival after transplantation. Adverse effects can differ between the immunosuppressants, but many result from the overall state of immunosuppression. Strategies to manage immunosuppressant adverse effects often involve minimizing exposure to the drugs while balancing the risk for rejection. Early recognition of immunosuppressant adverse effects may help to reduce morbidities associated with solid organ transplantation, improve QOL, and possibly increase overall patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine S Schonder
- Department of Pharmacy & Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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18
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Simmonds J, Dewar C, Dawkins H, Burch M, Fenton M. Tacrolimus in pediatric heart transplantation: ameliorated side effects in the steroid-free, statin era. Clin Transplant 2009; 23:415-9. [PMID: 19537303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2008.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Due to concerns over the side effects of cyclosporine, tacrolimus is widely used in pediatric heart transplantation. However, tacrolimus therapy is also accompanied by potentially serious side effects. This paper examines the side effect profile of tacrolimus in a large group of pediatric heart recipients. Data on renal function, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and hypertension were collected by case-note review of 100 patients who had received . OR = 12 months treatment with tacrolimus. Forty-two patients received tacrolimus from the time of transplant (de novo), and 58 were initially treated with cyclosporine (switch). Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate improved in the first six months post transplant in the de novo group (66.7-84.6 mL/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.002). Conversely, it decreased in those initially treated with cyclosporine (82.1-68.8, p = 0.032), but improved after switch to tacrolimus (77.3-85.6, p = 0.006). Twenty-one percent exhibited glucose intolerance, and 2% had diabetes. Borderline or elevated fasting cholesterol levels were present in 4.4%. Hypertension was seen in 67% at the point of switch from cyclosporine, which fell to 36% at latest follow-up (p = 0.001). These results present an encouraging outlook for this cohort of patients. The relatively low levels of complications shown may be due to early weaning of steroids, and concomitant statin therapy.
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19
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Hathout E, Alonso E, Anand R, Martz K, Imseis E, Johnston J, Lopez J, Chinnock R, McDiarmid S. Post-transplant diabetes mellitus in pediatric liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2009; 13:599-605. [PMID: 18179639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2007.00603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To determine the characteristics of pediatric liver transplant recipients who develop GI and/or PTDM, data on children undergoing their first liver transplant from the SPLIT database were analyzed (n = 1611). Recipient and donor characteristics that were evaluated included age at transplant, gender, race, primary disease, hospitalization status at transplant, BMI, recipient and donor CMV status, donor type, donor age, and primary immunosuppression. GI/PTDM was found in 214 individuals (13%) of whom 166 (78%) were diagnosed within 30 days of transplantation (early GI/PTDM). Multivariate analyses suggests that age >5 yr at transplant, hospitalization at transplant, a primary diagnosis other than BA, early steroid use, and tacrolimus use are associated with increased incidence of early GI. Routine monitoring for the development of GI and post-transplant diabetes is indicated in the short- and long-term care of children after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eba Hathout
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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20
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Abd-Allah S, Checchia PA. Heart Transplantation. CARDIOVASCULAR PEDIATRIC CRITICAL ILLNESS AND INJURY 2009:1-22. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84800-923-3_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Dalla Pozza R, Urschel S, Bechtold S, Kozlik-Feldmann R, Schmitz C, Netz H. Subclinical atherosclerosis after heart and heart-lung transplantation in childhood. Pediatr Transplant 2008; 12:577-81. [PMID: 18208437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2007.00894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Children after heart transplantation are considered as at-risk patients for extracardiac atherosclerotic complications. Noninvasive ultrasound measurement of the common carotid artery (IMT) provides valid information about the endothelial structure of the vascular system. Twenty-two patients (17 male, mean age 12.4 +/- 4.5 yr) after heart and (5.7 +/- 4.5 yr) heart-lung transplantation were enrolled. The mean IMT was measured and compared with a control group (18 children, 10 male, mean age 11.8 +/- 1.8 yr) and to normative data. Transplanted children had a higher IMT than controls (0.453 +/- 0.003 vs. 0.424 +/- 0.002 mm, p < 0.001). IMT-SDS was increased as well (1.6 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.8 +/- 0, p < 0.001). Transplanted children had a higher LDL/HDL-ratio (2.2 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.2 +/- 0.1, p < 0.001). Time after transplantation, age at the time of transplantation, or medical therapy did not influence the findings. We found evidence for subclinical atherosclerosis in children after heart and heart-lung transplantation. Even if single atherosclerotic risk factors could not be identified, transplanted children seem to be at risk for atherosclerosis. Our findings support the recently published statement of the AHA-Expert panel: after heart transplantation atherosclerotic complications may occur with increased incidence. We propose the IMT-measurement in these patients as an easy method to assess the vascular status and to guide preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dalla Pozza
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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22
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Potena L, Valantine HA. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy and insulin resistance--hope for new therapeutic targets. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2008. [PMID: 17983931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2007.07.012.cardiac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a major cause of death in patients surviving more than 1 year after heart transplantation. An important cluster of CAV risk factors occurs as a consequence of insulin resistance and manifests as part of the metabolic syndrome. This article summarizes the pathologic features of CAV and reviews the contribution of the major components of insulin resistance in CAV development and progression. It focuses on the few studies that have analyzed the impact of the individual metabolic abnormalities and inflammation and on therapeutic strategies to minimize the clinical manifestation of insulin resistance after heart transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Potena
- Institute of Cardiology, Academic Hospital S.Orsola-Malpighi, via Massarenti 9, Building 21, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Potena L, Valantine HA. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy and insulin resistance--hope for new therapeutic targets. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2007; 36:965-81; ix. [PMID: 17983931 PMCID: PMC3785936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a major cause of death in patients surviving more than 1 year after heart transplantation. An important cluster of CAV risk factors occurs as a consequence of insulin resistance and manifests as part of the metabolic syndrome. This article summarizes the pathologic features of CAV and reviews the contribution of the major components of insulin resistance in CAV development and progression. It focuses on the few studies that have analyzed the impact of the individual metabolic abnormalities and inflammation and on therapeutic strategies to minimize the clinical manifestation of insulin resistance after heart transplantation.
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Kavey REW, Allada V, Daniels SR, Hayman LL, McCrindle BW, Newburger JW, Parekh RS, Steinberger J. Cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk pediatric patients: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science; the Councils on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Epidemiology and Prevention, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism, High Blood Pressure Research, Cardiovascular Nursing, and the Kidney in Heart Disease; and the Interdisciplinary Working Group on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2007; 22:218-53. [PMID: 17545824 DOI: 10.1097/01.jcn.0000267827.50320.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although for most children the process of atherosclerosis is subclinical, dramatically accelerated atherosclerosis occurs in some pediatric disease states, with clinical coronary events occurring in childhood and very early adult life. As with most scientific statements about children and the future risk for cardiovascular disease, there are no randomized trials documenting the effects of risk reduction on hard clinical outcomes. A growing body of literature, however, identifies the importance of premature cardiovascular disease in the course of certain pediatric diagnoses and addresses the response to risk factor reduction. For this scientific statement, a panel of experts reviewed what is known about very premature cardiovascular disease in 8 high-risk pediatric diagnoses and, from the science base, developed practical recommendations for management of cardiovascular risk.
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25
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Kavey REW, Allada V, Daniels SR, Hayman LL, McCrindle BW, Newburger JW, Parekh RS, Steinberger J. Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in High-Risk Pediatric Patients. Circulation 2006; 114:2710-38. [PMID: 17130340 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.179568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although for most children the process of atherosclerosis is subclinical, dramatically accelerated atherosclerosis occurs in some pediatric disease states, with clinical coronary events occurring in childhood and very early adult life. As with most scientific statements about children and the future risk for cardiovascular disease, there are no randomized trials documenting the effects of risk reduction on hard clinical outcomes. A growing body of literature, however, identifies the importance of premature cardiovascular disease in the course of certain pediatric diagnoses and addresses the response to risk factor reduction. For this scientific statement, a panel of experts reviewed what is known about very premature cardiovascular disease in 8 high-risk pediatric diagnoses and, from the science base, developed practical recommendations for management of cardiovascular risk.
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26
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Loebe M, Ramasubbu K, Hamilton DJ. [Diabetes and heart transplantation]. Clin Res Cardiol 2006; 95 Suppl 1:i48-53. [PMID: 16598548 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-006-1121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is frequently encountered in patients presenting with end-stage heart failure to be listed for transplantation. While diabetes used to be a contra-indication for heart transplantation, careful preoperative evaluation and individualized postoperative medication lead to long-term outcome after heart transplantation equal to non-diabetic patients. About 1/3 of transplanted patients develop a post-transplant diabetes. Several risk factors have been identified leading to this condition. Mostly, post-transplant diabetes is of temporary nature. Several studies have shown no impact of diabetes on the incidence of rejection, malignancies, and transplant vasculopathy. However, glucose intolerance must be taken into consideration when planing immunosuppressive therapy since different medications have distinct impact on glucose metabolism after transplant. A multidisciplinary team allows for closely monitoring and treating patients with diabetes after heart transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Loebe
- Direktor Lungentransplantation, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 6560 Fannin Suite 1860, Houston TX 77030, USA.
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Hathout E, Beeson WL, Kuhn M, Johnston J, Fitts J, Razzouk A, Bailey L, Chinnock RE. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Transpl Int 2006; 19:184-9. [PMID: 16441766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2005.00255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic parameters for coronary allograft vasculopathy (CAV) have not been well defined in children. CAV (by angiography or autopsy) was studied in 337 heart recipients on a cyclosporine-based steroid-sparing regimen. Freedom from CAV for all was 79% at 10 years. Fifty-nine patients (18%) developed CAV at a mean of 6.5 +/- 3 years post-transplant. First year rejections were significantly higher in CAV, mean 2.3 vs. 1.4, P = 0.003, odds ratio (OR) 1.8. Rejection with hemodynamic compromise beyond 1 year post-transplant was associated with CAV, P < 0.001, OR 8.4. There was no significant correlation among human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA DR) mismatch, pacemaker use or homocysteine levels and the development of CAV. Maximum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were not significantly different. Neither diabetes nor hypertension was significant predictors of CAV on multivariate logistic regression analysis. In conclusion, frequent and severe rejection episodes may predict pediatric CAV. Neither glucose intolerance nor lipid abnormalities appeared to alter risk for CAV in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eba Hathout
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA, USA
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Tutone VK, Mark PB, Revanur V, Traynor J, Buist LJ, Geddes CC, Deardon D, Jardine AG. Random blood glucose measurements and survival in nondiabetic renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2005; 36:3006-11. [PMID: 15686682 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
New-onset diabetes after renal transplantation (PTDM), a common consequence of immunosuppression, is associated with reduced patient survival. However, we know little about the impact of less marked changes in glucose homeostasis. To investigate this problem, we used data on average random blood glucose values during the first, second, and third months posttransplantation, derived from a cohort of 1186 patients who received their first cadaveric or living-donor transplant between 1984 and 2002. We analyzed both patient and death-censored graft survivals, subgrouping recipients into those with end-stage renal failure due to diabetic nephropathy versus those with PTDM versus patients without diabetes. We confirmed that PTDM patients display reduced survival following transplantation, but a long-term survival similar to that of patients with diabetic nephropathy and end-stage renal disease. However, among patients without diabetes, random blood glucose was also a strong determinant of outcome, even when in the low normal range. In contrast, neither the presence of diabetes nor random glucose levels showed a significant impact on graft survival. PTDM is recognized to be an important, potentially modifiable, risk factor for cardiovascular disease in transplant recipients. Our data suggest that there is a gradation of increased risk associated with impaired glycemic control that affects patients who do not have diabetes. These data support the need for improved understanding of glycemic control in transplant recipients and for more detailed screening for impaired glucose tolerance in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Tutone
- Renal Transplant Unit, Western Infirmary Glasgow and Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Abstract
For many years new-onset diabetes after transplantation has been recognized as a complication of solid-organ transplantation, although its importance has been greatly underestimated. Studies have shown that the cumulative incidence of this condition in heart transplant recipients may reach 32% at 5 years, similar to that reported in kidney and liver transplant patients. Several factors predispose to increased risk for developing new-onset diabetes after transplantation, including age, ethnicity, family history of diabetes, obesity and immunosuppressive therapy. Corticosteroids are associated with the greatest risk of developing the condition. Tacrolimus is more diabetogenic than cyclosporine in kidney and liver transplant patients, but there are few data reporting the effects of these agents in heart transplant patients. In kidney transplant patients, diabetes is known to be a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease post-transplant. Although this has yet to be demonstrated clearly in heart transplant patients, evidence suggests that new-onset diabetes after transplantation may play a role in the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Because CAV is the major limitation to long-term survival in this population, it is clear that efforts should be made to reduce the risk of diabetes and treat this condition appropriately. Management of transplant recipients with new-onset diabetes after transplantation has been assisted by the recent publication of International Consensus Guidelines. The guidelines were developed to establish a standard definition and describe risk factors for new-onset diabetes after transplantation. Use of these guidelines will help to prospectively identify those at risk of developing new-onset diabetes after transplantation so that therapeutic strategies can be individualized early in the treatment regimen. These management approaches should help to lower the risk of new-onset diabetes after heart transplantation and reduce the possible long-term consequences of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Ospedale Cisanello, Pisa, Italy.
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Valantine H. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy after heart transplantation: risk factors and management. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23:S187-93. [PMID: 15093804 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease post-transplant, particularly ischemic heart disease, is a significant problem for all transplant recipients. The major risk factors-smoking, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia and hypertension-are often more prevalent in heart transplant populations than in the general population. One of the main risk factors influencing graft loss and patient survival is cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Because CAV affects between 30% and 60% of cardiac transplant recipients within 5 years of surgery, prevention is a key focus for cardiac transplant teams today. CAV is caused by both immunologic mechanisms (e.g., acute rejection and anti-HLA antibodies) and non-immunologic mechanisms relating to the transplant itself or the recipient (e.g., donor age, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and pre-existing diabetes) or to the side effects often associated with immunosuppression with calcineurin inhibitors or corticosteroids (e.g., cytomegalovirus infection, nephrotoxicity and new-onset diabetes after transplantation). The calcineurin inhibitors, cyclosporine and tacrolimus, effectively prevent acute rejection, but do not prevent the development of CAV. CAV prevention will require a combined approach of new adjunct immunosuppressant agents (e.g., the proliferation signal inhibitors) and reduction in cardiovascular risk. Hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes are also associated with the immunosuppression required to prevent organ rejection. Some studies have shown that hypertension is present more frequently in cyclosporine-treated patients than in tacrolimus-treated patients and that tacrolimus may be associated with a more favorable lipid profile. On the other hand, tacrolimus may be more diabetogenic than cyclosporine with current data suggesting a trend but no statistically significant supporting evidence. New-onset diabetes after transplantation is at times difficult to manage and may be an important determinant along with hypertension and hyperlipidemia of ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease. The choice of calcineurin inhibitor for an immunosuppressive regimen in heart transplantation should consider the associated relative cardiovascular risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Valantine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California, USA.
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32
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Abstract
The use of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs; cyclosporine and tacrolimus) has dramatically increased medium-term life expectancy after heart transplantation but has had only limited impact on long-term outcomes for heart transplant recipients. The original oil-based formulation of cyclosporine has been superceded by a microemulsion formulation (Neoral), which has more predictable pharmacokinetics and allows more precise dose-tailoring. Cyclosporine microemulsion and tacrolimus (Prograf) have a similar efficacy in the prevention of acute rejection of heart transplants, but their use is accompanied by nephrotoxicity and by cardiovascular side effects. The efficacy of immunosuppression can be improved by adjunctive therapy, such as azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF; Cellcept), corticosteroids, and induction therapy. One of the most important predictors of patient mortality at >5 years after heart transplantation is cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV)/late graft failure, which accounts for 31% of deaths. Neither cyclosporine nor tacrolimus have been shown to prevent the development of CAV. In terms of efficacy, MMF provides a modest advantage over azathioprine in preventing CAV, and the combination of cyclosporine plus MMF results in significantly lower mortality than cyclosporine plus azathioprine. Overall, CNIs have multiple cardiovascular side effects, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and new-onset diabetes after transplantation, although cyclosporine and tacrolimus have somewhat different cardiovascular side-effect profiles. The challenge in choosing the best immunosuppressive regimen is to balance efficacy and safety to optimize graft and patient survival over the course of many decades. Because cyclosporine and tacrolimus have similar efficacy against acute rejection the choice of CNI for heart transplant recipients should be based on the relative risk of cardiovascular and renal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Keogh
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute and Heart Lung Transplant Unit, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
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