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Jaber N, Madaras S, Starbuck A, Pomerene A, Dallo C, Trotter DC, Gehl M, Otterstrom N. Non-resonant Bragg scattering four-wave mixing at near-visible wavelengths in low-confinement silicon nitride waveguides. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:3146-3149. [PMID: 38824349 DOI: 10.1364/ol.519793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Quantum state coherent frequency conversion processes-such as Bragg-scattering four-wave mixing (BSFWM)-hold promise as a flexible technique for networking heterogeneous and distant quantum systems. In this Letter, we demonstrate BSFWM within an extended (1.2-m) low-confinement silicon nitride waveguide and show that this system has the potential for near-unity frequency conversion in visible and near-visible wavelength ranges. Using sensitive classical heterodyne laser spectroscopy at low optical powers, we characterize the Kerr coefficient (∼1.55 W-1m-1) and linear propagation loss (∼0.0175 dB/cm) of this non-resonant waveguide system, revealing a record-high nonlinear figure of merit (NFM = γ/α ≈ 3.85 W-1) for BSFWM of near-visible light in non-resonant silicon nitride waveguides. We predict how, at high yet achievable on-chip optical powers, this NFM would yield a comparatively large frequency conversion efficiency, opening the door to near-unity flexible frequency conversion without cavity enhancement and resulting bandwidth constraints.
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2
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Khazaee S, Peschel U. Enhanced second harmonic generation by an atomically thin MoS 2 sheet attached to a resonant metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:5088-5094. [PMID: 38439244 DOI: 10.1364/oe.506357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides have shown large second-order nonlinear responses due to their broken crystal inversion symmetry. However, their nonlinear interaction with light is restricted to an atomically thin layer. Placing a sheet of transition metal dichalcogenides on a resonant metasurface enhances the field interacting with the nonlinear material thus compensating for this shortcoming. But, it remains a challenge to tune resonances such, that they coincide with fundamental and second harmonic frequencies simultaneously. Here we demonstrate two independent methods to achieve that goal and numerically illustrate our findings for a MoS2 layer combined with silicon nitride photonic crystals. We numerically demonstrate 20-fold and 170-fold enhancement of second-harmonic generation compared with a design based on a single resonant structure. Although we focus on that specific configuration our approach can likewise be applied to other dielectrics combined with highly nonlinear 2D materials.
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3
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Murakami S, Fujimoto R, Kobayashi T, Ikuta R, Inoue A, Umeki T, Miki S, China F, Terai H, Kasahara R, Mukai T, Imoto N, Yamamoto T. Quantum frequency conversion using 4-port fiber-pigtailed PPLN module. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:29271-29279. [PMID: 37710731 DOI: 10.1364/oe.494313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Quantum frequency conversion (QFC), which involves the exchange of frequency modes of photons, is a prerequisite for quantum interconnects among various quantum systems, primarily those based on telecom photonic network infrastructures. Compact and fiber-closed QFC modules are in high demand for such applications. In this paper, we report such a QFC module based on a fiber-coupled 4-port frequency converter with a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguide. The demonstrated QFC shifted the wavelength of a single photon from 780 to 1541 nm. The single photon was prepared via spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) with heralding photon detection, for which the cross-correlation function was 40.45 ± 0.09. The observed cross-correlation function of the photon pairs had a nonclassical value of 13.7 ± 0.4 after QFC at the maximum device efficiency of 0.73, which preserved the quantum statistical property. Such an efficient QFC module is useful for interfacing atomic systems and fiber-optic communication.
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4
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Zhang H, Wan L, Haug T, Mok WK, Paesani S, Shi Y, Cai H, Chin LK, Karim MF, Xiao L, Luo X, Gao F, Dong B, Assad S, Kim MS, Laing A, Kwek LC, Liu AQ. Resource-efficient high-dimensional subspace teleportation with a quantum autoencoder. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn9783. [PMID: 36206336 PMCID: PMC9544333 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn9783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quantum autoencoders serve as efficient means for quantum data compression. Here, we propose and demonstrate their use to reduce resource costs for quantum teleportation of subspaces in high-dimensional systems. We use a quantum autoencoder in a compress-teleport-decompress manner and report the first demonstration with qutrits using an integrated photonic platform for future scalability. The key strategy is to compress the dimensionality of input states by erasing redundant information and recover the initial states after chip-to-chip teleportation. Unsupervised machine learning is applied to train the on-chip autoencoder, enabling the compression and teleportation of any state from a high-dimensional subspace. Unknown states are decompressed at a high fidelity (~0.971), obtaining a total teleportation fidelity of ~0.894. Subspace encodings hold great potential as they support enhanced noise robustness and increased coherence. Laying the groundwork for machine learning techniques in quantum systems, our scheme opens previously unidentified paths toward high-dimensional quantum computing and networking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave., Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Lingxiao Wan
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave., Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Tobias Haug
- Quantum Optics and Laser Science, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW72AZ, UK
| | - Wai-Keong Mok
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Block S15, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Stefano Paesani
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Yuzhi Shi
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hong Cai
- Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Lip Ket Chin
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave., Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Faeyz Karim
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave., Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Limin Xiao
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xianshu Luo
- Advanced Micro Foundry, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore 117685 Singapore
| | - Feng Gao
- Advanced Micro Foundry, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore 117685 Singapore
| | - Bin Dong
- Advanced Micro Foundry, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore 117685 Singapore
| | - Syed Assad
- Department of Quantum Science, Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - M. S. Kim
- Quantum Optics and Laser Science, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW72AZ, UK
| | - Anthony Laing
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Leong Chuan Kwek
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave., Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Block S15, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- National Institute of Education, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616 Singapore
| | - Ai Qun Liu
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave., Singapore 639798, Singapore
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5
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Hamer A, Fricker D, Hohn M, Atkinson P, Lepsa M, Linden S, Vewinger F, Kardynal B, Stellmer S. Converting single photons from an InAs/GaAs quantum dot into the ultraviolet: preservation of second-order correlations. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1778-1781. [PMID: 35363733 DOI: 10.1364/ol.451975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wavelength conversion at the single-photon level is required to forge a quantum network from distinct quantum devices. Such devices include solid-state emitters of single or entangled photons, as well as network nodes based on atoms or ions. Here we demonstrate the conversion of single photons emitted from a III-V semiconductor quantum dot at 853 nm via sum frequency conversion to the wavelength of the strong transition of Yb+ ions at 370 nm. We measure the second-order correlation function of both the unconverted and the converted photon and show that the single-photon character of the quantum dot emission is preserved during the conversion process.
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6
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Myilswamy KV, Weiner AM. Temporal modulation of a spectral compressor for efficient quantum storage. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1387-1390. [PMID: 35290320 DOI: 10.1364/ol.445338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spectral and temporal mode matching are required for the efficient interaction of photons and quantum memories. In our previous work [Opt. Lett.45, 5688 (2020).10.1364/OL.404891], we proposed a new route to spectrally compress broadband photons to achieve spectral mode matching with narrowband memories, using a linear, time-variant optical cavity based on rapid switching of input coupling. In this work, we extend our approach to attain temporal mode matching as well by exploiting the time variation of output coupling of the cavity. We numerically analyze the mode matching and loss performance of our time-varying cavity and present a possible implementation in integrated photonics.
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Zheng YX, Cui JM, Ai MZ, Qian ZH, Ye WR, Huang YF, Li CF, Guo GC. Quantum frequency conversion from ultraviolet to visible band through waveguides in a period-poled MgO:LiTaO 3 crystal. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:38488-38496. [PMID: 34808901 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In research on hybrid quantum networks, visible or near-infrared frequency conversion has been realized. However, technical limitations mean that there have been few studies involving the ultraviolet band, and unfortunately the wavelengths of the rare-earth or alkaline-earth metal atoms or ions that are used widely in research on quantum information are often in the UV band. Therefore, frequency conversion of the ultraviolet band is very important. In this paper, we demonstrate a quantum frequency conversion between ultraviolet and visible wavelengths by fabricating waveguides in a period-poled MgO:LiTaO3 crystal with a laser writing system, which will be used to connect the wavelength of the dipole transition of 171Yb+ at 369.5 nm and the absorption wavelength of Eu3+ at 580 nm in a solid-state quantum memory system. An external conversion efficiency of 0.85% and a signal-to-noise ratio of greater than 500 are realized with a pumping power of 3.28 W at 1018 nm. Furthermore, we complete frequency conversion of the classical polarization state by means of a symmetric optical setup based on the fabricated waveguide, and the process fidelity of the conversion is (96.13 ± 0.021)%. This converter paves the way for constructing a hybrid quantum network and realizing a quantum router in the ultraviolet band in the future.
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8
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Kerdoncuff H, Christensen JB, Lassen M. Quantum frequency conversion of vacuum squeezed light to bright tunable blue squeezed light and higher-order spatial modes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:29828-29840. [PMID: 34614720 DOI: 10.1364/oe.436325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantum frequency conversion, the process of shifting the frequency of an optical quantum state while preserving quantum coherence, can be used to produce non-classical light at otherwise unapproachable wavelengths. We present experimental results based on highly efficient sum-frequency generation (SFG) between a vacuum squeezed state at 1064 nm and a tunable pump source at 850 nm ± 50 nm for the generation of bright squeezed light at 472 nm ± 4 nm, currently limited by the phase-matching of the used nonlinear crystal. We demonstrate that the SFG process conserves part of the quantum coherence as a 4.2(±0.2) dB 1064 nm vacuum squeezed state is converted to a 1.6(±0.2) dB tunable bright blue squeezed state. We furthermore demonstrate simultaneous frequency- and spatial-mode conversion of the 1064-nm vacuum squeezed state, and measure 1.1(±0.2) dB and 0.4(±0.2) dB of squeezing in the TEM01 and TEM02 modes, respectively. With further development, we foresee that the source may find use within fields such as sensing, metrology, spectroscopy, and imaging.
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9
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Tailorable Brillouin Light Scattering in a Lithium Niobate Waveguide. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11188390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) lasers based on silicon waveguides with large SBS gain have been widely used in frequency tunable laser emissions, mode-locked pulse lasers, low-noise oscillators, optical gyroscopes and other fields. However, among SBS lasers, the realization of Brillouin laser output often requires a longer waveguide length, which not only increases waveguide loss but also increase the size of the device. As a new medium, lithium niobate has been fabricated into a new type of hybrid structure. Meanwhile, the width of a suspended waveguide is adjusted to tune the phonon frequency of an SBS laser based on lithium niobate substrate. Simulation results show that the tunable forward SBS effect is realized in a lithium niobate-suspended optical waveguide, showing a larger forward stimulated Brillouin scattering gain of 0.31 W−1m−1. The tunable phonon frequency ranges from 1 to 15 GHz. Therefore, utilizing the photon–phonon conversion effect, the waveguide system with LiNbO3 will pave a new way forward with better integration.
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Fisher P, Cernansky R, Haylock B, Lobino M. Single Photon Frequency Conversion for Frequency Multiplexed Quantum Networks in the Telecom Band. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:023602. [PMID: 34296909 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.023602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-speed long-range quantum communication requires combining frequency multiplexed photonic channels with quantum memories. We experimentally demonstrate an integrated quantum frequency conversion protocol that can convert between wavelength division multiplexing channels in the telecom range with an efficiency of 55±8% and a noise subtracted Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) dip visibility of 84.5%. This protocol is based on a cascaded second order nonlinear interaction and can be used to interface a broad spectrum of frequencies with narrowband quantum memories, or alternatively as a quantum optical transponder, efficiently interfacing different regions of a frequency-multiplexed spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Fisher
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology (Australian Research Council), Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Robert Cernansky
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology (Australian Research Council), Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Ben Haylock
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology (Australian Research Council), Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Mirko Lobino
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology (Australian Research Council), Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
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11
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Mann F, Chrzanowski HM, Ramelow S. Low random duty-cycle errors in periodically poled KTP revealed by sum-frequency generation. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:3049-3052. [PMID: 34197376 DOI: 10.1364/ol.427464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Low-noise quantum frequency conversion in periodically poled nonlinear crystals has proved challenging when the pump wavelength is shorter than the target wavelength. This is-at least in large part-a consequence of the parasitic spontaneous parametric downconversion of pump photons, whose efficiency is increased by fabrication errors in the periodic poling. Here we characterize the poling quality of commercial periodically poled bulk potassium titanyl phosphate (ppKTP) by measuring the sum-frequency generation (SFG) efficiency over a large phase mismatch range from 0 to more than 400π. Over the probed range, the SFG efficiency behaves nearly ideally and drops to a normalized efficiency of 10-6. Our results demonstrate that any background pedestal that would be formed by random duty-cycle errors in ppKTP is substantially reduced when compared to periodically poled lithium niobate. The standard deviation of the random duty-cycle errors can be estimated to be smaller than 2% of the domain length. From this, we expect a noise spectral density that is at least 1 order of magnitude smaller than that of current state-of-the-art single-step frequency converters.
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12
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Cheng CY, Liu ZY, Hu PS, Wang TN, Chien CY, Lin JK, Juo JY, Shiu JS, Yu IA, Chen YC, Chen YF. Efficient frequency conversion based on resonant four-wave mixing. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:681-684. [PMID: 33528440 DOI: 10.1364/ol.414263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Efficient frequency conversion of photons has important applications in optical quantum technology because the frequency range suitable for photon manipulation and communication usually varies widely. Recently, an efficient frequency conversion system using a double-Λ four-wave mixing (FWM) process based on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has attracted considerable attention because of its potential to achieve a nearly 100% conversion efficiency (CE). To obtain such a high CE, the spontaneous emission loss in this resonant-type FWM system must be suppressed considerably. A simple solution is to arrange the applied laser fields in a backward configuration. However, the phase mismatch due to this configuration can cause a significant decrease in CE. Here, we demonstrate that the phase mismatch can be effectively compensated by introducing the phase shift obtained by two-photon detuning. Under optimal conditions, we observe a wavelength conversion from 780 to 795 nm with a maximum CE of 91.2%±0.6% by using this backward FWM system at an optical depth of 130 in cold 87Rb atoms. The current work represents an important step toward achieving low-loss, high-fidelity quantum frequency conversion based on EIT.
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13
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Sakr H, Chen Y, Jasion GT, Bradley TD, Hayes JR, Mulvad HCH, Davidson IA, Numkam Fokoua E, Poletti F. Hollow core optical fibres with comparable attenuation to silica fibres between 600 and 1100 nm. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6030. [PMID: 33247139 PMCID: PMC7695690 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19910-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 50 years, pure or doped silica glass optical fibres have been an unrivalled platform for the transmission of laser light and optical data at wavelengths from the visible to the near infra-red. Rayleigh scattering, arising from frozen-in density fluctuations in the glass, fundamentally limits the minimum attenuation of these fibres and hence restricts their application, especially at shorter wavelengths. Guiding light in hollow (air) core fibres offers a potential way to overcome this insurmountable attenuation limit set by the glass’s scattering, but requires reduction of all the other loss-inducing mechanisms. Here we report hollow core fibres, of nested antiresonant design, with losses comparable or lower than achievable in solid glass fibres around technologically relevant wavelengths of 660, 850, and 1060 nm. Their lower than Rayleigh scattering loss in an air-guiding structure offers the potential for advances in quantum communications, data transmission, and laser power delivery. Hollow core fibers have low light attenuation because the light travels through air rather than glass, but other sources of loss have limited the performance so far. Here the authors design and demonstrate a Nested Antiresonant Nodeless hollow core fiber that has losses competitive with standard solid-core fiber at several important wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Sakr
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Yong Chen
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK.,Lumenisity Ltd, Unit 7, The Quadrangle, Southampton, SO51 9DL, UK
| | - Gregory T Jasion
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Thomas D Bradley
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - John R Hayes
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Hans Christian H Mulvad
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Ian A Davidson
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Eric Numkam Fokoua
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Francesco Poletti
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK.
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Pampel SK, Bae K, Zohrabi M, Grayson M, Horning TM, Park W, Gopinath JT. Third-harmonic generation enhancement in an ITO nanoparticle-coated microresonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:30004-30014. [PMID: 33114887 DOI: 10.1364/oe.402527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a ∼3-fold enhancement of third-harmonic generation (THG) conversion efficiency using indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles on the surface of an ultra-high-Q silica microsphere. This is one of the largest microcavity-based THG enhancements reported. Phase-matching and spatial mode overlap are explored numerically to determine the microsphere radius (∼29 µm) and resonant mode numbers that maximize THG. Furthermore, the ITO nanoparticles are uniformly bonded to the cavity surface by drop-casting, eliminating the need for complex fabrication. The significant improvement in THG conversion efficiency establishes functionalized ITO microcavities as a promising tool for broadband frequency conversion, nonlinear enhancement, and applications in integrated photonics.
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15
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Wright TA, Parry C, Gibson OR, Francis-Jones RJA, Mosley PJ. Resource-efficient frequency conversion for quantum networks via sequential four-wave mixing. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4587-4590. [PMID: 32797016 DOI: 10.1364/ol.398408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a resource-efficient scheme in which a single pump laser was used to achieve frequency conversion by Bragg-scattering four-wave mixing in a photonic crystal fiber. We demonstrate bidirectional conversion of coherent light between Sr+2P1/2→2D3/2 emission wavelength at 1092 nm and the telecommunication C band with conversion efficiencies of 4.2% and 37% for up- and down-conversion, respectively. We discuss how the scheme may be viably scaled to meet the temporal, spectral, and polarization stability requirements of a hybrid light-matter quantum network.
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16
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Kerdoncuff H, Christensen JB, Brasil TB, Novikov VA, Polzik ES, Hald J, Lassen M. Cavity-enhanced sum-frequency generation of blue light with near-unity conversion efficiency. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:3975-3984. [PMID: 32122057 DOI: 10.1364/oe.385826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on double-resonant highly efficient sum-frequency generation in the blue range. The system consists of a 10-mm-long periodically poled KTP crystal placed in a double-resonant bow-tie cavity and pumped by a fiber laser at 1064.5 nm and a Ti:sapphire laser at 849.2 nm. An optical power of 375 mW at 472.4 nm in a TEM00 mode was generated with pump powers of 250 mW at 849.2 nm and 200 mW at 1064.5 nm coupled into the double-resonant ring resonator with 88% mode-matching. The resulting internal conversion efficiency of 95(±3)% of the photons mode-matched to the cavity constitutes, to the best of our knowledge, the highest overall achieved quantum conversion efficiency using continuous-wave pumping. Very high conversion efficiency is rendered possible due to very low intracavity loss on the level of 0.3% and high nonlinear conversion coefficient up to 0.045(0.015) W-1. Power stability measurements performed over one hour show a stability of 0.8%. The generated blue light can be tuned within 5 nm around the center wavelength of 472.4 nm, limited by the phase-matching of our nonlinear crystal. This can however be expanded to cover the entire blue spectrum (420 nm to 510 nm) by proper choice of nonlinear crystals and pump lasers. Our experimental results agree very well with analytical and numerical simulations taking into account cavity impedance matching and depletion of the pump fields.
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17
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Rao A, Abdelsalam K, Sjaardema T, Honardoost A, Camacho-Gonzalez GF, Fathpour S. Actively-monitored periodic-poling in thin-film lithium niobate photonic waveguides with ultrahigh nonlinear conversion efficiency of 4600 %W -1cm -2. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:25920-25930. [PMID: 31510454 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.025920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chip-scale implementations of second-order nonlinear optics benefit from increased optical confinement that can lead to nonlinear interaction strengths that are orders of magnitude higher than bulk free-space configurations. Here, we present thin-film-based ultraefficient periodically-poled lithium niobate nonlinear waveguides, leveraging actively-monitored ferroelectric domain reversal engineering and nanophotonic confinement. The devices exhibit up to 4600 %W-1cm-2 conversion efficiency for second-harmonic generation, pumped around 1540 nm. In addition, we measure broadband sum-frequency generation across multiple telecom bands, from 1460 to 1620 nm. As an immediate application of the devices, we use pulses of picojoule-level energy to demonstrate second-harmonic generation with over 10% conversion in a 0.6-mm-long waveguide. Our ultracompact and highly efficient devices address growing demands in integrated-photonic frequency conversion, frequency metrology, atomic physics, and quantum optics, while offering a coherent link between the telecom and visible bands.
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18
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Kaiser F, Vergyris P, Martin A, Aktas D, De Micheli MP, Alibart O, Tanzilli S. Quantum optical frequency up-conversion for polarisation entangled qubits: towards interconnected quantum information devices. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:25603-25610. [PMID: 31510430 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.025603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Realising a global quantum network requires combining individual strengths of different quantum systems to perform universal tasks, notably using flying and stationary qubits. However, transferring coherently quantum information between different systems is challenging as they usually feature different properties, notably in terms of operation wavelength and wavepacket. To circumvent this problem for quantum photonics systems, we demonstrate a polarisation-preserving quantum frequency conversion device in which telecom wavelength photons are converted to the near infrared, at which a variety of quantum memories operate. Our device is essentially free of noise, which we demonstrate through near perfect single photon state transfer tomography and observation of high-fidelity entanglement after conversion. In addition, our guided-wave setup is robust, compact, and easily adaptable to other wavelengths. This approach therefore represents a major building block towards advantageously connecting quantum information systems based on light and matter.
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19
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Xie Z, Luo KH, Chang KC, Panoiu NC, Herrmann H, Silberhorn C, Wong CW. Efficient C-band single-photon upconversion with chip-scale Ti-indiffused pp-LiNbO 3 waveguides. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:5910-5915. [PMID: 31503905 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.005910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Frequency upconversion for single photons at telecom wavelengths is important to simultaneously meet the different wavelength requirements for long-distance communications and quantum memories in a quantum nodal network. It also enables the detection for the telecom "flying qubit" photons with silicon-based efficient single-photon detectors with low dark count (DC) rates. Here, we demonstrate the frequency upconversion of attenuated single photons, using a low-loss titanium-indiffused periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide, pumped with a readily available erbium-doped fiber amplifier in the L-band. Internal and conversion efficiencies up to 84.4% and 49.9% have been achieved, respectively. The DC rates are suppressed down to 44 kHz at 13.9% end-to-end quantum efficiency (including full conversion and detection), enabled by our long-wavelength pump configuration and narrow 3.5-GHz bandpass filtering.
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20
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Ali RF, Bilton M, Gates BD. One-pot synthesis of sub-10 nm LiNbO 3 nanocrystals exhibiting a tunable optical second harmonic response. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:2268-2275. [PMID: 36131980 PMCID: PMC9417713 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00171e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonics, dealing with the properties of light interacting with nanometer scale materials and structures, has emerged as a sought after platform for sensing and imaging applications, and is impacting fields that include advanced information technology, signal processing circuits, and cryptography. Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a unique photonic material, often referred to as the "silicon of photonics" due to its excellent optical properties. In this article, we introduce a solution-phase method to prepare single-crystalline LiNbO3 nanoparticles with average diameters of 7 nm. This one-pot approach forms well-dispersed LiNbO3 nanocrystals without additional organic additives (e.g., surfactants) to control growth and aggregation of the nanoparticles. Formation of these LiNbO3 nanocrystals proceeds through a non-aqueous sol-gel reaction, in which lithium hydroxide and niobium hydroxide species were generated in situ. The reaction proceeded through both a condensation and crystallization of these reactants to form the solid nanoparticles. These nanocrystals of LiNbO3 were active for optical second harmonic generation (SHG) with a tunable response from 400 to 500 nm. These nanoparticles could enable further development of non-linear optical techniques such as SHG microscopy for bioimaging, which requires the dimensions of nanoparticles to be well below 100 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Faryad Ali
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Matthew Bilton
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Byron D Gates
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
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21
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Zhao J, Rüsing M, Mookherjea S. Optical diagnostic methods for monitoring the poling of thin-film lithium niobate waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:12025-12038. [PMID: 31052748 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.012025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate two non-destructive methods of studying the gradual poling of thin-film lithium niobate waveguides by the application of a sequence of high-voltage pulses, and we show the transition from under-poling to over-poling and the identification of the optimal stopping point of the poling process. The first diagnostic method is based on changes in continuous-wave light transmission through a hybrid waveguide as it is gradually poled by using a second set of monitoring electrodes fabricated alongside the principal poling electrodes. The second method is based on confocal back-reflected second-harmonic microscopy by using femtosecond optical probe pulses. The results from the two methods are in agreement with each other and may be useful as non-destructive in situ diagnostic methods for optimized poling of integrated waveguides.
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22
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Logan AD, Gould M, Schmidgall ER, Hestroffer K, Lin Z, Jin W, Majumdar A, Hatami F, Rodriguez AW, Fu KMC. 400%/W second harmonic conversion efficiency in 14 μm-diameter gallium phosphide-on-oxide resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:33687-33699. [PMID: 30650802 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.033687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Second harmonic conversion from 1550 nm to 775 nm with an efficiency of 400% W-1 is demonstrated in a gallium phosphide (GaP) on oxide integrated photonic platform. The platform consists of doubly-resonant, phase-matched ring resonators with quality factors Q ∼ 104, low mode volumes V ∼ 30(λ/n)3, and high nonlinear mode overlaps. Measurements and simulations indicate that conversion efficiencies can be increased by a factor of 20 by improving the waveguide-cavity coupling to achieve critical coupling in current devices.
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23
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Esfandyarpour V, Langrock C, Fejer M. Cascaded downconversion interface to convert single-photon-level signals at 650 nm to the telecom band. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:5655-5658. [PMID: 30439918 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.005655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a device designed for two-step downconversion of single-photon-level signals at 650 nm to the 1.5-μm band with low excess noise and low required pump power as a quantum interface between matter-qubit-based nodes and low-loss photonic channels for quantum communication networks. The required pump power for this interface is around 60% of that for a comparable conventional single-pass device, which reduces the demand on the pump laser and yields a corresponding reduction in dark counts due to inelastic pump scattering. The single-photon-level signal at 649.7 nm is downconverted to the telecom band using a fiber-coupled reverse proton exchange periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide and a 2.19-μm pump laser. By testing the device in the linear regime with a classical input, we achieved 99% depletion efficiency for each stage, corresponding to an internal quantum efficiency of 63% at the optimum pump power for the complete cascaded process.
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24
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Li YH, Fang WT, Zhou ZY, Liu SL, Liu SK, Xu ZH, Yang C, Li Y, Xu LX, Guo GC, Shi BS. Quantum frequency conversion for multiplexed entangled states generated from micro-ring silicon chip. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:28429-28440. [PMID: 30470014 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.028429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Silicon-on-chip photonic circuits are among some very promising platforms for generating nonclassical photonic quantum state, because of its low loss, small footprint, and compatibility with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) and telecommunications techniques. Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a leading technique for enhancing the transmission capacity of both classical and quantum communications. To bridge the frequency gap between silicon-chip and other quantum systems, such as quantum memories, a quantum interface is indispensable. Here, we demonstrate a quantum interface for multiplexed energy-time entanglement states, which are generated on a silicon micro-ring cavity that is based on frequency up-conversion. By switching the pump wavelength, energy-time entanglement from any channel can be selected at will after being up-converted. The high visibilities of two-photon interference over three channels after frequency up-conversion clearly prove that the entanglement is fully preserved during the quantum frequency conversion (QFC) process. Our work provides new perspectives regarding channel capacity enhancement in quantum communications and for quantum resources being transferred between two different quantum systems.
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25
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Wehner S, Elkouss D, Hanson R. Quantum internet: A vision for the road ahead. Science 2018; 362:362/6412/eaam9288. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam9288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 660] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The internet—a vast network that enables simultaneous long-range classical communication—has had a revolutionary impact on our world. The vision of a quantum internet is to fundamentally enhance internet technology by enabling quantum communication between any two points on Earth. Such a quantum internet may operate in parallel to the internet that we have today and connect quantum processors in order to achieve capabilities that are provably impossible by using only classical means. Here, we propose stages of development toward a full-blown quantum internet and highlight experimental and theoretical progress needed to attain them.
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26
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Christensen JB, Koefoed JG, Bell BA, McKinstrie CJ, Rottwitt K. Shape-preserving and unidirectional frequency conversion by four-wave mixing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:17145-17157. [PMID: 30119530 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.017145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the properties of four-wave mixing Bragg scattering driven by orthogonally polarized pumps in a birefringent waveguide. This configuration enables a large signal conversion bandwidth, and allows strongly unidirectional frequency conversion as undesired Bragg-scattering processes are suppressed by waveguide birefringence. Moreover, we show that this form of Bragg scattering preserves the (arbitrary) signal pulse shape, even when driven by pulsed pumps.
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27
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Polarization insensitive frequency conversion for an atom-photon entanglement distribution via a telecom network. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1997. [PMID: 29784998 PMCID: PMC5962590 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lifetime quantum storages accessible to the telecom photonic infrastructure are essential to long-distance quantum communication. Atomic quantum storages have achieved subsecond storage time corresponding to 1000 km transmission time for a telecom photon through a quantum repeater algorithm. However, the telecom photon cannot be directly interfaced to typical atomic storages. Solid-state quantum frequency conversions fill this wavelength gap. Here we report on the experimental demonstration of a polarization-insensitive solid-state quantum frequency conversion to a telecom photon from a short-wavelength photon entangled with an atomic ensemble. Atom-photon entanglement has been generated with a Rb atomic ensemble and the photon has been translated to telecom range while retaining the entanglement by our nonlinear-crystal-based frequency converter in a Sagnac interferometer.
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28
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High-fidelity entanglement between a trapped ion and a telecom photon via quantum frequency conversion. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1998. [PMID: 29784941 PMCID: PMC5962555 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Entanglement between a stationary quantum system and a flying qubit is an essential ingredient of a quantum-repeater network. It has been demonstrated for trapped ions, trapped atoms, color centers in diamond, or quantum dots. These systems have transition wavelengths in the blue, red or near-infrared spectral regions, whereas long-range fiber-communication requires wavelengths in the low-loss, low-dispersion telecom regime. A proven tool to interconnect flying qubits at visible/NIR wavelengths to the telecom bands is quantum frequency conversion. Here we use an efficient polarization-preserving frequency converter connecting 854 nm to the telecom O-band at 1310 nm to demonstrate entanglement between a trapped 40Ca+ ion and the polarization state of a telecom photon with a high fidelity of 98.2 ± 0.2%. The unique combination of 99.75 ± 0.18% process fidelity in the polarization-state conversion, 26.5% external frequency conversion efficiency and only 11.4 photons/s conversion-induced unconditional background makes the converter a powerful ion–telecom quantum interface. Entanglement between photons and stationary quantum nodes is a fundamental resource for quantum communication, but typical transition wavelengths are far from the telecom band. Here, the authors deal with the problem using polarisation-independent, entanglement-preserving frequency conversion.
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29
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Abstract
We present high-contrast electromagnetically-induced-transparency (EIT) spectra in a heated vapor cell of single isotope 87Rb atoms. The EIT spectrum has both high resonant transmission up to 67% and narrow linewidth of 1.1 MHz. We get rid of the possible amplification resulted from the effects of amplification without population inversion and four-wave mixing. Therefore, this high transmitted light is not artificial. The theoretical prediction of the probe transmission agrees well with the data and the experimental parameters can be derived reasonably from the model. Such narrow and high-contrast spectral profile can be employed as a high precision bandpass filter, which provides a significant advantage in terms of stability and tunability. The central frequency tuning range of the filter is larger than 100 MHz with out-of-band blocking ≥15 dB. This bandpass filter can effectively produce light fields with subnatural linewidth. Nonlinearity associating with the narrow-linewidth and high-contrast EIT profile can be very useful in the applications utilizing the EIT effect.
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30
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Walker T, Miyanishi K, Ikuta R, Takahashi H, Vartabi Kashanian S, Tsujimoto Y, Hayasaka K, Yamamoto T, Imoto N, Keller M. Long-Distance Single Photon Transmission from a Trapped Ion via Quantum Frequency Conversion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:203601. [PMID: 29864312 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.203601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trapped atomic ions are ideal single photon emitters with long-lived internal states which can be entangled with emitted photons. Coupling the ion to an optical cavity enables the efficient emission of single photons into a single spatial mode and grants control over their temporal shape. These features are key for quantum information processing and quantum communication. However, the photons emitted by these systems are unsuitable for long-distance transmission due to their wavelengths. Here we report the transmission of single photons from a single ^{40}Ca^{+} ion coupled to an optical cavity over a 10 km optical fiber via frequency conversion from 866 nm to the telecom C band at 1530 nm. We observe nonclassical photon statistics of the direct cavity emission, the converted photons, and the 10 km transmitted photons, as well as the preservation of the photons' temporal shape throughout. This telecommunication-ready system can be a key component for long-distance quantum communication as well as future cloud quantum computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Walker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - Koichiro Miyanishi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Rikizo Ikuta
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yoshiaki Tsujimoto
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hayasaka
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Imoto
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Matthias Keller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
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31
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Farrera P, Heinze G, de Riedmatten H. Entanglement between a Photonic Time-Bin Qubit and a Collective Atomic Spin Excitation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:100501. [PMID: 29570345 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Entanglement between light and matter combines the advantage of long distance transmission of photonic qubits with the storage and processing capabilities of atomic qubits. To distribute photonic states efficiently over long distances several schemes to encode qubits have been investigated-time-bin encoding being particularly promising due to its robustness against decoherence in optical fibers. Here, we demonstrate the generation of entanglement between a photonic time-bin qubit and a single collective atomic spin excitation (spin wave) in a cold atomic ensemble, followed by the mapping of the atomic qubit onto another photonic qubit. A magnetic field that induces a periodic dephasing and rephasing of the atomic excitation ensures the temporal distinguishability of the two time bins and plays a central role in the entanglement generation. To analyze the generated quantum state, we use largely imbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometers to perform projective measurements in different qubit bases and verify the entanglement by violating a Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt Bell inequality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Farrera
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georg Heinze
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hugues de Riedmatten
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08015 Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Wang C, Li Z, Kim MH, Xiong X, Ren XF, Guo GC, Yu N, Lončar M. Metasurface-assisted phase-matching-free second harmonic generation in lithium niobate waveguides. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2098. [PMID: 29235473 PMCID: PMC5727391 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The phase-matching condition is a key aspect in nonlinear wavelength conversion processes, which requires the momenta of the photons involved in the processes to be conserved. Conventionally, nonlinear phase matching is achieved using either birefringent or periodically poled nonlinear crystals, which requires careful dispersion engineering and is usually narrowband. In recent years, metasurfaces consisting of densely packed arrays of optical antennas have been demonstrated to provide an effective optical momentum to bend light in arbitrary ways. Here, we demonstrate that gradient metasurface structures consisting of phased array antennas are able to circumvent the phase-matching requirement in on-chip nonlinear wavelength conversion. We experimentally demonstrate phase-matching-free second harmonic generation over many coherent lengths in thin film lithium niobate waveguides patterned with the gradient metasurfaces. Efficient second harmonic generation in the metasurface-based devices is observed over a wide range of pump wavelengths (λ = 1580-1650 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Zhaoyi Li
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Myoung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, 78520, USA
| | - Xiao Xiong
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information & Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xi-Feng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information & Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information & Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Nanfang Yu
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Marko Lončar
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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33
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Liu ZY, Xiao JT, Lin JK, Wu JJ, Juo JY, Cheng CY, Chen YF. High-efficiency backward four-wave mixing by quantum interference. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15796. [PMID: 29150627 PMCID: PMC5693967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetically-induced-transparency-based four-wave mixing (FWM) in a resonant four-level double-Λ system has a maximum conversion efficiency (CE) of 25% due to spontaneous emission. Herein, we demonstrate that spontaneous emission can be considerably suppressed by arranging the applied laser beams in a backward configuration. With the backward double-Λ FWM scheme, we observe a CE of 63% in cold rubidium atoms with an optical depth (OD) of 48. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first observation of a CE exceeding the conversion limit in resonant FWM processes. Furthermore, we present a theoretical model that includes the phase-mismatch effect in the backward double-Λ FWM system. According to the theoretical model, the present scheme can achieve 96% CE using a medium with a large OD of 200 under ideal conditions. Such an efficient frequency conversion scheme has potential applications in optical quantum information technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yu Liu
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ting Xiao
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Kang Lin
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Jie Wu
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jz-Yuan Juo
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yao Cheng
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Fan Chen
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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34
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Krutyanskiy V, Meraner M, Schupp J, Lanyon BP. Polarisation-preserving photon frequency conversion from a trapped-ion-compatible wavelength to the telecom C-band. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2017; 123:228. [PMID: 32009744 PMCID: PMC6961519 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-017-6806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate polarisation-preserving frequency conversion of single-photon-level light at 854 nm, resonant with a trapped-ion transition and qubit, to the 1550-nm telecom C band. A total photon in / fiber-coupled photon out efficiency of ∼ 30% is achieved, for a free-running photon noise rate of ∼ 60 Hz. This performance would enable telecom conversion of 854 nm polarisation qubits, produced in existing trapped-ion systems, with a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 1. In combination with near-future trapped-ion systems, our converter would enable the observation of entanglement between an ion and a photon that has travelled more than 100 km in optical fiber: three orders of magnitude further than the state-of-the-art.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Krutyanskiy
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Technikerstrasse 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M. Meraner
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Technikerstrasse 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J. Schupp
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Technikerstrasse 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B. P. Lanyon
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Technikerstrasse 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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35
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Abstract
We propose a new method for frequency conversion of photons which is both versatile and deterministic. We show that a system with two resonators ultrastrongly coupled to a single qubit can be used to realise both single- and multiphoton frequency-conversion processes. The conversion can be exquisitely controlled by tuning the qubit frequency to bring the desired frequency-conversion transitions on or off resonance. Considering recent experimental advances in ultrastrong coupling for circuit QED and other systems, we believe that our scheme can be implemented using available technology.
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36
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Kobayashi T, Yamazaki D, Matsuki K, Ikuta R, Miki S, Yamashita T, Terai H, Yamamoto T, Koashi M, Imoto N. Mach-Zehnder interferometer using frequency-domain beamsplitter. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:12052-12060. [PMID: 28788758 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.012052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a first-order interference between coherent light at 1580 nm and 795 nm by using a frequency-domain Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The MZI is implemented by two frequency-domain BSs based on a second-order nonlinear optical effect in a periodically-poled lithium niobate waveguide with a strong pump light. The observed visibility is over 0.99 at 50% conversion efficiencies of the BSs. Toward photonic quantum information processing, sufficiently small background photon rate is necessary. From measurement results with a superconducting single photon detector (SSPD), we discuss the feasibility of the frequency-domain MZI in a quantum regime. Our estimation shows that the single photon interference with the visibility above 0.9 is feasible with practical settings.
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37
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Lenhard A, Brito J, Bock M, Becher C, Eschner J. Coherence and entanglement preservation of frequency-converted heralded single photons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:11187-11199. [PMID: 28788799 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.011187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on quantum frequency conversion of near-infrared photons from a wave-length of 854 nm to the telecommunication O-band at 1310 nm with 8 % overall conversion efficiency. Entangled photon pairs at 854 nm are generated via type-II spontaneous parametric down conversion. One photon is mixed with a strong pump field in a nonlinear ridge waveguide for its conversion to 1310 nm. We demonstrate preservation of first and second order coherence of the photons in the conversion process. Based on this we infer the coherence function of the two-photon state and compare it with the actual measured one. This measurement demonstrates preservation of time-energy entanglement of the pair. With 88 % visibility we violate a Bell inequality.
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38
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Ly A, Siour C, Bretenaker F. 30-Hz relative linewidth watt output power 1.65 µm continuous-wave singly resonant optical parametric oscillator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:9049-9060. [PMID: 28437979 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.009049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We built a 1-watt cw singly resonant optical parametric oscillator operating at an idler wavelength of 1.65 µm for application to quantum interfaces. The non resonant idler is frequency stabilized by side-fringe locking on a relatively high-finesse Fabry-Perot cavity, and the influence of intensity noise is carefully analyzed. A relative linewidth down to the sub-kHz level (about 30 Hz over 2 s) is achieved. A very good long term stability is obtained for both frequency and intensity.
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39
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Friis SMM, Mejling L, Rottwitt K. Effects of Raman scattering and attenuation in silica fiber-based parametric frequency conversion. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:7324-7337. [PMID: 28380856 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.007324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Four-wave mixing in the form of Bragg scattering (BS) has been predicted to enable quantum noise-less frequency conversion by analytic quantum approaches. Using a semi-classical description of quantum noise that accounts for loss and stimulated and spontaneous Raman scattering, which are not currently described in existing quantum approaches, we quantify the impacts of these effects on the conversion efficiency and on the quantum noise properties of BS in terms of an induced noise figure (NF). We give an approximate closed-form expression for the BS conversion efficiency that includes loss and stimulated Raman scattering, and we derive explicit expressions for the Raman-induced NF from the semi-classical approach used here. We find that Raman scattering induces a NF in the BS process that is comparable to the 3-dB NF associated with linear amplifiers.
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40
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Wang C, Xiong X, Andrade N, Venkataraman V, Ren XF, Guo GC, Lončar M. Second harmonic generation in nano-structured thin-film lithium niobate waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:6963-6973. [PMID: 28381038 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.006963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Integrated thin-film lithium niobate platform has recently emerged as a promising candidate for next-generation, high-efficiency wavelength conversion systems that allow dense packaging and mass-production. Here we demonstrate efficient, phase-matched second harmonic generation in lithographically-defined thin-film lithium niobate waveguides with sub-micron dimensions. Both modal phase matching in fixed-width waveguides and quasi-phase matching in periodically grooved waveguides are theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Our low-loss (~3.0 dB/cm) nanowaveguides possess normalized conversion efficiencies as high as 41% W-1cm-2.
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41
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Li G, Chen Y, Jiang H, Chen X. Broadband sum-frequency generation using d 33 in periodically poled LiNbO 3 thin film in the telecommunications band. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:939-942. [PMID: 28248336 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.000939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the first, to the best of our knowledge, type-0 broadband sum-frequency generation (SFG) based on single-crystal periodically poled LiNbO3 (PPLN) thin film. The broad bandwidth property was largely tuned from mid-infrared region to the telecommunications band by engineering the thickness of PPLN from bulk crystal to nanoscale. It provides SFG a solution with both broadband and high efficiency by using the highest nonlinear coefficient d33 instead of d31 in type-I broadband SFG or second-harmonic generation. The measured 3 dB upconversion bandwidth is about 15.5 nm for a 4 cm long single crystal at 1530 nm wavelength. It can find applications in chip-scale spectroscopy, quantum information processing, LiNbO3-thin-film-based microresonator and optical nonreciprocity devices, etc.
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42
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Li Y, Xiang T, Nie Y, Sang M, Chen X. Spectral compression of single-photon-level laser pulse. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43494. [PMID: 28240245 PMCID: PMC5327491 DOI: 10.1038/srep43494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate that the bandwidth of single photons laser pulse is compressed by a factor of 58 in a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguide chip. A positively chirped single photons laser pulse and a negatively chirped classical laser pulse are employed to produce a narrowband single photon pulse with new frequency through sum-frequency generation. In our experiment, the frequency and bandwidth of single photons at 1550 nm are simultaneously converted. Our results mark a critical step towards the realization of coherent photonic interface between quantum communication at 1550 nm and quantum memory in the near-visible window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Key Laboratory for Laser plasma (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Key Laboratory for Laser plasma (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiyou Nie
- Department of Physics, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Minghuang Sang
- Department of Physics, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Key Laboratory for Laser plasma (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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43
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Wright LJ, Karpiński M, Söller C, Smith BJ. Spectral Shearing of Quantum Light Pulses by Electro-Optic Phase Modulation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:023601. [PMID: 28128614 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.023601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Frequency conversion of nonclassical light enables robust encoding of quantum information based upon spectral multiplexing that is particularly well-suited to integrated-optics platforms. Here we present an intrinsically deterministic linear-optics approach to spectral shearing of quantum light pulses and show it preserves the wave-packet coherence and quantum nature of light. The technique is based upon an electro-optic Doppler shift to implement frequency shear of heralded single-photon wave packets by ±200 GHz, which can be scaled to an arbitrary shift. These results demonstrate a reconfigurable method to controlling the spectral-temporal mode structure of quantum light that could achieve unitary operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Wright
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Michał Karpiński
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Christoph Söller
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Smith
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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44
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Donohue JM, Mastrovich M, Resch KJ. Spectrally Engineering Photonic Entanglement with a Time Lens. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:243602. [PMID: 28009176 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.243602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A time lens, which can be used to reshape the spectral and temporal properties of light, requires the ultrafast manipulation of optical signals and presents a significant challenge for single-photon application. In this work, we construct a time lens based on dispersion and sum-frequency generation to spectrally engineer single photons from an entangled pair. The strong frequency anticorrelations between photons produced from spontaneous parametric down-conversion are converted to positive correlations after the time lens, consistent with a negative-magnification system. The temporal imaging of single photons enables new techniques for time-frequency quantum state engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Donohue
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - M Mastrovich
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Department of Physics, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711, USA
| | - K J Resch
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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45
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Clemmen S, Farsi A, Ramelow S, Gaeta AL. Ramsey Interference with Single Photons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:223601. [PMID: 27925713 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.223601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferometry using discrete energy levels of nuclear, atomic, or molecular systems is the foundation for a wide range of physical phenomena and enables powerful techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance, Ramsey-based spectroscopy, and laser or maser technology. It also plays a unique role in quantum information processing as qubits may be implemented as energy superposition states of simple quantum systems. Here, we demonstrate quantum interference involving energy states of single quanta of light. In full analogy to the energy levels of atoms or nuclear spins, we implement a Ramsey interferometer with single photons. We experimentally generate energy superposition states of a single photon and manipulate them with unitary transformations to realize arbitrary projective measurements. Our approach opens the path for frequency-encoded photonic qubits in quantum information processing and quantum communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Clemmen
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Alessandro Farsi
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Sven Ramelow
- Faculty of Physics, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Alexander L Gaeta
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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46
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Heshami K, England DG, Humphreys PC, Bustard PJ, Acosta VM, Nunn J, Sussman BJ. Quantum memories: emerging applications and recent advances. JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS 2016; 63:2005-2028. [PMID: 27695198 PMCID: PMC5020357 DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2016.1148212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum light-matter interfaces are at the heart of photonic quantum technologies. Quantum memories for photons, where non-classical states of photons are mapped onto stationary matter states and preserved for subsequent retrieval, are technical realizations enabled by exquisite control over interactions between light and matter. The ability of quantum memories to synchronize probabilistic events makes them a key component in quantum repeaters and quantum computation based on linear optics. This critical feature has motivated many groups to dedicate theoretical and experimental research to develop quantum memory devices. In recent years, exciting new applications, and more advanced developments of quantum memories, have proliferated. In this review, we outline some of the emerging applications of quantum memories in optical signal processing, quantum computation and non-linear optics. We review recent experimental and theoretical developments, and their impacts on more advanced photonic quantum technologies based on quantum memories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Victor M. Acosta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Center for High Technology Materials, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Joshua Nunn
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin J. Sussman
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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47
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Zhou ZY, Liu SL, Li Y, Ding DS, Zhang W, Shi S, Dong MX, Shi BS, Guo GC. Orbital Angular Momentum-Entanglement Frequency Transducer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:103601. [PMID: 27636474 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Entanglement is a vital resource for realizing many tasks such as teleportation, secure key distribution, metrology, and quantum computations. To effectively build entanglement between different quantum systems and share information between them, a frequency transducer to convert between quantum states of different wavelengths while retaining its quantum features is indispensable. Information encoded in the photon's orbital angular momentum (OAM) degrees of freedom is preferred in harnessing the information-carrying capacity of a single photon because of its unlimited dimensions. A quantum transducer, which operates at wavelengths from 1558.3 to 525 nm for OAM qubits, OAM-polarization hybrid-entangled states, and OAM-entangled states, is reported for the first time. Nonclassical properties and entanglements are demonstrated following the conversion process by performing quantum tomography, interference, and Bell inequality measurements. Our results demonstrate the capability to create an entanglement link between different quantum systems operating in a photon's OAM degrees of freedom, which will be of great importance in building a high-capacity OAM quantum network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shi-Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shuai Shi
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ming-Xin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bao-Sen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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48
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Fisher KAG, England DG, MacLean JPW, Bustard PJ, Resch KJ, Sussman BJ. Frequency and bandwidth conversion of single photons in a room-temperature diamond quantum memory. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11200. [PMID: 27045988 PMCID: PMC4822040 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectral manipulation of photons is essential for linking components in a quantum network. Large frequency shifts are needed for conversion between optical and telecommunication frequencies, while smaller shifts are useful for frequency-multiplexing quantum systems, in the same way that wavelength division multiplexing is used in classical communications. Here we demonstrate frequency and bandwidth conversion of single photons in a room-temperature diamond quantum memory. Heralded 723.5 nm photons, with 4.1 nm bandwidth, are stored as optical phonons in the diamond via a Raman transition. Upon retrieval from the diamond memory, the spectral shape of the photons is determined by a tunable read pulse through the reverse Raman transition. We report central frequency tunability over 4.2 times the input bandwidth, and bandwidth modulation between 0.5 and 1.9 times the input bandwidth. Our results demonstrate the potential for diamond, and Raman memories in general, as an integrated platform for photon storage and spectral conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent A G Fisher
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Duncan G England
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Jean-Philippe W MacLean
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Philip J Bustard
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Kevin J Resch
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Benjamin J Sussman
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6.,Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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49
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Kuo PS, Gerrits T, Verma V, Nam SW, Slattery O, Ma L, Tang X. Characterization of type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion in domain-engineered PPLN. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2016; 9762. [PMID: 28690358 DOI: 10.1117/12.2218535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We characterize spontaneous parametric downconversion in a domain-engineered, type-II periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal using seeded emission and single-photon techniques. Using continuous-wave (CW) pumping at 775 nm wavelength, the signal and idler are at 1532.5 nm and 1567.5 nm, respectively. The domain-engineered crystal simultaneously phasematches signal and idler pairs: [H(1532.5 nm), V(1567.5 nm)] and [V(1532.5 nm), H(1567.5 nm)]. We observe the tuning curves of these processes through difference-frequency generation and through CW fiber-assisted, single-photon spectroscopy. These measurements indicate good matching in amplitude and bandwidth of the two processes and that the crystal can in principle be used effectively to generate polarization-entangled photon pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina S Kuo
- Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, USA 20899-8920
| | - Thomas Gerrits
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, USA 80305-3337
| | - Varun Verma
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, USA 80305-3337
| | - Sae Woo Nam
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, USA 80305-3337
| | - Oliver Slattery
- Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, USA 20899-8920
| | - Lijun Ma
- Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, USA 20899-8920
| | - Xiao Tang
- Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, USA 20899-8920
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50
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Zhou ZY, Li Y, Ding DS, Zhang W, Shi S, Shi BS, Guo GC. Orbital angular momentum photonic quantum interface. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5:e16019. [PMID: 30167117 PMCID: PMC6059842 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Light-carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) has great potential in enhancing the information channel capacity in both classical and quantum optical communications. Long distance optical communication requires the wavelengths of light are situated in the low-loss communication windows, but most quantum memories currently being developed for use in a quantum repeater work at different wavelengths, so a quantum interface to bridge the wavelength gap is necessary. So far, such an interface for OAM-carried light has not been realized yet. Here, we report the first experimental realization of a quantum interface for a heralded single photon carrying OAM using a nonlinear crystal in an optical cavity. The spatial structures of input and output photons exhibit strong similarity. More importantly, single-photon coherence is preserved during up-conversion as demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shuai Shi
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bao-Sen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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