1
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Yano N, Chong PF, Kojima KK, Miyoshi T, Luqmen-Fatah A, Kimura Y, Kora K, Kayaki T, Maizuru K, Hayashi T, Yokoyama A, Ajiro M, Hagiwara M, Kondo T, Kira R, Takita J, Yoshida T. Long-read sequencing identifies an SVA_D retrotransposon insertion deep within the intron of ATP7A as a novel cause of occipital horn syndrome. J Med Genet 2024; 61:950-958. [PMID: 38960580 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2024-110056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SINE-VNTR-Alu (SVA) retrotransposons move from one genomic location to another in a 'copy-and-paste' manner. They continue to move actively and cause monogenic diseases through various mechanisms. Currently, disease-causing SVA retrotransposons are classified into human-specific young SVA_E or SVA_F subfamilies. In this study, we identified an evolutionarily old SVA_D retrotransposon as a novel cause of occipital horn syndrome (OHS). OHS is an X-linked, copper metabolism disorder caused by dysfunction of the copper transporter, ATP7A. METHODS We investigated a 16-year-old boy with OHS whose pathogenic variant could not be detected via routine molecular genetic analyses. RESULTS A 2.8 kb insertion was detected deep within the intron of the patient's ATP7A gene. This insertion caused aberrant mRNA splicing activated by a new donor splice site located within it. Long-read circular consensus sequencing enabled us to accurately read the entire insertion sequence, which contained highly repetitive and GC-rich segments. Consequently, the insertion was identified as an SVA_D retrotransposon. Antisense oligonucleotides (AOs) targeting the new splice site restored the expression of normal transcripts and functional ATP7A proteins. AO treatment alleviated excessive accumulation of copper in patient fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner. Pedigree analysis revealed that the retrotransposon had moved into the OHS-causing position two generations ago. CONCLUSION This is the first report of a human monogenic disease caused by the SVA_D retrotransposon. The fact that the evolutionarily old SVA_D is still actively transposed, leading to increased copy numbers may make a notable impact on rare genetic disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yano
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Pin Fee Chong
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji K Kojima
- Genetic Information Research Institute, Cupertino, CA, USA
| | - Tomoichiro Miyoshi
- Laboratory for Retrotransposon Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Gene Mechanisms, Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ahmad Luqmen-Fatah
- Laboratory for Retrotransposon Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yu Kimura
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kengo Kora
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taisei Kayaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanako Maizuru
- Department of Pediatrics, Tenri Yorozu Hospital, Tenri, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yokoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ajiro
- Division of Cancer RNA Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Kondo
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kira
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junko Takita
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Liddell JR, Hilton JBW, Wang YJ, Billings JL, Nikseresht S, Kysenius K, Fuller-Jackson JP, Hare DJ, Crouch PJ. Decreased spinal cord motor neuron numbers in mice depleted of central nervous system copper. Metallomics 2024; 16:mfae036. [PMID: 39251386 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfae036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Disrupted copper availability in the central nervous system (CNS) is implicated as a significant feature of the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Solute carrier family 31 member 1 (Slc31a1; Ctr1) governs copper uptake in mammalian cells and mutations affecting Slc31a1 are associated with severe neurological abnormalities. Here, we examined the impact of decreased CNS copper caused by ubiquitous heterozygosity for functional Slc31a1 on spinal cord motor neurons in Slc31a1+/- mice. Congruent with the CNS being relatively susceptible to disrupted copper availability, brain and spinal cord tissue from Slc31a1+/- mice contained significantly less copper than wild-type littermates, even though copper levels in other tissues were unaffected. Slc31a1+/- mice had less spinal cord α-motor neurons compared to wild-type littermates, but they did not develop any overt physical signs of motor impairment. By contrast, ALS model SOD1G37R mice had fewer α-motor neurons than control mice and exhibited clear signs of motor function impairment. With the expression of Slc31a1 notwithstanding, spinal cord expression of genes related to copper handling revealed only minor differences between Slc31a1+/- and wild-type mice. This contrasted with SOD1G37R mice where changes in the expression of copper handling genes were pronounced. Similarly, the expression of genes related to toxic glial activation was unchanged in spinal cords from Slc31a1+/- mice but highly upregulated in SOD1G37R mice. Together, results from the Slc31a1+/- mice and SOD1G37R mice indicate that although depleted CNS copper has a significant impact on spinal cord motor neuron numbers, the manifestation of overt ALS-like motor impairment requires additional factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Liddell
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - J B W Hilton
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Y J Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - J L Billings
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - S Nikseresht
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - K Kysenius
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - J P Fuller-Jackson
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - D J Hare
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - P J Crouch
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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3
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Hilton JBW, Kysenius K, Liddell JR, Mercer SW, Rautengarten C, Hare DJ, Buncic G, Paul B, Murray SS, McLean CA, Kilpatrick TJ, Beckman JS, Ayton S, Bush AI, White AR, Roberts BR, Donnelly PS, Crouch PJ. Integrated elemental analysis supports targeting copper perturbations as a therapeutic strategy in multiple sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2024:e00432. [PMID: 39164165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating affliction of the central nervous system (CNS) that involves demyelination of neuronal axons and neurodegeneration resulting in disability that becomes more pronounced in progressive forms of the disease. The involvement of neurodegeneration in MS underscores the need for effective neuroprotective approaches necessitating identification of new therapeutic targets. Herein, we applied an integrated elemental analysis workflow to human MS-affected spinal cord tissue utilising multiple inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry methodologies. These analyses revealed shifts in atomic copper as a notable aspect of disease. Complementary gene expression and biochemical analyses demonstrated that changes in copper levels coincided with altered expression of copper handling genes and downstream functionality of cuproenzymes. Copper-related problems observed in the human MS spinal cord were largely reproduced in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model during the acute phase of disease characterised by axonal demyelination, lesion formation, and motor neuron loss. Treatment of EAE mice with the CNS-permeant copper modulating compound CuII(atsm) resulted in recovery of cuproenzyme function, improved myelination and lesion volume, and neuroprotection. These findings support targeting copper perturbations as a therapeutic strategy for MS with CuII(atsm) showing initial promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B W Hilton
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kai Kysenius
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R Liddell
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen W Mercer
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Dominic J Hare
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Gojko Buncic
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bence Paul
- School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Elemental Scientific Lasers, LLC, 685 Old Buffalo Trail, Bozeman, MT 59715, United States
| | - Simon S Murray
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Joseph S Beckman
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, 97331, United States
| | - Scott Ayton
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter J Crouch
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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4
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Gale J, Aizenman E. The physiological and pathophysiological roles of copper in the nervous system. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:3505-3543. [PMID: 38747014 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Copper is a critical trace element in biological systems due the vast number of essential enzymes that require the metal as a cofactor, including cytochrome c oxidase, superoxide dismutase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase. Due its key role in oxidative metabolism, antioxidant defence and neurotransmitter synthesis, copper is particularly important for neuronal development and proper neuronal function. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that copper also serves important functions in synaptic and network activity, the regulation of circadian rhythms, and arousal. However, it is important to note that because of copper's ability to redox cycle and generate reactive species, cellular levels of the metal must be tightly regulated to meet cellular needs while avoiding copper-induced oxidative stress. Therefore, it is essential that the intricate system of copper transporters, exporters, copper chaperones and copper trafficking proteins function properly and in coordinate fashion. Indeed, disorders of copper metabolism such as Menkes disease and Wilson disease, as well as diseases linked to dysfunction of copper-requiring enzymes, such as SOD1-linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, demonstrate the dramatic neurological consequences of altered copper homeostasis. In this review, we explore the physiological importance of copper in the nervous system as well as pathologies related to improper copper handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Gale
- Department of Neurobiology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elias Aizenman
- Department of Neurobiology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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El Nachef L, Al-Choboq J, Bourguignon M, Foray N. Response of Fibroblasts from Menkes' and Wilson's Copper Metabolism-Related Disorders to Ionizing Radiation: Influence of the Nucleo-Shuttling of the ATM Protein Kinase. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1746. [PMID: 38136617 PMCID: PMC10741441 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Menkes' disease (MD) and Wilson's disease (WD) are two major copper (Cu) metabolism-related disorders caused by mutations of the ATP7A and ATP7B ATPase gene, respectively. While Cu is involved in DNA strand breaks signaling and repair, the response of cells from both diseases to ionizing radiation, a common DNA strand breaks inducer, has not been investigated yet. To this aim, three MD and two WD skin fibroblasts lines were irradiated at two Gy X-rays and clonogenic cell survival, micronuclei, anti-γH2AX, -pATM, and -MRE11 immunofluorescence assays were applied to evaluate the DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) recognition and repair. MD and WD cells appeared moderately radiosensitive with a delay in the radiation-induced ATM nucleo-shuttling (RIANS) associated with impairments in the DSB recognition. Such delayed RIANS was notably caused in both MD and WD cells by a highly expressed ATP7B protein that forms complexes with ATM monomers in cytoplasm. Interestingly, a Cu pre-treatment of cells may influence the activity of the MRE11 nuclease and modulate the radiobiological phenotype. Lastly, some high-passage MD cells cultured in routine may transform spontaneously becoming immortalized. Altogether, our findings suggest that exposure to ionizing radiation may impact on clinical features of MD and WD, which requires cautiousness when affected patients are submitted to radiodiagnosis and, eventually, radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura El Nachef
- INSERM U1296 Unit “Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment”, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (L.E.N.); (J.A.-C.); (M.B.)
| | - Joëlle Al-Choboq
- INSERM U1296 Unit “Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment”, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (L.E.N.); (J.A.-C.); (M.B.)
| | - Michel Bourguignon
- INSERM U1296 Unit “Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment”, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (L.E.N.); (J.A.-C.); (M.B.)
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Université Paris Saclay Versailles St Quentin en Yvelines, 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Nicolas Foray
- INSERM U1296 Unit “Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment”, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (L.E.N.); (J.A.-C.); (M.B.)
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6
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Yang H, Yang X, Cai F, Gan S, Yang S, Wu L. Analysis of clinical phenotypic and genotypic spectra in 36 children patients with Epilepsy of Infancy with Migrating Focal Seizures. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10187. [PMID: 35715422 PMCID: PMC9205988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13974-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy of Infancy with Migrating Focal Seizures (EIMFS) is a rare developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEEs) with unknown etiology, and poor prognosis. In order to explore new genetic etiology of EIMFS and new precision medicine treatment strategies, 36 children with EIMFS were enrolled in this study. 17/36 cases had causative variants across 11 genes, including 6 novel EIMFS genes: PCDH19, ALDH7A1, DOCK6, PRRT2, ALG1 and ATP7A. 13/36 patients had ineffective seizure control, 14/36 patients had severe retardation and 6/36 patients died. Of them, the genes for ineffective seizure control, severe retardation or death include KCNT1, SCN2A, SCN1A, ALG1, ATP7A and WWOX. 17 patients had abnormal MRI, of which 8 had ineffective seizure control, 7 had severe retardation and 4 died. 13 patients had hypsarrhythmia, of which 6 had ineffective seizure control, 6 had severe retardation and 2 died. Also, 7 patients had burst suppression, of which 1 had ineffective seizure control, 3 had severe retardation and 3 died. This study is the first to report that ALDH7A1, ATP7A, DOCK6, PRRT2, ALG1, and PCDH19 mutations cause the phenotypic spectrum of EIMFS to expand the genotypic spectrum. The genes KCNT1, SCN2A, SCN1A, ALG1, ATP7A and WWOX may be associated with poor prognosis. The patients presenting with MRI abnormalities, hypsarrhythmia and burst suppression in EEG may be associated with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Children's Hospital, Ziyuan Road 86th, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shangdong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Cai
- Department of Neurology, Chenzhou No 1 People's Hospital, Chenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyi Gan
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Children's Hospital, Ziyuan Road 86th, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Children's Hospital, Ziyuan Road 86th, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwen Wu
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Children's Hospital, Ziyuan Road 86th, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Golgi Metal Ion Homeostasis in Human Health and Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020289. [PMID: 35053405 PMCID: PMC8773785 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a membrane organelle located in the center of the protein processing and trafficking pathway. It consists of sub-compartments with distinct biochemical compositions and functions. Main functions of the Golgi, including membrane trafficking, protein glycosylation, and sorting, require a well-maintained stable microenvironment in the sub-compartments of the Golgi, along with metal ion homeostasis. Metal ions, such as Ca2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+, are important cofactors of many Golgi resident glycosylation enzymes. The homeostasis of metal ions in the secretory pathway, which is required for proper function and stress response of the Golgi, is tightly regulated and maintained by transporters. Mutations in the transporters cause human diseases. Here we provide a review specifically focusing on the transporters that maintain Golgi metal ion homeostasis under physiological conditions and their alterations in diseases.
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8
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Beyens A, Pottie L, Sips P, Callewaert B. Clinical and Molecular Delineation of Cutis Laxa Syndromes: Paradigms for Homeostasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1348:273-309. [PMID: 34807425 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-80614-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutis laxa (CL) syndromes are a large and heterogeneous group of rare connective tissue disorders that share loose redundant skin as a hallmark clinical feature, which reflects dermal elastic fiber fragmentation. Both acquired and congenital-Mendelian- forms exist. Acquired forms are progressive and often preceded by inflammatory triggers in the skin, but may show systemic elastolysis. Mendelian forms are often pleiotropic in nature and classified upon systemic manifestations and mode of inheritance. Though impaired elastogenesis is a common denominator in all Mendelian forms of CL, the underlying gene defects are diverse and affect structural components of the elastic fiber or impair metabolic pathways interfering with cellular trafficking, proline synthesis, or mitochondrial functioning. In this chapter we provide a detailed overview of the clinical and molecular characteristics of the different cutis laxa types and review the latest insights on elastic fiber assembly and homeostasis from both human and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Beyens
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Department of Dermatology, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lore Pottie
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Sips
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Callewaert
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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9
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Martinez-Vidal L, Murdica V, Venegoni C, Pederzoli F, Bandini M, Necchi A, Salonia A, Alfano M. Causal contributors to tissue stiffness and clinical relevance in urology. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1011. [PMID: 34446834 PMCID: PMC8390675 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanomedicine is an emerging field focused on characterizing mechanical changes in cells and tissues coupled with a specific disease. Understanding the mechanical cues that drive disease progression, and whether tissue stiffening can precede disease development, is crucial in order to define new mechanical biomarkers to improve and develop diagnostic and prognostic tools. Classically known stromal regulators, such as fibroblasts, and more recently acknowledged factors such as the microbiome and extracellular vesicles, play a crucial role in modifications to the stroma and extracellular matrix (ECM). These modifications ultimately lead to an alteration of the mechanical properties (stiffness) of the tissue, contributing to disease onset and progression. We describe here classic and emerging mediators of ECM remodeling, and discuss state-of-the-art studies characterizing mechanical fingerprints of urological diseases, showing a general trend between increased tissue stiffness and severity of disease. Finally, we point to the clinical potential of tissue stiffness as a diagnostic and prognostic factor in the urological field, as well as a possible target for new innovative drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martinez-Vidal
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
| | - Valentina Murdica
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Venegoni
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Pederzoli
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bandini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Salonia
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Alfano
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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10
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Maung MT, Carlson A, Olea-Flores M, Elkhadragy L, Schachtschneider KM, Navarro-Tito N, Padilla-Benavides T. The molecular and cellular basis of copper dysregulation and its relationship with human pathologies. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21810. [PMID: 34390520 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100273rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient required for the activity of redox-active enzymes involved in critical metabolic reactions, signaling pathways, and biological functions. Transporters and chaperones control Cu ion levels and bioavailability to ensure proper subcellular and systemic Cu distribution. Intensive research has focused on understanding how mammalian cells maintain Cu homeostasis, and how molecular signals coordinate Cu acquisition and storage within organs. In humans, mutations of genes that regulate Cu homeostasis or facilitate interactions with Cu ions lead to numerous pathologic conditions. Malfunctions of the Cu+ -transporting ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B cause Menkes disease and Wilson disease, respectively. Additionally, defects in the mitochondrial and cellular distributions and homeostasis of Cu lead to severe neurodegenerative conditions, mitochondrial myopathies, and metabolic diseases. Cu has a dual nature in carcinogenesis as a promotor of tumor growth and an inducer of redox stress in cancer cells. Cu also plays role in cancer treatment as a component of drugs and a regulator of drug sensitivity and uptake. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of Cu metabolism and transport and its relation to various human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- May T Maung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Alyssa Carlson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Monserrat Olea-Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Lobna Elkhadragy
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyle M Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Napoleon Navarro-Tito
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico
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11
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Pharmacokinetics of CuGTSM, a Novel Drug Candidate, in a Mouse Model of Menkes Disease. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1335-1344. [PMID: 34403032 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Menkes disease is a rare hereditary disease in which systemic deficiency of copper due to mutation of the ATP7A gene causes severe neurodegenerative disorders. The present parenteral drugs have limited efficacy, so there is a need for an efficacious drug that can be administered orally. This study focused on glyoxal-bis (N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazonato)-copper(II (CuGTSM), which has shown efficacy in macular mice, a murine model of Menkes disease, and examined its pharmacokinetics. In addition, nanosized CuGTSM (nCuGTSM) was prepared, and the effects of nanosizing on CuGTSM pharmacokinetics were investigated. METHODS CuGTSM or nCuGTSM (10 mg/kg) was administered orally to male macular mice or C3H/HeNCrl mice (control), and plasma was obtained by serial blood sampling. Plasma concentrations of CuGTSM and GTSM were measured by LC-MS/MS and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. RESULTS When CuGTSM was administered orally, CuGTSM and GTSM were both detected in the plasma of both mouse strains. When nCuGTSM was administered, the Cmax was markedly higher, and the mean residence time was longer than when CuGTSM was administered for both CuGTSM and GTSM in both mouse strains. With macular mice, the AUC ratio (GTSM/CuGTSM) was markedly higher and the plasma CuGTSM concentration was lower than with C3H/HeNCrl mice when either CuGTSM or nCuGTSM was administered. CONCLUSION Absorption of orally administered CuGTSM was confirmed in macular mice, and the nano-formulation improved the absorption and retention of CuGTSM in the body. However, the plasma concentration of CuGTSM was lower in macular mice than in control mice, suggesting easier dissociation of CuGTSM.
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Vogt G, El Choubassi N, Herczegfalvi Á, Kölbel H, Lekaj A, Schara U, Holtgrewe M, Krause S, Horvath R, Schuelke M, Hübner C, Mundlos S, Roos A, Lochmüller H, Karcagi V, Kornak U, Fischer‐Zirnsak B. Expanding the clinical and molecular spectrum of ATP6V1A related metabolic cutis laxa. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:972-986. [PMID: 33320377 PMCID: PMC8638669 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several inborn errors of metabolism show cutis laxa as a highly recognizable feature. One group of these metabolic cutis laxa conditions is autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 2 caused by defects in v-ATPase components or the mitochondrial proline cycle. Besides cutis laxa, muscular hypotonia and cardiac abnormalities are hallmarks of autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 2D (ARCL2D) due to pathogenic variants in ATP6V1A encoding subunit A of the v-ATPase. Here, we report on three affected individuals from two families with ARCL2D in whom we performed whole exome and Sanger sequencing. We performed functional studies in fibroblasts from one individual, summarized all known probands' clinical, molecular, and biochemical features and compared them, also to other metabolic forms of cutis laxa. We identified novel missense and the first nonsense variant strongly affecting ATP6V1A expression. All six ARCL2D affected individuals show equally severe cutis laxa and dysmorphism at birth. While for one no information was available, two died in infancy and three are now adolescents with mild or absent intellectual disability. Muscular weakness, ptosis, contractures, and elevated muscle enzymes indicated a persistent myopathy. In cellular studies, a fragmented Golgi compartment, a delayed Brefeldin A-induced retrograde transport and glycosylation abnormalities were present in fibroblasts from two individuals. This is the second and confirmatory report on pathogenic variants in ATP6V1A as the cause of this extremely rare condition and the first to describe a nonsense allele. Our data highlight the tremendous clinical variability of ATP6V1A related phenotypes even within the same family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Vogt
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & DiseaseBerlinGermany
| | - Naji El Choubassi
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & DiseaseBerlinGermany
| | - Ágnes Herczegfalvi
- Department of Pediatric NeurologySemmelweis Medical University, II. Pediatric ClinicBudapestHungary
| | - Heike Kölbel
- Department of Pediatric NeurologyUniversity Hospital Essen, University Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Anja Lekaj
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Ulrike Schara
- Department of Pediatric NeurologyUniversity Hospital Essen, University Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Manuel Holtgrewe
- CUBI – Core Unit BioinformaticsBerlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Sabine Krause
- Friedrich‐Baur‐Institute, Department of NeurologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
| | - Markus Schuelke
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlincorporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Christoph Hübner
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlincorporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & DiseaseBerlinGermany
| | - Andreas Roos
- Department of Pediatric NeurologyUniversity Hospital Essen, University Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research InstituteUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research InstituteUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa HospitalOttawaCanada
- Brain and Mind Research InstituteUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Veronika Karcagi
- NIEH, Department of Molecular Genetics and DiagnosticsBudapestHungary
- Istenhegyi Genetic Diagnostic CentreBudapestHungary
| | - Uwe Kornak
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & DiseaseBerlinGermany
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Björn Fischer‐Zirnsak
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & DiseaseBerlinGermany
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Møller LB, Mogensen M, Weaver DD, Pedersen PA. Occipital Horn Syndrome as a Result of Splice Site Mutations in ATP7A. No Activity of ATP7A Splice Variants Missing Exon 10 or Exon 15. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:532291. [PMID: 33967692 PMCID: PMC8097048 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.532291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease-causing variants in ATP7A lead to two different phenotypes associated with copper deficiency; a lethal form called Menkes disease (MD), leading to early death, and a much milder form called occipital horn syndrome (OHS). Some investigators have proposed that an ATP7A transcript missing exon 10 leads to a partly active protein product resulting in the OHS phenotype. Here, we describe an individual with OHS, a biology professor, who survived until age 62 despite a splice site mutation, leading to skipping of exon 15. ATP7A transcripts missing exon 10, or exon 15 preserve the reading frame, but it is unknown if either of these alternative transcripts encode functional protein variants. We have investigated the molecular consequence of splice site mutations leading to skipping of exon 10 or exon 15 which have been identified in individuals with OHS, or MD. By comparing ATP7A expression in fibroblasts from three individuals with OHS (OHS-fibroblasts) to ATP7A expression in fibroblasts from two individuals with MD (MD-fibroblasts), we demonstrate that transcripts missing either exon 10 or exon 15 were present in similar amounts in OHS-fibroblasts and MD-fibroblasts. No ATP7A protein encoded from these transcripts could be detected in the OHS and MD fibroblast. These results, combined with the observation that constructs encoding ATP7A cDNA sequences missing either exon 10, or exon 15 were unable to complement the high iron requirement of the ccc2Δ yeast strain, provide evidence that neither a transcript missing exon 10 nor a transcript missing exon 15 results in functional ATP7A protein. In contrast, higher amounts of wild-type ATP7A transcript were present in the OHS-fibroblasts compared with the MD-fibroblasts. We found that the MD-fibroblasts contained between 0 and 0.5% of wild-type ATP7A transcript, whereas the OHS-fibroblasts contained between 3 and 5% wild-type transcripts compared with the control fibroblasts. In summary these results indicate that protein variants encoded by ATP7A transcripts missing either exon 10 or exon 15 are not functional and not responsible for the OHS phenotype. In contrast, expression of only 3-5% of wild-type transcript compared with the controls permits the OHS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Birk Møller
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Mie Mogensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - David D Weaver
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Bakkar N, Starr A, Rabichow BE, Lorenzini I, McEachin ZT, Kraft R, Chaung M, Macklin-Isquierdo S, Wingfield T, Carhart B, Zahler N, Chang WH, Bassell GJ, Betourne A, Boulis N, Alworth SV, Ichida JK, August PR, Zarnescu DC, Sattler R, Bowser R. The M1311V variant of ATP7A is associated with impaired trafficking and copper homeostasis in models of motor neuron disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 149:105228. [PMID: 33359139 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption in copper homeostasis causes a number of cognitive and motor deficits. Wilson's disease and Menkes disease are neurodevelopmental disorders resulting from mutations in the copper transporters ATP7A and ATP7B, with ATP7A mutations also causing occipital horn syndrome, and distal motor neuropathy. A 65 year old male presenting with brachial amyotrophic diplegia and diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was found to harbor a p.Met1311Val (M1311V) substitution variant in ATP7A. ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disease associated with progressive muscle weakness, synaptic deficits and degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. To investigate the potential contribution of the ATP7AM1311V variant to neurodegeneration, we obtained and characterized both patient-derived fibroblasts and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells differentiated into motor neurons (iPSC-MNs), and compared them to control cell lines. We found reduced localization of ATP7AM1311V to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) at basal copper levels in patient-derived fibroblasts and iPSC-MNs. In addition, redistribution of ATP7AM1311V out of the TGN in response to increased extracellular copper was defective in patient fibroblasts. This manifested in enhanced intracellular copper accumulation and reduced survival of ATP7AM1311V fibroblasts. iPSC-MNs harboring the ATP7AM1311V variant showed decreased dendritic complexity, aberrant spontaneous firing, and decreased survival. Finally, expression of the ATP7AM1311V variant in Drosophila motor neurons resulted in motor deficits. Apilimod, a drug that targets vesicular transport and recently shown to enhance survival of C9orf72-ALS/FTD iPSC-MNs, also increased survival of ATP7AM1311V iPSC-MNs and reduced motor deficits in Drosophila expressing ATP7AM1311V. Taken together, these observations suggest that ATP7AM1311V negatively impacts its role as a copper transporter and impairs several aspects of motor neuron function and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Bakkar
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Alexander Starr
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Benjamin E Rabichow
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Ileana Lorenzini
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Zachary T McEachin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Robert Kraft
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Neuroscience, and Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Matthew Chaung
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Neuroscience, and Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Sam Macklin-Isquierdo
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Neuroscience, and Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Taylor Wingfield
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Neuroscience, and Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Briggs Carhart
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Neuroscience, and Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | | | | | - Gary J Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Boulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | - Daniela C Zarnescu
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Neuroscience, and Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Rita Sattler
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
| | - Robert Bowser
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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15
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ATP7A mutation with occipital horns and distal motor neuropathy: A continuum. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:104087. [PMID: 33137485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.104087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ATP7A-related copper transport disorders are classically separated in three pathologies according to their severity, all inherited in an X-linked recessive manner: Menkes disease (MD, OMIM #309400) which represent more than 90% of cases; occipital Horn Syndrome (OHS, OMIM #304150) and ATP7A-related distal motor neuropathy also named X-linked distal spinal muscular atrophy-3 (SMAX3, OMIM #300489) (Kennerson et al., 2010). Although there is no clear cut correlation between Cu and ceruloplasmin levels in ATP7A related disorders, these three entities probably represent a continuum partly depending on residual functional ATP7A protein (Møller, 2015). Thus far OHS and SMAX3 only partially overlap. In fact patients with OHS usually have no distal motor neuropathy signs but, on the other hand, occipital horns, which are the main sign of OHS, have not been described in SMAX3 patient. We describe here a patient bearing a missense ATP7A mutation with associated signs of distal motor neuropathy as well as occipital horns, confirming that OHS and SMAX3 are a continuum.
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16
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Beyens A, Boel A, Symoens S, Callewaert B. Cutis laxa: A comprehensive overview of clinical characteristics and pathophysiology. Clin Genet 2020; 99:53-66. [PMID: 33058140 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cutis laxa (CL) syndromes comprise a rare group of multisystem disorders that share loose redundant skin folds as hallmark clinical feature. CL results from impaired elastic fiber assembly and homeostasis, and the known underlying gene defects affect different extracellular matrix proteins, intracellular trafficking, or cellular metabolism. Due to the underlying clinical and molecular heterogeneity, the diagnostic work-up of CL patients is often challenging. In this review, we provide a practical approach to the broad differential diagnosis of CL syndromes, provide an overview of the molecular pathogenesis of the different subtypes, and suggest general management guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Beyens
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annekatrien Boel
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Symoens
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Callewaert
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Shanbhag VC, Gudekar N, Jasmer K, Papageorgiou C, Singh K, Petris MJ. Copper metabolism as a unique vulnerability in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118893. [PMID: 33091507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The last 25 years have witnessed tremendous progress in identifying and characterizing proteins that regulate the uptake, intracellular trafficking and export of copper. Although dietary copper is required in trace amounts, sufficient quantities of this metal are needed to sustain growth and development in humans and other mammals. However, copper is also a rate-limiting nutrient for the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Oral copper chelators taken with food have been shown to confer anti-neoplastic and anti-metastatic benefits in animals and humans. Recent studies have begun to identify specific roles for copper in pathways of oncogenic signaling and resistance to anti-neoplastic drugs. Here, we review the general mechanisms of cellular copper homeostasis and discuss roles of copper in cancer progression, highlighting metabolic vulnerabilities that may be targetable in the development of anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinit C Shanbhag
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America; The Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America
| | - Nikita Gudekar
- Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America; The Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Jasmer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America; The Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America
| | - Christos Papageorgiou
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America
| | - Kamal Singh
- The Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America
| | - Michael J Petris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America; Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America; The Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America.
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18
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Kaler SG, Ferreira CR, Yam LS. Estimated birth prevalence of Menkes disease and ATP7A-related disorders based on the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 24:100602. [PMID: 32528851 PMCID: PMC7283148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous estimates of the prevalence of Menkes disease, a lethal X-linked recessive disorder of copper metabolism, were based on confirmed clinical cases ascertained from specific populations and varied from 1 in 40,000 to 1 in 354,507. With newly available population-based allelic frequencies of DNA sequence variants, the expected birth prevalence of Menkes disease and other ATP7A-related phenotypes can be reconsidered using Hardy-Weinberg theoretical principles. METHODS We reviewed the canonical ATP7A transcript in the current version of gnomAD (v2.1.1) to evaluate frequency of complete loss-of-function alleles in a diverse normal control population. As a comparator, we used the DMD locus, associated with Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy, another X-linked recessive trait. We applied Hardy-Weinberg theory and PolyPhen-2 in silico plus REVEL and CADD ensemble analyses to calculate estimated frequencies of normal and predicted deleterious ATP7A alleles. RESULTS We identified 1106 total ATP7A variants out of 205,523 alleles in gnomAD, with missense variants most common (43.4%). Complete loss-of-function variants were found in four ATP7A alleles (frequency = 0.0000194), including three frameshift/nonsense mutations and one canonical splice donor site defect. Assuming Harvey-Weinberg equilibrium, this frequency of pathogenic alleles predicts 1 in 34,810 live male births with Menkes disease or other ATP7A-related disorders each year in the US. The same analysis for DMD loss-of-function variants predicted 1 in 7246 newborn males with Duchenne (or Becker) muscular dystrophy. We also identified nine ATP7A missense variants in gnomAD predicted as deleterious by PolyPhen-2 and stringent REVEL/CADD criteria, comprising 12 more disease-causing alleles and raising the estimated birth prevalence to 1 in 8664 and predicting 225 newborns with Menkes disease or other ATP7A-related disorders per year in the US alone. CONCLUSIONS Assuming Harvey-Weinberg equilibrium, the allelic frequency of deleterious ATP7A variants in a genomic database from a large diverse population predicts a birth prevalence of Menkes disease or ATP7A-related disorders as high as 1 in 8664 live male births. This genome-driven ascertainment of deleterious ATP7A alleles in the population implies a higher birth prevalence of Menkes disease and ATP7A-related conditions than previously appreciated. A population-based newborn screening pilot study for Menkes disease will be instrumental in confirming the prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G. Kaler
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
| | - Carlos R. Ferreira
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Lung S. Yam
- Cyprium Therapeutics, Inc. 2 Gansevoort Street, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10014, United States
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19
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Parad RB, Kaler SG, Mauceli E, Sokolsky T, Yi L, Bhattacharjee A. Targeted next generation sequencing for newborn screening of Menkes disease. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 24:100625. [PMID: 32714836 PMCID: PMC7378272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Population-based newborn screening (NBS) allows early detection and treatment of inherited disorders. For certain medically-actionable conditions, however, NBS is limited by the absence of reliable biochemical signatures amenable to detection by current platforms. We sought to assess the analytic validity of an ATP7A targeted next generation DNA sequencing assay as a potential newborn screen for one such disorder, Menkes disease. METHODS Dried blood spots from control or Menkes disease subjects (n = 22) were blindly analyzed for pathogenic variants in the copper transport gene, ATP7A. The analytical method was optimized to minimize cost and provide rapid turnaround time. RESULTS The algorithm correctly identified pathogenic ATP7A variants, including missense, nonsense, small insertions/deletions, and large copy number variants, in 21/22 (95.5%) of subjects, one of whom had inconclusive diagnostic sequencing previously. For one false negative that also had not been detected by commercial molecular laboratories, we identified a deep intronic variant that impaired ATP7A mRNA splicing. CONCLUSIONS Our results support proof-of-concept that primary DNA-based NBS would accurately detect Menkes disease, a disorder that fulfills Wilson and Jungner screening criteria and for which biochemical NBS is unavailable. Targeted next generation sequencing for NBS would enable improved Menkes disease clinical outcomes, establish a platform for early identification of other unscreened disorders, and complement current NBS by providing immediate data for molecular confirmation of numerous biochemically screened condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Parad
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Stephen G. Kaler
- Section on Translational Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Evan Mauceli
- Parabase Genomics, Inc., Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Tanya Sokolsky
- Parabase Genomics, Inc., Boston, MA, United States of America
- Baebies, Inc., Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Ling Yi
- Section on Translational Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Arindam Bhattacharjee
- Parabase Genomics, Inc., Boston, MA, United States of America
- Baebies, Inc., Durham, NC, United States of America
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20
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Lee CE, Singleton KS, Wallin M, Faundez V. Rare Genetic Diseases: Nature's Experiments on Human Development. iScience 2020; 23:101123. [PMID: 32422592 PMCID: PMC7229282 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare genetic diseases are the result of a continuous forward genetic screen that nature is conducting on humans. Here, we present epistemological and systems biology arguments highlighting the importance of studying these rare genetic diseases. We contend that the expanding catalog of mutations in ∼4,000 genes, which cause ∼6,500 diseases and their annotated phenotypes, offer a wide landscape for discovering fundamental mechanisms required for human development and involved in common diseases. Rare afflictions disproportionately affect the nervous system in children, but paradoxically, the majority of these disease-causing genes are evolutionarily ancient and ubiquitously expressed in human tissues. We propose that the biased prevalence of childhood rare diseases affecting nervous tissue results from the topological complexity of the protein interaction networks formed by ubiquitous and ancient proteins encoded by childhood disease genes. Finally, we illustrate these principles discussing Menkes disease, an example of the discovery power afforded by rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kaela S Singleton
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Melissa Wallin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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21
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Perez-Siles G, Cutrupi A, Ellis M, Kuriakose J, La Fontaine S, Mao D, Uesugi M, Takata RI, Speck-Martins CE, Nicholson G, Kennerson ML. Modelling the pathogenesis of X-linked distal hereditary motor neuropathy using patient-derived iPSCs. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:13/2/dmm041541. [PMID: 31969342 PMCID: PMC6994953 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.041541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP7A encodes a copper-transporting P-type ATPase and is one of 23 genes in which mutations produce distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN), a group of diseases characterized by length-dependent axonal degeneration of motor neurons. We have generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived motor neurons from a patient with the p.T994I ATP7A gene mutation as an in vitro model for X-linked dHMN (dHMNX). Patient motor neurons show a marked reduction of ATP7A protein levels in the soma when compared to control motor neurons and failed to upregulate expression of ATP7A under copper-loading conditions. These results recapitulate previous findings obtained in dHMNX patient fibroblasts and in primary cells from a rodent model of dHMNX, indicating that patient iPSC-derived motor neurons will be an important resource for studying the role of copper in the pathogenic processes that lead to axonal degeneration in dHMNX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Perez-Siles
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, 2139 NSW, Australia .,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2050 NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Cutrupi
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, 2139 NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2050 NSW, Australia
| | - Melina Ellis
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, 2139 NSW, Australia
| | - Jakob Kuriakose
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007 NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon La Fontaine
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, 3125 VIC, Australia
| | - Di Mao
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan
| | - Motonari Uesugi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan
| | - Reinaldo I Takata
- Sarah Network Rehabilitation Hospitals, Brasilia, 70297-400 DF, Brazil
| | | | - Garth Nicholson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, 2139 NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2050 NSW, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, 2139 NSW, Australia
| | - Marina L Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, 2139 NSW, Australia .,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2050 NSW, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, 2139 NSW, Australia
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22
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Bhattacharjee A, Ghosh S, Chatterji A, Chakraborty K. Neuron-glia: understanding cellular copper homeostasis, its cross-talk and their contribution towards neurodegenerative diseases. Metallomics 2020; 12:1897-1911. [PMID: 33295934 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00168f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, the mechanism of copper homeostasis in various organ systems has gained importance. This is owing to the involvement of copper in a wide range of genetic disorders, most of them involving neurological symptoms. This highlights the importance of copper and its tight regulation in a complex organ system like the brain. It demands understanding the mechanism of copper acquisition and delivery to various cell types overcoming the limitation imposed by the blood brain barrier. The present review aims to investigate the existing work to understand the mechanism and complexity of cellular copper homeostasis in the two major cell types of the CNS - the neurons and the astrocytes. It investigates the mechanism of copper uptake, incorporation and export by these cell types. Furthermore, it brings forth the common as well as the exclusive aspects of neuronal and glial copper homeostasis including the studies from copper-based sensors. Glia act as a mediator of copper supply between the endothelium and the neurons. They possess all the qualifications of acting as a 'copper-sponge' for supply to the neurons. The neurons, on the other hand, require copper for various essential functions like incorporation as a cofactor for enzymes, synaptogenesis, axonal extension, inhibition of postsynaptic excitotoxicity, etc. Lastly, we also aim to understand the neuronal and glial pathology in various copper homeostasis disorders. The etiology of glial pathology and its contribution towards neuronal pathology and vice versa underlies the complexity of the neuropathology associated with the copper metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Bhattacharjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Plot No: 36, 37 & 38, Major Arterial Road, Action Area II, Kadampukur Village, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal 700135, India.
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23
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Beyens A, Van Meensel K, Pottie L, De Rycke R, De Bruyne M, Baeke F, Hoebeke P, Plasschaert F, Loeys B, De Schepper S, Symoens S, Callewaert B. Defining the Clinical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Characteristics in Occipital Horn Syndrome: Two New Cases and Review of the Literature. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10070528. [PMID: 31336972 PMCID: PMC6678539 DOI: 10.3390/genes10070528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Occipital horn syndrome (OHS) is a rare connective tissue disorder caused by pathogenic variants in ATP7A, encoding a copper transporter. The main clinical features, including cutis laxa, bony exostoses, and bladder diverticula are attributed to a decreased activity of lysyl oxidase (LOX), a cupro-enzyme involved in collagen crosslinking. The absence of large case series and natural history studies precludes efficient diagnosis and management of OHS patients. This study describes the clinical and molecular characteristics of two new patients and 32 patients previously reported in the literature. We report on the need for long-term specialized care and follow-up, in which MR angiography, echocardiography and spirometry should be incorporated into standard follow-up guidelines for OHS patients, next to neurodevelopmental, orthopedic and urological follow-up. Furthermore, we report on ultrastructural abnormalities including increased collagen diameter, mild elastic fiber abnormalities and multiple autophagolysosomes reflecting the role of lysyl oxidase and defective ATP7A trafficking as pathomechanisms of OHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Beyens
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kyaran Van Meensel
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lore Pottie
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy and VIB BioImaging Core, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michiel De Bruyne
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy and VIB BioImaging Core, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Femke Baeke
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy and VIB BioImaging Core, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Piet Hoebeke
- Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Plasschaert
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Loeys
- Center for Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp/Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Schepper
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Symoens
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Callewaert
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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24
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Haddad MR, Choi EY, Zerfas PM, Yi L, Martinelli D, Sullivan P, Goldstein DS, Centeno JA, Brinster LR, Ralle M, Kaler SG. Cerebrospinal Fluid-Directed rAAV9-rsATP7A Plus Subcutaneous Copper Histidinate Advance Survival and Outcomes in a Menkes Disease Mouse Model. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2018; 10:165-178. [PMID: 30090842 PMCID: PMC6080355 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Menkes disease is a lethal neurodegenerative disorder of copper metabolism caused by mutations in an evolutionarily conserved copper transporter, ATP7A. Based on our prior clinical and animal studies, we seek to develop a therapeutic approach suitable for application in affected human subjects, using the mottled-brindled (mo-br) mouse model that closely mimics the Menkes disease biochemical and clinical phenotypes. Here, we evaluate the efficacy of low-, intermediate-, and high-dose recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (rAAV9)-ATP7A delivered to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), in combination with subcutaneous administration of clinical-grade copper histidinate (sc CuHis, IND #34,166). Mutant mice that received high-dose (1.6 × 1010 vg) cerebrospinal fluid-directed rAAV9-rsATP7A plus sc copper histidinate showed 53.3% long-term (≥300-day) survival compared to 0% without treatment or with either treatment alone. The high-dose rAAV9-rsATP7A plus sc copper histidinate-treated mutant mice showed increased brain copper levels, normalized brain neurochemical levels, improvement of brain mitochondrial abnormalities, and normal growth and neurobehavioral outcomes. This synergistic treatment effect represents the most successful rescue to date of the mo-br mouse model. Based on these findings, and the absence of a large animal model, we propose cerebrospinal fluid-directed rAAV9-rsATP7A gene therapy plus subcutaneous copper histidinate as a potential therapeutic approach to cure or ameliorate Menkes disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Reine Haddad
- Section on Translational Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eun-Young Choi
- Section on Translational Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patricia M. Zerfas
- Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Office of Research Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ling Yi
- Section on Translational Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diego Martinelli
- Section on Translational Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patricia Sullivan
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David S. Goldstein
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jose A. Centeno
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science. Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories (OSEL), US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Lauren R. Brinster
- Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Office of Research Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martina Ralle
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Stephen G. Kaler
- Section on Translational Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
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25
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Yi L, Kaler SG. Interaction between the AAA ATPase p97/VCP and a concealed UBX domain in the copper transporter ATP7A is associated with motor neuron degeneration. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7606-7617. [PMID: 29599289 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The copper-transporting ATPase ATP7A contains eight transmembrane domains and is required for normal human copper homeostasis. Mutations in the ATP7A gene may lead to infantile-onset cerebral degeneration (Menkes disease); occipital horn syndrome (OHS), a related but much milder illness; or an adult-onset isolated distal motor neuropathy. The ATP7A missense mutation T994I is located in the sixth transmembrane domain of ATP7A, represents one of the variants associated with the latter phenotype, and is associated with an abnormal interaction with p97/valosin-containing protein (VCP), a hexameric AAA ATPase (ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities) with multiple biological functions. In this study, we further characterized this interaction and discovered a concealed UBX domain in the third lumenal loop of ATP7A, between its fifth and sixth transmembrane domains. We show that the T994I substitution results in conformational exposure of the UBX domain, which then binds the N-terminal domain of p97/VCP. We also show that this abnormal interaction occurs at or near the cell plasma membrane. The UBX domain has a conserved hydrophobic FP (Phe-Pro) motif, and substitution with di-alanine abrogated the interaction and restored the proper intracellular localization of ATP7A in the trans-Golgi network. Using protein MS, we identified potential coordinating components of the ATP7AT994I-p97 complex, including NSFL1 cofactor (NSF1C or p47) that may be relevant to the pathophysiology and clinical effects associated with ATP7AT994I Our study represents the first report of p97/VCP binding to a UBX domain that is not normally exposed, resulting in an aberrant protein-protein interaction leading to motor neuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yi
- From the Section on Translational Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3754
| | - Stephen G Kaler
- From the Section on Translational Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3754
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26
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Bhattacharjee A, Chakraborty K, Shukla A. Cellular copper homeostasis: current concepts on its interplay with glutathione homeostasis and its implication in physiology and human diseases. Metallomics 2018; 9:1376-1388. [PMID: 28675215 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper is a trace element essential for almost all living organisms. But the level of intracellular copper needs to be tightly regulated. Dysregulation of cellular copper homeostasis leading to various diseases demonstrates the importance of this tight regulation. Copper homeostasis is regulated not only within the cell but also within individual intracellular compartments. Inactivation of export machinery results in excess copper being redistributed into various intracellular organelles. Recent evidence suggests the involvement of glutathione in playing an important role in regulating copper entry and intracellular copper homeostasis. Therefore interplay of both homeostases might play an important role within the cell. Similar to copper, glutathione balance is tightly regulated within individual cellular compartments. This review explores the existing literature on the role of glutathione in regulating cellular copper homeostasis. On the one hand, interplay of glutathione and copper homeostasis performs an important role in normal physiological processes, for example neuronal differentiation. On the other hand, perturbation of the interplay might play a key role in the pathogenesis of copper homeostasis disorders.
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27
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Vest KE, Paskavitz AL, Lee JB, Padilla-Benavides T. Dynamic changes in copper homeostasis and post-transcriptional regulation of Atp7a during myogenic differentiation. Metallomics 2018; 10:309-322. [PMID: 29333545 PMCID: PMC5824686 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00324b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential metal required for activity of a number of redox active enzymes that participate in critical cellular pathways such as metabolism and cell signaling. Because it is also a toxic metal, Cu must be tightly controlled by a series of transporters and chaperone proteins that regulate Cu homeostasis. The critical nature of Cu is highlighted by the fact that mutations in Cu homeostasis genes cause pathologic conditions such as Menkes and Wilson diseases. While Cu homeostasis in highly affected tissues like the liver and brain is well understood, no study has probed the role of Cu in development of skeletal muscle, another tissue that often shows pathology in these conditions. Here, we found an increase in whole cell Cu content during differentiation of cultured immortalized or primary myoblasts derived from mouse satellite cells. We demonstrate that Cu is required for both proliferation and differentiation of primary myoblasts. We also show that a key Cu homeostasis gene, Atp7a, undergoes dynamic changes in expression during myogenic differentiation. Alternative polyadenylation and stability of Atp7a mRNA fluctuates with differentiation stage of the myoblasts, indicating post-transcriptional regulation of Atp7a that depends on the differentiation state. This is the first report of a requirement for Cu during myogenic differentiation and provides the basis for understanding the network of Cu transport associated with myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Vest
- Department of Biology , Emory University , 1510 Clifton Road , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA
| | - Amanda L. Paskavitz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , 394 Plantation St. , Worcester , MA 01605 , USA .
| | - Joseph B. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , 394 Plantation St. , Worcester , MA 01605 , USA .
| | - Teresita Padilla-Benavides
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , 394 Plantation St. , Worcester , MA 01605 , USA .
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29
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Abstract
Trace elements are chemical elements needed in minute amounts for normal physiology. Some of the physiologically relevant trace elements include iodine, copper, iron, manganese, zinc, selenium, cobalt and molybdenum. Of these, some are metals, and in particular, transition metals. The different electron shells of an atom carry different energy levels, with those closest to the nucleus being lowest in energy. The number of electrons in the outermost shell determines the reactivity of such an atom. The electron shells are divided in sub-shells, and in particular the third shell has s, p and d sub-shells. Transition metals are strictly defined as elements whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell. This incomplete d sub-shell makes them prone to chemical reactions, particularly redox reactions. Transition metals of biologic importance include copper, iron, manganese, cobalt and molybdenum. Zinc is not a transition metal, since it has a complete d sub-shell. Selenium, on the other hand, is strictly speaking a nonmetal, although given its chemical properties between those of metals and nonmetals, it is sometimes considered a metalloid. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the inborn errors of metal and metalloid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R. Ferreira
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William A. Gahl
- Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Bauer A, De Lucia M, Jagannathan V, Mezzalira G, Casal ML, Welle MM, Leeb T. A Large Deletion in the NSDHL Gene in Labrador Retrievers with a Congenital Cornification Disorder. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2017; 7:3115-3121. [PMID: 28739597 PMCID: PMC5592936 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In heterozygous females affected by an X-linked skin disorder, lesions often appear in a characteristic pattern, the so-called Blaschko's lines. We investigated a female Labrador Retriever and her crossbred daughter, which both showed similar clinical lesions that followed Blaschko's lines. The two male littermates of the affected daughter had died at birth, suggesting a monogenic X-chromosomal semidominant mode of inheritance. Whole genome sequencing of the affected daughter, and subsequent automated variant filtering with respect to 188 nonaffected control dogs of different breeds, revealed 332 hetero-zygous variants on the X-chromosome private to the affected dog. None of these variants was protein-changing. By visual inspection of candidate genes located on the X-chromosome, we identified a large deletion in the NSDHL gene, encoding NAD(P) dependent steroid dehydrogenase-like, a 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. The deletion spanned >14 kb, and included the last three exons of the NSDHL gene. By PCR and fragment length analysis, we confirmed the presence of the variant in both affected dogs, and its absence in 50 control Labrador Retrievers. Variants in the NSDHL gene cause CHILD syndrome in humans, and the bare patches (Bpa) and striated (Str) phenotypes in mice. Taken together, our genetic data and the known role of NSDHL in X-linked skin disorders strongly suggest that the identified structural variant in the NSDHL gene is causative for the phenotype in the two affected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anina Bauer
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Switzerland
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | | | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Switzerland
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | | | - Margret L Casal
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Monika M Welle
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Switzerland
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Switzerland
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Switzerland
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de Gemmis P, Enzo MV, Lorenzetto E, Cattelan P, Segat D, Hladnik U. 13 novel putative mutations in ATP7A found in a cohort of 25 Italian families. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1173-1183. [PMID: 28451781 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ATP7A is a copper-transporting P-type adenosine triphosphatase whose loss of function leads to the Menkes disease, an X-linked copper metabolism multi-organ disorder (1 in 100.000 births). Here we document our experience with the ATP7A linked diseases in Italy. We analyzed the exonic structure of the ATP7A gene in 25 unrelated Italian families and studied the variants of unknown significance. We identified 22 different DNA alterations, 13 of which first reported in this study. The classical Menkes phenotype was present in 21 of the 25 families and was linked with highly damaging mutations (7 nonsense; 4 frame-shift; 2 small in-frame deletions, 2 splice site alterations, 2 gross deletions, and 1 gross duplication). Of the 4 cases with milder variants of the Menkes disease two had a missense mutation, one a leaky splice site alteration and one a nonsense mutation in exon 22. We determined in silico that all the mutations leading to the classical Menkes disease leave no residual activity of ATP7A including the apparently less severe in-frame deletions. Whereas milder forms of the disease are characterized by mutations that allow a limited residual activity of ATP7A, including the nonsense mutation observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola de Gemmis
- "Mauro Baschirotto" Institute for Rare Diseases - B.I.R.D. Foundation n.p.o., via B. Bizio, 1 36023, Costozza di Longare, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Enzo
- "Mauro Baschirotto" Institute for Rare Diseases - B.I.R.D. Foundation n.p.o., via B. Bizio, 1 36023, Costozza di Longare, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Elisa Lorenzetto
- "Mauro Baschirotto" Institute for Rare Diseases - B.I.R.D. Foundation n.p.o., via B. Bizio, 1 36023, Costozza di Longare, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Paola Cattelan
- "Mauro Baschirotto" Institute for Rare Diseases - B.I.R.D. Foundation n.p.o., via B. Bizio, 1 36023, Costozza di Longare, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Daniela Segat
- "Mauro Baschirotto" Institute for Rare Diseases - B.I.R.D. Foundation n.p.o., via B. Bizio, 1 36023, Costozza di Longare, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Uros Hladnik
- "Mauro Baschirotto" Institute for Rare Diseases - B.I.R.D. Foundation n.p.o., via B. Bizio, 1 36023, Costozza di Longare, Vicenza, Italy.
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32
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Bonati MT, Verde F, Hladnik U, Cattelan P, Campana L, Castronovo C, Ticozzi N, Maderna L, Colombrita C, Papa S, Banfi P, Silani V. A novel nonsense ATP7A pathogenic variant in a family exhibiting a variable occipital horn syndrome phenotype. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2017; 13:14-17. [PMID: 28761814 PMCID: PMC5522958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a family with occipital horn syndrome (OHS) diagnosed in the proband's late fifties. A novel ATP7A pathogenic variant (c.4222A > T, p.(Lys1408*)), representing the first nonsense variant and the second late truncation causing OHS rather than classic Menkes disease, was found to segregate in the family. The predicted maintenance of transmembrane domains is consistent with a residual protein activity, which may explain the mild clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Bonati
- Clinic of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Luca, piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Verde
- Neurology Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Luca, piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan Medical School, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Francesco Sforza 28, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Uros Hladnik
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Mauro Baschirotto Institute for Rare Diseases, Via Bartolomeo Bizio 1, 36023 Costozza di Longare (Vicenza), Italy
| | - Paola Cattelan
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Mauro Baschirotto Institute for Rare Diseases, Via Bartolomeo Bizio 1, 36023 Costozza di Longare (Vicenza), Italy
| | - Luca Campana
- Neurology Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Luca, piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Castronovo
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, via L. Ariosto 13, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Neurology Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Luca, piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan Medical School, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Francesco Sforza 28, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Maderna
- Neurology Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Luca, piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Colombrita
- Neurology Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Luca, piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Papa
- Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Via Saint Bon 20, 20147 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Banfi
- Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS-ONLUS, Piazzale Morandi 6, 20121 Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Neurology Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Luca, piazzale Brescia 20, 20149 Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan Medical School, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Francesco Sforza 28, 20122 Milan, Italy
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33
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Comstra HS, McArthy J, Rudin-Rush S, Hartwig C, Gokhale A, Zlatic SA, Blackburn JB, Werner E, Petris M, D'Souza P, Panuwet P, Barr DB, Lupashin V, Vrailas-Mortimer A, Faundez V. The interactome of the copper transporter ATP7A belongs to a network of neurodevelopmental and neurodegeneration factors. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28355134 PMCID: PMC5400511 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors, such as metals, interact to determine neurological traits. We reasoned that interactomes of molecules handling metals in neurons should include novel metal homeostasis pathways. We focused on copper and its transporter ATP7A because ATP7A null mutations cause neurodegeneration. We performed ATP7A immunoaffinity chromatography and identified 541 proteins co-isolating with ATP7A. The ATP7A interactome concentrated gene products implicated in neurodegeneration and neurodevelopmental disorders, including subunits of the Golgi-localized conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex. COG null cells possess altered content and subcellular localization of ATP7A and CTR1 (SLC31A1), the transporter required for copper uptake, as well as decreased total cellular copper, and impaired copper-dependent metabolic responses. Changes in the expression of ATP7A and COG subunits in Drosophila neurons altered synapse development in larvae and copper-induced mortality of adult flies. We conclude that the ATP7A interactome encompasses a novel COG-dependent mechanism to specify neuronal development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather S Comstra
- Departments of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Jacob McArthy
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, United States
| | | | - Cortnie Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Avanti Gokhale
- Departments of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | | | - Jessica B Blackburn
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States
| | - Erica Werner
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Michael Petris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Priya D'Souza
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Vladimir Lupashin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States
| | | | - Victor Faundez
- Departments of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
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34
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Mercer SW, Wang J, Burke R. In Vivo Modeling of the Pathogenic Effect of Copper Transporter Mutations That Cause Menkes and Wilson Diseases, Motor Neuropathy, and Susceptibility to Alzheimer's Disease. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4113-4122. [PMID: 28119449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.756163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential biometal, and several inherited diseases are directly associated with a disruption to normal copper homeostasis. The best characterized are the copper deficiency and toxicity disorders Menkes and Wilson diseases caused by mutations in the p-type Cu-ATPase genes ATP7A and ATP7B, respectively. Missense mutations in the C-terminal portion of ATP7A have also been shown to cause distal motor neuropathy, whereas polymorphisms in ATP7B are associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. We have generated a single, in vivo model for studying multiple pathogenic mutations in ATP7 proteins using Drosophila melanogaster, which has a single orthologue of ATP7A and ATP7B. Four pathogenic ATP7A mutations and two ATP7B mutations were introduced into a genomic ATP7 rescue construct containing an in-frame C-terminal GFP tag. Analysis of the wild type ATP7-GFP transgene confirmed that ATP7 is expressed at the basolateral membrane of larval midgut copper cells and that the transgene can rescue a normally early lethal ATP7 deletion allele to adulthood. Analysis of the gATP7-GFP transgenes containing pathogenic mutations showed that the function of ATP7 was affected, to varying degrees, by all six of the mutations investigated in this study. Of particular interest, the ATP7BK832R Alzheimer's disease susceptibility allele was found, for the first time, to be a loss of function allele. This in vivo system allows us to assess the severity of individual ATP7A/B mutations in an invariant genetic background and has the potential to be used to screen for therapeutic compounds able to restore function to faulty copper transport proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Mercer
- From the School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jianbin Wang
- From the School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Richard Burke
- From the School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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35
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Bonnemaison ML, Duffy ME, Mains RE, Vogt S, Eipper BA, Ralle M. Copper, zinc and calcium: imaging and quantification in anterior pituitary secretory granules. Metallomics 2016; 8:1012-22. [PMID: 27426256 DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00079g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The anterior pituitary is specialized for the synthesis, storage and release of peptide hormones. The activation of inactive peptide hormone precursors requires a specific set of proteases and other post-translational processing enzymes. High levels of peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), an essential peptide processing enzyme, occur in the anterior pituitary. PAM, which converts glycine-extended peptides into amidated products, requires copper and zinc to support its two catalytic activities and calcium for structure. We used X-ray fluorescence microscopy on rat pituitary sections and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on subcellular fractions prepared from rat anterior pituitary to localize and quantify copper, zinc and calcium. X-ray fluorescence microscopy indicated that the calcium concentration in pituitary tissue was about 2.5 mM, 10-times more than zinc and 50-times more than copper. Although no higher than cytosolic levels, secretory granule levels of copper exceeded PAM levels by a factor of 10. Atp7a, which transports copper into the lumen of the secretory pathway, was enriched in endosomes and Golgi, not in secretory granules. If Atp7a transfers copper directly to PAM, this pH-dependent process is likely to occur in Golgi and endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde L Bonnemaison
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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36
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Kanthlal SK, Joseph J, Baskaran Pillai AK, Padma UD. Neural effects in copper deficient Menkes disease: ATP7A-a distinctive marker. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(16)61107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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37
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Perez-Siles G, Grant A, Ellis M, Ly C, Kidambi A, Khalil M, Llanos RM, Fontaine SL, Strickland AV, Züchner S, Bermeo S, Neist E, Brennan-Speranza TC, Takata RI, Speck-Martins CE, Mercer JFB, Nicholson GA, Kennerson ML. Characterizing the molecular phenotype of an Atp7a(T985I) conditional knock in mouse model for X-linked distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMNX). Metallomics 2016; 8:981-92. [PMID: 27293072 DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00082g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
ATP7A is a P-type ATPase essential for cellular copper (Cu) transport and homeostasis. Loss-of-function ATP7A mutations causing systemic Cu deficiency are associated with severe Menkes disease or its milder allelic variant, occipital horn syndrome. We previously identified two rare ATP7A missense mutations (P1386S and T994I) leading to a non-fatal form of motor neuron disorder, X-linked distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMNX), without overt signs of systemic Cu deficiency. Recent investigations using a tissue specific Atp7a knock out model have demonstrated that Cu plays an essential role in motor neuron maintenance and function, however the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of ATP7A mutations causing axonal degeneration remain unknown. We have generated an Atp7a conditional knock in mouse model of dHMNX expressing Atp7a(T985I), the orthologue of the human ATP7A(T994I) identified in dHMNX patients. Although a degenerative motor phenotype is not observed, the knock in Atp7a(T985I/Y) mice show altered Cu levels within the peripheral and central nervous systems, an increased diameter of the muscle fibres and altered myogenin and myostatin gene expression. Atp7a(T985I/Y) mice have reduced Atp7a protein levels and recapitulate the defective trafficking and altered post-translational regulatory mechanisms observed in the human ATP7A(T994I) patient fibroblasts. Our model provides a unique opportunity to characterise the molecular phenotype of dHMNX and the time course of cellular events leading to the process of axonal degeneration in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Perez-Siles
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia
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38
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Thomas-Teinturier C, Pereda A, Garin I, Diez-Lopez I, Linglart A, Silve C, de Nanclares GP. Report of two novel mutations in PTHLH associated with brachydactyly type E and literature review. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170:734-42. [PMID: 26640227 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant brachydactyly type E is a congenital limb malformation characterized by small hands and feet as a result of shortened metacarpals and metatarsals. Alterations that predict haploinsufficiency of PTHLH, the gene coding for parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP), have been identified as a cause of this disorder in seven families. Here, we report three patients affected with brachydactyly type E, caused by PTHLH mutations expected to result in haploinsufficiency, and discuss our data compared to published reports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arrate Pereda
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Intza Garin
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ignacio Diez-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Agnès Linglart
- Pediatric Endocrinology, APHP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,INSERM U1169, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, et Université Paris-Saclay, France.,Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Métabolisme du calcium et du phosphore and Plateforme d'Expertise Paris Sud Maladies Rares, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Caroline Silve
- INSERM U1169, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, et Université Paris-Saclay, France.,Service de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaires, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Guiomar Pérez de Nanclares
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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39
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Moizard MP, Ronce N, Blesson S, Bieth E, Burglen L, Mignot C, Mortemousque I, Marmin N, Dessay B, Danesino C, Feillet F, Castelnau P, Toutain A, Moraine C, Raynaud M. Twenty-five novel mutations including duplications in the ATP7A gene. Clin Genet 2015; 79:243-53. [PMID: 21208200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five novel mutations including duplications in the ATP7A gene. Menkes disease (MD) and occipital horn syndrome (OHS) are allelic X-linked recessive copper deficiency disorders resulting from ATP7A gene mutations. MD is a severe condition leading to progressive neurological degeneration and death in early childhood, whereas OHS has a milder phenotype with mainly connective tissue abnormalities. Until now, molecular analyses have revealed only deletions and point mutations in both diseases. This study reports new molecular data in a series of 40 patients referred for either MD or OHS. We describe 23 point mutations (9 missense mutations, 7 splice site variants, 4 nonsense mutations, and 3 small insertions or deletions) and 7 intragenic deletions. Of these, 18 point mutations and 3 deletions are novel. Furthermore, our finding of four whole exon duplications enlarges the mutation spectrum in the ATP7A gene. ATP7A alterations were found in 85% of cases. Of these alterations, two thirds were point mutations and the remaining one third consisted of large rearrangements. We found that 66.6% of point mutations resulted in impaired ATP7A transcript splicing, a phenomenon more frequent than expected. This finding enabled us to confirm the pathogenic role of ATP7A mutations, particularly in missense and splice site variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-P Moizard
- CHRU de Tours, Service de Génétique, Tours, F-37044, France INSERM U930, Tours, F-37044, France CHU Hôpital Purpan, Service de Génétique médicale, Toulouse, F-31059, France CHU Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, AP-HP, Service de Génétique et Embryologie médicales, Paris, F-75571, France CHU Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, AP-HP, Service de Neuropédiatrie, Paris, F-75012, France Genetica Medica, Università di Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS S. Matteo, Pavia, I-27100, Italie Centre de Référence des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, INSERM U954. Hôpital d'Enfants, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, F-54511, France CHRU de Tours, Service de Neuropédiatrie, Tours, F-37044 France; Université François Rabelais Tours, F-37044, France
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40
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Denoyer D, Masaldan S, La Fontaine S, Cater MA. Targeting copper in cancer therapy: 'Copper That Cancer'. Metallomics 2015; 7:1459-76. [PMID: 26313539 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00149h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential micronutrient involved in fundamental life processes that are conserved throughout all forms of life. The ability of copper to catalyze oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, which can inadvertently lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), necessitates the tight homeostatic regulation of copper within the body. Many cancer types exhibit increased intratumoral copper and/or altered systemic copper distribution. The realization that copper serves as a limiting factor for multiple aspects of tumor progression, including growth, angiogenesis and metastasis, has prompted the development of copper-specific chelators as therapies to inhibit these processes. Another therapeutic approach utilizes specific ionophores that deliver copper to cells to increase intracellular copper levels. The therapeutic window between normal and cancerous cells when intracellular copper is forcibly increased, is the premise for the development of copper-ionophores endowed with anticancer properties. Also under investigation is the use of copper to replace platinum in coordination complexes currently used as mainstream chemotherapies. In comparison to platinum-based drugs, these promising copper coordination complexes may be more potent anticancer agents, with reduced toxicity toward normal cells and they may potentially circumvent the chemoresistance associated with recurrent platinum treatment. In addition, cancerous cells can adapt their copper homeostatic mechanisms to acquire resistance to conventional platinum-based drugs and certain copper coordination complexes can re-sensitize cancer cells to these drugs. This review will outline the biological importance of copper and copper homeostasis in mammalian cells, followed by a discussion of our current understanding of copper dysregulation in cancer, and the recent therapeutic advances using copper coordination complexes as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Denoyer
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
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41
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Vanakker O, Callewaert B, Malfait F, Coucke P. The Genetics of Soft Connective Tissue Disorders. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2015; 16:229-55. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-050039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Vanakker
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Bert Callewaert
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Fransiska Malfait
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Paul Coucke
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
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42
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Kim JH, Lee BH, Kim YM, Choi JH, Kim GH, Cheon CK, Yoo HW. Novel mutations and clinical outcomes of copper-histidine therapy in Menkes disease patients. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:75-81. [PMID: 24919650 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Menkes disease is a very rare X-linked copper metabolism disorder that results from an ATP7A gene mutation. With the advent of subcutaneous copper-histidine therapy, the early diagnosis of Menkes disease becomes of utmost importance for patients' prognosis. In the present study, the clinical characteristics of 12 Korean patients with Menkes disease (11 males and 1 female from 11 unrelated families) were described along with the mutation spectrum. Only 2 male patients were diagnosed in the neonatal period, and the other male patients were diagnosed at age 4.3 ± 1.9 months. The presenting signs included depigmented kinky hair, neurologic deficits, and hypotonia. Serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels were markedly decreased. Intracranial vessels were dilated with tortuosity and accompanied by regional cerebral infarctions, even at an early age. Of note, the female patient was diagnosed at age 18 months, during the evaluation for developmental delay, by characteristic MRA findings, biochemical profiles, and genetic evaluation. A total of 11 ATP7A mutations were identified, including five previously unreported mutations. Most mutations were truncated (except 1 missense mutation), including 3 frameshift, 2 nonsense, 3 large deletion, and 2 splice-site variants. The age at commencement of copper-histidine treatment was variable among patients age 7.3 ± 7.5 (0.5-27) months. Despite the treatment, seven patients died before age 5 years, and the remaining patients were severely retarded in neurodevelopment. The poor outcomes of our patients might be related to delayed therapy, but severe ATP7A mutations should be noted as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Hye Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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43
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Zlatic S, Comstra HS, Gokhale A, Petris MJ, Faundez V. Molecular basis of neurodegeneration and neurodevelopmental defects in Menkes disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 81:154-61. [PMID: 25583185 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP7A mutations impair copper metabolism resulting in three distinct genetic disorders in humans. These diseases are characterized by neurological phenotypes ranging from intellectual disability to neurodegeneration. Severe ATP7A loss-of-function alleles trigger Menkes disease, a copper deficiency condition where systemic and neurodegenerative phenotypes dominate clinical outcomes. The pathogenesis of these manifestations has been attributed to the hypoactivity of a limited number of copper-dependent enzymes, a hypothesis that we refer as the oligoenzymatic pathogenic hypothesis. This hypothesis, which has dominated the field for 25 years, only explains some systemic Menkes phenotypes. However, we argue that this hypothesis does not fully account for the Menkes neurodegeneration or neurodevelopmental phenotypes. Here, we propose revisions of the oligoenzymatic hypothesis that could illuminate the pathogenesis of Menkes neurodegeneration and neurodevelopmental defects through unsuspected overlap with other neurological conditions including Parkinson's, intellectual disability, and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Zlatic
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael J Petris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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44
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Ahuja A, Dev K, Tanwar RS, Selwal KK, Tyagi PK. Copper mediated neurological disorder: visions into amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer and Menkes disease. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 29:11-23. [PMID: 24975171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is a vital redox dynamic metal that is possibly poisonous in superfluous. Metals can traditionally or intricately cause propagation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accretion in cells and this may effect in programmed cell death. Accumulation of Cu causes necrosis that looks to be facilitated by DNA damage, followed by activation of P53. Cu dyshomeostasis has also been concerned in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Menkes disease and is directly related to neurodegenerative syndrome that usually produces senile dementia. These mortal syndromes are closely related with an immense damage of neurons and synaptic failure in the brain. This review focuses on copper mediated neurological disorders with insights into amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer and Menkes disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anami Ahuja
- Department of Biotechnology, NIMS University, Jaipur, India.
| | - Kapil Dev
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, University of Charles, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ranjeet S Tanwar
- Department of Biotechnology, N.C. College of Engineering, Israna, India
| | - Krishan K Selwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, India
| | - Pankaj K Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, India
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45
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Menkes disease presenting with epilepsia partialis continua. Case Rep Neurol Med 2014; 2014:525784. [PMID: 25506448 PMCID: PMC4258917 DOI: 10.1155/2014/525784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. We aim to describe a female patient with Menkes disease who presented with epilepsia partialis continua. Case Presentation. Seventeen-months-old Saudi infant was presented with repetitive seizures and was diagnosed to have epilepsia partialis continua. Discussion. Menkes disease (OMIM: 309400) is considered a rare, X-linked recessive neurodegenerative disorder resulting from a mutation in the gene coding for the copper transporting ATPase (ATP7A). Affected individuals usually present with kinky hair, skeletal changes, prolonged jaundice, hypothermia, developmental regression, decreased tone, spasticity, weakness, and therapy resistant seizures. Conclusion. Raising awareness of abnormal presentation of this rare disease may help in the control of seizures through subcutaneous copper supplementation.
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46
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Verrotti A, Carelli A, Coppola G. Epilepsy in children with Menkes disease: a systematic review of literature. J Child Neurol 2014; 29:1757-64. [PMID: 25038123 DOI: 10.1177/0883073814541469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Menkes disease is a lethal multisystemic disorder of copper metabolism characterized by connective tissue abnormalities, progressive neurodegeneration and peculiar "kinky hair." Epilepsy is one of the main clinical features of this disease but it has been described in detail by only a few authors. Most patients develop seizures from 2 to 3 months of age, accompanied by a neurodevelopmental regression. The history of epilepsy is usually characterized by 3 stages: an early stage with focal clonic seizures and status epilepticus, an intermediate stage with infantile spasms, and a late stage with multifocal, myoclonic, and tonic seizures. At the onset, epilepsy can be controlled with anticonvulsant therapy, whereas with the progression of disease, it becomes extremely resistant to all antiepileptic drugs. In this article, we analyze clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) characteristics of epilepsy in patients with this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Carelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
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47
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Kaler SG. Neurodevelopment and brain growth in classic Menkes disease is influenced by age and symptomatology at initiation of copper treatment. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; 28:427-30. [PMID: 25281031 PMCID: PMC4253077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Menkes disease is an X-linked recessive disorder of brain copper metabolism caused by mutations in an essential mammalian copper transport gene, ATP7A. Untreated affected individuals suffer failure to thrive and neurodevelopmental delays that usually commence at 6-8 weeks of age. Death by age three years is typical. While provision of working copies of ATP7A to the brain by viral vectors is a promising strategy under development, the only treatment currently available is subcutaneous copper injections. These can normalize circulating blood levels and may replete brain copper depending on the molecular context, e.g., the severity of ATP7A mutation and potential presence of mosaicism. In this paper, we summarize somatic growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes for 60 subjects enrolled in a recently concluded phase I/II clinical trial of copper histidine for Menkes disease (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00001262). Primary outcomes indicate highly statistically significant improvements in gross motor, fine motor/adaptive, personal-social, and language neurodevelopment in the cohort of subjects who received early treatment prior to onset of symptoms (n=35). Correlating with these findings, quantitative parameters of somatic growth indicated statistically significant greater growth in head circumference for the initially asymptomatic group, whereas weight and height/length at age three years (or at time of death) did not differ significantly. Mortality at age 3 was higher (50%) in subjects older and symptomatic when treatment commenced compared to the asymptomatic group (28.6%). We conclude that early copper histidine for Menkes disease is safe and efficacious, with treatment outcomes influenced by the timing of intervention, and ATP7A mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Kaler
- Section on Translational Neuroscience; Molecular Medicine Program, NICHD, Porter Neuroscience Research Center II, Building 35, Room 2D-971, 35A Convent Drive, MSC 3754, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3754, United States.
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48
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Gardeitchik T, Mohamed M, Fischer B, Lammens M, Lefeber D, Lace B, Parker M, Kim KJ, Lim BC, Häberle J, Garavelli L, Jagadeesh S, Kariminejad A, Guerra D, Leão M, Keski-Filppula R, Brunner H, Nijtmans L, van den Heuvel B, Wevers R, Kornak U, Morava E. Clinical and biochemical features guiding the diagnostics in neurometabolic cutis laxa. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 22:888-95. [PMID: 23963297 PMCID: PMC4060105 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with cutis laxa (CL) have wrinkled, sagging skin with decreased elasticity. Skin symptoms are associated with variable systemic involvement. The most common, genetically highly heterogeneous form of autosomal recessive CL, ARCL2, is frequently associated with variable metabolic and neurological symptoms. Progeroid symptoms, dysmorphic features, hypotonia and psychomotor retardation are highly overlapping in the early phase of these disorders. This makes the genetic diagnosis often challenging. In search for discriminatory symptoms, we prospectively evaluated clinical, neurologic, metabolic and genetic features in our patient cohort referred for suspected ARCL. From a cohort of 26 children, we confirmed mutations in genes associated with ARCL in 16 children (14 probands), including 12 novel mutations. Abnormal glycosylation and gyration abnormalities were mostly, but not always associated with ATP6V0A2 mutations. Epilepsy was most common in ATP6V0A2 defects. Corpus callosum dysgenesis was associated with PYCR1 and ALDH18A1 mutations. Dystonic posturing was discriminatory for PYCR1 and ALDH18A1 defects. Metabolic markers of mitochondrial dysfunction were found in one patient with PYCR1 mutations. So far unreported white matter abnormalities were found associated with GORAB and RIN2 mutations. We describe a large cohort of CL patients with neurologic involvement. Migration defects and corpus callosum hypoplasia were not always diagnostic for a specific genetic defect in CL. All patients with ATP6V0A2 defects had abnormal glycosylation. To conclude, central nervous system and metabolic abnormalities were discriminatory in this genetically heterogeneous group, although not always diagnostic for a certain genetic defect in CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thatjana Gardeitchik
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Metabolic and Genetic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Miski Mohamed
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Metabolic and Genetic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Björn Fischer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Lammens
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Metabolic and Genetic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Metabolic and Genetic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Baiba Lace
- Medical Genetics Clinic, Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Michael Parker
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ki-Joong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bing C Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Johannes Häberle
- Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Livia Garavelli
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Obstetric and Pediatric Department, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | | | - Deanna Guerra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Michel Leão
- Pediatric Neurology Unit and Neurogenetics Unit, Hospital S João, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Han Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute for Metabolic and Genetic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Nijtmans
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Metabolic and Genetic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Metabolic and Genetic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Genetic Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Metabolic and Genetic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Wevers
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Metabolic and Genetic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Genetic Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Metabolic and Genetic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Kornak
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- FG Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Morava
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Metabolic and Genetic Disease, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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49
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Squitti R, Siotto M, Polimanti R. Low-copper diet as a preventive strategy for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35 Suppl 2:S40-50. [PMID: 24913894 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential element, and either a copper deficiency or excess can be life threatening. Recent studies have indicated that alteration of copper metabolism is one of the pathogenetic mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In light of these findings, many researchers have proposed preventive strategies to reduce AD risk. Because the general population comes in contact with copper mainly through dietary intake, that is, food 75% and drinking water 25%, a low-copper diet can reduce the risk of AD in individuals with an altered copper metabolism. We suggest that a diet-gene interplay is at the basis of the "copper phenotype" of sporadic AD. Herein, we describe the pathways regulating copper homeostasis, the adverse sequelae related to its derangements, the pathogenic mechanism of the AD copper phenotype, indications for a low-copper diet, and future perspectives to improve this preventive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Squitti
- Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, "San Giovanni Calibita" Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Laboratorio di Neurodegenerazione, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Renato Polimanti
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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50
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Yi L, Kaler S. ATP7A trafficking and mechanisms underlying the distal motor neuropathy induced by mutations in ATP7A. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1314:49-54. [PMID: 24754450 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diverse mutations in the gene encoding the copper transporter ATP7A lead to X-linked recessive Menkes disease or occipital horn syndrome. Recently, two unique ATP7A missense mutations, T994I and P1386S, were shown to cause isolated adult-onset distal motor neuropathy. These mutations induce subtle defects in ATP7A intracellular trafficking resulting in preferential accumulation at the plasma membrane compared to wild-type ATP7A. Immunoprecipitation assays revealed abnormal interaction between ATP7A(T994I) and p97/VCP, a protein mutated in two autosomal dominant forms of motor neuron disease. Small-interfering RNA knockdown of valosin-containing protein corrected ATP7A(T994I) mislocalization. For ATP7A(P1386S) , flow cytometry documented that nonpermeabilized fibroblasts bound a C-terminal ATP7A antibody, suggesting unstable insertion of the eighth transmembrane segment due to a helix-breaker effect of the amino acid substitution. This could sabotage interaction of ATP7A(P1386S) with adaptor protein complexes. These molecular events appear to selectively disturb normal motor neuron function and lead to neurologic illness that takes years and sometimes decades to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yi
- Section on Translational Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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