1
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Liu F, Wu CG, Tu CL, Glenn I, Meyerowitz J, Kaplan AL, Lyu J, Cheng Z, Tarkhanova OO, Moroz YS, Irwin JJ, Chang W, Shoichet BK, Skiniotis G. Large library docking identifies positive allosteric modulators of the calcium-sensing receptor. Science 2024; 385:eado1868. [PMID: 39298584 DOI: 10.1126/science.ado1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulator (PAM) drugs enhance the activation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and suppress parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. Unfortunately, these hyperparathyroidism-treating drugs can induce hypocalcemia and arrhythmias. Seeking improved modulators, we docked libraries of 2.7 million and 1.2 billion molecules against the CaSR structure. The billion-molecule docking found PAMs with a 2.7-fold higher hit rate than the million-molecule library, with hits up to 37-fold more potent. Structure-based optimization led to nanomolar leads. In ex vivo organ assays, one of these PAMs was 100-fold more potent than the standard of care, cinacalcet, and reduced serum PTH levels in mice without the hypocalcemia typical of CaSR drugs. As determined from cryo-electron microscopy structures, the PAMs identified here promote CaSR conformations that more closely resemble the activated state than those induced by the established drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Cheng-Guo Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Tu
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Isabella Glenn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Justin Meyerowitz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anat Levit Kaplan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jiankun Lyu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Yurii S Moroz
- Chemspace LLC, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd., 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - John J Irwin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Wenhan Chang
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Brian K Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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2
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Höppner J, Jüppner H. Rare genetic disorders that impair parathyroid hormone synthesis, secretion, or bioactivity provide insights into the diagnostic utility of different parathyroid hormone assays. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024; 33:375-382. [PMID: 38701324 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the major peptide hormone regulator of blood calcium homeostasis. Abnormal PTH levels can be observed in patients with various congenital and acquired disorders, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review will focus on rare human diseases caused by PTH mutations that have provided insights into the regulation of PTH synthesis and secretion as well as the diagnostic utility of different PTH assays. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past years, numerous diseases affecting calcium and phosphate homeostasis have been defined at the molecular level that are responsible for reduced or increased serum PTH levels. The underlying genetic mutations impair parathyroid gland development, involve the PTH gene itself, or alter function of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) or its downstream signaling partners that contribute to regulation of PTH synthesis or secretion. Mutations in the pre sequence of the mature PTH peptide can, for instance, impair hormone synthesis or intracellular processing, while amino acid substitutions affecting the secreted PTH(1-84) impair PTH receptor (PTH1R) activation, or cause defective cleavage of the pro-sequence and thus secretion of a pro- PTH with much reduced biological activity. Mutations affecting the secreted hormone can alter detection by different PTH assays, thus requiring detailed knowledge of the utilized diagnostic test. SUMMARY Rare diseases affecting PTH synthesis and secretion have offered helpful insights into parathyroid biology and the diagnostic utility of commonly used PTH assays, which may have implications for the interpretation of PTH measurements in more common disorders such as CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Ranieri M, Angelini I, D'Agostino M, Di Mise A, Centrone M, Venneri M, Ferrulli A, Mastrodonato M, Tamma G, Endo I, Fukumoto S, Matsumoto T, Valenti G. In vivo treatment with calcilytic of CaSR knock-in mice ameliorates renal phenotype reversing downregulation of the vasopressin-AQP2 pathway. J Physiol 2024; 602:3207-3224. [PMID: 38367250 DOI: 10.1113/jp284233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of urinary calcium counteract vasopressin action via the activation of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR) expressed in the luminal membrane of the collecting duct cells, which impairs the trafficking of aquaporin-2 (AQP2). In line with these findings, we provide evidence that, with respect to wild-type mice, CaSR knock-in (KI) mice mimicking autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia, display a significant decrease in the total content of AQP2 associated with significantly higher levels of AQP2 phosphorylation at Ser261, a phosphorylation site involved in AQP2 degradation. Interestingly, KI mice also had significantly higher levels of phosphorylated p38MAPK, a downstream effector of CaSR and known to phosphorylate AQP2 at Ser261. Moreover, ATF1 phosphorylated at Ser63, a transcription factor downstream of p38MAPK, was significantly higher in KI. In addition, KI mice had significantly higher levels of AQP2-targeting miRNA137 consistent with a post-transcriptional downregulation of AQP2. In vivo treatment of KI mice with the calcilytic JTT-305, a CaSR antagonist, increased AQP2 expression and reduced AQP2-targeting miRNA137 levels in KI mice. Together, these results provide direct evidence for a critical role of CaSR in impairing both short-term vasopressin response by increasing AQP2-pS261, as well as AQP2 abundance, via the p38MAPK-ATF1-miR137 pathway. KEY POINTS: Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR) activating mutations are the main cause of autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia (ADH) characterized by inappropriate renal calcium excretion leading to hypocalcaemia and hypercalciuria. Current treatments of ADH patients with parathyroid hormone, although improving hypocalcaemia, do not improve hypercalciuria or nephrocalcinosis. In vivo treatment with calcilytic JTT-305/MK-5442 ameliorates most of the ADH phenotypes of the CaSR knock-in mice including hypercalciuria or nephrocalcinosis and reverses the downregulation of the vasopressin-sensitive aquaporin-2 (AQP2) expression, providing direct evidence for a critical role of CaSR in impairing vasopressin response. The beneficial effect of calcilytic in reducing the risk of renal calcification may occur in a parathyroid hormone-independent action through vasopressin-dependent inhibition of cAMP synthesis in the thick ascending limb and in the collecting duct. The amelioration of most of the abnormalities in calcium metabolism including hypercalciuria, renal calcification, and AQP2-mediated osmotic water reabsorption makes calcilytic a good candidate as a novel therapeutic agent for ADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Ranieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Ines Angelini
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, Italy
| | | | - Annarita Di Mise
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Mariangela Centrone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Venneri
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SPA SB IRCCS, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Ferrulli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Mastrodonato
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Tamma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Itsuro Endo
- Department of Bioregulatory Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Seiji Fukumoto
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshio Matsumoto
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Giovanna Valenti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, Italy
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4
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Liu F, Wu CG, Tu CL, Glenn I, Meyerowitz J, Levit Kaplan A, Lyu J, Cheng Z, Tarkhanova OO, Moroz YS, Irwin JJ, Chang W, Shoichet BK, Skiniotis G. Small vs. Large Library Docking for Positive Allosteric Modulators of the Calcium Sensing Receptor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.27.573448. [PMID: 38234749 PMCID: PMC10793424 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.27.573448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Drugs acting as positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) to enhance the activation of the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) and to suppress parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion can treat hyperparathyroidism but suffer from side effects including hypocalcemia and arrhythmias. Seeking new CaSR modulators, we docked libraries of 2.7 million and 1.2 billion molecules against transforming pockets in the active-state receptor dimer structure. Consistent with simulations suggesting that docking improves with library size, billion-molecule docking found new PAMs with a hit rate that was 2.7-fold higher than the million-molecule library and with hits up to 37-fold more potent. Structure-based optimization of ligands from both campaigns led to nanomolar leads, one of which was advanced to animal testing. This PAM displays 100-fold the potency of the standard of care, cinacalcet, in ex vivo organ assays, and reduces serum PTH levels in mice by up to 80% without the hypocalcemia typical of CaSR drugs. Cryo-EM structures with the new PAMs show that they induce residue rearrangements in the binding pockets and promote CaSR dimer conformations that are closer to the G-protein coupled state compared to established drugs. These findings highlight the promise of large library docking for therapeutic leads, especially when combined with experimental structure determination and mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Liu
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143, USA
| | - Cheng-Guo Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Tu
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, Dept. of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158, USA
| | - Isabella Glenn
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143, USA
| | - Justin Meyerowitz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anat Levit Kaplan
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143, USA
| | - Jiankun Lyu
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143, USA
- Current address: The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, Dept. of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Yurii S. Moroz
- Chemspace LLC, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd., Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
| | - John J. Irwin
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143, USA
| | - Wenhan Chang
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, Dept. of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158, USA
| | - Brian K. Shoichet
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143, USA
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Gafni RI, Hartley IR, Roszko KL, Nemeth EF, Pozo KA, Lombardi E, Sridhar AV, Roberts MS, Fox JC, Collins MT. Efficacy and Safety of Encaleret in Autosomal Dominant Hypocalcemia Type 1. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:1245-1247. [PMID: 37754292 PMCID: PMC10616810 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2302708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
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6
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Ali DS, Marini F, Alsarraf F, Alalwani H, Alamri A, Khan AA, Brandi ML. Case Report: Calcium sensing receptor gene gain of function mutations: a case series and report of 2 novel mutations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1215036. [PMID: 37654565 PMCID: PMC10466028 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1215036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia (ADH1) is a genetic disorder characterized by low serum calcium and low or inappropriately normal levels of parathyroid hormone. The disease is caused by a heterozygous activating mutation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) gene, encoding a G-Protein-coupled cell membrane sensor of extracellular calcium concentration mainly expressed by parathyroid glands, renal tubules, and the brain. ADH1 has been linked to 113 unique germline mutations, of which nearly 96% are missense mutations. There is often a lack of a clear genotype/phenotype correlation in the reported literature. Here, we described a case series of 6 unrelated ADH1 probands, each one bearing a gain-of-function CaSR mutation, and two children of one of these cases, matching our identified mutations to the same ones previously reported in the literature, and comparing the clinical and biochemical characteristics, as well as the complication profile. As a result of these genetic and clinical comparisons, we propose that a genotype/phenotype correlation may exist because our cases showed similar presentation, characteristics, and severity, with respect to published cases with the same or similar mutations. We also contend that the severity of the presentation is highly influenced by the specific CaSR variant. These findings, however, require further evaluation and assessment with a systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal S. Ali
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Francesca Marini
- Fondazione Italiana Ricerca sulle Malattie dell'Osso (FIRMO) Onlus, Italian Foundation for the Research on Bone Diseases, Florence, Italy
| | - Farah Alsarraf
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hatim Alalwani
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Abdulrahman Alamri
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Aliya A. Khan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Fondazione Italiana Ricerca sulle Malattie dell'Osso (FIRMO) Onlus, Italian Foundation for the Research on Bone Diseases, Florence, Italy
- Donatello Bone Clinic, Villa Donatello Hospital, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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7
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Brennan SC, Mun HC, Delbridge L, Kuchel PW, Conigrave AD. Temperature sensing by the calcium-sensing receptor. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1117352. [PMID: 36818436 PMCID: PMC9931745 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1117352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether GPCRs support the sensing of temperature as well as other chemical and physical modalities is not well understood. Introduction: Extracellular Ca2+ concentration (Ca2+ o) modulates core body temperature and the firing rates of temperature-sensitive CNS neurons, and hypocalcemia provokes childhood seizures. However, it is not known whether these phenomena are mediated by Ca2+ o-sensing GPCRs, including the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). In favor of the hypothesis, CaSRs are expressed in hypothalamic regions that support core temperature regulation, and autosomal dominant hypocalcemia, due to CaSR activating mutations, is associated with childhood seizures. Methods: Herein, we tested whether CaSR-dependent signaling is temperature sensitive using an established model system, CaSR-expressing HEK-293 cells. Results: We found that the frequency of Ca2+ o-induced Ca2+ i oscillations but not the integrated response was linearly dependent on temperature in a pathophysiologically relevant range. Chimeric receptor analysis showed that the receptor's C-terminus is required for temperature-dependent modulation and experiments with the PKC inhibitor GF109203X and CaSR mutants T888A and T888M, which eliminate a key phosphorylation site, demonstrated the importance of repetitive phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Discussion and Conclusion: CaSRs mediate temperature-sensing and the mechanism, dependent upon repetitive phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, suggests that GPCRs more generally contribute to temperature-sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Brennan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hee-chang Mun
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Leigh Delbridge
- Department of Surgery, Mater Hospital, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip W. Kuchel
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arthur D. Conigrave
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: Arthur D. Conigrave,
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8
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Roszko KL, Stapleton Smith LM, Sridhar AV, Roberts MS, Hartley IR, Gafni RI, Collins MT, Fox JC, Nemeth EF. Autosomal Dominant Hypocalcemia Type 1: A Systematic Review. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1926-1935. [PMID: 35879818 PMCID: PMC9805030 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia type 1 (ADH1) is a rare form of hypoparathyroidism due to activating variants of the calcium-sensing receptor gene (CASR). Inherited or de novo activating variants of the CASR alter the set point for extracellular calcium, resulting in inadequate parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and inappropriate renal calcium excretion leading to hypocalcemia and hypercalciuria. Conventional therapy includes calcium and activated vitamin D, which can worsen hypercalciuria, resulting in renal complications. A systematic literature review, using published reports from 1994 to 2021, was conducted to catalog CASR variants, to define the ADH1 clinical spectrum, and to determine the effect of treatment on patients with ADH1. There were 113 unique CASR variants reported, with a general lack of genotype/phenotype correlation. Clinical data were available in 191 patients; 27% lacked symptoms, 32% had mild/moderate symptoms, and 41% had severe symptoms. Seizures, the most frequent clinical presentation, occurred in 39% of patients. In patients with blood and urine chemistries available at the time of diagnosis (n = 91), hypocalcemia (99%), hyperphosphatemia (59%), low PTH levels (57%), and hypercalciuria (34%) were observed. Blood calcium levels were significantly lower in patients with severe symptoms compared with asymptomatic patients (6.8 ± 0.7 versus 7.6 ± 0.7 mg/dL [mean ± SD]; p < 0.0001), and the age of presentation was significantly lower in severely symptomatic patients (9.1 ± 15.0 versus 19.3 ± 19.4 years; p < 0.01). Assessments for complications including nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, renal impairment, and brain calcifications in 57 patients on conventional therapy showed that 75% had at least one complication. Hypercalciuria was associated with nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, renal impairment, or brain calcifications (odds ratio [OR] = 9.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.4-37.2; p < 0.01). In 27 patients with urine calcium measures before and after starting conventional therapy, the incidence of hypercalciuria increased by 91% (p < 0.05) after therapy initiation. ADH1 is a condition often associated with severe symptomatology at presentation with an increase in the risk of renal complications after initiation of conventional therapy. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Roszko
- Skeletal Disorders & Mineral Homeostasis Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Iris R Hartley
- Skeletal Disorders & Mineral Homeostasis Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rachel I Gafni
- Skeletal Disorders & Mineral Homeostasis Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael T Collins
- Skeletal Disorders & Mineral Homeostasis Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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9
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Chandran M, Yeh LTL, de Jong MC, Bilezikian JP, Parameswaran R. Cognitive deficits in primary hyperparathyroidism - what we know and what we do not know: A narrative review. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:1079-1087. [PMID: 35994179 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Classic symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) are seen in approximately 20% of patients. While features such as kidney stones and skeletal disease are often highlighted as directly related to the disease, others can be even more prevalent. For example, cognitive dysfunction and reduced quality of life are common complaints in many patients, even among those who are classified as being asymptomatic. The pathophysiology of PHPT involves the impact of excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) on calcium metabolism. Referencing putative neurocognitive issues, many animal studies have illustrated the potential roles of PTH and PTH receptors in the brain. Functional imaging and pre-and post-parathyroidectomy studies have suggested a link between the neuronal impact of elevated PTH levels on specific functional aspects of the central nervous system, such as cognition. Confounding a direct role for PTH are hypercalcemia and vitamin D deficiency, both of which could conceivably alter CNS function in PHPT. The lack of strong evidence that parathyroidectomy improves cognition in patients with PHPT raises the question as to whether parathyroid surgery should be recommended on this basis alone. This narrative review summarizes the available literature on neurocognitive function in PHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Chandran
- Osteoporosis and Bone Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
- DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Lydia Tan Li Yeh
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mechteld C de Jong
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - John P Bilezikian
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Rajeev Parameswaran
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, National University Hospital System, Singapore, Singapore
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10
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Wu Y, Zhang C, Huang X, Cao L, Liu S, Zhong P. Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia with a novel CASR mutation: a case study and literature review. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221110489. [PMID: 35818129 PMCID: PMC9280832 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221110489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia type 1 (ADH1) is a rare inherited disorder characterized by hypocalcemia with low parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and high urinary calcium. Its clinical presentation varies from mild asymptomatic to severe hypocalcemia. It is caused by gain-of-function mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor gene (CASR) which affect PTH secretion from the parathyroid gland and calcium resorption in the kidney. Here, we describe a case who presented with symptoms of recurrent seizure caused by hypocalcemia with a novel CASR variant. We comprehensively analyzed the phenotypic features of this presentation and reviewed the current literature to better understand clinical manifestations and the genetic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Department of Neurology and Instituted of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shihua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Suzhou, China
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11
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Schamber MR, Vafabakhsh R. Mechanism of sensitivity modulation in the calcium-sensing receptor via electrostatic tuning. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2194. [PMID: 35459864 PMCID: PMC9033857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer of information across membranes is fundamental to the function of all organisms and is primarily initiated by transmembrane receptors. For many receptors, how ligand sensitivity is fine-tuned and how disease associated mutations modulate receptor conformation to allosterically affect receptor sensitivity are unknown. Here we map the activation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) - a dimeric class C G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and responsible for maintaining extracellular calcium in vertebrates. We show that CaSR undergoes unique conformational rearrangements compared to other class C GPCRs owing to specific structural features. Moreover, by analyzing disease associated mutations, we uncover a large permissiveness in the architecture of the extracellular domain of CaSR, with dynamics- and not specific receptor topology- determining the effect of a mutation. We show a structural hub at the dimer interface allosterically controls CaSR activation via focused electrostatic repulsion. Changes in the surface charge distribution of this hub, which is highly variable between organisms, finely tune CaSR sensitivity. This is potentially a general tuning mechanism for other dimeric receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Schamber
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Reza Vafabakhsh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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12
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Canaff L, Guarnieri V, Kim Y, Wong BYL, Nolin-Lapalme A, Cole DEC, Minisola S, Eller-Vainicher C, Cetani F, Repaci A, Turchetti D, Corbetta S, Scillitani A, Goltzman D. Novel Glial Cells Missing-2 (GCM2) variants in parathyroid disorders. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 186:351-366. [PMID: 35038313 DOI: 10.1016/10.1530/eje-21-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze variants of the gene glial cells missing-2 (GCM2), encoding a parathyroid cell-specific transcription factor, in familial hypoparathyroidism and in familial isolated hyperparathyroidism (FIHP) without and with parathyroid carcinoma. DESIGN We characterized 2 families with hypoparathyroidism and 19 with FIHP in which we examined the mechanism of action of GCM2 variants. METHODS Leukocyte DNA of hypoparathyroid individuals was Sanger sequenced for CASR, PTH, GNA11 and GCM2 mutations. DNA of hyperparathyroid individuals underwent MEN1, CDKN1B, CDC73, CASR, RET and GCM2 sequencing. The actions of identified GCM2 variants were evaluated by in vitro functional analyses. RESULTS A novel homozygous p.R67C GCM2 mutation which failed to stimulate transcriptional activity in a luciferase assay was identified in affected members of two hypoparathyroid families. Oligonucleotide pull-down assay and in silico structural modeling indicated that this mutant had lost the ability to bind the consensus GCM recognition sequence of DNA. Two novel (p.I383M and p.T386S) and one previously reported (p.Y394S) heterozygous GCM2 variants that lie within a C-terminal conserved inhibitory domain were identified in three affected individuals of the hyperparathyroid families. One family member, heterozygous for p.I138M, had parathyroid carcinoma (PC), and a heterozygous p.V382M variant was found in another patient affected by sporadic PC. These variants exerted significantly enhanced in vitrotranscriptional activity, including increased stimulation of the PTH promoter. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that two novel GCM2 R67C inactivating mutations with an inability to bind DNA are causative of hypoparathyroidism. Additionally, we provide evidence that two novel GCM2 variants increased transactivation of the PTH promoter in vitro and are associated with FIHP. Furthermore, our studies suggest that activating GCM2 variants may contribute to facilitating more aggressive parathyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Canaff
- Metabolic Complications and Disorders, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vito Guarnieri
- Division of Medical Genetics and Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Yoojung Kim
- Metabolic Complications and Disorders, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Betty Y L Wong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexis Nolin-Lapalme
- Metabolic Complications and Disorders, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David E C Cole
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salvatore Minisola
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Disciplines, 'Sapienza' Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Eller-Vainicher
- Department of Medical Sciences and Community, Fondazione Ca'Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Repaci
- Unit of Endocrinology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Turchetti
- Center for the Studies of Hereditary Cancers, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina Corbetta
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alfredo Scillitani
- Division of Medical Genetics and Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - David Goltzman
- Metabolic Complications and Disorders, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Canaff L, Guarnieri V, Kim Y, Wong BYL, Nolin-Lapalme A, Cole DEC, Minisola S, Eller-Vainicher C, Cetani F, Repaci A, Turchetti D, Corbetta S, Scillitani A, Goltzman D. Novel Glial Cells Missing-2 (GCM2) variants in parathyroid disorders. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 186:351-366. [PMID: 35038313 PMCID: PMC8859918 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze variants of the gene glial cells missing-2 (GCM2), encoding a parathyroid cell-specific transcription factor, in familial hypoparathyroidism and in familial isolated hyperparathyroidism (FIHP) without and with parathyroid carcinoma. DESIGN We characterized 2 families with hypoparathyroidism and 19 with FIHP in which we examined the mechanism of action of GCM2 variants. METHODS Leukocyte DNA of hypoparathyroid individuals was Sanger sequenced for CASR, PTH, GNA11 and GCM2 mutations. DNA of hyperparathyroid individuals underwent MEN1, CDKN1B, CDC73, CASR, RET and GCM2 sequencing. The actions of identified GCM2 variants were evaluated by in vitro functional analyses. RESULTS A novel homozygous p.R67C GCM2 mutation which failed to stimulate transcriptional activity in a luciferase assay was identified in affected members of two hypoparathyroid families. Oligonucleotide pull-down assay and in silico structural modeling indicated that this mutant had lost the ability to bind the consensus GCM recognition sequence of DNA. Two novel (p.I383M and p.T386S) and one previously reported (p.Y394S) heterozygous GCM2 variants that lie within a C-terminal conserved inhibitory domain were identified in three affected individuals of the hyperparathyroid families. One family member, heterozygous for p.I138M, had parathyroid carcinoma (PC), and a heterozygous p.V382M variant was found in another patient affected by sporadic PC. These variants exerted significantly enhanced in vitrotranscriptional activity, including increased stimulation of the PTH promoter. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that two novel GCM2 R67C inactivating mutations with an inability to bind DNA are causative of hypoparathyroidism. Additionally, we provide evidence that two novel GCM2 variants increased transactivation of the PTH promoter in vitro and are associated with FIHP. Furthermore, our studies suggest that activating GCM2 variants may contribute to facilitating more aggressive parathyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Canaff
- Metabolic Complications and Disorders, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vito Guarnieri
- Division of Medical Genetics and Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Yoojung Kim
- Metabolic Complications and Disorders, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Betty Y L Wong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexis Nolin-Lapalme
- Metabolic Complications and Disorders, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David E C Cole
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salvatore Minisola
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Disciplines, ‘Sapienza’ Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Eller-Vainicher
- Department of Medical Sciences and Community, Fondazione Ca’Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Repaci
- Unit of Endocrinology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Turchetti
- Center for the Studies of Hereditary Cancers, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina Corbetta
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alfredo Scillitani
- Division of Medical Genetics and Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - David Goltzman
- Metabolic Complications and Disorders, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Correspondence should be addressed to D Goltzman;
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Association of ITPA gene polymorphisms with adverse effects of AZA/6-MP administration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2022; 22:39-54. [PMID: 35034963 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-021-00255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Azathioprine (AZA) and its metabolite, mercaptopurine (6-MP), are widely used immunosuppressant drugs. Polymorphisms in genes implicated in AZA/6-MP metabolism, reportedly, could account in part for their potential toxicity. In the present study we performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis, comprising 30 studies and 3582 individuals, to investigate the putative genetic association of two inosine triphosphatase (ITPA) polymorphisms with adverse effects in patients treated with AZA/6-MP. We found that rs1127354 is associated with neutropenia in general populations and in children (OR: 2.39, 95%CI: 1.97-2.90, and OR: 2.43, 95%CI: 2.12-2.79, respectively), and with all adverse effects tested herein in adult populations (OR: 2.12, 95%CI: 1.22-3.69). We also found that rs7270101 is associated with neutropenia and leucopenia in all-ages populations (OR: 2.93, 95%CI: 2.36-3.63, and OR: 2.82, 95%CI: 1.76-4.50, respectively) and with all adverse effects tested herein in children (OR: 1.74, 95%CI: 1.06-2.87). Stratification according to background disease, in combination with multiple comparisons corrections, verified neutropenia to be associated with both polymorphisms, in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. These findings suggest that ITPA polymorphisms could be used as predictive biomarkers for adverse effects of thiopurine drugs to eliminate intolerance in ALL patients and clarify dosing in patients with different ITPA variants.
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Ullah I, Ottlewski I, Shehzad W, Riaz A, Ijaz S, Tufail A, Ammara H, Mane S, Shril S, Hildebrandt F, Zahoor MY, Majmundar AJ. Sequencing the CaSR locus in Pakistani stone formers reveals a novel loss-of-function variant atypically associated with nephrolithiasis. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:266. [PMID: 34772415 PMCID: PMC8588693 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephrolithiasis (NL) affects 1 in 11 individuals worldwide and causes significant morbidity and cost. Common variants in the calcium sensing receptor gene (CaSR) have been associated with NL. Rare inactivating CaSR variants classically cause hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia and hypocalciuria. However, NL and familial hypercalciuria have been paradoxically associated with select inactivating CaSR variants in three kindreds from Europe and Australia. METHODS To discover novel NL-associated CaSR variants from a geographically distinct cohort, 57 Pakistani families presenting with pediatric onset NL were recruited. The CaSR locus was analyzed by directed or exome sequencing. RESULTS We detected a heterozygous and likely pathogenic splice variant (GRCh37 Chr3:122000958A>G; GRCh38 Chr3:12228211A>G; NM_000388:c.1609-2A>G) in CaSR in one family with recurrent calcium oxalate stones. This variant would be predicted to cause exon skipping and premature termination (p.Val537Metfs*49). Moreover, a splice variant of unknown significance in an alternative CaSR transcript (GRCh37 Chr3:122000929G>C; GRCh38 Chr3:122282082G >C NM_000388:c.1609-31G >C NM_001178065:c.1609-1G >C) was identified in two additional families. CONCLUSIONS Sequencing of the CaSR locus in Pakistani stone formers reveals a novel loss-of-function variant, expanding the connection between the CaSR locus and nephrolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Ullah
- Molecular Biology Section, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, MA, 02115, Boston, USA
| | - Isabel Ottlewski
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, MA, 02115, Boston, USA
| | - Wasim Shehzad
- Molecular Biology Section, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Riaz
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sadaqat Ijaz
- Molecular Biology Section, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asad Tufail
- Molecular Biology Section, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiza Ammara
- Molecular Biology Section, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shrikant Mane
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Mendelian Genomics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, MA, 02115, Boston, USA
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, MA, 02115, Boston, USA
| | - Muhammad Yasir Zahoor
- Molecular Biology Section, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, MA, 02115, Boston, USA.
| | - Amar J Majmundar
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, MA, 02115, Boston, USA.
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Claverie-Martin F, Perdomo-Ramirez A, Garcia-Nieto V. Hereditary kidney diseases associated with hypomagnesemia. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2021; 40:512-526. [PMID: 34784661 PMCID: PMC8685365 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.21.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the kidney, a set of proteins expressed in the epithelial cells of the thick ascending loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule directly or indirectly play important roles in the regulation of serum magnesium levels. Magnesium reabsorption in the thick ascending loop of Henle occurs through a passive paracellular pathway, while in the distal convoluted tubule, the final magnesium concentration is established through an active transcellular pathway. The players involved in magnesium reabsorption include proteins with diverse functions including tight junction proteins, cation and anion channels, sodium chloride cotransporter, calcium-sensing receptor, epidermal growth factor, cyclin M2, sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase subunits, transcription factors, a serine protease, and proteins involved in mitochondrial function. Mutations in the genes that encode these proteins impair their function and cause different rare diseases associated with hypomagnesemia, which may lead to muscle cramps, fatigue, epileptic seizures, intellectual disability, cardiac arrhythmias, and chronic kidney disease. The purpose of this review is to describe the clinical and genetic characteristics of these hereditary kidney diseases and the current research findings on the pathophysiological basis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Claverie-Martin
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana Perdomo-Ramirez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Victor Garcia-Nieto
- Unidad de Nefrología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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Ewers M, Canaff L, Weh AE, Masson E, Eiseler K, Chen JM, Rebours V, Bugert P, Michl P, Rosendahl J, Férec C, Goltzman D, Witt H. The three common polymorphisms p.A986S, p.R990G and p.Q1011E in the calcium sensing receptor (CASR) are not associated with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2021; 21:1299-1304. [PMID: 34446336 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The calcium sensing receptor (CASR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is responsible for assessing extracellular Ca2+ levels and thus plays a crucial role in calcium homeostasis. Hypercalcemia is a metabolic risk factor for pancreatitis and rare CASR variants have been described in patients with chronic pancreatitis. At the carboxy-terminal tail of CASR, there is a cluster of three common polymorphisms, p.A986S (rs1801725), p.R990G (rs1042636) and p.Q1011E (rs1801726), which have been associated with chronic pancreatitis in various studies, but with conflicting results. METHODS We examined 542 German and 339 French patients with chronic pancreatitis as well as 1025 German controls for the 3 common CASR polymorphism by melting curve analysis. For comparison, we used genotype data from 583 French controls from a previous study. In addition, we functionally analyzed the three variants by NFAT and SRE luciferase reporter systems as well as Western blotting and verified cell surface expression by ELISA. RESULTS In both cohorts, neither the genotype nor the allele frequencies differed significantly between patients and controls. In both luciferase assays, p.R990G showed a significant leftward shift, indicating an increased responsiveness of the receptor. p.A986S showed a leftward shift in the SRE but not in the NFAT reporter assay, while the responsiveness of p.Q1011E did not differ from the wild-type. These functional studies therefore do not support the contributions of variant CASR to increasing the risk of pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS The three frequent CASR polymorphisms are unlikely to increase the risk for chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Ewers
- Pediatric Nutritional Medicine & Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine (EKFZ), Technical University Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Lucie Canaff
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Antonia Em Weh
- Pediatric Nutritional Medicine & Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine (EKFZ), Technical University Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle Masson
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200, Brest, France; Service de Génétique Médicale et de Biologie de La Reproduction, CHRU Brest, F-29200, Brest, France
| | - Katharina Eiseler
- Pediatric Nutritional Medicine & Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine (EKFZ), Technical University Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Jian-Min Chen
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200, Brest, France
| | - Vinciane Rebours
- Department of Gastroenterology and Pancreatology, Beaujon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Peter Bugert
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service of Baden-Württemberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Patrick Michl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University, Halle, Germany
| | - Jonas Rosendahl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University, Halle, Germany
| | - Claude Férec
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200, Brest, France; Service de Génétique Médicale et de Biologie de La Reproduction, CHRU Brest, F-29200, Brest, France
| | - David Goltzman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Heiko Witt
- Pediatric Nutritional Medicine & Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine (EKFZ), Technical University Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany.
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Ji Y, Kang C, Chen J, Zhang L. Identification of p.Arg205Cys in CASR in an autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia type 1 pedigree: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26443. [PMID: 34160437 PMCID: PMC8238359 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia type 1 (ADH1) is a genetic disease characterized by benign hypocalcemia, inappropriately low parathyroid hormone levels and mostly hypercalciuria. It is caused by the activating mutations of the calcium-sensing receptor gene (CASR), which produces a left-shift in the set point for extracellular calcium. PATIENT CONCERNS A 50-year-old man presenting with muscle spasms was admitted into the hospital. He has a positive familial history for hypocalcemia. Auxiliary examinations demonstrated hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, normal parathyroid hormone level and nephrolithiasis. A missense heterozygous variant in CASR, c 613C > T (p. Arg205Cys) which has been reported in a familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia type 1 patient was found in the patient's genotype. It is the first time that this variant is found associating with ADH1. The variant is predicted vicious by softwares and cosegregates with ADH1 in this pedigree. CASR Arg205Cys was deduced to be the genetic cause of ADH1 in the family. DIAGNOSIS The patient was diagnosed with ADH1 clinically and genetically. INTERVENTIONS Oral calcitriol, calcium and hydrochlorothiazide were prescribed to the patient. OUTCOMES After the treatments for 1 week, the patient's symptom was improved and the re-examination revealed serum calcium in the normal range. A 3-month follow-up showed his symptom was mostly relieved. LESSONS The variant of CASR Arg205Cys, responsible for ADH1 in this family, broadened the genetic spectrum of ADH1. Further and more studies are required to evaluate the correlation between genotype and phenotype in ADH1 patients.
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Wen T, Wang Z, Chen X, Ren Y, Lu X, Xing Y, Lu J, Chang S, Zhang X, Shen Y, Yang X. Structural basis for activation and allosteric modulation of full-length calcium-sensing receptor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/23/eabg1483. [PMID: 34088669 PMCID: PMC8177707 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class C G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that plays an important role in calcium homeostasis and parathyroid hormone secretion. Here, we present multiple cryo-electron microscopy structures of full-length CaSR in distinct ligand-bound states. Ligands (Ca2+ and l-tryptophan) bind to the extracellular domain of CaSR and induce large-scale conformational changes, leading to the closure of two heptahelical transmembrane domains (7TMDs) for activation. The positive modulator (evocalcet) and the negative allosteric modulator (NPS-2143) occupy the similar binding pocket in 7TMD. The binding of NPS-2143 causes a considerable rearrangement of two 7TMDs, forming an inactivated TM6/TM6 interface. Moreover, a total of 305 disease-causing missense mutations of CaSR have been mapped to the structure in the active state, creating hotspot maps of five clinical endocrine disorders. Our results provide a structural framework for understanding the activation, allosteric modulation mechanism, and disease therapy for class C GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaozhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yue Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xuhang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yangfei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shenghai Chang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuequan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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20
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Tan RSG, Lee CHL, Dimke H, Todd Alexander R. The role of calcium-sensing receptor signaling in regulating transepithelial calcium transport. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2407-2419. [PMID: 33926258 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211010415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) plays a critical role in sensing extracellular calcium (Ca2+) and signaling to maintain Ca2+ homeostasis. In the parathyroid, the CaSR regulates secretion of parathyroid hormone, which functions to increase extracellular Ca2+ levels. The CaSR is also located in other organs imperative to Ca2+ homeostasis including the kidney and intestine, where it modulates Ca2+ reabsorption and absorption, respectively. In this review, we describe CaSR expression and its function in transepithelial Ca2+ transport in the kidney and intestine. Activation of the CaSR leads to G protein dependent and independent signaling cascades. The known CaSR signal transduction pathways involved in modulating paracellular and transcellular epithelial Ca2+ transport are discussed. Mutations in the CaSR cause a range of diseases that manifest in altered serum Ca2+ levels. Gain-of-function mutations in the CaSR result in autosomal dominant hypocalcemia type 1, while loss-of-function mutations cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Additionally, the putative serine protease, FAM111A, is discussed as a potential regulator of the CaSR because mutations in FAM111A cause Kenny Caffey syndrome type 2, gracile bone dysplasia, and osteocraniostenosis, diseases that are characterized by hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, and bony abnormalities, i.e. share phenotypic features of autosomal dominant hypocalcemia. Recent work has helped to elucidate the effect of CaSR signaling cascades on downstream proteins involved in Ca2+ transport across renal and intestinal epithelia; however, much remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Siu Ga Tan
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada.,Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada
| | | | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark.,Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada.,Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada
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Moon JE, Yang HY, Wee G, ParK SH, Ko CW. A cell function study on calcium regulation of a novel calcium-sensing receptor mutation (p.Tyr825Phe). Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 26:24-30. [PMID: 32871647 PMCID: PMC8026336 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2040022.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia with hypercalciuria is a genetic disease characterized by hypoparathyroidism with hypercalciuria. We discovered a novel variant (p.Tyr825Phe[Y825F]) of the CASR gene in a neonate with congenital hypoparathyroidism and hypercalciuria and conducted a cell function study to determine whether the CASR-Y825F variant was pathogenic. METHODS To perform a functional study on CaSR-Y825F, we constructed expression vectors expressing wild-type (WT) CASR and CASR-Y825F. After transfection of each expression vector into HEK293 cells, we examined alterations in intracellular signaling. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling activity of HEK293 cells expressing CASR-WT or CASR-Y825F was determined. Changes in intracellular calcium ions ([Ca2+]i) by extracellular calcium ion ([Ca2+]e) stimulation were quantitatively compared and analyzed. RESULTS Cells expressing CASR-Y825F showed elevated of MAPK signaling (phospho-ERK [pERK], phospho-JNK [pJNK], phospho-p38 [pp38]) and increased [Ca2+]i levels at low [Ca2+]e stimulation compared with cells expressing CASR-WT. Additionally, [Ca2+]i levels in HEK293 cells expression CASR-WT and CASR-Y825F were determined at 340 nm/380 nm wavelength ratios using Fura-2 AM. At [Ca2+]e concentrations of 2.5 mM and 3 mM, the ratios of CASR-Y825F cells were higher (2.6 and 3.5, respectively) than those of CASR-WT cells (1.04 and 1.40, respectively). CONCLUSION This cell function study proved that the CASR-Y825F expressed in HEK293 cells elevated MAPK signaling (pERK, pJNK, pp38) and increased [Ca2+]i to induce hypocalcemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hee-Young Yang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu, Korea
| | - Gabbine Wee
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu, Korea
| | - Suk-Hyun ParK
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Cheol Woo Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea,Address for correspondence: Cheol Woo Ko Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kyungpook National University Children's Hospital, 807, Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41404, Korea
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Hawkes CP, Shulman DI, Levine MA. Recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-84) is effective in CASR-associated hypoparathyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 2020; 183:K13-K21. [PMID: 33112267 PMCID: PMC7853300 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gain-of-function mutations in the CASR gene cause Autosomal Dominant Hypocalcemia Type 1 (ADH1), the most common genetic cause of isolated hypoparathyroidism. Subjects have increased calcium sensitivity in the renal tubule, leading to increased urinary calcium excretion, nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis when compared with other causes of hypoparathyroidism. The traditional approach to treatment includes activated vitamin D but this further increases urinary calcium excretion. METHODS In this case series, we describe the use of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (rhPTH)1-84 to treat subjects with ADH1, with improved control of serum and urinary calcium levels. RESULTS We describe two children and one adult with ADH1 due to heterozygous CASR mutations who were treated with rhPTH(1-84). Case 1 was a 9.4-year-old female whose 24-h urinary calcium decreased from 7.5 to 3.9 mg/kg at 1 year. Calcitriol and calcium supplementation were discontinued after titration of rhPTH(1-84). Case 2 was a 9.5-year-old male whose 24-h urinary calcium decreased from 11.7 to 1.7 mg/kg at 1 year, and calcitriol was also discontinued. Case 3 was a 24-year-old female whose treatment was switched from multi-dose teriparatide to daily rhPTH(1-84). All three subjects achieved or maintained target serum levels of calcium and normal or improved urinary calcium levels with daily rhPTH(1-84) monotherapy. CONCLUSIONS We have described three subjects with ADH1 who were treated effectively with rhPTH(1-84). In all cases, hypercalciuria improved by comparison to treatment with conventional therapy consisting of calcium supplementation and calcitriol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Patrick Hawkes
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dorothy I Shulman
- University of South Florida Diabetes Center, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael A Levine
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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23
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Schöneberg T, Liebscher I. Mutations in G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Mechanisms, Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Approaches. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:89-119. [PMID: 33219147 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are approximately 800 annotated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes, making these membrane receptors members of the most abundant gene family in the human genome. Besides being involved in manifold physiologic functions and serving as important pharmacotherapeutic targets, mutations in 55 GPCR genes cause about 66 inherited monogenic diseases in humans. Alterations of nine GPCR genes are causatively involved in inherited digenic diseases. In addition to classic gain- and loss-of-function variants, other aspects, such as biased signaling, trans-signaling, ectopic expression, allele variants of GPCRs, pseudogenes, gene fusion, and gene dosage, contribute to the repertoire of GPCR dysfunctions. However, the spectrum of alterations and GPCR involvement is probably much larger because an additional 91 GPCR genes contain homozygous or hemizygous loss-of-function mutations in human individuals with currently unidentified phenotypes. This review highlights the complexity of genomic alteration of GPCR genes as well as their functional consequences and discusses derived therapeutic approaches. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: With the advent of new transgenic and sequencing technologies, the number of monogenic diseases related to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) mutants has significantly increased, and our understanding of the functional impact of certain kinds of mutations has substantially improved. Besides the classical gain- and loss-of-function alterations, additional aspects, such as biased signaling, trans-signaling, ectopic expression, allele variants of GPCRs, uniparental disomy, pseudogenes, gene fusion, and gene dosage, need to be elaborated in light of GPCR dysfunctions and possible therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Serna J, Bergwitz C. Importance of Dietary Phosphorus for Bone Metabolism and Healthy Aging. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3001. [PMID: 33007883 PMCID: PMC7599912 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) plays a critical function in many tissues of the body: for example, as part of the hydroxyapatite in the skeleton and as a substrate for ATP synthesis. Pi is the main source of dietary phosphorus. Reduced bioavailability of Pi or excessive losses in the urine causes rickets and osteomalacia. While critical for health in normal amounts, dietary phosphorus is plentiful in the Western diet and is often added to foods as a preservative. This abundance of phosphorus may reduce longevity due to metabolic changes and tissue calcifications. In this review, we examine how dietary phosphorus is absorbed in the gut, current knowledge about Pi sensing, and endocrine regulation of Pi levels. Moreover, we also examine the roles of Pi in different tissues, the consequences of low and high dietary phosphorus in these tissues, and the implications for healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Serna
- Yale College, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
| | - Clemens Bergwitz
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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25
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Magno AL, Leatherbarrow KM, Brown SJ, Wilson SG, Walsh JP, Ward BK. Functional Analysis of Calcium-Sensing Receptor Variants Identified in Families Provisionally Diagnosed with Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcaemia. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 107:230-239. [PMID: 32638038 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Identification of variants in the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) gene is an important means of distinguishing between familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH) and primary hyperparathyroidism. However, identification and bioinformatics analysis of genetic variants alone is now considered insufficient as definitive proof; additional functional assessment is required to diagnose FHH with certainty. We identified two novel variants, D433Y and C739Y, and one previously reported variant G509R in the CASR of four kindreds provisionally diagnosed with FHH and aimed to functionally characterise these variants to confirm the diagnosis. Variant receptors were cloned as FLAG-tagged constructs into the mammalian expression vector, pcDNA3.1. Wild type and variant receptor constructs were expressed in HEK293 cells and their expression assessed by Western blot analysis and their functionality analysed using an IP-One assay which measures myo-inositol 1-phosphate accumulation following CaSR activation. Western blot analysis showed that the D433Y receptor had diminished mature glycosylated receptor compared with wild type CaSR whereas the G509R receptor had a complete lack of mature receptor. The C739Y receptor was consistently overexpressed. Functional assessment showed the D433Y receptor to be mildly inactivating at physiological calcium concentrations whereas the G509R receptor was inactive at all calcium concentrations. By contrast, the C739Y variant was activating compared to wild type receptor which is inconsistent with it causing FHH. We conclude that functional assessment of CaSR variants using the IP-One assay was useful in the investigation of suspected FHH probands, confirming the D433Y and G509R variants as likely pathogenic/pathogenic, but dismissing the C739Y variant as causing FHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Magno
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Block C, Level 1, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Kassandra M Leatherbarrow
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Block C, Level 1, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Suzanne J Brown
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Block C, Level 1, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Scott G Wilson
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Block C, Level 1, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John P Walsh
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Block C, Level 1, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Bryan K Ward
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Block C, Level 1, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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Abstract
Parathyroid hormone is an essential regulator of extracellular calcium and phosphate. PTH enhances calcium reabsorption while inhibiting phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys, increases the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which then increases gastrointestinal absorption of calcium, and increases bone resorption to increase calcium and phosphate. Parathyroid disease can be an isolated endocrine disorder or part of a complex syndrome. Genetic mutations can account for diseases of parathyroid gland formulation, dysregulation of parathyroid hormone synthesis or secretion, and destruction of the parathyroid glands. Over the years, a number of different options are available for the treatment of different types of parathyroid disease. Therapeutic options include surgical removal of hypersecreting parathyroid tissue, administration of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, activated vitamin D, calcium, phosphate binders, calcium-sensing receptor, and vitamin D receptor activators to name a few. The accurate assessment of parathyroid hormone also provides essential biochemical information to properly diagnose parathyroid disease. Currently available immunoassays may overestimate or underestimate bioactive parathyroid hormone because of interferences from truncated parathyroid hormone fragments, phosphorylation of parathyroid hormone, and oxidation of amino acids of parathyroid hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Ki Yun Leung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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27
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Leach K, Hannan FM, Josephs TM, Keller AN, Møller TC, Ward DT, Kallay E, Mason RS, Thakker RV, Riccardi D, Conigrave AD, Bräuner-Osborne H. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVIII. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Nomenclature, Pharmacology, and Function. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:558-604. [PMID: 32467152 PMCID: PMC7116503 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.018531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class C G protein-coupled receptor that responds to multiple endogenous agonists and allosteric modulators, including divalent and trivalent cations, L-amino acids, γ-glutamyl peptides, polyamines, polycationic peptides, and protons. The CaSR plays a critical role in extracellular calcium (Ca2+ o) homeostasis, as demonstrated by the many naturally occurring mutations in the CaSR or its signaling partners that cause Ca2+ o homeostasis disorders. However, CaSR tissue expression in mammals is broad and includes tissues unrelated to Ca2+ o homeostasis, in which it, for example, regulates the secretion of digestive hormones, airway constriction, cardiovascular effects, cellular differentiation, and proliferation. Thus, although the CaSR is targeted clinically by the positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) cinacalcet, evocalcet, and etelcalcetide in hyperparathyroidism, it is also a putative therapeutic target in diabetes, asthma, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The CaSR is somewhat unique in possessing multiple ligand binding sites, including at least five putative sites for the "orthosteric" agonist Ca2+ o, an allosteric site for endogenous L-amino acids, two further allosteric sites for small molecules and the peptide PAM, etelcalcetide, and additional sites for other cations and anions. The CaSR is promiscuous in its G protein-coupling preferences, and signals via Gq/11, Gi/o, potentially G12/13, and even Gs in some cell types. Not surprisingly, the CaSR is subject to biased agonism, in which distinct ligands preferentially stimulate a subset of the CaSR's possible signaling responses, to the exclusion of others. The CaSR thus serves as a model receptor to study natural bias and allostery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a complex G protein-coupled receptor that possesses multiple orthosteric and allosteric binding sites, is subject to biased signaling via several different G proteins, and has numerous (patho)physiological roles. Understanding the complexities of CaSR structure, function, and biology will aid future drug discovery efforts seeking to target this receptor for a diversity of diseases. This review summarizes what is known to date regarding key structural, pharmacological, and physiological features of the CaSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Fadil M Hannan
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Tracy M Josephs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Andrew N Keller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Thor C Møller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Donald T Ward
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Enikö Kallay
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Daniela Riccardi
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
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Das S, Clézardin P, Kamel S, Brazier M, Mentaverri R. The CaSR in Pathogenesis of Breast Cancer: A New Target for Early Stage Bone Metastases. Front Oncol 2020; 10:69. [PMID: 32117726 PMCID: PMC7013091 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class-C G protein-coupled receptor which plays a pivotal role in calciotropic processes, primarily in regulating parathyroid hormone secretion to maintain systemic calcium homeostasis. Among its non-calciotropic roles, where the CaSR sits at the intersection of myriad processes, it has steadily garnered attention as an oncogene or tumor suppressor in different organs. In maternal breast tissues the CaSR promotes lactation but in breast cancer it acts as an oncoprotein and has been shown to drive the pathogenesis of skeletal metastases from breast cancer. Even though research has made great strides in treating primary breast cancer, there is an unmet need when it comes to treatment of metastatic breast cancer. This review focuses on how the CaSR leads to the pathogenesis of breast cancer by contrasting its role in healthy tissues and tumorigenesis, and by drawing brief parallels with the tissues where it has been implicated as an oncogene. A class of compounds called calcilytics, which are CaSR antagonists, have also been surveyed in the instances where they have been used to target the receptor in cancerous tissues and constitute a proof of principle for repurposing them. Current clinical therapies for treating bone metastases from breast cancer are limited to targeting osteoclasts and a deeper understanding of the CaSR signaling nexus in this context can bolster them or lead to novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Das
- MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Philippe Clézardin
- INSERM, Research Unit UMR_S1033, LyOS, Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Est, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Said Kamel
- MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Amiens-Picardie University Hospital, Amiens, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Michel Brazier
- MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Amiens-Picardie University Hospital, Amiens, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Romuald Mentaverri
- MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Amiens-Picardie University Hospital, Amiens, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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Rossi GC, Patterson AL, McGregor AL, Wheless JW. Intractable Generalized Epilepsy and Autosomal Dominant Hypocalcemia: A Case Report. Child Neurol Open 2019; 6:2329048X19876199. [PMID: 31763346 PMCID: PMC6852356 DOI: 10.1177/2329048x19876199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptor gain-of-function mutations are known to cause autosomal dominant
hypocalcemia and independently an epilepsy syndrome. We report the unique case of a child
with both intractable generalized epilepsy and a chronic abnormality in calcium
homeostasis due to a calcium-sensing receptor gene mutation. She is a 16-year-old female
who began having staring events around 3 years of age. After her first generalized
convulsion at age 5 years, investigations revealed hypocalcemia, hypercalciuria, and
central nervous system calcifications. Her electroencephalogram demonstrated generalized
epileptiform discharges, a hyperventilation-induced electroclinical seizure, and a
photoconvulsive response. She has since been diagnosed with intellectual impairment,
behavior disorder, and intractable childhood-onset seizures, the latter of which include
eyelid myoclonia with absences. We conclude that calcium-sensing receptor gain-of-function
mutations may precipitate an intractable generalized epilepsy syndrome with a comorbid
endocrinopathy and that further investigations should be pursued in children with seizures
presumed to be provoked by hypocalcemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian C Rossi
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital Neuroscience Institute, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amy L Patterson
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital Neuroscience Institute, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amy L McGregor
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital Neuroscience Institute, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - James W Wheless
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital Neuroscience Institute, Memphis, TN, USA
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van der Wijst J, Belge H, Bindels RJM, Devuyst O. Learning Physiology From Inherited Kidney Disorders. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1575-1653. [PMID: 31215303 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genes causing inherited kidney diseases yielded crucial insights in the molecular basis of disease and improved our understanding of physiological processes that operate in the kidney. Monogenic kidney disorders are caused by mutations in genes coding for a large variety of proteins including receptors, channels and transporters, enzymes, transcription factors, and structural components, operating in specialized cell types that perform highly regulated homeostatic functions. Common variants in some of these genes are also associated with complex traits, as evidenced by genome-wide association studies in the general population. In this review, we discuss how the molecular genetics of inherited disorders affecting different tubular segments of the nephron improved our understanding of various transport processes and of their involvement in homeostasis, while providing novel therapeutic targets. These include inherited disorders causing a dysfunction of the proximal tubule (renal Fanconi syndrome), with emphasis on epithelial differentiation and receptor-mediated endocytosis, or affecting the reabsorption of glucose, the handling of uric acid, and the reabsorption of sodium, calcium, and magnesium along the kidney tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hendrica Belge
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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31
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van der Wijst J, van Goor MK, Schreuder MF, Hoenderop JG. TRPV5 in renal tubular calcium handling and its potential relevance for nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int 2019; 96:1283-1291. [PMID: 31471161 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nephrolithiasis or renal stone disease is an increasingly common problem, and its relatively high recurrence rate demands better treatment options. The majority of patients with nephrolithiasis have stones that contain calcium (Ca2+), which develop upon "supersaturation" of the urine with insoluble Ca2+ salts; hence processes that influence the delivery and renal handling of Ca2+ may influence stone formation. Idiopathic hypercalciuria is indeed frequently observed in patients with kidney stones that contain Ca2+. Genetic screens of nephrolithiasis determinants have identified an increasing number of gene candidates, most of which are involved in renal Ca2+ handling. This review provides an outline of the current knowledge regarding genetics of nephrolithiasis and will mainly focus on the epithelial Ca2+ channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 5 (TRPV5), an important player in Ca2+ homeostasis. Being a member of the TRP family of ion channels, TRPV5 is currently part of a revolution in structural biology. Recent technological breakthroughs in the cryo-electron microscopy field, combined with improvements in biochemical sample preparation, have resulted in high-resolution 3-dimensional structural models of integral membrane proteins, including TRPV5. These models currently are being used to explore the proteins' structure-function relationship, elucidate the molecular mechanisms of channel regulation, and study the putative effects of disease variants. Combined with other multidisciplinary approaches, this approach may open an avenue toward better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in hypercalciuria and stone formation, and ultimately it may facilitate prevention of stone recurrence through the development of effective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark K van Goor
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel F Schreuder
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost G Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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32
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Ovejero D, Misof BM, Gafni RI, Dempster D, Zhou H, Klaushofer K, Collins MT, Roschger P. Bone Matrix Mineralization in Patients With Gain-of-Function Calcium-Sensing Receptor Mutations Is Distinctly Different From that in Postsurgical Hypoparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:661-668. [PMID: 30496603 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) as a regulator of parathyroid hormone secretion is well established, but its function in bone is less well defined. In an effort to elucidate the CaSR's skeletal role, bone tissue and material characteristics from patients with autosomal dominant hypocalcemia (ADH), a genetic form of primary hypoparathyroidism caused by CASR gain-of-function mutations, were compared to patients with postsurgical hypoparathyroidism (PSH). Bone structure and formation/resorption indices and mineralization density distribution (BMDD), were examined in transiliac biopsy samples from PSH (n = 13) and ADH (n = 6) patients by histomorphometry and quantitative backscatter electron imaging, respectively. Bone mineral density (BMD by DXA) and biochemical characteristics were measured at the time of the biopsy. Because both study groups comprised children and adults, all measured biopsy parameters and BMD outcomes were converted to Z-scores for comparison. Histomorphometric indices were normal and not different between ADH and PSH, with the exception of mineral apposition rate Z-score, which was higher in the ADH group. Similarly, average BMD Z-scores were normal and not different between ADH and PSH. Significant differences were observed for the BMDD: average Z-scores of mean and typical degree of mineralization (CaMean, CaPeak, respectively) were lower (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively), whereas the heterogeneity of mineralization (CaWidth) and percentage of lower mineralized areas (CaLow) were increased in ADH versus PSH (p = 0.01 and p = 0.002, respectively). The BMDD outcomes point toward a direct, PTH-independent role of the CaSR in the regulation of bone mineralization. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ovejero
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Musculoskeletal Research group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Barcelona (Spain).,National Research Council, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Lecce, Italy
| | - Barbara M Misof
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of Social Health Insurance Vienna (WGKK) and Austrian Social Insurance for Occupational Risk (AUVA) Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rachel I Gafni
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Dempster
- Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.,Regional Bone Center, Helen Hayes Hospital, West Haverstraw, NY, USA
| | - Hua Zhou
- Regional Bone Center, Helen Hayes Hospital, West Haverstraw, NY, USA
| | - Klaus Klaushofer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of Social Health Insurance Vienna (WGKK) and Austrian Social Insurance for Occupational Risk (AUVA) Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael T Collins
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul Roschger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of Social Health Insurance Vienna (WGKK) and Austrian Social Insurance for Occupational Risk (AUVA) Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Hypoparathyroidism is characterized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia and is due to insufficient levels of circulating parathyroid hormone. Hypoparathyroidism may be an isolated condition or a component of a complex syndrome. Although genetic disorders are not the most common cause of hypoparathyroidism, molecular analyses have identified a growing number of genes that when defective result in impaired formation of the parathyroid glands, disordered synthesis or secretion of parathyroid hormone, or postnatal destruction of the parathyroid glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Gordon
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Center for Bone Health, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 11 Northwest Tower, Suite 30, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Michael A Levine
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Center for Bone Health, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Building, Room 510A, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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34
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Li D, Gordon CT, Oufadem M, Amiel J, Kanwar HS, Bakay M, Wang T, Hakonarson H, Levine MA. Heterozygous Mutations in TBX1 as a Cause of Isolated Hypoparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:4023-4032. [PMID: 30137364 PMCID: PMC6194809 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Context Most cases of autosomal dominant isolated hypoparathyroidism are caused by gain-of-function mutations in CASR or GNA11 or dominant negative mutations in GCM2 or PTH. Objective To identify the genetic etiology for dominantly transmitted isolated hypoparathyroidism in two multigenerational families with 14 affected family members. Methods We performed whole exome sequencing of DNA from two families and examined the consequences of mutations by minigene splicing assay. Results We discovered disease-causing mutations in both families. A splice-altering mutation in TBX1 (c.1009+1G>C) leading to skipping of exon 8 (101 bp) was identified in 10 affected family members and five unaffected subjects of family A, indicating reduced penetrance for this point mutation. In a second family from France (family B), we identified another splice-altering mutation (c.1009+2T>C) adjacent to the mutation identified in family A that results in skipping of the same exon; two subjects in family B had isolated hypoparathyroidism, whereas a third subject manifested the clinical triad of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, indicative of variable expressivity. Conclusions We report evidence that heterozygous TBX1 mutations can cause isolated hypoparathyroidism. This study adds knowledge to the increasingly expanding list of causative and candidate genes in isolated hypoparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher T Gordon
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité Université, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Myriam Oufadem
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité Université, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité Université, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique ‒ Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Harsh S Kanwar
- Center for Bone Health, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marina Bakay
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tiancheng Wang
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Levine
- Center for Bone Health, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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35
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Moon JE, Lee SJ, Park SH, Kim J, Jin DK, Ko CW. De novo a novel variant of CaSR gene in a neonate with congenital hypoparathyroidism. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2018; 23:107-111. [PMID: 29969884 PMCID: PMC6057017 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2018.23.2.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant hypocalcemia with hypercalciuria (ADHH) is a genetic disease characterized by hypoparathyroidism with hypercalciuria. Most patients with ADHH have calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) gene mutations. The CaSR gene controls parathyroid secretions, and mutations in this gene can be detected via changes in serum calcium level. The activating mutation of the CaSR gene results in familial or sporadic ADHH. Most activating mutations of the CaSR gene are reportedly de novo missense mutations. This is the first case report of a novel activating variant of the CaSR gene in a neonate with congenital hypoparathyroidism with hypomagnesemia and hypercalciuria. We also report the 3-month follow-up management of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Su-Jeong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Suk-Hyun Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jinsup Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Woo Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea,Address for correspondence: Cheol Woo Ko, MD, PhD Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kyungpook National University Children’s Hospital, 130 Dongdeokro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Korea Tel: +82-53-420-5715 Fax: +82-53-425-6683 E-mail:
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36
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Gerbino A, Colella M. The Different Facets of Extracellular Calcium Sensors: Old and New Concepts in Calcium-Sensing Receptor Signalling and Pharmacology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E999. [PMID: 29584660 PMCID: PMC5979557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current interest of the scientific community for research in the field of calcium sensing in general and on the calcium-sensing Receptor (CaR) in particular is demonstrated by the still increasing number of papers published on this topic. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor is the best-known G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) able to sense external Ca2+ changes. Widely recognized as a fundamental player in systemic Ca2+ homeostasis, the CaR is ubiquitously expressed in the human body where it activates multiple signalling pathways. In this review, old and new notions regarding the mechanisms by which extracellular Ca2+ microdomains are created and the tools available to measure them are analyzed. After a survey of the main signalling pathways triggered by the CaR, a special attention is reserved for the emerging concepts regarding CaR function in the heart, CaR trafficking and pharmacology. Finally, an overview on other Ca2+ sensors is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy.
| | - Matilde Colella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy.
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Large-scale computational drug repositioning to find treatments for rare diseases. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2018; 4:13. [PMID: 29560273 PMCID: PMC5847522 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-018-0050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare, or orphan, diseases are conditions afflicting a small subset of people in a population. Although these disorders collectively pose significant health care problems, drug companies require government incentives to develop drugs for rare diseases due to extremely limited individual markets. Computer-aided drug repositioning, i.e., finding new indications for existing drugs, is a cheaper and faster alternative to traditional drug discovery offering a promising venue for orphan drug research. Structure-based matching of drug-binding pockets is among the most promising computational techniques to inform drug repositioning. In order to find new targets for known drugs ultimately leading to drug repositioning, we recently developed eMatchSite, a new computer program to compare drug-binding sites. In this study, eMatchSite is combined with virtual screening to systematically explore opportunities to reposition known drugs to proteins associated with rare diseases. The effectiveness of this integrated approach is demonstrated for a kinase inhibitor, which is a confirmed candidate for repositioning to synapsin Ia. The resulting dataset comprises 31,142 putative drug-target complexes linked to 980 orphan diseases. The modeling accuracy is evaluated against the structural data recently released for tyrosine-protein kinase HCK. To illustrate how potential therapeutics for rare diseases can be identified, we discuss a possibility to repurpose a steroidal aromatase inhibitor to treat Niemann-Pick disease type C. Overall, the exhaustive exploration of the drug repositioning space exposes new opportunities to combat orphan diseases with existing drugs. DrugBank/Orphanet repositioning data are freely available to research community at https://osf.io/qdjup/.
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Li D, Streeten EA, Chan A, Lwin W, Tian L, Pellegrino da Silva R, Kim CE, Anderson MS, Hakonarson H, Levine MA. Exome Sequencing Reveals Mutations in AIRE as a Cause of Isolated Hypoparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:1726-1733. [PMID: 28323927 PMCID: PMC5443324 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Context Most cases of autosomal recessive hypoparathyroidism (HYPO) are caused by loss-of-function mutations in GCM2 or PTH. Objective The objective of this study was to identify the underlying genetic basis for isolated HYPO in a kindred in which 3 of 10 siblings were affected. Subjects We studied the parents and the three adult affected subjects, each of whom was diagnosed with HYPO in the first decade of life. Methods We collected clinical and biochemical data and performed whole exome sequencing analysis on DNA from the three affected subjects after negative genetic testing for known causes of HYPO. Results Whole exome sequencing followed by Sanger sequencing revealed that all three affected subjects were compound heterozygous for two previously reported mutations, c.967_979delCTGTCCCCTCCGC:p.(L323SfsX51) and c.995+(3_5)delGAGinsTAT, in AIRE, which encodes the autoimmune regulator protein that is defective in autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS-1). Each parent carries one mutation, and all of the children of the patients are either heterozygous for one mutation or wild type. The affected sister developed premature ovarian failure, but the two affected brothers have no other features of APS-1 despite elevated serum levels of anti-interferon-α antibodies. Conclusions Our findings indicate that biallelic mutations in AIRE can cause isolated HYPO as well as syndromic APS-1. The presence of antibodies to interferon-α provides a highly sensitive indicator for loss of AIRE function and represents a useful marker for isolated HYPO due to AIRE mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Elizabeth A. Streeten
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Division of Diabetes, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Division of Nutrition and Genetics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Alice Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Wint Lwin
- Diabetes Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Lifeng Tian
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | | | - Cecilia E. Kim
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Mark S. Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Michael A. Levine
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Magnesium (Mg) imbalances are frequently overlooked. Hypermagnesemia usually occurs in preeclamptic women after Mg therapy or in end-stage renal disease patients, whereas hypomagnesemia is more common with a prevalence of up to 15% in the general population. Increasing evidence points toward a role for mild-to-moderate chronic hypomagnesemia in the pathogenesis of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS The kidneys are the major regulator of total body Mg homeostasis. Over the last decade, the identification of the responsible genes in rare genetic disorders has enhanced our understanding of how the kidney handles Mg. The different genetic disorders and medications contributing to abnormal Mg homeostasis are reviewed. SUMMARY As dysfunctional Mg homeostasis contributes to the development of many common human disorders, serum Mg deserves closer monitoring. Hypomagnesemic patients may be asymptomatic or may have mild symptoms. In severe hypomagnesemia, patients may present with neurological symptoms such as seizures, spasms, or cramps. Renal symptoms include nephrocalcinosis and impaired renal function. Most conditions affect tubular Mg reabsorption by disturbing the lumen-positive potential in the thick ascending limb or the negative membrane potential in the distal convoluted tubule.
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40
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Tunç E, Demirhan O, Sağliker Y, Yildiz İ, Paylar N, Güzel Aİ. Chromosomal findings and sequence analysis of target exons of calcium-sensingreceptor (CaSR) gene in patients with Sagliker syndrome. Turk J Med Sci 2017; 47:13-21. [PMID: 28263480 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1507-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Sagliker syndrome (SS) develops as a continuation of chronic kidney disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism conditions. It was thought that there are some genetic predisposition factors leading to SS. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is essential for calcium homeostasis in the body. We aimed to examine SS patients for chromosome aberrations (CAs) and CaSR gene abnormalities in exons 2 and 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-three patients and 23 control subjects were admitted to Balcalı Hospital of the Medical Faculty of Çukurova University in Turkey between 2009 and 2011. Chromosomal analysis was performed according to standard cytogenetic methods. Full sequencing of exons 2 and 3 of the CaSR gene was done. RESULTS We found base alterations and deletions in exons 2 and 3 of the CaSR gene. We also found a statistically significant increase in the rate of CAs in patients compared to controls. In total we evaluated 639 metaphase plaques in 23 patients and found 241 CAs, of which 88% were structural and 12% were numerical abnormalities. CONCLUSION There is no relation between the etiology of SS and nucleotide alterations that we could find in exons 2 and 3 of the CaSR gene. Our data suggest that there may be a correlation between CAs and the progression of SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Tunç
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Osman Demirhan
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Yahya Sağliker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | | | - Nuray Paylar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ali İrfan Güzel
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
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Roszko KL, Bi R, Gorvin CM, Bräuner-Osborne H, Xiong XF, Inoue A, Thakker RV, Strømgaard K, Gardella T, Mannstadt M. Knockin mouse with mutant G α11 mimics human inherited hypocalcemia and is rescued by pharmacologic inhibitors. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e91079. [PMID: 28194446 PMCID: PMC5291736 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins play critical roles in transducing extracellular signals generated by 7-transmembrane domain receptors. Somatic gain-of-function mutations in G protein α subunits are associated with a variety of diseases. Recently, we identified gain-of-function mutations in Gα11 in patients with autosomal-dominant hypocalcemia type 2 (ADH2), an inherited disorder of hypocalcemia, low parathyroid hormone (PTH), and hyperphosphatemia. We have generated knockin mice harboring the point mutation GNA11 c.C178T (p.Arg60Cys) identified in ADH2 patients. The mutant mice faithfully replicated human ADH2. They also exhibited low bone mineral density and increased skin pigmentation. Treatment with NPS 2143, a negative allosteric modulator of the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR), increased PTH and calcium concentrations in WT and mutant mice, suggesting that the gain-of-function effect of GNA11R6OC is partly dependent on coupling to the CASR. Treatment with the Gα11/q-specific inhibitor YM-254890 increased blood calcium in heterozygous but not in homozygous GNA11R60C mice, consistent with published crystal structure data showing that Arg60 forms a critical contact with YM-254890. This animal model of ADH2 provides insights into molecular mechanism of this G protein-related disease and potential paths toward new lines of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Roszko
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruiye Bi
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Caroline M Gorvin
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiao-Feng Xiong
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Gardella
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Mannstadt
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Harada K, Inoue A, Yamauchi A, Fujii A. [The pharmacological profile and the clinical efficacy of the world's 1st intravenous calcimimetics; etelcalcetide hydrochloride (Parsabiv ®)]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2017; 150:98-113. [PMID: 28794306 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.150.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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Colella M, Gerbino A, Hofer AM, Curci S. Recent advances in understanding the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27803801 PMCID: PMC5074356 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8963.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR), a ubiquitous class C G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is responsible for the control of calcium homeostasis in body fluids. It integrates information about external Ca
2+ and a surfeit of other endogenous ligands into multiple intracellular signals, but how is this achieved? This review will focus on some of the exciting concepts in CaR signaling and pharmacology that have emerged in the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Colella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Aldebaran M Hofer
- Department of Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - Silvana Curci
- Department of Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA
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Hannan FM, Babinsky VN, Thakker RV. Disorders of the calcium-sensing receptor and partner proteins: insights into the molecular basis of calcium homeostasis. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:R127-42. [PMID: 27647839 PMCID: PMC5064759 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular calcium (Ca(2+) o)-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a family C G protein-coupled receptor, which detects alterations in Ca(2+) o concentrations and modulates parathyroid hormone secretion and urinary calcium excretion. The central role of the CaSR in Ca(2+) o homeostasis has been highlighted by the identification of mutations affecting the CASR gene on chromosome 3q21.1. Loss-of-function CASR mutations cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH), whereas gain-of-function mutations lead to autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia (ADH). However, CASR mutations are only detected in ≤70% of FHH and ADH cases, referred to as FHH type 1 and ADH type 1, respectively, and studies in other FHH and ADH kindreds have revealed these disorders to be genetically heterogeneous. Thus, loss- and gain-of-function mutations of the GNA11 gene on chromosome 19p13.3, which encodes the G-protein α-11 (Gα11) subunit, lead to FHH type 2 and ADH type 2, respectively; whilst loss-of-function mutations of AP2S1 on chromosome 19q13.3, which encodes the adaptor-related protein complex 2 sigma (AP2σ) subunit, cause FHH type 3. These studies have demonstrated Gα11 to be a key mediator of downstream CaSR signal transduction, and also revealed a role for AP2σ, which is involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, in CaSR signalling and trafficking. Moreover, FHH type 3 has been demonstrated to represent a more severe FHH variant that may lead to symptomatic hypercalcaemia, low bone mineral density and cognitive dysfunction. In addition, calcimimetic and calcilytic drugs, which are positive and negative CaSR allosteric modulators, respectively, have been shown to be of potential benefit for these FHH and ADH disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadil M Hannan
- Academic Endocrine UnitRadcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Department of Musculoskeletal BiologyInstitute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Valerie N Babinsky
- Academic Endocrine UnitRadcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine UnitRadcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Mayr B, Glaudo M, Schöfl C. Activating Calcium-Sensing Receptor Mutations: Prospects for Future Treatment with Calcilytics. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:643-652. [PMID: 27339034 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations of the G protein-coupled receptor, calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), cause autosomal dominant hypocalcemia and Bartter syndrome type 5. These mutations lower the set-point for extracellular calcium sensing, thereby causing decreased parathyroid hormone secretion and disturbed renal calcium handling with hypercalciuria. Available therapies increase serum calcium levels but raise the risk of complications in affected patients. Symptom relief and the prevention of adverse outcome is currently very difficult to achieve. Calcilytics act as CaSR antagonists that attenuate its activity, thereby correcting the molecular defect of activating CaSR proteins in vitro and elevating serum calcium in mice and humans in vivo, and have emerged as the most promising therapeutics for the treatment of these rare and difficult to treat diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Mayr
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - Markus Glaudo
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Christof Schöfl
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
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Tenhola S, Voutilainen R, Reyes M, Toiviainen-Salo S, Jüppner H, Mäkitie O. Impaired growth and intracranial calcifications in autosomal dominant hypocalcemia caused by a GNA11 mutation. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 175:211-8. [PMID: 27334330 PMCID: PMC5149394 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia (ADH) is characterized by hypocalcemia and inappropriately low PTH concentrations. ADH type 1 is caused by activating mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR), a G-protein-coupled receptor signaling through α11 (Gα11) and αq (Gαq) subunits. Heterozygous activating mutations in GNA11, the gene encoding Gα11, underlie ADH type 2. This study describes disease characteristics in a family with ADH caused by a gain-of-function mutation in GNA11. DESIGN A three-generation family with seven members (3 adults, 4 children) presenting with ADH. METHODS Biochemical parameters of calcium metabolism, clinical, genetic and brain imaging findings were analyzed. RESULTS Sanger sequencing revealed a heterozygous GNA11 missense mutation (c.1018G>A, p.V340M) in all seven hypocalcemic subjects, but not in the healthy family members (n=4). The adult patients showed clinical symptoms of hypocalcemia, while the children were asymptomatic. Plasma ionized calcium ranged from 0.95 to 1.14mmol/L, yet plasma PTH was inappropriately low for the degree of hypocalcemia. Serum 25OHD was normal. Despite hypocalcemia 1,25(OH)2D and urinary calcium excretion were inappropriately in the reference range. None of the patients had nephrocalcinosis. Two adults and one child (of the two MRI scanned children) had distinct intracranial calcifications. All affected subjects had short stature (height s.d. scores ranging from -3.4 to -2.3 vs -0.5 in the unaffected children). CONCLUSIONS The identified GNA11 mutation results in biochemical abnormalities typical for ADH. Additional features, including short stature and early intracranial calcifications, cosegregated with the mutation. These findings may indicate a wider role for Gα11 signaling besides calcium regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirpa Tenhola
- Department of PediatricsKymenlaakso Central Hospital, Kotka, Finland Department of PediatricsKuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raimo Voutilainen
- Department of PediatricsKuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Monica Reyes
- Endocrine UnitMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanna Toiviainen-Salo
- Department of RadiologyHUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine UnitMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Children's HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Institute of GeneticsHelsinki, Finland Department of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet and Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
In the classical two-state model, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are considered to exist in equilibrium between an active and an inactive conformation. Thus, even at the resting state, some subpopulation of GPCRs is in the active state, which underlies the basal activity of the GPCRs. In this review, we discuss inverse agonists, which are defined as GPCR ligands that shift the equilibrium toward the inactive state and thereby suppress the basal activity. Theoretically, if constitutive activation plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of a disease, only inverse agonists, and not neutral antagonists, can reverse this pathophysiological activation. Although many pharmacological examples of inverse agonism have been identified, its clinical importance is still unclear and debated. Thus, even though inverse agonism of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has been discussed for more than 10 years, its clinical relevance remains to be completely clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Sato
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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48
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Mayr B, Schnabel D, Dörr HG, Schöfl C. GENETICS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Gain and loss of function mutations of the calcium-sensing receptor and associated proteins: current treatment concepts. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:R189-208. [PMID: 26646938 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) is the main calcium sensor in the maintenance of calcium metabolism. Mutations of the CASR, the G protein alpha 11 (GNA11) and the adaptor-related protein complex 2 sigma 1 subunit (AP2S1) genes can shift the set point for calcium sensing causing hyper- or hypo-calcemic disorders. Therapeutic concepts for these rare diseases range from general therapies of hyper- and hypo-calcemic conditions to more pathophysiology oriented approaches such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) substitution and allosteric CASR modulators. Cinacalcet is a calcimimetic that enhances receptor function and has gained approval for the treatment of hyperparathyroidism. Calcilytics in turn attenuate CASR activity and are currently under investigation for the treatment of various diseases. We conducted a literature search for reports about treatment of patients harboring inactivating or activating CASR, GNA11 or AP2S1 mutants and about in vitro effects of allosteric CASR modulators on mutated CASR. The therapeutic concepts for patients with familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH), neonatal hyperparathyroidism (NHPT), neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT) and autosomal dominant hypocalcemia (ADH) are reviewed. FHH is usually benign, but symptomatic patients benefit from cinacalcet. In NSHPT patients pamidronate effectively lowers serum calcium, but most patients require parathyroidectomy. In some patients cinacalcet can obviate the need for surgery, particularly in heterozygous NHPT. Symptomatic ADH patients respond to vitamin D and calcium supplementation but this may increase calciuria and renal complications. PTH treatment can reduce relative hypercalciuria. None of the currently available therapies for ADH, however, prevent tissue calcifications and complications, which may become possible with calcilytics that correct the underlying pathophysiologic defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Mayr
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, GermanyCenter for Chronic Sick ChildrenPediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDivision of Paediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Paediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schnabel
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, GermanyCenter for Chronic Sick ChildrenPediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDivision of Paediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Paediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helmuth-Günther Dörr
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, GermanyCenter for Chronic Sick ChildrenPediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDivision of Paediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Paediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christof Schöfl
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, GermanyCenter for Chronic Sick ChildrenPediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDivision of Paediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Paediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Obermannova B, Sumnik Z, Dusatkova P, Cinek O, Grant M, Lebl J, Hendy GN. Novel calcium-sensing receptor cytoplasmic tail deletion mutation causing autosomal dominant hypocalcemia: molecular and clinical study. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:K1-K11. [PMID: 26764418 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia (ADH) is a rare disorder caused by activating mutations of the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR). The treatment of ADH patients with 1α-hydroxylated vitamin D derivatives can cause hypercalciuria leading to nephrocalcinosis. DESIGN AND METHODS We studied a girl who presented with hypoparathyroidism and asymptomatic hypocalcemia at age 2.5 years. Mutations of CASR were investigated by DNA sequencing. Functional analyses of mutant and WT CASRs were done in transiently transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. RESULTS The proband and her father are heterozygous for an eight-nucleotide deletion c.2703_2710delCCTTGGAG in the CASR encoding the intracellular domain of the protein. Transient expression of CASR constructs in kidney cells in vitro suggested greater cell surface expression of the mutant receptor with a left-shifted extracellular calcium dose-response curve relative to that of the WT receptor consistent with gain of function. Initial treatment of the patient with calcitriol led to increased urinary calcium excretion. Evaluation for mosaicism in the paternal grandparents of the proband was negative. CONCLUSIONS We describe a novel naturally occurring deletion mutation within the CASR that apparently arose de novo in the father of the ADH proband. Functional analysis suggests that the cytoplasmic tail of the CASR contains determinants that regulate the attenuation of signal transduction. Early molecular analysis of the CASR gene in patients with isolated idiopathic hypoparathyroidism is recommended because of its relevance to clinical outcome and treatment choice. In ADH patients, calcium supplementation and low-dose cholecalciferol avoids hypocalcemic symptoms without compromising renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Obermannova
- Department of PediatricsSecond Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, University Hospital Motol V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague, Czech RepublicLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchSMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2Experimental Therapeutics and MetabolismRoom No. EM1.3226 RI-McGill University Health Centre Glen Site, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1Departments of MedicinePhysiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Zdenek Sumnik
- Department of PediatricsSecond Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, University Hospital Motol V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague, Czech RepublicLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchSMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2Experimental Therapeutics and MetabolismRoom No. EM1.3226 RI-McGill University Health Centre Glen Site, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1Departments of MedicinePhysiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Petra Dusatkova
- Department of PediatricsSecond Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, University Hospital Motol V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague, Czech RepublicLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchSMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2Experimental Therapeutics and MetabolismRoom No. EM1.3226 RI-McGill University Health Centre Glen Site, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1Departments of MedicinePhysiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Ondrej Cinek
- Department of PediatricsSecond Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, University Hospital Motol V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague, Czech RepublicLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchSMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2Experimental Therapeutics and MetabolismRoom No. EM1.3226 RI-McGill University Health Centre Glen Site, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1Departments of MedicinePhysiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Michael Grant
- Department of PediatricsSecond Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, University Hospital Motol V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague, Czech RepublicLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchSMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2Experimental Therapeutics and MetabolismRoom No. EM1.3226 RI-McGill University Health Centre Glen Site, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1Departments of MedicinePhysiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Jan Lebl
- Department of PediatricsSecond Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, University Hospital Motol V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague, Czech RepublicLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchSMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2Experimental Therapeutics and MetabolismRoom No. EM1.3226 RI-McGill University Health Centre Glen Site, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1Departments of MedicinePhysiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Geoffrey N Hendy
- Department of PediatricsSecond Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, University Hospital Motol V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague, Czech RepublicLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchSMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2Experimental Therapeutics and MetabolismRoom No. EM1.3226 RI-McGill University Health Centre Glen Site, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1Departments of MedicinePhysiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1 Department of PediatricsSecond Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, University Hospital Motol V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague, Czech RepublicLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchSMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2Experimental Therapeutics and MetabolismRoom No. EM1.3226 RI-McGill University Health Centre Glen Site, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1Departments of MedicinePhysiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
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50
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Moor MB, Bonny O. Ways of calcium reabsorption in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F1337-50. [PMID: 27009338 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00273.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the kidney in calcium homeostasis has been reshaped from a classic view in which the kidney was regulated by systemic calcitropic hormones such as vitamin D3 or parathyroid hormone to an organ actively taking part in the regulation of calcium handling. With the identification of the intrinsic renal calcium-sensing receptor feedback system, the regulation of paracellular calcium transport involving claudins, and new paracrine regulators such as klotho, the kidney has emerged as a crucial modulator not only of calciuria but also of calcium homeostasis. This review summarizes recent molecular and endocrine contributors to renal calcium handling and highlights the tight link between calcium and sodium reabsorption in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias B Moor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Olivier Bonny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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