1
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Deshmukh MA, Bakandritsos A, Zbořil R. Bimetallic Single-Atom Catalysts for Water Splitting. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 17:1. [PMID: 39317789 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Green hydrogen from water splitting has emerged as a critical energy vector with the potential to spearhead the global transition to a fossil fuel-independent society. The field of catalysis has been revolutionized by single-atom catalysts (SACs), which exhibit unique and intricate interactions between atomically dispersed metal atoms and their supports. Recently, bimetallic SACs (bimSACs) have garnered significant attention for leveraging the synergistic functions of two metal ions coordinated on appropriately designed supports. BimSACs offer an avenue for rich metal-metal and metal-support cooperativity, potentially addressing current limitations of SACs in effectively furnishing transformations which involve synchronous proton-electron exchanges, substrate activation with reversible redox cycles, simultaneous multi-electron transfer, regulation of spin states, tuning of electronic properties, and cyclic transition states with low activation energies. This review aims to encapsulate the growing advancements in bimSACs, with an emphasis on their pivotal role in hydrogen generation via water splitting. We subsequently delve into advanced experimental methodologies for the elaborate characterization of SACs, elucidate their electronic properties, and discuss their local coordination environment. Overall, we present comprehensive discussion on the deployment of bimSACs in both hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction, the two half-reactions of the water electrolysis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha A Deshmukh
- Nanotechnology Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Aristides Bakandritsos
- Nanotechnology Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 241/27, 783 71, Olomouc - Holice, Czech Republic.
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Nanotechnology Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 241/27, 783 71, Olomouc - Holice, Czech Republic.
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2
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Goel H, Rana I, Jain K, Ranjan KR, Mishra V. Atomically dispersed single-atom catalysts (SACs) and enzymes (SAzymes): synthesis and application in Alzheimer's disease detection. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 39291791 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb01293c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and memory loss. Conventional diagnostic methods, such as neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, typically detect AD at advanced stages, limiting the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Early detection is crucial for improving patient condition by enabling timely administration of treatments that may decelerate disease progression. In this context, single-atom catalysts (SACs) and single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes) have emerged as promising tools offering highly sensitive and selective detection of Alzheimer's biomarkers. SACs, consisting of isolated metal atoms on a support surface, deliver unparalleled atomic efficiency, increased reactivity, and reduced operational costs, although certain challenges in terms of stability, aggregation, and other factors persist. The advent of SAzymes, which integrate SACs with natural metalloprotease catalysts, has further advanced this field by enabling controlled electronic exchange, synergistic productivity, and enhanced biosafety. Particularly, M-N-C SACs with M-Nx active sites mimic the selectivity and sensitivity of natural metalloenzymes, providing a robust platform for early detection of AD. This review encompasses the advancements in SACs and SAzymes, highlighting their pivotal role in bridging the gap between conventional enzymes and nanozyme and offering enhanced catalytic efficiency, controlled electron transfer, and improved biosafety for Alzheimer's detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Goel
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University Noida, UP, India.
| | - Ishika Rana
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University Noida, UP, India.
| | - Kajal Jain
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University Noida, UP, India.
| | | | - Vivek Mishra
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University Noida, UP, India.
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3
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Wang Q, Cheng Y, Yang HB, Su C, Liu B. Integrative catalytic pairs for efficient multi-intermediate catalysis. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01716-z. [PMID: 39103451 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01716-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted considerable research interest owing to their combined merits of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. However, the uniform and isolated active sites of SACs fall short in catalysing complex chemical processes that simultaneously involve multiple intermediates. In this Review, we highlight an emerging class of catalysts with adjacent binary active centres, which is called integrative catalytic pairs (ICPs), showing not only atomic-scale site-to-site electronic interactions but also synergistic catalytic effects. Compared with SACs or their derivative dual-atom catalysts (DACs), multi-interactive intermediates on ICPs can overcome kinetic barriers, adjust reaction pathways and break the universal linear scaling relations as the smallest active units. Starting from this active-site design principle, each single active atom can be considered as a brick to further build integrative catalytic clusters (ICCs) with desirable configurations, towards trimer or even larger multi-atom units depending on the requirement of a given reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- International Collaboration Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaqi Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hong Bin Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China.
| | - Chenliang Su
- International Collaboration Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Institute of Clean Energy (HKICE) and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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4
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Wang N, Jiang W, Yang J, Feng H, Zheng Y, Wang S, Li B, Heng JZX, Ong WC, Tan HR, Zhang YW, Wang D, Ye E, Li Z. Contact-electro-catalytic CO 2 reduction from ambient air. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5913. [PMID: 39003260 PMCID: PMC11246423 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional catalytic techniques often encounter obstacles in the search for sustainable solutions for converting CO2 into value-added products because of their high energy consumption and expensive catalysts. Here, we introduce a contact-electro-catalysis approach for CO2 reduction reaction, achieving a CO Faradaic efficiency of 96.24%. The contact-electro-catalysis is driven by a triboelectric nanogenerator consisting of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride loaded with single Cu atoms-anchored polymeric carbon nitride (Cu-PCN) catalysts and quaternized cellulose nanofibers (CNF). Mechanistic investigation reveals that the single Cu atoms on Cu-PCN can effectively enrich electrons during contact electrification, facilitating electron transfer upon their contact with CO2 adsorbed on quaternized CNF. Furthermore, the strong adsorption of CO2 on quaternized CNF allows efficient CO2 capture at low concentrations, thus enabling the CO2 reduction reaction in the ambient air. Compared to the state-of-the-art air-based CO2 reduction technologies, contact-electro-catalysis achieves a superior CO yield of 33 μmol g-1 h-1. This technique provides a solution for reducing airborne CO2 emissions while advancing chemical sustainability strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Wang
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wenbin Jiang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Haisong Feng
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Youbin Zheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 7GJ, UK
| | - Sheng Wang
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Bofan Li
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jerry Zhi Xiong Heng
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wai Chung Ong
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hui Ru Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yong-Wei Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Daoai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai, 265503, China.
| | - Enyi Ye
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic of Singapore.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
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5
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Liu Y, Ončák M, Meyer J, Ard SG, Shuman NS, Viggiano AA, Guo H. Multistate Dynamics and Kinetics of CO 2 Activation by Ta + in the Gas Phase: Insights into Single-Atom Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14182-14193. [PMID: 38741473 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The activation of carbon dioxide (CO2) by a transition-metal cation in the gas phase is a unique model system for understanding single-atom catalysis. The mechanism of such reactions is often attributed to a "two-state reactivity" model in which the high-energy barrier of a spin state correlating with ground-state reactants is avoided by intersystem crossing (ISC) to a different spin state with a lower barrier. However, such a "spin-forbidden" mechanism, along with the corresponding dynamics, has seldom been rigorously examined theoretically, due to the lack of global potential energy surfaces (PESs). In this work, we report full-dimensional PESs of the lowest-lying quintet, triplet, and singlet states of the TaCO2+ system, machine-learned from first-principles data. These PESs and the corresponding spin-orbit couplings enable us to provide an extensive theoretical characterization of the dynamics and kinetics of the reaction between the tantalum cation (Ta+) and CO2, which have recently been investigated experimentally at high collision energies using crossed beams and velocity map imaging, as well as at thermal energies using a selected-ion flow tube apparatus. The multistate quasi-classical trajectory simulations with surface hopping reproduce most of the measured product translational and angular distributions, shedding valuable light on the nonadiabatic reaction dynamics. The calculated rate coefficients from 200 to 600 K are also in good agreement with the latest experimental measurements. More importantly, these calculations revealed that the reaction is controlled by intersystem crossing, rather than potential barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstra. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jennifer Meyer
- Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Shaun G Ard
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Nicholas S Shuman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Albert A Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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6
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Chen Z, Gulam Rabbani SM, Liu Q, Bi W, Duan J, Lu Z, Schweitzer NM, Getman RB, Hupp JT, Chapman KW. Atomically Precise Single-Site Catalysts via Exsolution in a Polyoxometalate-Metal-Organic-Framework Architecture. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7950-7955. [PMID: 38483267 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Single-site catalysts (SSCs) achieve a high catalytic performance through atomically dispersed active sites. A challenge facing the development of SSCs is aggregation of active catalytic species. Reducing the loading of these sites to very low levels is a common strategy to mitigate aggregation and sintering; however, this limits the tools that can be used to characterize the SSCs. Here we report a sintering-resistant SSC with high loading that is achieved by incorporating Anderson-Evans polyoxometalate clusters (POMs, MMo6O24, M = Rh/Pt) within NU-1000, a Zr-based metal-organic framework (MOF). The dual confinement provided by isolating the active site within the POM, then isolating the POMs within the MOF, facilitates the formation of isolated noble metal sites with low coordination numbers via exsolution from the POM during activation. The high loading (up to 3.2 wt %) that can be achieved without sintering allowed the local structure transformation in the POM cluster and the surrounding MOF to be evaluated using in situ X-ray scattering with pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. Notably, the Rh/Pt···Mo distance in the active catalyst is shorter than the M···M bond lengths in the respective bulk metals. Models of the active cluster structure were identified based on the PDF data with complementary computation and X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihengyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - S M Gulam Rabbani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wentuan Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiaxin Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhiyong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Neil M Schweitzer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rachel B Getman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karena W Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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7
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Pei C, Chen S, Fu D, Zhao ZJ, Gong J. Structured Catalysts and Catalytic Processes: Transport and Reaction Perspectives. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2955-3012. [PMID: 38478971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The structure of catalysts determines the performance of catalytic processes. Intrinsically, the electronic and geometric structures influence the interaction between active species and the surface of the catalyst, which subsequently regulates the adsorption, reaction, and desorption behaviors. In recent decades, the development of catalysts with complex structures, including bulk, interfacial, encapsulated, and atomically dispersed structures, can potentially affect the electronic and geometric structures of catalysts and lead to further control of the transport and reaction of molecules. This review describes comprehensive understandings on the influence of electronic and geometric properties and complex catalyst structures on the performance of relevant heterogeneous catalytic processes, especially for the transport and reaction over structured catalysts for the conversions of light alkanes and small molecules. The recent research progress of the electronic and geometric properties over the active sites, specifically for theoretical descriptors developed in the recent decades, is discussed at the atomic level. The designs and properties of catalysts with specific structures are summarized. The transport phenomena and reactions over structured catalysts for the conversions of light alkanes and small molecules are analyzed. At the end of this review, we present our perspectives on the challenges for the further development of structured catalysts and heterogeneous catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Pei
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Sai Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Donglong Fu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jinlong Gong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
- National Industry-Education Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China
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8
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Dimitratos N, Vilé G, Albonetti S, Cavani F, Fiorio J, López N, Rossi LM, Wojcieszak R. Strategies to improve hydrogen activation on gold catalysts. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:195-210. [PMID: 38396010 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic reactions involving molecular hydrogen are at the heart of many transformations in the chemical industry. Classically, hydrogenations are carried out on Pd, Pt, Ru or Ni catalysts. However, the use of supported Au catalysts has garnered attention in recent years owing to their exceptional selectivity in hydrogenation reactions. This is despite the limited understanding of the physicochemical aspects of hydrogen activation and reaction on Au surfaces. A rational design of new improved catalysts relies on making better use of the hydrogenating properties of Au. This Review analyses the strategies utilized to improve hydrogen-Au interactions, from addressing the importance of the Au particle size to exploring alternative mechanisms for H2 dissociation on Au cations and Au-ligand interfaces. These insights hold the potential to drive future applications of Au catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Dimitratos
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianvito Vilé
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Albonetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cavani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jhonatan Fiorio
- Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden, Germany
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Liane M Rossi
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robert Wojcieszak
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de catalyse et chimie du solide, Lille, France.
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, L2CM UMR 7053, Nancy, France.
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9
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Rossi K, Ruiz-Ferrando A, Akl DF, Abalos VG, Heras-Domingo J, Graux R, Hai X, Lu J, Garcia-Gasulla D, López N, Pérez-Ramírez J, Mitchell S. Quantitative Description of Metal Center Organization and Interactions in Single-Atom Catalysts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307991. [PMID: 37757786 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-high-density single-atom catalysts (UHD-SACs) present unique opportunities for harnessing cooperative effects between neighboring metal centers. However, the lack of tools to establish correlations between the density, types, and arrangements of isolated metal atoms and the support surface properties hinders efforts to engineer advanced material architectures. Here, this work precisely describes the metal center organization in various mono- and multimetallic UHD-SACs based on nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) supports by coupling transmission electron microscopy with tailored machine-learning methods (released as a user-friendly web app) and density functional theory simulations. This approach quantifies the non-negligible presence of multimers with increasing atom density, characterizes the size and shape of these low-nuclearity clusters, and identifies surface atom density criteria to ensure isolation. Further, it provides previously inaccessible experimental insights into coordination site arrangements in the NC host, uncovering a repulsive interaction that influences the disordered distribution of metal centers in UHD-SACs. This observation holds in multimetallic systems, where chemically-specific analysis quantifies the degree of intermixing. These fundamental insights into the materials chemistry of single-atom catalysts are crucial for designing catalytic systems with superior reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Rossi
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Ruiz-Ferrando
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avenida Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer de Marcellí Domingo 1, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Dario Faust Akl
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | | | - Javier Heras-Domingo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avenida Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Romain Graux
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Xiao Hai
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Jiong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Dario Garcia-Gasulla
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Plaça d'Eusebi Güell 1-3, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Nuria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avenida Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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10
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Rajapaksha R, Samanta P, Quadrelli EA, Canivet J. Heterogenization of molecular catalysts within porous solids: the case of Ni-catalyzed ethylene oligomerization from zeolites to metal-organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8059-8076. [PMID: 37902965 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00188a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has seen a tremendous expansion of the field of heterogenized molecular catalysis, especially with the growing interest in metal-organic frameworks and related porous hybrid solids. With successful achievements in the transfer from molecular homogeneous catalysis to heterogenized processes come the necessary discussions on methodologies used and a critical assessment on the advantages of heterogenizing molecular catalysis. Here we use the example of nickel-catalyzed ethylene oligomerization, a reaction of both fundamental and applied interest, to review heterogenization methodologies of well-defined molecular catalysts within porous solids while addressing the biases in the comparison between original molecular systems and heterogenized counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Rajapaksha
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Partha Samanta
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Elsje Alessandra Quadrelli
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Jérôme Canivet
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON - UMR 5256, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne, France.
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11
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Zhang J, Chen H, Liu S, Wang LD, Zhang XF, Wu JX, Yu LH, Zhang XH, Zhong S, Du ZY, He CT, Chen XM. Optimizing the Spatial Density of Single Co Sites via Molecular Spacing for Facilitating Sustainable Water Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20000-20008. [PMID: 37610355 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Advances in single-atom (-site) catalysts (SACs) provide a new solution of atomic economy and accuracy for designing efficient electrocatalysts. In addition to a precise local coordination environment, controllable spatial active structure and tolerance under harsh operating conditions remain great challenges in the development of SACs. Here, we show a series of molecule-spaced SACs (msSACs) using different acid anhydrides to regulate the spatial density of discrete metal phthalocyanines with single Co sites, which significantly improve the effective active-site numbers and mass transfer, enabling one of the msSACs connected by pyromellitic dianhydride to exhibit an outstanding mass activity of (1.63 ± 0.01) × 105 A·g-1 and TOFbulk of 27.66 ± 1.59 s-1 at 1.58 V (vs RHE) and long-term durability at an ultrahigh current density of 2.0 A·cm-2 under industrial conditions for oxygen evolution reaction. This study demonstrates that the accessible spatial density of single atom sites can be another important parameter to enhance the overall performance of catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Shoujie Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Li-Dong Wang
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xue-Feng Zhang
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Jun-Xi Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Li-Hong Yu
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xiao-Han Zhang
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Shengliang Zhong
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Zi-Yi Du
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Chun-Ting He
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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12
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Endo K, Saruyama M, Teranishi T. Location-selective immobilisation of single-atom catalysts on the surface or within the interior of ionic nanocrystals using coordination chemistry. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4241. [PMID: 37454144 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts dispersed on support materials show excellent heterogeneous catalytic properties that can be tuned using the interactions between the single atoms and the support. Such interactions depend on whether the single atoms are located on the surface or within the interior of the support. However, little is known about immobilising single atoms on the surface or within the interior of supports deliberately and selectively. Herein, such location-selective placement of single atoms is achieved through the choice of metal complex precursor, solvent, and workup procedure. Using CdSe nanoplatelets as a support, a cis-[PtCl2(SO(CH3)2)2] precursor in an aprotic solvent exclusively attaches single Pt atoms on the surface of the support. In contrast, a [PtCl4]2- precursor in a protic solvent followed by amine treatment places 60% of the single Pt atoms inside the support by cation substitution. The surface-adsorbed single Pt atoms show higher stability in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution than the substituted ones, and the preclusion of substitution as internal Pt maximises the activity. Thus, this study provides a viable strategy for the structurally precise synthesis and design of single-atom catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Endo
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Masaki Saruyama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Teranishi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
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13
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Xu Z, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Chen D, You P, Li S, Guo H, Meng S. Why Does Single-Atom Photocatalysis Work Better Than Conventional Photocatalysis? A Study on Ultrafast Excited Carrier and Structure Dynamics. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:4023-4031. [PMID: 37104145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
With the introduction of single atoms in photocatalysis, a small change in the electronic and geometric structure of the substrate can result in higher energy conversion efficiency, whereas the underlying microscopic dynamics are rarely illustrated. Here, employing real-time time-dependent density functional theory, we explore the ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics of single-atom photocatalysts (SAPCs) in water splitting at the microscopic scale. The results demonstrate that a single-atom Pt loaded on graphitic carbon nitride greatly promotes photogenerated carriers compared to traditional photocatalysts, and effectively separates the excited electrons from holes, prolonging the lifetime of the excited carriers. The flexible oxidation state (Pt2+, Pt0, or Pt3+) renders the single atom as an active site to adsorb the reactant and to catalyze the reactions as a charge transfer bridge at different stages during the photoreaction process. Our results offer deep insights into the single-atom photocatalytic reactions and benefit the design of high-efficiency SAPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Xu
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Daqiang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiwei You
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunfang Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Haizhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Physics, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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14
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Chen H, Xiong Y, Li J, Abed J, Wang D, Pedrazo-Tardajos A, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Shakouri M, Xiao Q, Hu Y, Bals S, Sargent EH, Su CY, Yang Z. Epitaxially grown silicon-based single-atom catalyst for visible-light-driven syngas production. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1719. [PMID: 36977716 PMCID: PMC10050177 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving the dispersion of active sites simultaneous with the efficient harvest of photons is a key priority for photocatalysis. Crystalline silicon is abundant on Earth and has a suitable bandgap. However, silicon-based photocatalysts combined with metal elements has proved challenging due to silicon's rigid crystal structure and high formation energy. Here we report a solid-state chemistry that produces crystalline silicon with well-dispersed Co atoms. Isolated Co sites in silicon are obtained through the in-situ formation of CoSi2 intermediate nanodomains that function as seeds, leading to the production of Co-incorporating silicon nanocrystals at the CoSi2/Si epitaxial interface. As a result, cobalt-on-silicon single-atom catalysts achieve an external quantum efficiency of 10% for CO2-to-syngas conversion, with CO and H2 yields of 4.7 mol g(Co)-1 and 4.4 mol g(Co)-1, respectively. Moreover, the H2/CO ratio is tunable between 0.8 and 2. This photocatalyst also achieves a corresponding turnover number of 2 × 104 for visible-light-driven CO2 reduction over 6 h, which is over ten times higher than previously reported single-atom photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Chen
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Xiong
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Jehad Abed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Da Wang
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrián Pedrazo-Tardajos
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yueping Cao
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiting Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mohsen Shakouri
- Canadian Light Source, Inc. (CLSI), Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Qunfeng Xiao
- Canadian Light Source, Inc. (CLSI), Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yongfeng Hu
- Canadian Light Source, Inc. (CLSI), Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sara Bals
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Cheng-Yong Su
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China.
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15
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Sarma BB, Maurer F, Doronkin DE, Grunwaldt JD. Design of Single-Atom Catalysts and Tracking Their Fate Using Operando and Advanced X-ray Spectroscopic Tools. Chem Rev 2023; 123:379-444. [PMID: 36418229 PMCID: PMC9837826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The potential of operando X-ray techniques for following the structure, fate, and active site of single-atom catalysts (SACs) is highlighted with emphasis on a synergetic approach of both topics. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and related X-ray techniques have become fascinating tools to characterize solids and they can be applied to almost all the transition metals deriving information about the symmetry, oxidation state, local coordination, and many more structural and electronic properties. SACs, a newly coined concept, recently gained much attention in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. In this way, one can achieve a minimum use of the metal, theoretically highest efficiency, and the design of only one active site-so-called single site catalysts. While single sites are not easy to characterize especially under operating conditions, XAS as local probe together with complementary methods (infrared spectroscopy, electron microscopy) is ideal in this research area to prove the structure of these sites and the dynamic changes during reaction. In this review, starting from their fundamentals, various techniques related to conventional XAS and X-ray photon in/out techniques applied to single sites are discussed with detailed mechanistic and in situ/operando studies. We systematically summarize the design strategies of SACs and outline their exploration with XAS supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and recent machine learning tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyut Bikash Sarma
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Maurer
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dmitry E. Doronkin
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
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16
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Farpón MG, Henao W, Plessow PN, Andrés E, Arenal R, Marini C, Agostini G, Studt F, Prieto G. Rhodium Single-Atom Catalyst Design through Oxide Support Modulation for Selective Gas-Phase Ethylene Hydroformylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214048. [PMID: 36315420 PMCID: PMC10099584 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A frontier challenge in single-atom (SA) catalysis is the design of fully inorganic sites capable of emulating the high reaction selectivity traditionally exclusive of organometallic counterparts in homogeneous catalysis. Modulating the direct coordination environment in SA sites, via the exploitation of the oxide support's surface chemistry, stands as a powerful albeit underexplored strategy. We report that isolated Rh atoms stabilized on oxygen-defective SnO2 uniquely unite excellent TOF with essentially full selectivity in the gas-phase hydroformylation of ethylene, inhibiting the thermodynamically favored olefin hydrogenation. Density Functional Theory calculations and surface characterization suggest that substantial depletion of the catalyst surface in lattice oxygen, energetically facile on SnO2 , is key to unlock a high coordination pliability at the mononuclear Rh centers, leading to an exceptional performance which is on par with that of molecular catalysts in liquid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos G Farpón
- ITQ Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Wilson Henao
- ITQ Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Philipp N Plessow
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Eva Andrés
- ITQ Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Arenal
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.,ARAID Foundation, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlo Marini
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanni Agostini
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felix Studt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Prieto
- ITQ Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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17
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Modulating the strong metal-support interaction of single-atom catalysts via vicinal structure decoration. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4244. [PMID: 35869061 PMCID: PMC9307766 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31966-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractMetal-support interaction predominately determines the electronic structure of metal atoms in single-atom catalysts (SACs), largely affecting their catalytic performance. However, directly tuning the metal-support interaction in oxide supported SACs remains challenging. Here, we report a new strategy to subtly regulate the strong covalent metal-support interaction (CMSI) of Pt/CoFe2O4 SACs by a simple water soaking treatment. Detailed studies reveal that the CMSI is weakened by the bonding of H+, generated from water dissociation, onto the interface of Pt-O-Fe, resulting in reduced charge transfer from metal to support and leading to an increase of C-H bond activation in CH4 combustion by more than 50 folds. This strategy is general and can be extended to other CMSI-existed metal-supported catalysts, providing a powerful tool to modulating the catalytic performance of SACs.
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18
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Wu D, Liu S, Zhong M, Zhao J, Du C, Yang Y, Sun Y, Lin J, Wan S, Wang S, Huang J, Yao Y, Li Z, Xiong H. Nature and Dynamic Evolution of Rh Single Atoms Trapped by CeO 2 in CO Hydrogenation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen 361005, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), 4221 Xiangan South Road, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Sixu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen 361005, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), 4221 Xiangan South Road, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mingqi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiafei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Congcong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yanling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yifei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jingdong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shaolong Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jianyu Huang
- Clean Nano Energy Center, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yali Yao
- Institute for the Development of Energy for African Sustainability, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Haifeng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen 361005, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), 4221 Xiangan South Road, Xiamen 361102, China
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19
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Kim JH, Sa YJ, Lim T, Woo J, Joo SH. Steering Catalytic Selectivity with Atomically Dispersed Metal Electrocatalysts for Renewable Energy Conversion and Commodity Chemical Production. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2672-2684. [PMID: 36067418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis is a key driver in promoting the paradigm shift from the current fossil-fuel-based hydrocarbon economy to a renewable-energy-driven hydrogen economy. The success of electrocatalysis hinges primarily on achieving high catalytic selectivity along with maximum activity and sustained longevity. Many electrochemical reactions proceed through multiple pathways, requiring highly selective catalysts.Atomically dispersed metal catalysts have emerged as a new frontier in heterogeneous catalysis. In addition to the widely perceived advantages of maximized active site utilization and substantially reduced metal content, they have shown different catalytic selectivities in some electrocatalytic reactions compared to the traditional nanoparticle (NP)-based catalysts. Although there have been significant advances in their synthesis, the highly energetic nature of a single atomic site has made the preparation of atomically dispersed metal catalysts rely on empiricism rather than rational design. Consequently, the structural comprehension of a single atomic site and the understanding of its unusual electrocatalytic selectivity remain largely elusive.In this Account, we describe our endeavors toward developing general synthetic approaches for atomically dispersed metal catalysts for the discovery of new selective and active electrocatalysts and to understand their catalytic nature. We introduce synthetic approaches to produce a wide range of nonprecious- and precious-metal-based atomically dispersed catalysts and control their coordination environments. Metallomacrocyclic-compound-driven top-down and metal salt/heteroatom layer-based bottom-up strategies, coupled with a SiO2-protective-layer-assisted method, have been developed that can effectively generate single atomic sites while mitigating the formation of metallic NPs. The low-temperature gas-phase ligand exchange method can reversibly tune the coordination structure of the atomically dispersed metal sites. We have used the prepared atomically dispersed metal catalysts as model systems to investigate their electrocatalytic reactivity for renewable energy conversion and commodity chemical production reactions, in which high selectivity is important. The reactions of our interest include the following: (i) the oxygen reduction reaction, where O2 is reduced to either H2O or H2O2 via the four-electron or two electron pathway, respectively; (ii) the CO2 reduction reaction, which should suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction; and (iii) the chlorine evolution reaction, which competes with the oxygen evolution reaction. The type of metal center to which the reactant is directly bound is found to be the most important in determining the selectivity, which originates from the dramatic changes in the binding energy of each metal center with the reactants. The coordination structure surrounding the metal center also has a significant effect on the selectivity; its control can modulate the oxidation state of the metal center, thereby altering the binding strength with the reactants.We envisage that future advances in the synthesis of atomically dispersed metal catalysts, combined with the growing power of computational, spectroscopic, and microscopic methods, will bring their synthesis to the level of rational design. Elaborately designed catalysts can overcome the current limits of catalytic selectivity, which will help establish the field of atomically dispersed metal catalysts as an important branch of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyung Kim
- Clean Fuel Research Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Sa
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejung Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Woo
- Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
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20
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Jiang Y, Sung Y, Choi C, Joo Bang G, Hong S, Tan X, Wu T, Soo Y, Xiong P, Meng‐Jung LI M, Hao L, Jung Y, Sun Z. Single‐Atom Molybdenum‐N
3
Sites for Selective Hydrogenation of CO
2
to CO. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203836. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yunjin Sung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four) Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyeok Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four) Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Joo Bang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four) Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Song Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xinyi Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering and the Environment Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Tai‐Sing Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center Hsinchu 30076 Taiwan
| | - Yun‐Liang Soo
- Department of Physics National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Pei Xiong
- Department of Applied Physics The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
| | - Molly Meng‐Jung LI
- Department of Applied Physics The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
| | - Leiduan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yousung Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four) Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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21
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Jiang Y, Sung Y, Choi C, Bang GJ, Hong S, Tan X, Wu TS, Soo YL, Xiong P, LI MMJ, Hao L, Jung Y, Sun Z. Single‐Atom Molybdenum–N3 Sites for Selective Hydrogenation of CO2 to CO. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Jiang
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology College of Chemical Engineering Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Yunjin Sung
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Changhyeok Choi
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Gi Joo Bang
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Song Hong
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology College of Chemical Engineering Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering Beijing Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029 Beijing CHINA
| | - Xinyi Tan
- Beijing Institute of Technology School of Chemical Engineering and the Environment CHINA
| | - Tai-Sing Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center Department of Physics TAIWAN
| | - Yun-Liang Soo
- National Tsing Hua University Department of Physics TAIWAN
| | - Pei Xiong
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Applied Physics CHINA
| | - Molly Meng-Jung LI
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Applied Physics CHINA
| | - Leiduan Hao
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology College of Chemical Engineering Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Yousung Jung
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Zhenyu Sun
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology Department of Chemical Engineering North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China 100029 Beijing CHINA
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22
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Liu S, Li J, Xiong H. Thermally-stable single-atom catalysts and beyond: A perspective. Front Chem 2022; 10:959525. [PMID: 35910717 PMCID: PMC9333345 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.959525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-atom catalysis is a research Frontier and has attracted extensive interests in catalysis. Significant progresses have been carried out in the synthesis and characterization of metal single-atom catalysts (SACs). However, the stability and catalytic reactivity of metal SAC at elevated temperatures are not well documented because single atoms sinter at elevated temperatures. Therefore, the development of stable and reactive SAC at high temperatures remains a formidable challenge. In this perspective, we summarize recent efforts on the preparation of the thermally-stable SACs synthesized at elevated temperature via the reverse-Ostwald ripening mechanism, including the approaches of atom trapping and vapor-phase self-assembly. The reducibility of lattice oxygen, the loading upper limit and the location of the metal single atom are discussed, combining experiments with simulations. In addition, we demonstrate that the coordination structure of the metal single atom can be tailored to address the relationship of structure and performances of the metal SAC in reactions. We expect that this perspective can provide some insights to guide the study for the rational design of thermally-stable and active single atom catalysts, which are especially suitable for high-temperature reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China
| | - Jiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China
| | - Haifeng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China
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23
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Muravev V, Simons JFM, Parastaev A, Verheijen MA, Struijs JJC, Kosinov N, Hensen EJM. Operando Spectroscopy Unveils the Catalytic Role of Different Palladium Oxidation States in CO Oxidation on Pd/CeO
2
Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200434. [PMID: 35303388 PMCID: PMC9325467 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at knowledge‐driven design of novel metal–ceria catalysts for automotive exhaust abatement, current efforts mostly pertain to the synthesis and understanding of well‐defined systems. In contrast, technical catalysts are often heterogeneous in their metal speciation. Here, we unveiled rich structural dynamics of a conventional impregnated Pd/CeO2 catalyst during CO oxidation. In situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy revealed the presence of metallic and oxidic Pd states during the reaction. Using transient operando infrared spectroscopy, we probed the nature and reactivity of the surface intermediates involved in CO oxidation. We found that while low‐temperature activity is associated with sub‐oxidized and interfacial Pd sites, the reaction at elevated temperatures involves metallic Pd. These results highlight the utility of the multi‐technique operando approach for establishing structure–activity relationships of technical catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Muravev
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Jérôme F. M. Simons
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Parastaev
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A. Verheijen
- Department of Applied Physics Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Eurofins Material Science Netherlands BV 5656AE Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Job J. C. Struijs
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Nikolay Kosinov
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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24
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Muravev V, Simons JF, Parastaev A, Verheijen MA, Struijs JJ, Kosinov N, Hensen E. Operando Spectroscopy Unveils the Catalytic Role of Different Palladium Oxidation States in CO oxidation on Pd/CeO2 catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valery Muravev
- Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Chemical Engineering and Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Jérôme F.M. Simons
- TU/e: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Chemical Engineering and Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Alexander Parastaev
- TU/e: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Chemical Engineering and Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | | | - Job J.C. Struijs
- TU/e: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Chemical Engineering and Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Nikolay Kosinov
- TU/e: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Chemical Engineering and Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Emiel Hensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Schuit Institute of Catalysis PO Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven NETHERLANDS
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25
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Hai X, Xi S, Mitchell S, Harrath K, Xu H, Akl DF, Kong D, Li J, Li Z, Sun T, Yang H, Cui Y, Su C, Zhao X, Li J, Pérez-Ramírez J, Lu J. Scalable two-step annealing method for preparing ultra-high-density single-atom catalyst libraries. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:174-181. [PMID: 34824400 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-01022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The stabilization of transition metals as isolated centres with high areal density on suitably tailored carriers is crucial for maximizing the industrial potential of single-atom heterogeneous catalysts. However, achieving single-atom dispersions at metal contents above 2 wt% remains challenging. Here we introduce a versatile approach combining impregnation and two-step annealing to synthesize ultra-high-density single-atom catalysts with metal contents up to 23 wt% for 15 metals on chemically distinct carriers. Translation to a standardized, automated protocol demonstrates the robustness of our method and provides a path to explore virtually unlimited libraries of mono- or multimetallic catalysts. At the molecular level, characterization of the synthesis mechanism through experiments and simulations shows that controlling the bonding of metal precursors with the carrier via stepwise ligand removal prevents their thermally induced aggregation into nanoparticles. The drastically enhanced reactivity with increasing metal content exemplifies the need to optimize the surface metal density for a given application. Moreover, the loading-dependent site-specific activity observed in three distinct catalytic systems reflects the well-known complexity in heterogeneous catalyst design, which now can be tackled with a library of single-atom catalysts with widely tunable metal loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hai
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shibo Xi
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karim Harrath
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haomin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dario Faust Akl
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Debin Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zejun Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huimin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yige Cui
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chenliang Su
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jiong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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26
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Regalbuto JR, Datye AK. All the lonely atoms, where do they all belong? NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:110-111. [PMID: 35145284 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-01047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John R Regalbuto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Abhaya K Datye
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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27
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Manna S, Loeffler TD, Batra R, Banik S, Chan H, Varughese B, Sasikumar K, Sternberg M, Peterka T, Cherukara MJ, Gray SK, Sumpter BG, Sankaranarayanan SKRS. Learning in continuous action space for developing high dimensional potential energy models. Nat Commun 2022; 13:368. [PMID: 35042872 PMCID: PMC8766468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27849-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reinforcement learning (RL) approaches that combine a tree search with deep learning have found remarkable success in searching exorbitantly large, albeit discrete action spaces, as in chess, Shogi and Go. Many real-world materials discovery and design applications, however, involve multi-dimensional search problems and learning domains that have continuous action spaces. Exploring high-dimensional potential energy models of materials is an example. Traditionally, these searches are time consuming (often several years for a single bulk system) and driven by human intuition and/or expertise and more recently by global/local optimization searches that have issues with convergence and/or do not scale well with the search dimensionality. Here, in a departure from discrete action and other gradient-based approaches, we introduce a RL strategy based on decision trees that incorporates modified rewards for improved exploration, efficient sampling during playouts and a "window scaling scheme" for enhanced exploitation, to enable efficient and scalable search for continuous action space problems. Using high-dimensional artificial landscapes and control RL problems, we successfully benchmark our approach against popular global optimization schemes and state of the art policy gradient methods, respectively. We demonstrate its efficacy to parameterize potential models (physics based and high-dimensional neural networks) for 54 different elemental systems across the periodic table as well as alloys. We analyze error trends across different elements in the latent space and trace their origin to elemental structural diversity and the smoothness of the element energy surface. Broadly, our RL strategy will be applicable to many other physical science problems involving search over continuous action spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukriti Manna
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Troy D Loeffler
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Rohit Batra
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Suvo Banik
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Henry Chan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Bilvin Varughese
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Kiran Sasikumar
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Michael Sternberg
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Tom Peterka
- Math and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Mathew J Cherukara
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Stephen K Gray
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Bobby G Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Subramanian K R S Sankaranarayanan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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29
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Yang J, Wang Z, Huang CX, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Chen C, Du J, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Wang L, Zheng X, Gu L, Yang LM, Wu Y. Compressive Strain Modulation of Single Iron Sites on Helical Carbon Support Boosts Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22722-22728. [PMID: 34402159 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Designing and modulating the local structure of metal sites is the key to gain the unique selectivity and high activity of single metal site catalysts. Herein, we report strain engineering of curved single atomic iron-nitrogen sites to boost electrocatalytic activity. First, a helical carbon structure with abundant high-curvature surface is realized by carbonization of helical polypyrrole that is templated from self-assembled chiral surfactants. The high-curvature surface introduces compressive strain on the supported Fe-N4 sites. Consequently, the curved Fe-N4 sites with 1.5 % compressed Fe-N bonds exhibit downshifted d-band center than the planar sites. Such a change can weaken the bonding strength between the oxygenated intermediates and metal sites, resulting a much smaller energy barrier for oxygen reduction. Catalytic tests further demonstrate that a kinetic current density of 7.922 mA cm-2 at 0.9 V vs. RHE is obtained in alkaline media for curved Fe-N4 sites, which is 31 times higher than that for planar ones. Our findings shed light on modulating the local three-dimensional structure of single metal sites and boosting the catalytic activity via strain engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui Graphene Engineering Laboratory, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Chun-Xiang Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Yida Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Cai Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Junyi Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Huang Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xusheng Zheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Li-Ming Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Yuen Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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30
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Abstract
Single atom catalysts hold the potential to significantly impact the chemical and energy industrial sectors. This editorial introduces the state of the field along with a collection of Articles and Comments that encapsulate the ongoing efforts of the research community in this field.
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31
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Yang J, Wang Z, Huang C, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Chen C, Du J, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Wang L, Zheng X, Gu L, Yang L, Wu Y. Compressive Strain Modulation of Single Iron Sites on Helical Carbon Support Boosts Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education Anhui Graphene Engineering Laboratory Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) School of Chemistry and Materials Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) School of Chemistry and Materials Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Chun‐Xiang Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Yida Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230029 China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Cai Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) School of Chemistry and Materials Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Junyi Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) School of Chemistry and Materials Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) School of Chemistry and Materials Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) School of Chemistry and Materials Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Huang Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) School of Chemistry and Materials Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) School of Chemistry and Materials Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Xusheng Zheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230029 China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Li‐Ming Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Yuen Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) School of Chemistry and Materials Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
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32
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Wang Y, Kalscheur J, Su YQ, Hensen EJM, Vlachos DG. Real-time dynamics and structures of supported subnanometer catalysts via multiscale simulations. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5430. [PMID: 34521852 PMCID: PMC8440615 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the performance of subnanometer catalysts and how catalyst treatment and exposure to spectroscopic probe molecules change the structure requires accurate structure determination under working conditions. Experiments lack simultaneous temporal and spatial resolution and could alter the structure, and similar challenges hinder first-principles calculations from answering these questions. Here, we introduce a multiscale modeling framework to follow the evolution of subnanometer clusters at experimentally relevant time scales. We demonstrate its feasibility on Pd adsorbed on CeO2(111) at various catalyst loadings, temperatures, and exposures to CO. We show that sintering occurs in seconds even at room temperature and is mainly driven by free energy reduction. It leads to a kinetically (far from equilibrium) frozen ensemble of quasi-two-dimensional structures that CO chemisorption and infrared experiments probe. CO adsorption makes structures flatter and smaller. High temperatures drive very rapid sintering toward larger, stable/metastable equilibrium structures, where CO induces secondary structure changes only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Academy St., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, DE, 19716, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation (CCEI), RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), 221 Academy St., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, DE, 19716, United States
| | - Jake Kalscheur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Academy St., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, DE, 19716, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation (CCEI), RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), 221 Academy St., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, DE, 19716, United States
| | - Ya-Qiong Su
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel J M Hensen
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Academy St., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, DE, 19716, United States.
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation (CCEI), RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), 221 Academy St., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, DE, 19716, United States.
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Insights into the Structural Dynamics of Pt/CeO2 Single-Site Catalysts during CO Oxidation. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11050617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their high atomic dispersion, single site catalysts with Pt supported on CeO2 were found to have a low activity during oxidation reactions. In this study, we report the behavior of Pt/CeO2 single site catalyst under more complex gas mixtures, including CO, C3H6 and CO/C3H6 oxidation in the absence or presence of water. Our systematic operando high-energy resolution-fluorescence-detected X-ray absorption near-edge structure (HERFD-XANES) spectroscopic study combined with multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) analysis identified five distinct states in the Pt single site structure during CO oxidation light-off. After desorption of oxygen and autoreduction of Pt4+ to Pt2+ due to the increase of temperature, CO adsorbs and reduces Pt2+ to Ptδ+ and assists its migration with final formation of PtxΔ+ clusters. The derived structure–activity relationships indicate that partial reduction of Pt single sites is not sufficient to initiate the conversion of CO. The reaction proceeds only after the regrouping of several noble metal atoms in small clusters, as these entities are probably able to influence the mobility of the oxygen at the interface with ceria.
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