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Acosta-Rodríguez VA, Rijo-Ferreira F, van Rosmalen L, Izumo M, Park N, Joseph C, Hepler C, Thorne AK, Stubblefield J, Bass J, Green CB, Takahashi JS. Misaligned feeding uncouples daily rhythms within brown adipose tissue and between peripheral clocks. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114523. [PMID: 39046875 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Extended food consumption during the rest period perturbs the phase relationship between circadian clocks in the periphery and the brain, leading to adverse health effects. Beyond the liver, how metabolic organs respond to a timed hypocaloric diet is largely unexplored. We investigated how feeding schedules impacted circadian gene expression in epididymal white and brown adipose tissue (eWAT and BAT) compared to the liver and hypothalamus. We restricted food to either daytime or nighttime in C57BL/6J male mice, with or without caloric restriction. Unlike the liver and eWAT, rhythmic clock genes in the BAT remained insensitive to feeding time, similar to the hypothalamus. We uncovered an internal split within the BAT in response to conflicting environmental cues, displaying inverted oscillations on a subset of metabolic genes without modifying its local core circadian machinery. Integrating tissue-specific responses on circadian transcriptional networks with metabolic outcomes may help elucidate the mechanism underlying the health burden of eating at unusual times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Acosta-Rodríguez
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA.
| | - Filipa Rijo-Ferreira
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA; Berkeley Public Health, Molecular Cell Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Laura van Rosmalen
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA; The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mariko Izumo
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
| | - Noheon Park
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
| | - Chryshanthi Joseph
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
| | - Chelsea Hepler
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anneke K Thorne
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeremy Stubblefield
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA; Benedictine College, Atchison, KS, USA
| | - Joseph Bass
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carla B Green
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA.
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA.
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2
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Dyer B, Yu SO, Brown RL, Lang RA, D'Souza SP. Defining spatial nonuniformities of all ipRGC types using an improved Opn4 cre recombinase mouse line. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2024; 4:100837. [PMID: 39127043 PMCID: PMC11384080 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2024.100837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) play a crucial role in several physiological light responses. In this study, we generate an improved Opn4cre knockin allele (Opn4cre(DSO)), which faithfully reproduces endogenous Opn4 expression and improves compatibility with widely used reporters. We evaluated the efficacy and sensitivity of Opn4cre(DSO) for labeling in retina and brain and provide an in-depth comparison with the extensively utilized Opn4cre(Saha) line. Through this characterization, Opn4cre(DSO) demonstrated higher specificity in labeling ipRGCs with minimal recombination escape. Leveraging a combination of electrophysiological, molecular, and morphological analyses, we confirmed its sensitivity in detecting all ipRGC types (M1-M6) and defined their unique topographical distribution across the retina. In the brain, the Opn4cre(DSO) line labels ipRGC projections with minimal labeling of cell bodies. Overall, the Opn4cre(DSO) mouse line represents an improved tool for studying ipRGC function and distribution, offering a means to selectively target these cells to study light-regulated behaviors and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brannen Dyer
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sue O Yu
- Department of Integrative Physiology & Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - R Lane Brown
- Department of Integrative Physiology & Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Richard A Lang
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shane P D'Souza
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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3
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Tsuji T, Tolstikov V, Zhang Y, Huang TL, Camara H, Halpin M, Narain NR, Yau KW, Lynes MD, Kiebish MA, Tseng YH. Light-responsive adipose-hypothalamus axis controls metabolic regulation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6768. [PMID: 39117652 PMCID: PMC11310318 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50866-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Light is fundamental for biological life, with most mammals possessing light-sensing photoreceptors in various organs. Opsin3 is highly expressed in adipose tissue which has extensive communication with other organs, particularly with the brain through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Our study reveals a new light-triggered crosstalk between adipose tissue and the hypothalamus. Direct blue-light exposure to subcutaneous white fat improves high-fat diet-induced metabolic abnormalities in an Opsin3-dependent manner. Metabolomic analysis shows that blue light increases circulating levels of histidine, which activates histaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus and stimulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) via SNS. Blocking central actions of histidine and denervating peripheral BAT blunts the effects of blue light. Human white adipocytes respond to direct blue light stimulation in a cell-autonomous manner, highlighting the translational relevance of this pathway. Together, these data demonstrate a light-responsive metabolic circuit involving adipose-hypothalamus communication, offering a potential strategy to alleviate obesity-induced metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadataka Tsuji
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Yang Zhang
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tian Lian Huang
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henrique Camara
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meghan Halpin
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - King-Wai Yau
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew D Lynes
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | | | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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4
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Rao F, Xue T. Circadian-independent light regulation of mammalian metabolism. Nat Metab 2024; 6:1000-1007. [PMID: 38831000 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The daily light-dark cycle is a key zeitgeber (time cue) for entraining an organism's biological clock, whereby light sensing by retinal photoreceptors, particularly intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, a central pacemaker that in turn orchestrates the rhythm of peripheral metabolic activities. Non-rhythmic effects of light on metabolism have also been long known, and their transduction mechanisms are only beginning to unfold. Here, we summarize emerging evidence that, in mammals, light exposure or deprivation profoundly affects glucose homeostasis, thermogenesis and other metabolic activities in a clock-independent manner. Such light regulation could involve melanopsin-based, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell-initiated brain circuits via the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and other nuclei, or direct stimulation of opsins expressed in the hypothalamus, adipose tissue, blood vessels and skin to regulate sympathetic tone, lipolysis, glucose uptake, mitochondrial activation, thermogenesis, food intake, blood pressure and melanogenesis. These photic signalling events may coordinate with circadian-based mechanisms to maintain metabolic homeostasis, with dysregulation of this system underlying metabolic diseases caused by aberrant light exposure, such as environmental night light and shift work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Rao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Assembling and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Tian Xue
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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5
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Deng X, Peng D, Yao Y, Huang K, Wang J, Ma Z, Fu J, Xu Y. Optogenetic therapeutic strategies for diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes 2024; 16:e13557. [PMID: 38751366 PMCID: PMC11096815 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common chronic disease affecting humans globally. It is characterized by abnormally elevated blood glucose levels due to the failure of insulin production or reduction of insulin sensitivity and functionality. Insulin and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 replenishment or improvement of insulin resistance are the two major strategies to treat diabetes. Recently, optogenetics that uses genetically encoded light-sensitive proteins to precisely control cell functions has been regarded as a novel therapeutic strategy for diabetes. Here, we summarize the latest development of optogenetics and its integration with synthetic biology approaches to produce light-responsive cells for insulin/GLP-1 production, amelioration of insulin resistance and neuromodulation of insulin secretion. In addition, we introduce the development of cell encapsulation and delivery methods and smart bioelectronic devices for the in vivo application of optogenetics-based cell therapy in diabetes. The remaining challenges for optogenetics-based cell therapy in the clinical translational study are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Deng
- Department of EndocrinologyChildren's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouChina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio‐Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Clinical Evaluation and Translational ResearchZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Dandan Peng
- Department of EndocrinologyChildren's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Yuanfa Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio‐Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Clinical Evaluation and Translational ResearchZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ke Huang
- Department of EndocrinologyChildren's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Jinling Wang
- Department of EndocrinologyChildren's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Zhihao Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio‐Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Clinical Evaluation and Translational ResearchZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Junfen Fu
- Department of EndocrinologyChildren's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouChina
| | - Yingke Xu
- Department of EndocrinologyChildren's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouChina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio‐Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Clinical Evaluation and Translational ResearchZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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6
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Dyer B, Yu SO, Lane Brown R, Lang RA, D’Souza SP. A new Opn4cre recombinase mouse line to target intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.16.589750. [PMID: 38659888 PMCID: PMC11042346 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.16.589750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) play a crucial role in several physiological light responses. In this study we generate a new Opn4cre knock-in allele (Opn4cre(DSO)), in which cre is placed immediately downstream of the Opn4 start codon. This approach aims to faithfully reproduce endogenous Opn4 expression and improve compatibility with widely used reporters. We evaluated the efficacy and sensitivity of Opn4cre(DSO) for labeling in retina and brain, and provide an in-depth comparison with the extensively utilized Opn4cre(Saha) line. Through this characterization, Opn4cre(DSO) demonstrated higher specificity in labeling ipRGCs, with minimal recombination escape. Leveraging a combination of electrophysiological, molecular, and morphological analyses, we confirmed its sensitivity in detecting all ipRGC types (M1-M6). Using this new tool, we describe the topographical distributions of ipRGC types across the retinal landscape, uncovering distinct ventronasal biases for M5 and M6 types, setting them apart from their M1-M4 counterparts. In the brain, we find vastly different labeling patterns between lines, with Opn4cre(DSO) only labeling ipRGC axonal projections to their targets. The combination of off-target effects of Opn4cre(Saha) across the retina and brain, coupled with diminished efficiencies of both Cre lines when coupled to less sensitive reporters, underscores the need for careful consideration in experimental design and validation with any Opn4cre driver. Overall, the Opn4cre(DSO) mouse line represents an improved tool for studying ipRGC function and distribution, offering a means to selectively target these cells to study light-regulated behaviors and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brannen Dyer
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH
- Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH
| | - Sue O. Yu
- Department of Integrative Physiology & Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - R. Lane Brown
- Department of Integrative Physiology & Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Richard A. Lang
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH
- Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Shane P. D’Souza
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH
- Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH
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7
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Zhang Z, Shi C, Han J, Ge X, Li N, Liu Y, Huang J, Chen S. Nonvisual system-mediated body color change in fish reveals nonvisual function of Opsin 3 in skin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 252:112861. [PMID: 38335869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Body-color changes in many poikilothermic animals can occur quickly. This color change is generally initiated by visual system, followed by neuromuscular or neuroendocrine control. We have previously showed that the ventral skin color of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) presents golden yellow in dark environment and quickly changes to silvery white in light environment. In the present study, we found that the light-induced whitening of ventral skin color was independent of visual input. Using light-emitting diode sources of different wavelength with same luminance (150 lx) but different absolute irradiance (0.039-0.333 mW/cm2), we further found that the blue light (λmax = 480 nm, 0.107 mW/cm2) is more effectively in induction of whitening of ventral skin color in compare with other light sources. Interestingly, the result of RT-PCR showed opsin 3 transcripts expressed in xanthophores. Recombinant protein of Opsin 3 with 11-cis retinal formed functional blue-sensitive pigment, with an absorption maximum at 468 nm. The HEK293T cells transfected with Opsin 3 showed a blue light-evoked Ca2+ response. Knock-down of Opsin 3 expression blocked the light-induced xanthosomes aggregation in vitro. Moreover, the light-induced xanthosomes aggregation was mediated via Ca2+-PKC and Ca2+-CaMKII pathways, and relied on microtubules and dynein. Decrease of cAMP levels was a prerequisite for xanthosomes aggregation. Our results provide a unique organism model exhibiting light-induced quick body color change, which was independent of visual input but rather rely on non-visual function of Opsin 3 within xanthophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chenchen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Key laboratory of fish applied biology and aquaculture in North China, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Shixi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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Sato K, Ohuchi H. Molecular Property, Manipulation, and Potential Use of Opn5 and Its Homologs. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168319. [PMID: 37865286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Animal opsin is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) and binds retinal as a chromophore to form a photopigment. The Opsin 5 (Opn5) group within the animal opsin family comprises a diverse array of related proteins, such as Opn5m, a protein conserved across all vertebrate lineages including mammals, and other members like Opn5L1 and Opn5L2 found in non-mammalian vertebrate genomes, and Opn6 found in non-therian vertebrate genomes, along with Opn5 homologs present in invertebrates. Although these proteins collectively constitute a single clade within the molecular phylogenetic tree of animal opsins, they exhibit markedly distinct molecular characteristics in areas such as retinal binding properties, photoreaction, and G-protein coupling specificity. Based on their molecular features, they are believed to play a significant role in physiological functions. However, our understanding of their precise physiological functions and molecular characteristics is still developing and only partially realized. Furthermore, their unique molecular characteristics of Opn5-related proteins suggest a high potential for their use as optogenetic tools through more specialized manipulations. This review intends to encapsulate our current understanding of Opn5, discuss potential manipulations of its molecular attributes, and delve into its prospective utility in the burgeoning field of animal opsin optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Sato
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Hideyo Ohuchi
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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9
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Huang X, Tao Q, Ren C. A Comprehensive Overview of the Neural Mechanisms of Light Therapy. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:350-362. [PMID: 37555919 PMCID: PMC10912407 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is a powerful environmental factor influencing diverse brain functions. Clinical evidence supports the beneficial effect of light therapy on several diseases, including depression, cognitive dysfunction, chronic pain, and sleep disorders. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the effects of light therapy are still not well understood. In this review, we critically evaluate current clinical evidence showing the beneficial effects of light therapy on diseases. In addition, we introduce the research progress regarding the neural circuit mechanisms underlying the modulatory effects of light on brain functions, including mood, memory, pain perception, sleep, circadian rhythm, brain development, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Huang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Psychology Department, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Chaoran Ren
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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10
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Velica A, Kullander K. A flowchart for adequate controls in virus-based monosynaptic tracing experiments identified Cre-independent leakage of the TVA receptor in RΦGT mice. BMC Neurosci 2024; 25:9. [PMID: 38383317 PMCID: PMC10882902 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-024-00848-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A pseudotyped modified rabies virus lacking the rabies glycoprotein (G-protein), which is crucial for transsynaptic spread, can be used for monosynaptic retrograde tracing. By coupling the pseudotyped virus with transgene expression of the G-protein and the avian leukosis and sarcoma virus subgroup A receptor (TVA), which is necessary for cell entry of the virus, researchers can investigate specific neuronal populations. Responder mouse lines, like the RΦGT mouse line, carry the genes encoding the G-protein and TVA under Cre-dependent expression. These mouse lines are valuable tools because they reduce the number of viral injections needed compared to when using helper viruses. Since RΦGT mice do not express Cre themselves, introducing the pseudotyped rabies virus into their brain should not result in viral cell entry or spread. RESULTS We present a straightforward flowchart for adequate controls in tracing experiments, which we employed to demonstrate Cre-independent expression of TVA in RΦGT mice. CONCLUSIONS Our observations revealed TVA leakage, indicating that RΦGT mice should be used with caution for transgene expression of TVA. Inaccurate tracing outcomes may occur if TVA is expressed in the absence of Cre since background leakage leads to nonspecific cell entry. Moreover, conducting appropriate control experiments can identify the source of potential caveats in virus-based neuronal tracing experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Velica
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 815, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, 751 08, Sweden.
| | - Klas Kullander
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 815, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, 751 08, Sweden
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11
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Li M, Sun H, Hou Z, Hao S, Jin L, Wang B. Engineering the Physical Microenvironment into Neural Organoids for Neurogenesis and Neurodevelopment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306451. [PMID: 37771182 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the signals from the physical microenvironment is critical for deciphering the processes of neurogenesis and neurodevelopment. The discovery of how surrounding physical signals shape human developing neurons is hindered by the bottleneck of conventional cell culture and animal models. Notwithstanding neural organoids provide a promising platform for recapitulating human neurogenesis and neurodevelopment, building neuronal physical microenvironment that accurately mimics the native neurophysical features is largely ignored in current organoid technologies. Here, it is discussed how the physical microenvironment modulates critical events during the periods of neurogenesis and neurodevelopment, such as neural stem cell fates, neural tube closure, neuronal migration, axonal guidance, optic cup formation, and cortical folding. Although animal models are widely used to investigate the impacts of physical factors on neurodevelopment and neuropathy, the important roles of human stem cell-derived neural organoids in this field are particularly highlighted. Considering the great promise of human organoids, building neural organoid microenvironments with mechanical forces, electrophysiological microsystems, and light manipulation will help to fully understand the physical cues in neurodevelopmental processes. Neural organoids combined with cutting-edge techniques, such as advanced atomic force microscopes, microrobots, and structural color biomaterials might promote the development of neural organoid-based research and neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Heng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Zongkun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering of Guizhou Province, Engineering Research Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering/School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Shilei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
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12
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Mat A, Vu HH, Wolf E, Tessmar-Raible K. All Light, Everywhere? Photoreceptors at Nonconventional Sites. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 37905983 PMCID: PMC11283901 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00017.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest environmental alterations we have made to our species is the change in the exposure to light. During the day, we typically sit behind glass windows illuminated by artificial light that is >400 times dimmer and has a very different spectrum than natural daylight. On the opposite end are the nights that are now lit up by several orders of magnitude. This review aims to provide food for thought as to why this matters for humans and other animals. Evidence from behavioral neuroscience, physiology, chronobiology, and molecular biology is increasingly converging on the conclusions that the biological nonvisual functions of light and photosensory molecules are highly complex. The initial work of von Frisch on extraocular photoreceptors in fish, the identification of rhodopsins as the molecular light receptors in animal eyes and eye-like structures and cryptochromes as light sensors in nonmammalian chronobiology, still allowed for the impression that light reception would be a relatively restricted, localized sense in most animals. However, light-sensitive processes and/or sensory proteins have now been localized to many different cell types and tissues. It might be necessary to consider nonlight-responding cells as the exception, rather than the rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Mat
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
- VIPS2, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hong Ha Vu
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristin Tessmar-Raible
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Carl-von-Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
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13
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Greenberg JM, Gruner KA, Rodney L, Struve JN, Kang D, Cao Y, Lang RA. Biologically aware lighting for newborn intensive care. J Perinatol 2023; 43:49-54. [PMID: 38086967 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-023-01816-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We designed and implemented a novel neonatal intensive care (NICU) lighting system to support the current understanding of daylight-coupled physiology. METHODS We created a system that generates wavelengths corresponding to the known blue and violet activation spectra of non-visual opsins. These are known to mediate energy management and related physiologic activity. RESULTS Light produced by the system spans the visible spectrum, including violet wavelengths that are blocked by modern glazing and not emitted by standard LED fixtures. System features include automated light and dark phases that mimic dawn/dusk. The system also matches length of day seasonality. Spectral composition can be varied to support translational research protocols. Implementation required a comprehensive strategy to inform bedside providers about the value and use of the lighting system. CONCLUSION Full-spectrum lighting for the NICU is feasible and will inform the optimization of the NICU environment of care to support optimal neonatal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Greenberg
- Science of Light Center, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Katherine A Gruner
- Science of Light Center, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lousette Rodney
- Science of Light Center, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jaime N Struve
- Science of Light Center, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Kang
- Science of Light Center, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yuying Cao
- Science of Light Center, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Richard A Lang
- Science of Light Center, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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14
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Mirabella PN, Fenselau H. Advanced neurobiological tools to interrogate metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:639-654. [PMID: 37674015 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Engineered neurobiological tools for the manipulation of cellular activity, such as chemogenetics and optogenetics, have become a cornerstone of modern neuroscience research. These tools are invaluable for the interrogation of the central control of metabolism as they provide a direct means to establish a causal relationship between brain activity and biological processes at the cellular, tissue and organismal levels. The utility of these methods has grown substantially due to advances in cellular-targeting strategies, alongside improvements in the resolution and potency of such tools. Furthermore, the potential to recapitulate endogenous cellular signalling has been enriched by insights into the molecular signatures and activity dynamics of discrete brain cell types. However, each modulatory tool has a specific set of advantages and limitations; therefore, tool selection and suitability are of paramount importance to optimally interrogate the cellular and circuit-based underpinnings of metabolic outcomes within the organism. Here, we describe the key principles and uses of engineered neurobiological tools. We also highlight inspiring applications and outline critical considerations to be made when using these tools within the field of metabolism research. We contend that the appropriate application of these biotechnological advances will enable the delineation of the central circuitry regulating systemic metabolism with unprecedented potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Nicholas Mirabella
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Fenselau
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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15
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Halurkar MS, Inoue O, Mukherjee R, Paese CLB, Duszynski M, Brugmann SA, Lim HW, Sanchez-Gurmaches J. The widely used Ucp1-CreEvdr transgene elicits complex developmental and metabolic phenotypes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.20.563165. [PMID: 37904917 PMCID: PMC10614962 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.20.563165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic models, including most Cre-recombinases, enable potent interrogation of gene function in vivo but require rigorous validation as limitations emerge. Due to its high relevance to metabolic studies, we performed comprehensive analysis of the Ucp1-CreEvdr line which is widely used for brown fat research. Hemizygotes exhibited major brown and white fat transcriptomic dysregulation, indicating potential altered tissue function. Ucp1-CreEvdr homozygotes also show high mortality, growth defects, and craniofacial abnormalities. Mapping the transgene insertion site revealed insertion in chromosome 1 accompanied by large genomic alterations disrupting several genes expressed in a range of tissues. Notably, Ucp1-CreEvdr transgene retains an extra Ucp1 gene copy that may be highly expressed under high thermogenic burden. Our multi-faceted analysis highlights a complex phenotype arising from the presence of the Ucp1-CreEvdr transgene independently of the intended genetic manipulations. Overall, comprehensive validation of transgenic mice is imperative to maximize discovery while mitigating unexpected, off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Suchit Halurkar
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Oto Inoue
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Rajib Mukherjee
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | | - Molly Duszynski
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Samantha A. Brugmann
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Hee-Woong Lim
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Joan Sanchez-Gurmaches
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
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16
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Jeong H, Lee D, Jiang X, Negishi K, Tsubota K, Kurihara T. Opsin 5 mediates violet light-induced early growth response-1 expression in the mouse retina. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17861. [PMID: 37857760 PMCID: PMC10587185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44983-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia is an abnormal vision condition characterized by difficulties in seeing distant objects. Myopia has become a public health issue not only in Asian countries but also in Western countries. Previously, we found that violet light (VL, 360-400 nm wavelength) exposure effectively suppressed myopia progression in experimental chick and mice models of myopia. The inhibitory effects of VL on myopia progression are reduced in retina-specific opsin 5 (Opn5) knockout (KO) mice. Furthermore, VL exposure upregulated early growth response-1 (Egr-1) expression in the chorioretinal tissues of chicks. However, the expression of EGR-1 and role of OPN5 in mice following VL exposure remain unclear. In this study, we examined whether VL exposure-induced EGR-1 upregulation depends on Opn5 expression in the mouse retina. EGR-1 mRNA and protein expressions increased in the mouse retina and mouse retinal 661W cells following VL exposure. These increases were consistently reduced in retina specific Opn5 conditional KO mice and Opn5 KO 661W cells. Our results suggest that OPN5 mediates VL-induced EGR-1 upregulation in mice. These molecular targets could be considered for the prevention and treatment of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heonuk Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Deokho Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
- Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., 304 Toshin Shinanomachi-ekimae Bldg., 34 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0016, Japan.
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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17
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Wang R, Xiao L, Pan J, Bao G, Zhu Y, Zhu D, Wang J, Pei C, Ma Q, Fu X, Wang Z, Zhu M, Wang G, Gong L, Tong Q, Jiang M, Hu J, He M, Wang Y, Li T, Liang C, Li W, Xia C, Li Z, Ma DK, Tan M, Liu JY, Jiang W, Luo C, Yu B, Dang Y. Natural product P57 induces hypothermia through targeting pyridoxal kinase. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5984. [PMID: 37752106 PMCID: PMC10522591 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of hypothermia during hibernation/torpor enables certain mammals to survive under extreme environmental conditions. However, pharmacological induction of hypothermia in most mammals remains a huge challenge. Here we show that a natural product P57 promptly induces hypothermia and decreases energy expenditure in mice. Mechanistically, P57 inhibits the kinase activity of pyridoxal kinase (PDXK), a key metabolic enzyme of vitamin B6 catalyzing phosphorylation of pyridoxal (PL), resulting in the accumulation of PL in hypothalamus to cause hypothermia. The hypothermia induced by P57 is significantly blunted in the mice with knockout of PDXK in the preoptic area (POA) of hypothalamus. We further found that P57 and PL have consistent effects on gene expression regulation in hypothalamus, and they may activate medial preoptic area (MPA) neurons in POA to induce hypothermia. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that P57 has a potential application in therapeutic hypothermia through regulation of vitamin B6 metabolism and PDXK serves as a previously unknown target of P57 in thermoregulation. In addition, P57 may serve as a chemical probe for exploring the neuron circuitry related to hypothermia state in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianbo Pan
- Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangsen Bao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunmei Zhu
- Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengfeng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinfeng Ma
- Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xian Fu
- Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziruoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengdi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junchi Hu
- Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Miao He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmin Liang
- Lab of Tumor Immunology, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical School of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunmei Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dengke K Ma
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Minjia Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yan Liu
- Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yongjun Dang
- Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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18
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Andrabi M, Upton BA, Lang RA, Vemaraju S. An Expanding Role for Nonvisual Opsins in Extraocular Light Sensing Physiology. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2023; 9:245-267. [PMID: 37196422 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-100820-094018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We live on a planet that is bathed in daily and seasonal sunlight cycles. In this context, terrestrial life forms have evolved mechanisms that directly harness light energy (plants) or decode light information for adaptive advantage. In animals, the main light sensors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors called opsins. Opsin function is best described for the visual sense. However, most animals also use opsins for extraocular light sensing for seasonal behavior and camouflage. While it has long been believed that mammals do not have an extraocular light sensing capacity, recent evidence suggests otherwise. Notably, encephalopsin (OPN3) and neuropsin (OPN5) are both known to mediate extraocular light sensing in mice. Examples of this mediation include photoentrainment of circadian clocks in skin (by OPN5) and acute light-dependent regulation of metabolic pathways (by OPN3 and OPN5). This review summarizes current findings in the expanding field of extraocular photoreception and their relevance for human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutahar Andrabi
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; ,
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian A Upton
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; ,
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard A Lang
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; ,
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shruti Vemaraju
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; ,
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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19
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Yang WZ, Xie H, Du X, Zhou Q, Xiao Y, Zhao Z, Jia X, Xu J, Zhang W, Cai S, Li Z, Fu X, Hua R, Cai J, Chang S, Sun J, Sun H, Xu Q, Ni X, Tu H, Zheng R, Xu X, Wang H, Fu Y, Wang L, Li X, Yang H, Yao Q, Yu T, Shen Q, Shen WL. A parabrachial-hypothalamic parallel circuit governs cold defense in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4924. [PMID: 37582782 PMCID: PMC10427655 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermal homeostasis is vital for mammals and is controlled by brain neurocircuits. Yet, the neural pathways responsible for cold defense regulation are still unclear. Here, we found that a pathway from the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) to the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), which runs parallel to the canonical LPB to preoptic area (POA) pathway, is also crucial for cold defense. Together, these pathways make an equivalent and cumulative contribution, forming a parallel circuit. Specifically, activation of the LPB → DMH pathway induced strong cold-defense responses, including increases in thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue (BAT), muscle shivering, heart rate, and locomotion. Further, we identified somatostatin neurons in the LPB that target DMH to promote BAT thermogenesis. Therefore, we reveal a parallel circuit governing cold defense in mice, which enables resilience to hypothermia and provides a scalable and robust network in heat production, reshaping our understanding of neural circuit regulation of homeostatic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Z Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Hengchang Xie
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaosa Du
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zhengdong Zhao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xiaoning Jia
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jianhui Xu
- Thermoregulation and Inflammation Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shuang Cai
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Zhangjie Li
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xin Fu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Rong Hua
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Junhao Cai
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Institute of life sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Xinyan Ni
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Hongqing Tu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Ruimao Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Liming Wang
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xi Li
- Institute of life sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qiyuan Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China.
| | - Qiwei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Wei L Shen
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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Zhang Z, Chen N, Yin N, Liu R, He Y, Li D, Tong M, Gao A, Lu P, Zhao Y, Li H, Zhang J, Zhang D, Gu W, Hong J, Wang W, Qi L, Ning G, Wang J. The rs1421085 variant within FTO promotes brown fat thermogenesis. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1337-1351. [PMID: 37460841 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
One lead genetic risk signal of obesity-the rs1421085 T>C variant within the FTO gene-is reported to be functional in vitro but lacks evidence at an organism level. Here we recapitulate the homologous human variant in mice with global and brown adipocyte-specific variant knock-in and reveal that mice carrying the C-allele show increased brown fat thermogenic capacity and resistance to high-fat diet-induced adiposity, whereas the obesity-related phenotypic changes are blunted at thermoneutrality. Both in vivo and in vitro data reveal that the C-allele in brown adipocytes enhances the transcription of the Fto gene, which is associated with stronger chromatin looping linking the enhancer region and Fto promoter. Moreover, FTO knockdown or inhibition effectively eliminates the increased thermogenic ability of brown adipocytes carrying the C-allele. Taken together, these findings identify rs1421085 T>C as a functional variant promoting brown fat thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyin Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Chen
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Yin
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixin Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Danjie Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Muye Tong
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aibo Gao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxiao Zhao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huabing Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfang Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiqiong Gu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Hong
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guang Ning
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiqiu Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Sato K, Yamashita T, Ohuchi H. Mammalian type opsin 5 preferentially activates G14 in Gq-type G proteins triggering intracellular calcium response. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105020. [PMID: 37423300 PMCID: PMC10432815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian type opsin 5 (Opn5m), a UV-sensitive G protein-coupled receptor opsin highly conserved in vertebrates, would provide a common basis for UV sensing from lamprey to humans. However, G protein coupled with Opn5m remains controversial due to variations in assay conditions and the origin of Opn5m across different reports. Here, we examined Opn5m from diverse species using an aequorin luminescence assay and Gα-KO cell line. Beyond the commonly studied major Gα classes, Gαq, Gα11, Gα14, and Gα15 in the Gq class were individually investigated in this study, as they can drive distinct signaling pathways in addition to a canonical calcium response. UV light triggered a calcium response via all the tested Opn5m proteins in 293T cells, which was abolished by Gq-type Gα deletion and rescued by cotransfection with mouse and medaka Gq-type Gα proteins. Opn5m preferentially activated Gα14 and close relatives. Mutational analysis implicated specific regions, including α3-β5 and αG-α4 loops, αG and α4 helices, and the extreme C terminus, in the preferential activation of Gα14 by Opn5m. FISH revealed co-expression of genes encoding Opn5m and Gα14 in the scleral cartilage of medaka and chicken eyes, supporting their physiological coupling. This suggests that the preferential activation of Gα14 by Opn5m is relevant for UV sensing in specific cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Sato
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Yamashita
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideyo Ohuchi
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan.
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22
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Greenberg J, Gruner K, Rodney L, Struve J, Kang D, Cao Y, Lang R. Biologically Aware Lighting for Newborn Intensive Care. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3120637. [PMID: 37502905 PMCID: PMC10371081 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3120637/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective We designed and implemented a novel neonatal intensive care (NICU) lighting system to support current understanding of sunlight-coupled physiology. Methods We created a system that generates wavelengths corresponding to the known blue and violet activation spectra of non-visual opsins. These are known to mediate energy management and related physiologic activity. Results Light produced by the system spans the visible spectrum, including violet wavelengths that are blocked by modern glazing and not emitted by standard LED fixtures. System features include automated light and dark phases that mimic dawn/dusk. The system also matches length of day seasonality. Spectral composition can be varied to support translational research protocols. Implementation required a comprehensive strategy to inform bedside providers about the value and use of the lighting system. Conclusion Full-spectrum lighting for the NICU is feasible and will inform optimization of the NICU environment of care to support optimal neonatal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Kang
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Yuying Cao
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
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Linne C, Mon KY, D’Souza S, Jeong H, Jiang X, Brown DM, Zhang K, Vemaraju S, Tsubota K, Kurihara T, Pardue MT, Lang RA. Encephalopsin (OPN3) is required for normal refractive development and the GO/GROW response to induced myopia. Mol Vis 2023; 29:39-57. [PMID: 37287644 PMCID: PMC10243678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Myopia, or nearsightedness, is the most common form of refractive error and is increasing in prevalence. While significant efforts have been made to identify genetic variants that predispose individuals to myopia, these variants are believed to account for only a small portion of the myopia prevalence, leading to a feedback theory of emmetropization, which depends on the active perception of environmental visual cues. Consequently, there has been renewed interest in studying myopia in the context of light perception, beginning with the opsin family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Refractive phenotypes have been characterized in every opsin signaling pathway studied, leaving only Opsin 3 (OPN3), the most widely expressed and blue-light sensing noncanonical opsin, to be investigated for function in the eye and refraction. Methods Opn3 expression was assessed in various ocular tissues using an Opn3eGFP reporter. Weekly refractive development in Opn3 retinal and germline mutants from 3 to 9 weeks of age was measured using an infrared photorefractor and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Susceptibility to lens-induced myopia was then assessed using skull-mounted goggles with a -30 diopter experimental and a 0 diopter control lens. Mouse eye biometry was similarly tracked from 3 to 6 weeks. A myopia gene expression signature was assessed 24 h after lens induction for germline mutants to further assess myopia-induced changes. Results Opn3 was found to be expressed in a subset of retinal ganglion cells and a limited number of choroidal cells. Based on an assessment of Opn3 mutants, the OPN3 germline, but not retina conditional Opn3 knockout, exhibits a refractive myopia phenotype, which manifests in decreased lens thickness, shallower aqueous compartment depth, and shorter axial length, atypical of traditional axial myopias. Despite the short axial length, Opn3 null eyes demonstrate normal axial elongation in response to myopia induction and mild changes in choroidal thinning and myopic shift, suggesting that susceptibility to lens-induced myopia is largely unchanged. Additionally, the Opn3 null retinal gene expression signature in response to induced myopia after 24 h is distinct, with opposing Ctgf, Cx43, and Egr1 polarity compared to controls. Conclusions The data suggest that an OPN3 expression domain outside the retina can control lens shape and thus the refractive performance of the eye. Prior to this study, the role of Opn3 in the eye had not been investigated. This work adds OPN3 to the list of opsin family GPCRs that are implicated in emmetropization and myopia. Further, the work to exclude retinal OPN3 as the contributing domain in this refractive phenotype is unique and suggests a distinct mechanism when compared to other opsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Linne
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Molecular & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Khine Yin Mon
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Shane D’Souza
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Molecular & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Heonuk Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dillon M. Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA
| | - Kevin Zhang
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Molecular & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Shruti Vemaraju
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Machelle T. Pardue
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA
| | - Richard A. Lang
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
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Xu J, Gao W, He T, Yao L, Wu H, Chen Z, Lai Y, Chen Y, Zhang J. The hyperthermic response to intra-preoptic area administration of agmatine in male rats. J Therm Biol 2023; 113:103529. [PMID: 37055134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Agmatine is an endogenous biogenic amine that exerts various effects on the central nervous system. The hypothalamic preoptic area (POA, thermoregulatory command center) has high agmatine immunoreactivity. In this study, in conscious and anesthetized male rats, agmatine microinjection into the POA induced hyperthermic responses associated with increased heat production and locomotor activity. Intra-POA administration of agmatine increased the locomotor activity, the brown adipose tissue temperature and rectum temperature, and induced shivering as demonstrated by increased neck muscle electromyographic activity. However, intra-POA administration of agmatine almost had no impact on the tail temperature of anesthetized rats. Furthermore, there were regional differences in the response to agmatine in the POA. The most effective sites for the microinjection of agmatine to elicit hyperthermic responses were localized in the medial preoptic area (MPA). Agmatine microinjection into the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) and lateral preoptic nucleus (LPO) had a minimal effect on the mean core temperature. Analysis of the in vitro discharge activity of POA neurons in brain slices when perfused with agmatine showed that agmatine inhibited most warm-sensitive but not temperature-insensitive neurons in the MPA. However, regardless of thermosensitivity, the majority of MnPO and LPO neurons were not responsive to agmatine. The results demonstrated that agmatine injection into the POA of male rats, especially the MPA, induced hyperthermic responses, which may be associated with increased BAT thermogenesis, shivering and locomotor activity by inhibiting warm-sensitive neurons.
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Karthikeyan R, Davies WI, Gunhaga L. Non-image-forming functional roles of OPN3, OPN4 and OPN5 photopigments. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2023.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
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26
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Lan Y, Zeng W, Wang Y, Dong X, Shen X, Gu Y, Zhang W, Lu H. Opsin 3 mediates UVA-induced keratinocyte supranuclear melanin cap formation. Commun Biol 2023; 6:238. [PMID: 36869204 PMCID: PMC9984416 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced DNA damage is a major risk factor for skin cancer development. UV-induced redistribution of melanin near keratinocyte nuclei leads to the formation of a supranuclear cap, which acts as a natural sunscreen and protects DNA by absorbing and scattering UV radiation. However, the mechanism underlying the intracellular movement of melanin in nuclear capping is poorly understood. In this study, we found that OPN3 is an important photoreceptor in human epidermal keratinocytes and is critical for UVA-mediated supranuclear cap formation. OPN3 mediates supranuclear cap formation via the calcium-dependent G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway and ultimately upregulates Dync1i1 and DCTN1 expression in human epidermal keratinocytes via activating calcium/CaMKII, CREB, and Akt signal transduction. Together, these results clarify the role of OPN3 in regulating melanin cap formation in human epidermal keratinocytes, greatly expanding our understanding of the phototransduction mechanisms involved in physiological function in skin keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Lan
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Xian Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Yangguang Gu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongguang Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China.
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27
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Zhou Q, Fu X, Xu J, Dong S, Liu C, Cheng D, Gao C, Huang M, Liu Z, Ni X, Hua R, Tu H, Sun H, Shen Q, Chen B, Zhang J, Zhang L, Yang H, Hu J, Yang W, Pei W, Yao Q, Sheng X, Zhang J, Yang WZ, Shen WL. Hypothalamic warm-sensitive neurons require TRPC4 channel for detecting internal warmth and regulating body temperature in mice. Neuron 2023; 111:387-404.e8. [PMID: 36476978 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Precise monitoring of internal temperature is vital for thermal homeostasis in mammals. For decades, warm-sensitive neurons (WSNs) within the preoptic area (POA) were thought to sense internal warmth, using this information as feedback to regulate body temperature (Tcore). However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which WSNs measure temperature remain largely undefined. Via a pilot genetic screen, we found that silencing the TRPC4 channel in mice substantially attenuated hypothermia induced by light-mediated heating of the POA. Loss-of-function studies of TRPC4 confirmed its role in warm sensing in GABAergic WSNs, causing additional defects in basal temperature setting, warm defense, and fever responses. Furthermore, TRPC4 antagonists and agonists bidirectionally regulated Tcore. Thus, our data indicate that TRPC4 is essential for sensing internal warmth and that TRPC4-expressing GABAergic WSNs function as a novel cellular sensor for preventing Tcore from exceeding set-point temperatures. TRPC4 may represent a potential therapeutic target for managing Tcore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Fu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianhui Xu
- Thermoregulation and Inflammation Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Shiming Dong
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Changhao Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dali Cheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cuicui Gao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minhua Huang
- Department of Biophysics, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiduo Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinyan Ni
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Rong Hua
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongqing Tu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qiwei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Baoting Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Liye Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ji Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Biophysics, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weihua Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiyuan Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Thermoregulation and Inflammation Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China.
| | - Wen Z Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Wei L Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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Meng JJ, Shen JW, Li G, Ouyang CJ, Hu JX, Li ZS, Zhao H, Shi YM, Zhang M, Liu R, Chen JT, Ma YQ, Zhao H, Xue T. Light modulates glucose metabolism by a retina-hypothalamus-brown adipose tissue axis. Cell 2023; 186:398-412.e17. [PMID: 36669474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Public health studies indicate that artificial light is a high-risk factor for metabolic disorders. However, the neural mechanism underlying metabolic modulation by light remains elusive. Here, we found that light can acutely decrease glucose tolerance (GT) in mice by activation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) innervating the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON). Vasopressin neurons in the SON project to the paraventricular nucleus, then to the GABAergic neurons in the solitary tract nucleus, and eventually to brown adipose tissue (BAT). Light activation of this neural circuit directly blocks adaptive thermogenesis in BAT, thereby decreasing GT. In humans, light also modulates GT at the temperature where BAT is active. Thus, our work unveils a retina-SON-BAT axis that mediates the effect of light on glucose metabolism, which may explain the connection between artificial light and metabolic dysregulation, suggesting a potential prevention and treatment strategy for managing glucose metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Meng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jia-Wei Shen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guang Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chang-Jie Ouyang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jia-Xi Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zi-Shuo Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yi-Ming Shi
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ju-Tao Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yu-Qian Ma
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- College of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Tian Xue
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Nakamura Y, Yahiro T, Fukushima A, Kataoka N, Hioki H, Nakamura K. Prostaglandin EP3 receptor-expressing preoptic neurons bidirectionally control body temperature via tonic GABAergic signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd5463. [PMID: 36563142 PMCID: PMC9788766 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add5463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The bidirectional controller of the thermoregulatory center in the preoptic area (POA) is unknown. Using rats, here, we identify prostaglandin EP3 receptor-expressing POA neurons (POAEP3R neurons) as a pivotal bidirectional controller in the central thermoregulatory mechanism. POAEP3R neurons are activated in response to elevated ambient temperature but inhibited by prostaglandin E2, a pyrogenic mediator. Chemogenetic stimulation of POAEP3R neurons at room temperature reduces body temperature by enhancing heat dissipation, whereas inhibition of them elicits hyperthermia involving brown fat thermogenesis, mimicking fever. POAEP3R neurons innervate sympathoexcitatory neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) via tonic (ceaseless) inhibitory signaling. Although many POAEP3R neuronal cell bodies express a glutamatergic messenger RNA marker, their axons in the DMH predominantly release γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and their GABAergic terminals are increased by chronic heat exposure. These findings demonstrate that tonic GABAergic inhibitory signaling from POAEP3R neurons is a fundamental determinant of body temperature for thermal homeostasis and fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Nakamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takaki Yahiro
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fukushima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naoya Kataoka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- Nagoya University Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hioki
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Zarkeshian P, Kergan T, Ghobadi R, Nicola W, Simon C. Photons guided by axons may enable backpropagation-based learning in the brain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20720. [PMID: 36456619 PMCID: PMC9715721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24871-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great advances in explaining synaptic plasticity and neuron function, a complete understanding of the brain's learning algorithms is still missing. Artificial neural networks provide a powerful learning paradigm through the backpropagation algorithm which modifies synaptic weights by using feedback connections. Backpropagation requires extensive communication of information back through the layers of a network. This has been argued to be biologically implausible and it is not clear whether backpropagation can be realized in the brain. Here we suggest that biophotons guided by axons provide a potential channel for backward transmission of information in the brain. Biophotons have been experimentally shown to be produced in the brain, yet their purpose is not understood. We propose that biophotons can propagate from each post-synaptic neuron to its pre-synaptic one to carry the required information backward. To reflect the stochastic character of biophoton emissions, our model includes the stochastic backward transmission of teaching signals. We demonstrate that a three-layered network of neurons can learn the MNIST handwritten digit classification task using our proposed backpropagation-like algorithm with stochastic photonic feedback. We model realistic restrictions and show that our system still learns the task for low rates of biophoton emission, information-limited (one bit per photon) backward transmission, and in the presence of noise photons. Our results suggest a new functionality for biophotons and provide an alternate mechanism for backward transmission in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Zarkeshian
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada ,1QB Information Technologies (1QBit), Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Taylor Kergan
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Roohollah Ghobadi
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Wilten Nicola
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Christoph Simon
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
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31
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Takahashi TM, Hirano A, Kanda T, Saito VM, Ashitomi H, Tanaka KZ, Yokoshiki Y, Masuda K, Yanagisawa M, Vogt KE, Tokuda T, Sakurai T. Optogenetic induction of hibernation-like state with modified human Opsin4 in mice. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100336. [PMID: 36452866 PMCID: PMC9701604 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We recently determined that the excitatory manipulation of Qrfp-expressing neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus (quiescence-inducing neurons [Q neurons]) induced a hibernation-like hypothermic/hypometabolic state (QIH) in mice. To control the QIH with a higher time resolution, we develop an optogenetic method using modified human opsin4 (OPN4; also known as melanopsin), a G protein-coupled-receptor-type blue-light photoreceptor. C-terminally truncated OPN4 (OPN4dC) stably and reproducibly induces QIH for at least 24 h by illumination with low-power light (3 μW, 473 nm laser) with high temporal resolution. The high sensitivity of OPN4dC allows us to transcranially stimulate Q neurons with blue-light-emitting diodes and non-invasively induce the QIH. OPN4dC-mediated QIH recapitulates the kinetics of the physiological changes observed in natural hibernation, revealing that Q neurons concurrently contribute to thermoregulation and cardiovascular function. This optogenetic method may facilitate identification of the neural mechanisms underlying long-term dormancy states such as sleep, daily torpor, and hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru M. Takahashi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- International Integrative Institute for Sleep medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Arisa Hirano
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- International Integrative Institute for Sleep medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- JST PRESTO, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanda
- International Integrative Institute for Sleep medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Viviane M. Saito
- Memory Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hiroto Ashitomi
- Memory Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Z. Tanaka
- Memory Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Yokoshiki
- Institute of Innovative Research (IIR), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosaku Masuda
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- International Integrative Institute for Sleep medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Integrative Institute for Sleep medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kaspar E. Vogt
- International Integrative Institute for Sleep medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Tokuda
- JST PRESTO, Japan
- Institute of Innovative Research (IIR), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- International Integrative Institute for Sleep medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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32
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Miyata S. Glial functions in the blood-brain communication at the circumventricular organs. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:991779. [PMID: 36278020 PMCID: PMC9583022 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.991779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are located around the brain ventricles, lack a blood-brain barrier (BBB) and sense blood-derived molecules. This review discusses recent advances in the importance of CVO functions, especially glial cells transferring periphery inflammation signals to the brain. The CVOs show size-limited vascular permeability, allowing the passage of molecules with molecular weight <10,000. This indicates that the lack of an endothelial cell barrier does not mean the free movement of blood-derived molecules into the CVO parenchyma. Astrocytes and tanycytes constitute a dense barrier at the distal CVO subdivision, preventing the free diffusion of blood-derived molecules into neighboring brain regions. Tanycytes in the CVOs mediate communication between cerebrospinal fluid and brain parenchyma via transcytosis. Microglia and macrophages of the CVOs are essential for transmitting peripheral information to other brain regions via toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Inhibition of TLR2 signaling or depletion of microglia and macrophages in the brain eliminates TLR2-dependent inflammatory responses. In contrast to TLR2, astrocytes and tanycytes in the CVOs of the brain are crucial for initiating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses via TLR4. Depletion of microglia and macrophages augments LPS-induced fever and chronic sickness responses. Microglia and macrophages in the CVOs are continuously activated, even under normal physiological conditions, as they exhibit activated morphology and express the M1/M2 marker proteins. Moreover, the microglial proliferation occurs in various regions, such as the hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, and telencephalon, with a marked increase in the CVOs, due to low-dose LPS administration, and after high-dose LPS administration, proliferation is seen in most brain regions, except for the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. A transient increase in the microglial population is beneficial during LPS-induced inflammation for attenuating sickness response. Transient receptor potential receptor vanilloid 1 expressed in astrocytes and tanycytes of the CVOs is responsible for thermoregulation upon exposure to a warm environment less than 37°C. Alternatively, Nax expressed in astrocytes and tanycytes of the CVOs is crucial for maintaining body fluid homeostasis. Thus, recent findings indicate that glial cells in the brain CVOs are essential for initiating neuroinflammatory responses and maintaining body fluid and thermal homeostasis.
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33
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Melanopsin retinal ganglion cells mediate light-promoted brain development. Cell 2022; 185:3124-3137.e15. [PMID: 35944541 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During development, melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) become light sensitive much earlier than rods and cones. IpRGCs project to many subcortical areas, whereas physiological functions of these projections are yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we found that ipRGC-mediated light sensation promotes synaptogenesis of pyramidal neurons in various cortices and the hippocampus. This phenomenon depends on activation of ipRGCs and is mediated by the release of oxytocin from the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) into cerebral-spinal fluid. We further characterized a direct connection between ipRGCs and oxytocin neurons in the SON and mutual projections between oxytocin neurons in the SON and PVN. Moreover, we showed that the lack of ipRGC-mediated, light-promoted early cortical synaptogenesis compromised learning ability in adult mice. Our results highlight the importance of light sensation early in life on the development of learning ability and therefore call attention to suitable light environment for infant care.
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Díaz NM, Gordon SA, Lang RA, Buhr ED. Circadian Oscillations in the Murine Preoptic Area Are Reset by Temperature, but Not Light. Front Physiol 2022; 13:934591. [PMID: 35957988 PMCID: PMC9361018 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.934591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals maintain their internal body temperature within a physiologically optimal range. This involves the regulation of core body temperature in response to changing environmental temperatures and a natural circadian oscillation of internal temperatures. The preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus coordinates body temperature by responding to both external temperature cues and internal brain temperature. Here we describe an autonomous circadian clock system in the murine ventromedial POA (VMPO) in close proximity to cells which express the atypical violet-light sensitive opsin, Opn5. We analyzed the light-sensitivity and thermal-sensitivity of the VMPO circadian clocks ex vivo. The phase of the VMPO circadian oscillations was not influenced by light. However, the VMPO clocks were reset by temperature changes within the physiological internal temperature range. This thermal-sensitivity of the VMPO circadian clock did not require functional Opn5 expression or a functional circadian clock within the Opn5-expressing cells. The presence of temperature-sensitive circadian clocks in the VMPO provides an advancement in the understanding of mechanisms involved in the dynamic regulation of core body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás M. Díaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Shannon A. Gordon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Richard A. Lang
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ethan D. Buhr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ethan D. Buhr,
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35
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Kamm GB, Siemens J. Neuroscience: Detection of systemic inflammation by the brain. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R751-R753. [PMID: 35820388 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
When confronted with illness, humans and animals undergo critical changes in their behavior and physiology. New research shows how neuronal circuits detect sickness and coordinate illness-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretel B Kamm
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Siemens
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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36
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Dai R, Yu T, Weng D, Li H, Cui Y, Wu Z, Guo Q, Zou H, Wu W, Gao X, Qi Z, Ren Y, Wang S, Li Y, Luo M. A neuropsin-based optogenetic tool for precise control of G q signaling. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:1271-1284. [PMID: 35579776 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gq-coupled receptors regulate numerous physiological processes by activating enzymes and inducing intracellular Ca2+ signals. There is a strong need for an optogenetic tool that enables powerful experimental control over Gq signaling. Here, we present chicken opsin 5 (cOpn5) as the long sought-after, single-component optogenetic tool that mediates ultra-sensitive optical control of intracellular Gq signaling with high temporal and spatial resolution. Expressing cOpn5 in HEK 293T cells and primary mouse astrocytes enables blue light-triggered, Gq-dependent Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and protein kinase C activation. Strong Ca2+ transients were evoked by brief light pulses of merely 10 ms duration and at 3 orders lower light intensity of that for common optogenetic tools. Photostimulation of cOpn5-expressing cells at the subcellular and single-cell levels generated fast intracellular Ca2+ transition, thus demonstrating the high spatial precision of cOpn5 optogenetics. The cOpn5-mediated optogenetics could also be applied to activate neurons and control animal behavior in a circuit-dependent manner. cOpn5 optogenetics may find broad applications in studying the mechanisms and functional relevance of Gq signaling in both non-excitable cells and excitable cells in all major organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Dai
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-NIBS Joint Graduate Program, NIBS, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Tao Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-NIBS Joint Graduate Program, NIBS, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Danwei Weng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Heng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research (TIMBR), Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuting Cui
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhaofa Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871, China
- PKU-McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qingchun Guo
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Haiyue Zou
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenting Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-NIBS Joint Graduate Program, NIBS, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xinwei Gao
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhongyang Qi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuqi Ren
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871, China
- PKU-McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Minmin Luo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China.
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research (TIMBR), Beijing, 102206, China.
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37
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Feng C, Wang Y, Zha X, Cao H, Huang S, Cao D, Zhang K, Xie T, Xu X, Liang Z, Zhang Z. Cold-sensitive ventromedial hypothalamic neurons control homeostatic thermogenesis and social interaction-associated hyperthermia. Cell Metab 2022; 34:888-901.e5. [PMID: 35675799 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic thermogenesis is an essential protective feature of endotherms. However, the specific neuronal types involved in cold-induced thermogenesis remain largely unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and in situ hybridization, we screened for cold-sensitive neurons and found preprodynorphin (PDYN)-expressing cells in the dorsal medial region of the ventromedial hypothalamus (dmVMH) to be a candidate. Subsequent in vivo calcium recording showed that cold temperature activates dmVMHPdyn neurons, whereas hot temperature suppresses them. In addition, optogenetic activation of dmVMHPdyn neurons increases the brown adipose tissue and core body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure, whereas optogenetic inhibition shows opposite effects, supporting their role in homeostatic thermogenesis. Furthermore, we found that dmVMHPdyn neurons are linked to known thermoregulatory circuits. Importantly, dmVMHPdyn neurons also show activation during mouse social interaction, and optogenetic inhibition suppresses social interaction and associated hyperthermia. Together, our study describes dual functions of dmVMHPdyn neurons that allow coordinated regulation of body temperature and social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhang Feng
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xi Zha
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Huateng Cao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shajin Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dongdong Cao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kaiwei Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tianyuan Xie
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Zhifeng Liang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 201210, China.
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Wagdi A, Malan D, Sathyanarayanan U, Beauchamp JS, Vogt M, Zipf D, Beiert T, Mansuroglu B, Dusend V, Meininghaus M, Schneider L, Kalthof B, Wiegert JS, König GM, Kostenis E, Patejdl R, Sasse P, Bruegmann T. Selective optogenetic control of G q signaling using human Neuropsin. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1765. [PMID: 35365606 PMCID: PMC8975936 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gq proteins are universally important for signal transduction in mammalian cells. The underlying kinetics and transformation from extracellular stimuli into intracellular signaling, however could not be investigated in detail so far. Here we present the human Neuropsin (hOPN5) for specific and repetitive manipulation of Gq signaling in vitro and in vivo with high spatio-temporal resolution. Properties and G protein specificity of hOPN5 are characterized by UV light induced IP3 generation, Ca2+ transients and inhibition of GIRK channel activity in HEK cells. In adult hearts from a transgenic animal model, light increases the spontaneous beating rate. In addition, we demonstrate light induced contractions in the small intestine, which are not detectable after pharmacological Gq protein block. All-optical high-throughput screening for TRPC6 inhibitors is more specific and sensitive than conventional pharmacological screening. Thus, we demonstrate specific Gq signaling of hOPN5 and unveil its potential for optogenetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Wagdi
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Present Address: Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Malan
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Udhayabhaskar Sathyanarayanan
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Janosch S. Beauchamp
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Vogt
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Zipf
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Beiert
- grid.15090.3d0000 0000 8786 803XDepartment of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Berivan Mansuroglu
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vanessa Dusend
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mark Meininghaus
- grid.420044.60000 0004 0374 4101Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Linn Schneider
- grid.420044.60000 0004 0374 4101Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Bernd Kalthof
- grid.420044.60000 0004 0374 4101Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J. Simon Wiegert
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele M. König
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Patejdl
- grid.413108.f0000 0000 9737 0454Oscar-Langendorff Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Calligaro H, Dkhissi-Benyahya O, Panda S. Ocular and extraocular roles of neuropsin in vertebrates. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:200-211. [PMID: 34952723 PMCID: PMC8854378 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability to detect and adapt to different levels of ambient light is critical for animal survival. Light detection is the basis of vision, but light also regulates eye development and drives several non-image-forming functions, including synchronizing circadian rhythms to the daily light/dark cycle, restricting pupils in response to changes in light intensity, and modulating mood in response to light. Until the early 2000s, these functions were thought to be solely mediated by ocular photoreceptors. However, neuropsin (OPN5), a UV-sensitive opsin, has been receiving growing attention, as new methods have revealed previously unappreciated functions of OPN5. In fact, OPN5-mediated extraocular and deep-brain photoreception have recently been described for the first time in mammals. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge of the properties and functions of OPN5 across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Calligaro
- Regulatory Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ouria Dkhissi-Benyahya
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France
| | - Satchidananda Panda
- Regulatory Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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40
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Ekechukwu ON, Christian M. Metabolic responses of light and taste receptors - unexpected actions of GPCRs in adipocytes. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:111-120. [PMID: 34195966 PMCID: PMC8873064 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily includes sensory receptors that can detect and respond to taste and light. Recent investigations have identified key metabolic roles for such receptors in tissues considered 'non-sensory' such as adipose tissue. The major functions of white and brown adipose tissues include energy storage/release and thermogenesis, respectively. These processes are tightly controlled by GPCR pathways that serve to maintain energy homeostasis. Opsins 3 and 4 are GPCRs activated by blue light and in adipocytes control lipolysis as well as affect brown adipocyte activity. Furthermore, Opsin 3 signals to regulate the conversion of white to thermogenic beige/BRITE (Brown-in-white) adipocytes. Taste receptors that respond to fatty acids, sweet and bitter are expressed in adipocytes as well as in taste buds. Ffar2 and the long chain fatty acid receptor GPR120 are highly expressed in white adipocytes and the human tongue. In adipose tissue Ffar2 mediates the metabolic effects of butyrate and propionate produced by the gut microbiome. GPR120 is highly expressed in brown adipose tissue and regulates fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial function. The type I taste receptor Tas1r3 senses sweet and umami, is expressed in adipocytes and on obesogenic diets Tas1r3 global gene knockout protects from metabolic dysfunction. Type II taste receptors that sense bitter are expressed by adipocytes and bitter agonists have been found to modulate adipocyte differentiation and lipid storage levels. This review explores recent unexpected findings of light and taste receptors in adipocytes and examines effects of their signaling in the control of adipose tissue biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyinye Nuella Ekechukwu
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Mark Christian
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
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41
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Amino acid residue at position 188 determines the UV-sensitive bistable property of vertebrate non-visual opsin Opn5. Commun Biol 2022; 5:63. [PMID: 35042952 PMCID: PMC8766551 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractOpsins are G protein-coupled receptors specialized for photoreception in animals. Opn5 is categorized in an independent opsin group and functions for various non-visual photoreceptions. Among vertebrate Opn5 subgroups (Opn5m, Opn5L1 and Opn5L2), Opn5m and Opn5L2 bind 11-cis retinal to form a UV-sensitive resting state, which is inter-convertible with the all-trans retinal bound active state by photoreception. Thus, these opsins are characterized as bistable opsins. To assess the molecular basis of the UV-sensitive bistable property, we introduced comprehensive mutations at Thr188, which is well conserved among these opsins. The mutations in Opn5m drastically hampered 11-cis retinal incorporation and the bistable photoreaction. Moreover, T188C mutant Opn5m exclusively bound all-trans retinal and thermally self-regenerated to the original form after photoreception, which is similar to the photocyclic property of Opn5L1 bearing Cys188. Therefore, the residue at position 188 underlies the UV-sensitive bistable property of Opn5m and contributes to the diversification of vertebrate Opn5 subgroups.
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42
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Machado NLS, Saper CB. Genetic identification of preoptic neurons that regulate body temperature in mice. Temperature (Austin) 2022; 9:14-22. [PMID: 35655663 PMCID: PMC9154766 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1993734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been an explosion recently in our understanding of the neuronal populations in the preoptic area involved in thermoregulation of mice. Recent studies have identified several genetically specified populations of neurons predominantly in the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) but spreading caudolaterally into the preoptic area that regulate body temperature. . These include warm-responsive neurons that express the peptides PACAP, BDNF, or QRFP; and receptors for temperature, leptin, estrogen, or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). These neurons are predominantly glutamatergic and driving them opto- or chemogenetically can cause profound hypothermia, and in some cases, periods of torpor or a hibernation-like state. Conversely, fever response is likely to depend upon inhibiting the activity of these neurons through the PGE2 receptor EP3. Another cell group, the Brs3-expressing MnPO neurons, are apparently cold-responsive and cause increases in body temperature. MnPO-QRFP neurons cause hypothermia via activation of their terminals in the region of the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH). As the MnPO-QRFP neurons are essentially glutamatergic, and the DMH largely uses glutamatergic projections to the raphe pallidus to increase body temperature, this model suggests the existence of local inhibitory interneurons in the DMH region between the MnPO-QRFP glutamatergic neurons that cause hypothermia and the DMH glutamatergic neurons that cause hyperthermia. The new genetically targeted studies in mice provide a way to identify the precise neuronal circuitry that is responsible for our physiological observations in this species, and will suggest critical experiments that can be undertaken to compare these with the thermoregulatory circuitry in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L. S. Machado
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, United States
| | - Clifford B. Saper
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, United States,CONTACT Clifford B. Saper
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43
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Lehtinen K, Nokia MS, Takala H. Red Light Optogenetics in Neuroscience. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:778900. [PMID: 35046775 PMCID: PMC8761848 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.778900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics, a field concentrating on controlling cellular functions by means of light-activated proteins, has shown tremendous potential in neuroscience. It possesses superior spatiotemporal resolution compared to the surgical, electrical, and pharmacological methods traditionally used in studying brain function. A multitude of optogenetic tools for neuroscience have been created that, for example, enable the control of action potential generation via light-activated ion channels. Other optogenetic proteins have been used in the brain, for example, to control long-term potentiation or to ablate specific subtypes of neurons. In in vivo applications, however, the majority of optogenetic tools are operated with blue, green, or yellow light, which all have limited penetration in biological tissues compared to red light and especially infrared light. This difference is significant, especially considering the size of the rodent brain, a major research model in neuroscience. Our review will focus on the utilization of red light-operated optogenetic tools in neuroscience. We first outline the advantages of red light for in vivo studies. Then we provide a brief overview of the red light-activated optogenetic proteins and systems with a focus on new developments in the field. Finally, we will highlight different tools and applications, which further facilitate the use of red light optogenetics in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Lehtinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Miriam S. Nokia
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Takala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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44
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Effect of Violet Light-Transmitting Eyeglasses on Axial Elongation in Myopic Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10225462. [PMID: 34830743 PMCID: PMC8624215 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The fact that outdoor light environment is an important suppressive factor against myopia led us to invent violet light-transmitting eyeglasses (VL glasses) which can transmit violet light (VL), 360-400 nm in wavelength, for the suppression of myopia, and can meanwhile block harmful ultraviolet waves from sunlight. The current study is a double-blinded randomized clinical trial to investigate the myopia-suppressive effect of VL glasses compared to conventional eyeglasses (placebo glasses) that do not transmit VL. The subjects were children aged from 6 to 12 years old, the population in which myopia progression is generally accelerated, and the myopia suppressive effect was followed up for two years in a city in Japan. Periodical ophthalmic examinations, interviews, and measurements of reflection and axial length under mydriasis were performed at the initial visit (the baseline) and at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. The mean change in axial length in the VL glasses group was significantly smaller than in the placebo glasses group when time for near-work was less than 180 min and when the subjects were limited to those who had never used eyeglasses before this trial (p < 0.01); however, this change was not significant without subgrouping. The suppressive rate for axial elongation in the VL glasses group was 21.4% for two years.
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45
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Abstract
Rhodopsins are photoreceptive membrane proteins consisting of a common heptahelical transmembrane architecture that contains a retinal chromophore. Rhodopsin was first discovered in the animal retina in 1876, but a different type of rhodopsin, bacteriorhodopsin, was reported to be present in the cell membrane of an extreme halophilic archaeon, Halobacterium salinarum, 95 years later. Although these findings were made by physiological observation of pigmented tissue and cell bodies, recent progress in genomic and metagenomic analyses has revealed that there are more than 10,000 microbial rhodopsins and 9000 animal rhodopsins with large diversity and tremendous new functionality. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we provide an overview of the diversity of functions, structures, color discrimination mechanisms and optogenetic applications of these two rhodopsin families, and will also highlight the third distinctive rhodopsin family, heliorhodopsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagata
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Keiichi Inoue
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
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46
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D'Souza SP, Swygart DI, Wienbar SR, Upton BA, Zhang KX, Mackin RD, Casasent AK, Samuel MA, Schwartz GW, Lang RA. Retinal patterns and the cellular repertoire of neuropsin (Opn5) retinal ganglion cells. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:1247-1262. [PMID: 34743323 PMCID: PMC8969148 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining a parts list of the sensory components of the retina is vital to understanding the effects of light in behavior, health, and disease. Rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are the best described photoreceptors in the mammalian retina, but recent functional roles have been proposed for retinal neuropsin (Opn5) - an atypical opsin. However, little is known about the pattern of Opn5 expression in the retina. Using cre (Opn5cre ) and cre-dependent reporters, we uncover patterns of Opn5 expression and find that Opn5 is restricted to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Opn5-RGCs are non-homogenously distributed through the retina, with greater densities of cells located in the dorsotemporal quadrant. In addition to local topology of these cells, using cre-dependent AAV viral tracing, we surveyed their central targets and found that they are biased towards image-forming and image-stabilizing regions. Finally, molecular and electrophysiological profiling reveal that Opn5-RGCs comprise previously defined RGC types which respond optimally to edges and object-motion (F-mini-ONs, HD2, HD1, LEDs, ooDSRGCs, etc.). Together, these data describe the second collection of RGCs that express atypical opsins in the mouse, and expand the roles of image-forming cells in retinal physiology and function. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane P D'Souza
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,The Visual Systems Group.,Center for Chronobiology, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology
| | - David I Swygart
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sophia R Wienbar
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Brian A Upton
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,The Visual Systems Group.,Center for Chronobiology, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology.,Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Kevin X Zhang
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,The Visual Systems Group.,Center for Chronobiology, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology.,Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Robert D Mackin
- Huffington Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Anna K Casasent
- Huffington Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Melanie A Samuel
- Huffington Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gregory W Schwartz
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Richard A Lang
- The Visual Systems Group.,Center for Chronobiology, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
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47
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Zekoll T, Waldherr M, Tessmar-Raible K. Characterization of tmt-opsin2 in Medaka Fish Provides Insight Into the Interplay of Light and Temperature for Behavioral Regulation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:726941. [PMID: 34744767 PMCID: PMC8569850 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.726941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the big challenges in the study of animal behavior is to combine molecular-level questions of functional genetics with meaningful combinations of environmental stimuli. Light and temperature are important external cues, influencing the behaviors of organisms. Thus, understanding the combined effect of light and temperature changes on wild-type vs. genetically modified animals is a first step to understand the role of individual genes in the ability of animals to cope with changing environments. Many behavioral traits can be extrapolated from behavioral tests performed from automated motion tracking combined with machine learning. Acquired datasets, typically complex and large, can be challenging for subsequent quantitative analyses. In this study, we investigate medaka behavior of tmt-opsin2 mutants vs. corresponding wild-types under different light and temperature conditions using automated tracking combined with a convolutional neuronal network and a Hidden Markov model-based approach. The temperatures in this study can occur in summer vs. late spring/early autumn in the natural habitat of medaka fish. Under summer-like temperature, tmt-opsin2 mutants did not exhibit changes in overall locomotion, consistent with previous observations. However, detailed analyses of fish position revealed that the tmt-opsin2 mutants spent more time in central locations of the dish, possibly because of decreased anxiety. Furthermore, a clear difference in location and overall movement was obvious between the mutant and wild-types under colder conditions. These data indicate a role of tmt-opsin2 in behavioral adjustment, at least in part possibly depending on the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Zekoll
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform “Rhythms of Life, ” University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Waldherr
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform “Rhythms of Life, ” University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristin Tessmar-Raible
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform “Rhythms of Life, ” University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
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48
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Kamm GB, Boffi JC, Zuza K, Nencini S, Campos J, Schrenk-Siemens K, Sonntag I, Kabaoğlu B, El Hay MYA, Schwarz Y, Tappe-Theodor A, Bruns D, Acuna C, Kuner T, Siemens J. A synaptic temperature sensor for body cooling. Neuron 2021; 109:3283-3297.e11. [PMID: 34672983 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain temperature detection by hypothalamic warm-sensitive neurons (WSNs) has been proposed to provide feedback information relevant for thermoregulation. WSNs increase their action potential firing rates upon warming, a property that has been presumed to rely on the composition of thermosensitive ion channels within WSNs. Here, we describe a synaptic mechanism that regulates temperature sensitivity of preoptic WSNs and body temperature. Experimentally induced warming of the mouse hypothalamic preoptic area in vivo triggers body cooling. TRPM2 ion channels facilitate this homeostatic response and, at the cellular level, enhance temperature responses of WSNs, thereby linking WSN function with thermoregulation for the first time. Rather than acting within WSNs, we-unexpectedly-find TRPM2 to temperature-dependently increase synaptic drive onto WSNs by disinhibition. Our data emphasize a network-based interoceptive paradigm that likely plays a key role in encoding body temperature and that may facilitate integration of diverse inputs into thermoregulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretel B Kamm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juan C Boffi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Zuza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Nencini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joaquin Campos
- Chica and Heinz Schaller Foundation, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Schrenk-Siemens
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivo Sonntag
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Burçe Kabaoğlu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Muad Y Abd El Hay
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Schwarz
- Institute for Physiology, Center of Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anke Tappe-Theodor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Bruns
- Institute for Physiology, Center of Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Claudio Acuna
- Chica and Heinz Schaller Foundation, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Siemens
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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49
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Bridge H, Morjaria R, Peirson SN, Coullon GSL, Warnaby CE, Pothecary CA, Leatherbarrow B, Foster RG, Downes SM. Functional Brain Imaging During Extra-Ocular Light Stimulation in Anophthalmic and Sighted Participants: No Evidence for Extra-Ocular Photosensitive Receptors. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:744543. [PMID: 34650401 PMCID: PMC8508779 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.744543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Light plays a critical role in regulating physiology and behavior, including both visual and non-visual responses. In mammals, loss of both eyes abolishes all of these responses, demonstrating that the photoreceptors involved are exclusively ocular. By contrast, many non-mammalian species possess extra-ocular photoreceptors located in the pineal complex and deep brain. Whilst there have been suggestions of extra-ocular photoreception in mammals, including man, evidence for these photoreceptors is limited. One approach to objectively determine the presence of such receptors is to measure brain responses to light using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Moreover, by using participants who are clinically anophthalmic (congenital and acquired), it is possible to investigate potential light detection in the absence of the retina. Here we scanned participants with anophthalmia and sighted participants in 4 different conditions; the first 3 conditions had a bright light source applied to the following locations: behind the right ear ("ear"), just below the nasal bridge and between the eyes ("head"), and at the right popliteal fossa ("knee"). In the fourth and final scan, the light source was switched off so that there was no light stimulus. All participants were scanned in a completely dark room. No consistent brain activity was detected during any of the light conditions in either sighted controls or anophthalmic participants. Thus, we do not provide any evidence for the presence of extraocular photoreceptors modulating human brain activity, despite recent evidence for gene transcription that may occur as a result of these photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Bridge
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rupal Morjaria
- Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Sandwell & West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sleep & Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gaelle S L Coullon
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine E Warnaby
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Brian Leatherbarrow
- Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Russell G Foster
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sleep & Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M Downes
- Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sleep & Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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50
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Kojima K. [Biophysical and Biochemical Research of Animal Rhodopsins]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:1155-1160. [PMID: 34602512 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.21-00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Opsins (also called animal rhodopsins) are universal photoreceptive proteins that provide the molecular basis of visual and nonvisual photoreception in animals, including humans. Opsins consist of seven helical α-transmembrane domains and use retinal, a derivative of vitamin A, as a chromophore. In many opsins, light absorption triggers photo-isomerization from 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal, resulting in activation via dynamic structural changes in the protein moiety. Activated opsins stimulate cognate trimeric G proteins to induce signal transduction cascades in cells. Recently, molecular and physiological analyses of diverse opsins have progressively advanced. This review introduces the molecular basis and physiological functions of opsins. Based on the functions of opsins, I will discuss the potential of opsins as target molecules to treat and prevent visual and nonvisual diseases such as sleep disorder and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kojima
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
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