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Hayashi H, Sun J, Yanagida Y, Otera T, Kubota-Koketsu R, Shioda T, Ono C, Matsuura Y, Arase H, Yoshida S, Nakamaru R, Ju N, Ide R, Tenma A, Kawabata S, Ehara T, Sakaguchi M, Tomioka H, Shimamura M, Okamoto S, Amaishi Y, Chono H, Mineno J, Komatsuno T, Saito Y, Rakugi H, Morishita R, Nakagami H. Preclinical study of a DNA vaccine targeting SARS-CoV-2. Curr Res Transl Med 2022; 70:103348. [PMID: 35489099 PMCID: PMC9020527 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2022.103348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To fight against the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, the development of an effective and safe vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 is required. As potential pandemic vaccines, DNA/RNA vaccines, viral vector vaccines and protein-based vaccines have been rapidly developed to prevent pandemic spread worldwide. In this study, we designed plasmid DNA vaccine targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S protein) as pandemic vaccine, and the humoral, cellular, and functional immune responses were characterized to support proceeding to initial human clinical trials. After intramuscular injection of DNA vaccine encoding S protein with alum adjuvant (three times at 2-week intervals), the humoral immunoreaction, as assessed by anti-S protein or anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibody titers, and the cellular immunoreaction, as assessed by antigen-induced IFNγ expression, were up-regulated. In IgG subclass analysis, IgG2b was induced as the main subclass. Based on these analyses, DNA vaccine with alum adjuvant preferentially induced Th1-type T cell polarization. We confirmed the neutralizing action of DNA vaccine-induced antibodies by a binding assay of RBD recombinant protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a receptor of SARS-CoV-2, and neutralization assays using pseudo-virus, and live SARS-CoV-2. Further B cell epitope mapping analysis using a peptide array showed that most vaccine-induced antibodies recognized the S2 and RBD subunits. Finally, DNA vaccine protected hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 infection. In conclusion, DNA vaccine targeting the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 might be an effective and safe approach to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hayashi
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuka Yanagida
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takako Otera
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Anges Inc, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Kubota-Koketsu
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan; Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Chikako Ono
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hisashi Arase
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan; Laboratory of Immunochemistry, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Shota Yoshida
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakamaru
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Nan Ju
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Munehisa Shimamura
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hironori Nakagami
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Lead contact, Japan.
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2
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Jin B, Zhu J, Zhou Y, Liang L, Yang Y, Xu L, Zhang T, Li P, Pan T, Guo B, Chen T, Li H. Loss of MEN1 leads to renal fibrosis and decreases HGF-Adamts5 pathway activity via an epigenetic mechanism. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e982. [PMID: 35968938 PMCID: PMC9377152 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal fibrosis is a serious condition that results in the development of chronic kidney diseases. The MEN1 gene is an epigenetic regulator that encodes the menin protein and its role in kidney tissue remains unclear. METHODS Kidney histology was examined on paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin staining. Masson's trichrome staining and Sirius red staining were used to analyze renal fibrosis. Gene and protein expression were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blot, respectively. Immunohistochemistry staining in the kidney tissues from mice or patients was used to evaluate protein levels. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle distributions and apoptosis. RNA-sequencing was performed for differential expression genes in the kidney tissues of the Men1f/f and Men1∆/∆ mice. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) was carried out for identification of menin- and H3K4me3-enriched regions within the whole genome in the mouse kidney tissue. ChIP-qPCR assays were performed for occupancy of menin and H3K4me3 at the gene promoter regions. Luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the promoter activity. The exacerbated unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) models in the Men1f/f and Men1∆/∆ mice were used to assess the pharmacological effects of rh-HGF on renal fibrosis. RESULTS The expression of MEN1 is reduce in kidney tissues of fibrotic mouse and human diabetic patients and treatment with fibrotic factor results in the downregulation of MEN1 expression in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs). Disruption of MEN1 in RTECs leads to high expression of α-SMA and Collagen 1, whereas MEN1 overexpression restrains epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by TGF-β treatment. Conditional knockout of MEN1 resulted in chronic renal fibrosis and UUO-induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF), which is associated with an increased induction of EMT, G2/M arrest and JNK signaling. Mechanistically, menin recruits and increases H3K4me3 at the promoter regions of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (Adamts5) genes and enhances their transcriptional activation. In the UUO mice model, exogenous HGF restored the expression of Adamts5 and ameliorated renal fibrosis induced by Men1 deficiency. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that MEN1 is an essential antifibrotic factor in renal fibrogenesis and could be a potential target for antifibrotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangming Jin
- Department of SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Transformation Engineering Research Center of Chronic Disease Diagnosis and TreatmentGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic DiseasesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Guizhou Institute of Precision MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Jiamei Zhu
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Transformation Engineering Research Center of Chronic Disease Diagnosis and TreatmentGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic DiseasesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Yuxia Zhou
- Department of SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Transformation Engineering Research Center of Chronic Disease Diagnosis and TreatmentGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Li Liang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Transformation Engineering Research Center of Chronic Disease Diagnosis and TreatmentGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic DiseasesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Yunqiao Yang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Transformation Engineering Research Center of Chronic Disease Diagnosis and TreatmentGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic DiseasesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Lifen Xu
- Department of SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic DiseasesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Tuo Zhang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Transformation Engineering Research Center of Chronic Disease Diagnosis and TreatmentGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic DiseasesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Po Li
- Department of SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Ting Pan
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Transformation Engineering Research Center of Chronic Disease Diagnosis and TreatmentGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic DiseasesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Bing Guo
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic DiseasesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Tengxiang Chen
- Department of SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Transformation Engineering Research Center of Chronic Disease Diagnosis and TreatmentGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic DiseasesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Guizhou Institute of Precision MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Haiyang Li
- Department of SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Guizhou Institute of Precision MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
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3
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Liu J, Dean DA. Gene Therapy for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Front Physiol 2022; 12:786255. [PMID: 35111077 PMCID: PMC8801611 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.786255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a devastating clinical syndrome that leads to acute respiratory failure and accounts for over 70,000 deaths per year in the United States alone, even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. While its molecular details have been teased apart and its pathophysiology largely established over the past 30 years, relatively few pharmacological advances in treatment have been made based on this knowledge. Indeed, mortality remains very close to what it was 30 years ago. As an alternative to traditional pharmacological approaches, gene therapy offers a highly controlled and targeted strategy to treat the disease at the molecular level. Although there is no single gene or combination of genes responsible for ARDS, there are a number of genes that can be targeted for upregulation or downregulation that could alleviate many of the symptoms and address the underlying mechanisms of this syndrome. This review will focus on the pathophysiology of ARDS and how gene therapy has been used for prevention and treatment. Strategies for gene delivery to the lung, such as barriers encountered during gene transfer, specific classes of genes that have been targeted, and the outcomes of these approaches on ARDS pathogenesis and resolution will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - David A. Dean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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4
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Effects of Tissue Pressure on Transgene Expression Characteristics via Renal Local Administration Routes from Ureter or Renal Artery in the Rat Kidney. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020114. [PMID: 32024046 PMCID: PMC7076412 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously developed a renal pressure-mediated transfection method (renal pressure method) as a kidney-specific in vivo gene delivery system. However, additional information on selecting other injection routes and applicable animals remains unclear. In this study, we selected renal arterial and ureteral injections as local administration routes and evaluated the characteristics of gene delivery such as efficacy, safety, and distribution in pressured kidney of rat. Immediately after the naked pDNA injection, via renal artery or ureter, the left kidney of the rat was pressured using a pressure controlling device. Transfection efficiency of the pressured kidney was about 100-fold higher than that of the injection only group in both administration routes. The optimal pressure intensity in the rat kidney was 1.2 N/cm2 for renal arterial injection and 0.9 N/cm2 for ureteral injection. We found that transgene expression site differs according to administration route: cortical fibroblasts and renal tubule in renal arterial injection and cortical and medullary tubule and medullary collecting duct in ureteral injection. This is the first report to demonstrate that the renal pressure method can also be effective, after renal arterial and ureteral injections, in rat kidney.
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5
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Wang Z, Fei S, Suo C, Han Z, Tao J, Xu Z, Zhao C, Tan R, Gu M. Antifibrotic Effects of Hepatocyte Growth Factor on Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition via Transforming Growth Factor-Beta1 (TGF-β1)/Smad and Akt/mTOR/P70S6K Signaling Pathways. Ann Transplant 2018; 23:1-10. [PMID: 29292365 PMCID: PMC6248046 DOI: 10.12659/aot.906700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The related mechanisms involved in allograft interstitial fibrosis and chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD), following renal transplant, remain largely unknown. Here, we explored the role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) treatment on the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) as a new way to target and prevent kidney fibrosis and improve outcomes for renal transplant recipients. Method/Material We extracted proteins and mRNAs from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs) treated with transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) and/or varying doses of HGF, and assessed the effect of HGF on the EndMT using western blotting, qRT-PCR, and ELISA assays. We utilized cell motility and migration assays to evaluate cell movement, and applied western blotting to assess the mechanism by which TGF-β1 induced the EndMT. Results HGF significantly attenuated the development of TGF-β1-induced EndMT in a concentration-dependent way, and weakened the abilities of motility and migration of both HUVECs and HRGECs. Moreover, our results reveal that the antifibrotic effect of HGF on the EndMT was associated with the TGF-β/Smad and Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathways. Conclusions Our study suggests that HGF treatment significantly attenuates the development of EndMT induced by TGF-β1 via the TGFβ/Smad and Akt/mTOR/P70S6K signaling, which provides novel insights into the prevention and treatment of interstitial fibrosis and CAD following renal transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Shuang Fei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Chuanjian Suo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Zhijian Han
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jun Tao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Chunchun Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Ruoyun Tan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Min Gu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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6
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Mao X, Li F, Yang N, Qi C, Zhang SQ, Zhang Z, Wu H. Glomeruli or interstitium targeted by inter-renal injections supplemented by electroporation: Still a useful tool in renal research. J Gene Med 2016; 18:343-352. [PMID: 27794198 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies concerning proteins are always a crucial part of renal research. As a result of current technologies, scientists have mastered several techniques for generating genetically modified animals. However, in most cases, accessing these animals is still time-consuming and often expensive. This makes the alteration of protein expression by in vivo plasmid transfection an easily-accessible alternative. However, there is still no comprehensive study describing where plasmids would be expressed when they are injected into the kidneys. METHODS We injected pEGFP-N1 into rats via intra-/inter-renal channels and detected green fluorescent protein (GFP) by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to localize plasmid expression. RESULTS Seven days post-injection, we found that GFP was expressed in the glomeruli when pEGFP-N1 was injected via the renal artery or vein enhanced by electroporation and in the interstitium following injection via the ureter. Other channels, including intraperitoneal, subcapsule and parenchymal injection, only led to scattered expression within the kidneys. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides evidence that plasmid transfection via the renal vessels is suitable for glomeruli research and that transfection via the ureter is appropriate for studies regarding interstitium lesions. Additionally, we provide evidence that plasmid transfection on live animals is still an applicable and useful tool, as well as being cost-effective and facile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Mao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Nianji Yang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chenyang Qi
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Steven Qian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Institute for Kidneys and Dialysis, Shanghai, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Institute for Kidneys and Dialysis, Shanghai, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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7
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Ding XF, Fan M. Nonviral Gene Therapy of the Nervous System: Electroporation. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1382:297-305. [PMID: 26611596 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3271-9_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation has been widely used to efficiently transfer foreign genes into the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), and thus plays an important role in gene therapeutic studies on some brain disorders. A lot of work concerning electroporation is focused on gene transfer into rodent brains. This technique involves an injection of nucleic acids into the brain ventricle or specific area and then applying appropriate electrical field to the injected area. Here, we briefly introduced the advantages and the basic procedures of gene transfer into the rodent brain using electroporation. Better understanding of electroporation in rodent brain may further facilitate gene therapeutic studies on brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Ding
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Ming Fan
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Taniguchi Y, Kawakami S, Fuchigami Y, Oyama N, Yamashita F, Konishi S, Shimizu K, Hashida M. Optimization of renal transfection using a renal suction-mediated transfection method in mice. J Drug Target 2015; 24:450-6. [PMID: 26390999 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1087526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously developed a suction-mediated transfection method in mice. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to optimize the suction-mediated transfection conditions using a pressure-controlled computer system for efficient and safe kidney-targeted gene delivery in mice. METHODS Naked pCMV-Luc was injected into the tail vein in mice, and then the right kidney was suctioned by a device of the suction pressure-controlled system. The effects of renal transfection conditions, such as the suction pressure degree, suction pressure waveform and device area were evaluated by measuring luciferase expression. In addition, renal injury was examined. RESULTS The renal suction-mediated transfection method at -30 kPa showed high transgene expression. The renal suction waveform did not affect the transfection activity. Under the optimized conditions, the high transgene expression was mostly observed at the renal suctioned site. The transfection conditions used did not induce histological defects or increases in two renal injury biomarkers (Kidney injury molecule-1 mRNA and Clusterin mRNA). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION We have clarified the transfection conditions for efficient and safe transfection in the kidney using the suction-mediated transfection method in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Taniguchi
- a Department of Drug Delivery Research , Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Shigeru Kawakami
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics , Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Yuki Fuchigami
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics , Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Natsuko Oyama
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics , Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Yamashita
- a Department of Drug Delivery Research , Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Satoshi Konishi
- c Department of Mechanical Engineering , Ritsumeikan University , Shiga , Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimizu
- d Department of Biotechnology , Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Aichi , Japan , and
| | - Mitsuru Hashida
- a Department of Drug Delivery Research , Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan .,e Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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Chaparro RE, Izutsu M, Sasaki T, Sheng H, Zheng Y, Sadeghian H, Qin T, von Bornstadt D, Herisson F, Duan B, Li JS, Jiang K, Pearlstein M, Pearlstein RD, Smith DE, Goldberg ID, Ayata C, Warner DS. Sustained functional improvement by hepatocyte growth factor-like small molecule BB3 after focal cerebral ischemia in rats and mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1044-53. [PMID: 25712497 PMCID: PMC4640251 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), efficacious in preclinical models of acute central nervous system injury, is burdened by administration of full-length proteins. A multiinstitutional consortium investigated the efficacy of BB3, a small molecule with HGF-like activity that crosses the blood-brain barrier in rodent focal ischemic stroke using Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) and Good Laboratory Practice guidelines. In rats, BB3, begun 6 hours after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) reperfusion, or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) onset, and continued for 14 days consistently improved long-term neurologic function independent of sex, age, or laboratory. BB3 had little effect on cerebral infarct size and no effect on blood pressure. BB3 increased HGF receptor c-Met phosphorylation and synaptophysin expression in penumbral tissue consistent with a neurorestorative mechanism from HGF-like activity. In mouse tMCAO, BB3 starting 10 minutes after reperfusion and continued for 14 days improved neurologic function that persisted for 8 weeks in some, but not all measures. Study in animals with comorbidities and those exposed to common stroke drugs are the next steps to complete preclinical assessment. These data, generated in independent, masked, and rigorously controlled settings, are the first to suggest that the HGF pathway can potentially be harnessed by BB3 for neurologic benefit after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael E Chaparro
- Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Miwa Izutsu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Toshihiro Sasaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Huaxin Sheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Homa Sadeghian
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tao Qin
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel von Bornstadt
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fanny Herisson
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bin Duan
- Angion Biomedica Corporation, Uniondale, New York, USA
| | - Jing-Song Li
- Angion Biomedica Corporation, Uniondale, New York, USA
| | - Kai Jiang
- Angion Biomedica Corporation, Uniondale, New York, USA
| | - Molly Pearlstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert D Pearlstein
- Department of Surgery, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David E Smith
- Angion Biomedica Corporation, Uniondale, New York, USA
| | | | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David S Warner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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10
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Mechanisms of maladaptive repair after AKI leading to accelerated kidney ageing and CKD. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11:264-76. [PMID: 25643664 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is an increasingly common complication of hospital admission and is associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality. A hypotensive, septic, or toxic insult can initiate a cascade of events, resulting in impaired microcirculation, activation of inflammatory pathways and tubular cell injury or death. These processes ultimately result in acutely impaired kidney function and initiation of a repair response. This Review explores the various mechanisms responsible for the initiation and propagation of acute kidney injury, the prototypic mechanisms by which a substantially damaged kidney can regenerate its normal architecture, and how the adaptive processes of repair can become maladaptive. These mechanisms, which include G2/M cell-cycle arrest, cell senescence, profibrogenic cytokine production, and activation of pericytes and interstitial myofibroblasts, contribute to the development of progressive fibrotic kidney disease. The end result is a state that mimics accelerated kidney ageing. These mechanisms present important opportunities for the design of targeted therapeutic strategies to promote adaptive renal recovery and minimize progressive fibrosis and chronic kidney disease after acute insults.
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Kellenberger T, Marcussen N, Nyengaard JR, Wogensen L, Jespersen B. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and hepatocyte growth factor in development of fibrosis in the transplanted kidney. Transpl Int 2014; 28:180-90. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Terese Kellenberger
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology; Department of Clinical Medicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Niels Marcussen
- Department of Pathology; Odense University Hospital; Odense C Denmark
| | - Jens R. Nyengaard
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory; Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging; Department of Clinical Medicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Lise Wogensen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology; Department of Clinical Medicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Bente Jespersen
- Department of Renal Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Skejby Denmark
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12
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Faguer S, Mayeur N, Casemayou A, Pageaud AL, Courtellemont C, Cartery C, Fournie GJ, Schanstra JP, Tack I, Bascands JL, Chauveau D. Hnf-1β transcription factor is an early hif-1α-independent marker of epithelial hypoxia and controls renal repair. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63585. [PMID: 23704921 PMCID: PMC3660442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial repair following acute kidney injury (AKI) requires epithelial-mesenchyme-epithelial cycling associated with transient re-expression of genes normally expressed during kidney development as well as activation of growth factors and cytokine-induced signaling. In normal kidney, the Hnf-1β transcription factor drives nephrogenesis, tubulogenesis and epithelial homeostasis through the regulation of epithelial planar cell polarity and expression of developmental or tubular segment-specific genes. In a mouse model of ischemic AKI induced by a 2-hours hemorrhagic shock, we show that expression of this factor is tightly regulated in the early phase of renal repair with a biphasic expression profile (early down-regulation followed by transient over-expression). These changes are associated to tubular epithelial differentiation as assessed by KSP-cadherin and megalin-cubilin endocytic complex expression analysis. In addition, early decrease in Hnf1b expression is associated with the transient over-expression of one of its main target genes, the suppressor of cytokine signaling Socs3, which has been shown essential for renal repair. In vitro, hypoxia induced early up-regulation of Hnf-1β from 1 to 24 hours, independently of the hypoxia-inducible factor Hif-1α. When prolonged, hypoxia induced Hnf-1β down-regulation while normoxia led to Hnf-1β normalization. Last, Hnf-1β down-regulation using RNA interference in HK-2 cells led to phenotype switch from an epithelial to a mesenchyme state. Taken together, we showed that Hnf-1β may drive recovery from ischemic AKI by regulating both the expression of genes important for homeostasis control during organ repair and the state of epithelial cell differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Kidney Injury/genetics
- Acute Kidney Injury/pathology
- Acute Kidney Injury/physiopathology
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cell Hypoxia/drug effects
- Cell Hypoxia/genetics
- Cell Line
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endocytosis/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta/genetics
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/drug effects
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/pathology
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/complications
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/pathology
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/physiopathology
- Wound Healing/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Faguer
- Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation d'organes, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To briefly show which are the mechanisms and cell types involved in kidney regeneration and describe some of the therapies currently under study in regenerative medicine for kidney transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS The kidney contains cell progenitors that under specific circumstances have the ability to regenerate specific structures. Apart from the knowledge gained in the self-regenerative properties of the kidney, new concepts in regenerative medicine such as organ engineering and the use of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies are currently the focus of attention in the field. SUMMARY Overall, kidney regeneration is a reality and the knowledge on how to control it will be one of the main scopes in the present and future.
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14
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Flaquer M, Franquesa M, Vidal A, Bolaños N, Torras J, Lloberas N, Herrero-Fresneda I, Grinyó JM, Cruzado JM. Hepatocyte growth factor gene therapy enhances infiltration of macrophages and may induce kidney repair in db/db mice as a model of diabetes. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2059-68. [PMID: 22460762 PMCID: PMC3369134 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We previously demonstrated hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) gene therapy was able to induce regression of glomerulosclerosis in diabetic nephropathy through local reparative mechanisms. The aim of this study was to test whether bone-marrow-derived cells are also involved in this HGF-induced reparative process. METHODS We have created chimeric db/db mice as a model of diabetes that produce enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in bone marrow cells. We performed treatment with HGF gene therapy either alone or in combination with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, in order to induce mobilisation of haematopoietic stem cells in these diabetic and chimeric animals. RESULTS We find HGF gene therapy enhances renal expression of stromal-cell-derived factor-1 and is subsequently associated with an increased number of bone-marrow-derived cells getting into the injured kidneys. These cells are mainly monocyte-derived macrophages, which may contribute to the renal tissue repair and regeneration consistently observed in our model. Finally, HGF gene therapy is associated with the presence of a small number of Bowman's capsule parietal epithelial cells producing EGFP, suggesting they are fused with bone-marrow-derived cells and are contributing to podocyte repopulation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Altogether, our findings provide new evidence about the therapeutic role of HGF and open new opportunities for inducing renal regeneration in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Flaquer
- Nephrology Laboratory, Departament de Ciències Clíniques, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Franquesa
- Nephrology Laboratory, Departament de Ciències Clíniques, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Vidal
- Pathology Service, IDIBELL, Bellvitge Hospital, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N. Bolaños
- Nephrology Laboratory, Departament de Ciències Clíniques, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Torras
- Nephrology Laboratory, Departament de Ciències Clíniques, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei de Nefrologia, Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga s/n, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - N. Lloberas
- Nephrology Laboratory, Departament de Ciències Clíniques, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I. Herrero-Fresneda
- Nephrology Laboratory, Departament de Ciències Clíniques, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. M. Grinyó
- Nephrology Laboratory, Departament de Ciències Clíniques, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei de Nefrologia, Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga s/n, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. M. Cruzado
- Nephrology Laboratory, Departament de Ciències Clíniques, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei de Nefrologia, Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga s/n, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Perin L, Da Sacco S, De Filippo RE. Regenerative medicine of the kidney. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:379-87. [PMID: 21145933 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
End stage renal disease is a major health problem in this country and worldwide. Although dialysis and kidney transplantation are currently used to treat this condition, kidney regeneration resulting in complete healing would be a desirable alternative. In this review we focus our attention on current therapeutic approaches used clinically to delay the onset of kidney failure. In addition we describe novel approaches, like Tissue Engineering, Stem cell Applications, Gene Therapy, and Renal Replacement Therapy that may one day be possible alternative therapies for patients with the hope of delaying kidney failure or even stopping the progression of renal disease.
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16
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Combined paracrine and endocrine AAV9 mediated expression of hepatocyte growth factor for the treatment of renal fibrosis. Mol Ther 2010; 18:1302-9. [PMID: 20424598 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic renal disease, tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a leading cause of renal failure. Here, we made use of one of the most promising gene therapy vector platforms, the adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector system, and the COL4A3-deficient mice, a genetic mouse model of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis, to develop a novel bidirectional treatment strategy to prevent renal fibrosis. By comparing different AAV serotypes in reporter studies, we identified AAV9 as the most suitable delivery vector to simultaneously target liver parenchyma for endocrine and renal tubular epithelium for paracrine therapeutic expression of the antifibrogenic cytokine human hepatocyte growth factor (hHGF). We used transcriptional targeting to drive hHGF expression from the newly developed CMV-enhancer-Ksp-cadherin-promoter (CMV-Ksp) in renal and hepatic tissue following tail vein injection of rAAV9-CMV-Ksp-hHGF into COL4A3-deficient mice. The therapeutic efficiency of our approach was demonstrated by a remarkable attenuation of tubulointerstitial fibrosis and repression of fibrotic markers such as collagen1alpha1 (Col1A1), platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFR-beta), and alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA). Taken together, our results show the great potential of rAAV9 as an intravenously applicable vector for the combined paracrine and endocrine expression of antifibrogenic factors in the treatment of renal failure caused by tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
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17
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Liao XH, Zhang L, Liu Q, Sun H, Peng CM, Guo H. Augmenter of liver regeneration protects kidneys from ischaemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25:2921-9. [PMID: 20332418 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR), which was identified originally for its crucial role in promoting hepatocyte proliferation, is expressed in both the liver and kidney. Protective effects of ALR have been demonstrated in experimental models of acute liver failure. In the present study, we investigated the effect of ALR on renal ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and the possible mechanisms of its action. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to renal ischaemia for 60 min and then administered with either saline or recombinant human ALR (rhALR). A sham-operated group served as control. The expression of ALR in the sham-operated and acute kidney injury (AKI) groups was detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Renal dysfunction and injury were assessed by measurement of serum biochemical markers and histological grading. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Renal ALR expression increased significantly in rats with ischaemic AKI compared with the sham-operated rats. Serum biochemical parameters showed that renal dysfunction was improved by administration of rhALR. Histological analysis revealed that treatment with rhALR also reduced the extent of kidney injury. Intraperitoneal injection of rhALR enhanced the proliferation of renal tubular cells. Conclusions. Administration of rhALR effectively reduces tubular injury and ameliorates the impairment of renal function. The protective effect of rhALR is associated with enhancement of renal tubular cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-hui Liao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
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18
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Franquesa M, Riera M, Herrero-Fresneda I, Sola A, Hotter G, Lloberas N, Cruzado JM, Torras J, Grinyó JM. Tubular epithelial cells transfected with hHGF counteracts monocyte chemotactic protein-1 up-regulation after hypoxia/reoxygenation insult. Transplant Proc 2010; 41:2069-72. [PMID: 19715834 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) which is mainly produced by nephrotoxic or ischemic insults is correlated with a high mortality and morbidity. Proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) play a major role. They are the main target of ischemia/reperfusion injury. PTECs have also been proposed as the effectors of AKI reversibility, but also as the creator of the inflammatory milieu: cytokine, chemokine, and complement expression. An important chemokine implicated in this process is monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) due to its ability to recruit and activate monocytes. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic factor with mitogenic, anti-apoptotic, and proliferative effects which has recently been studied for its anti-inflammatory and antifibrogenic effects. Our aim was to evaluate the potential inflammatory effect of hypoxia and reoxygenation on rat PTECs. We created a stable human HGF (hHGF) expressing PTEC line that emulated in vivo transfection and analyzed the role of this cell type in the induction and reversibility of AKI. Our results showed the efficiency of transfection with the hHGF gene to promote sustained expression of the protein in the medium (7627.13 +/- 1144.078 to 8211.3 +/- 795.37 pg/mL). When rat PTECs were under a hypoxia/reoxygenation insult, MCP-1 was highly overexpressed (4479.3 +/- 154.3 pg/mL of protein and 5.099 +/- 1.23 times control gene expression). Transfected cells abrogated this effect (288.7 +/- 13.5 pg/mL and 1.169 +/- 0.0759 times control). In conclusion, we observed that the hypoxia/reoxygenation insult stimulated MCP-1 protein secretion in PTECs and that PTECs which were stably transfected and overexpressing hHGF abrogated the inflammatory reaction mediated by hypoxia/reoxygenation, being a suitable model for later studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Franquesa
- Experimental Nephrology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-UB-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Wells DJ. Electroporation and ultrasound enhanced non-viral gene delivery in vitro and in vivo. Cell Biol Toxicol 2009; 26:21-8. [PMID: 19949971 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-009-9144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-viral vectors are less efficient than the use of viral vectors for delivery of genetic material to cells in vitro and especially in vivo. However, viral vectors involve the use of foreign proteins that can stimulate both the innate and acquired immune response. In contrast, plasmid DNA can be delivered without carrier proteins and is non-immunogenic. Plasmid gene delivery can be enhanced by the use of physical methods that aid the passage of the plasmid through the cell membrane. Electroporation and microbubble-enhanced ultrasound are two of the most effective physical delivery methods and these can be applied to a range of different cell types in vitro and a broad range of tissues in vivo. Both techniques also have the advantage that, unlike viral vectors, they can be used to target specific tissues with systemic delivery. Although electroporation is often the more efficient of the two, microbubble-enhanced ultrasound causes less damage and is less invasive. This review provides an introduction to the methodology and summarises the range of cells and tissues that have been genetically modified using these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Wells
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Imperial College London, UK.
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20
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Torras J, Herrero-Fresneda I, Gulias O, Flaquer M, Vidal A, Cruzado JM, Lloberas N, Franquesa ML, Grinyó JM. Rapamycin has dual opposing effects on proteinuric experimental nephropathies: is it a matter of podocyte damage? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:3632-40. [PMID: 19671594 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In clinical renal transplantation, an increase in proteinuria after conversion from calcineurin inhibitors to rapamycin has been reported. In contrast, there are studies showing a nephro-protective effect of rapamycin in proteinuric diseases characterized by progressive interstitial inflammatory fibrosis. METHODS Because of the contradictory reports concerning rapamycin on proteinuria, we examined proteinuria and podocyte damage markers on two renal disease models, with clearly different pathophysiological mechanisms: a glomerular toxico-immunological model induced by puromycin aminonucleoside, and a chronic hyperfiltration and inflammatory model by mass reduction, both treated with a fixed high rapamycin dose. RESULTS In puromycin groups, rapamycin provoked significant increases in proteinuria, together with a significant fall in podocin immunofluorescence, as well as clear additional damage to podocyte foot processes. Conversely, after mass reduction, rapamycin produced lower levels of proteinuria and amelioration of inflammatory and pro-fibrotic damage. In contrast to the puromycin model, higher glomerular podocin and nephrin expression and amelioration of glomerular ultrastructural damage were found. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that rapamycin has dual opposing effects on subjacent renal lesion, with proteinuria and podocyte damage aggravation in the glomerular model and a nephro-protective effect in the chronic inflammatory tubulointerstitial model. Rapamycin produces slight alterations in podocyte structure when acting on healthy podocytes, but it clearly worsens those podocytes damaged by other concomitant injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Torras
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Lloberas N, Torras J, Alperovich G, Cruzado JM, Giménez-Bonafé P, Herrero-Fresneda I, Franquesa ML, Rama I, Grinyó JM. Different renal toxicity profiles in the association of cyclosporine and tacrolimus with sirolimus in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23:3111-9. [PMID: 18469305 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) with mTOR inhibitors (mTORi) is still a problem in clinical practice and there is substantial interest in better understanding the impact of these associations on kidney toxicity. We aimed to analyse the functional and histological profiles of damage and to define the contribution of inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators in the association of cyclosporine (CsA) and/or tacrolimus (Tac) with sirolimus (SRL). METHODS A well-defined model of nephrotoxicity in salt-depleted male rats was used. Monotherapy groups were distributed as a non-treated control group with saline solution (n = 12), the Tac group (n = 16) (tacrolimus 6 mg/kg/day) and the CsA group (n = 13) (CsA 15 mg/kg/day). The groups with different associations were scattered as the Tac + SRL group (n = 14) (tacrolimus 6 mg/kg/day and rapamycin 3 mg/kg/day) and the CsA + SRL group (n = 7) (CsA 15 mg/kg/day and rapamycin 3 mg/kg/day). Groups were divided into 30 and 70 days of follow-up, but the CsA + SRL group was only studied for 30 days because animals became sick. RESULTS Rats with the CsA + SRL association were the only ones which showed a significant reduction in body weight, impairment of renal function and severe and diffuse tubular vacuolization and tubular atrophy following a striped distribution, and scarce areas of the kidney were still preserved. The Tac + SRL association did not produce renal function impairment, and mild histological damage including enhanced periglomerular tubular atrophy was observed. This local damage affected the distal convoluted tubule involving macula densa and juxtaglomerular apparatus. Pro-inflammatory mediators paralleled functional and structural data. ED-1 and TNF-alpha were noticeably higher in the CsA + SRL than in the Tac + SRL association. Only in the CsA + SRL association an important increase in alpha-SMA+ cells was seen, mainly found in the areas with tubular atrophy. TGF-beta1 was also markedly enhanced in the CsA + SRL association whilst monotherapy or Tac + SRL groups at 30 days TGF-beta1 did not show any changes. However, at 70 days of treatment TGF-beta1 was significantly increased in the Tac + SRL group. Animals receiving SRL showed a decrease in renal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. This growth factor was significantly down-regulated in both CNI associations than in SRL monotherapy. P-glycoprotein (Pgp) was overexpressed in CsA and CsA + SRL therapy whilst Tac and TAC + SRL showed a middle increase Pgp expression but higher than the control and SRL group. CONCLUSION We conclude that the association of SRL with high doses of CsA or Tac produces a different functional, histological, inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic pattern. Thus, the addition of SRL to high doses of CsA leads to severe renal injury. Combination with high doses of Tac is clearly less deleterious in the short term. However, there is a low grade of pro-fibrotic inflammatory expression when this association is prolonged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Lloberas
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain.
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Sandovici M, Deelman LE, de Zeeuw D, van Goor H, Henning RH. Immune modulation and graft protection by gene therapy in kidney transplantation. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:261-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Homsi E, Janino P, Biswas SK, Mizuno S, Nakamura T, Lopes de Faria JB. Attenuation of glycerol-induced acute kidney injury by previous partial hepatectomy: role of hepatocyte growth factor/c-met axis in tubular protection. Nephron Clin Pract 2007; 107:e95-106. [PMID: 17940345 DOI: 10.1159/000109828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Previous partial hepatectomy (HPTX) can attenuate glycerol-induced acute kidney injury (Gly-AKI). The aim of this study was to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms and the role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in kidney protection. METHODS Rats were subjected to HPTX 24 h before glycerol administration. Renal function, acute tubular necrosis, apoptosis, leukocyte infiltration, and the expression of HGF, c-met, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-1beta, and heme oxygenase-1 were evaluated 24 h after glycerol injection. The regenerative response was analyzed from 6 to 72 h after glycerol injection (BrdU incorporation). In a separate series of experiments, Gly-AKI+HPTX rats were treated with anti-HGF antibody. RESULTS Gly-AKI+HPTX rats showed an increased expression of renal HGF and c-met as well as an improved creatinine clearance and reduced acute tubular necrosis and apoptosis, cytokine expression, and leukocyte infiltration. The regenerative response was less intense 24 and 72 h after glycerol administration in this group. The anti-HGF treatment disclosed an important role of HGF in the reduction of tubular injury, particularly apoptosis. Overexpression of heme oxygenase-1 was observed in Gly-AKI+HPTX rats, but was not associated with HPTX-induced renal protection. CONCLUSION We conclude that Gly-AKI+HPTX rats have a reduced susceptibility to renal injury instead of an increased regenerative response and that endogenous HGF overexpression is responsible for suppression of tubular apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Homsi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loree C Heller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent biochemical evidence increasingly implicates inflammatory mechanisms as precipitants of acute renal failure. In this review, we detail some of these pathways together with potential new therapeutic targets. RECENT FINDINGS Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin appears to be a sensitive, specific and reliable biomarker of renal injury, which may be predictive of renal outcome in the perioperative setting. For estimation of glomerular filtration rate, cystatin C is superior to creatinine. No drug is definitively effective at preventing postoperative renal failure. Clinical trials of fenoldopam and atrial natriuretic peptide are, at best, equivocal. As with pharmacological preconditioning of the heart, volatile anaesthetic agents appear to offer a protective effect to the subsequently ischaemic kidney. SUMMARY Although a greatly improved understanding of the pathophysiology of acute renal failure has offered even more therapeutic targets, the maintenance of intravascular euvolaemia and perfusion pressure is most effective at preventing new postoperative acute renal failure. In the future, strategies targeting renal regeneration after injury will use bone marrow-derived stem cells and growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padraig Mahon
- Department of Anaesthesia, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland.
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Herrero-Fresneda I, Torras J, Franquesa M, Vidal A, Cruzado JM, Lloberas N, Fillat C, Grinyó JM. HGF gene therapy attenuates renal allograft scarring by preventing the profibrotic inflammatory-induced mechanisms. Kidney Int 2006; 70:265-74. [PMID: 16710352 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5001510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory processes and tissue scarring are characteristic features of chronic allograft nephropathy. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has beneficial effects on renal fibrosis and it also ameliorates renal interstitial inflammation as it has been recently described. Contrarily to protein administration, intramuscular gene electrotransfer allows sustained release of HGF. So, here we hypothesized that gene therapy with human HGF would diminish the characteristic scarring of chronic allograft nephropathy either by antagonizing tissue fibrosis mechanisms or by reducing inflammation. Lewis rats transplanted with cold preserved Fischer kidneys received vehicle (NoHGF) or intramuscular plasmid DNA encoding HGF plus electroporation either before transplantation (IniHGF, early post-transplant cytoprotection of tubular cells) or 8/10 weeks after transplantation (DelHGF, delayed prevention of chronic mechanisms). Serum creatinine and proteinuria were measured every 4 weeks for 24 weeks. Grafts at 12 or 24 weeks were evaluated for glomerulosclerosis, fibrosis inflammatory cells and mediators, cell regeneration and tubulo-interstitial damage. Nontreated animals developed renal insufficiency, progressive proteinuria and fibrosis among other characteristic histological features of chronic allograft nephropathy. Treatment with human HGF, especially when delayed until the onset of fibrogenic mechanisms, reduced renal failure and mortality, diminished tubule-interstitial damage, induced cell regeneration, decreased inflammation, NF-kappaB activation, and profibrotic markers at 12 weeks and prevented late interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis. The effectiveness of HGF-gene therapy in the prevention of renal allograft scarring is related with the halt of profibrotic inflammatory-induced mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Herrero-Fresneda
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Department of Medicine, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.
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Herrero-Fresneda I, Franquesa M, Torras J, Vidal A, Aran J, Pluvinet R, Lloberas N, Rama I, Cruzado JM, Gulías O, Grinyó JM. Role of Cold Ischemia in Acute Rejection: Characterization of a Humoral-Like Acute Rejection in Experimental Renal Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:3712-5. [PMID: 16386514 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.09.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to characterize the role of cold ischemia in the process of acute rejection using an experimental renal transplant model. Syngeneic renal transplants were performed between Wistar Agouti rats and allogeneic grafts using Wistar-Agouti rats as recipients of Brown-Norway kidneys. For cold ischemia (CI), kidneys were preserved in Euro-Collins (4 degrees C/ 2.5 hours). Rats were bilaterally nephrectomized at the moment of renal transplant and did not receive any immunosuppressant. The groups were NoAR (n = 6): immediate syngeneic transplant; CI-NoAR (n = 6): syngeneic transplant with CI; AR (n = 13): immediate allogeneic graft; CI-AR (n = 6): allogeneic graft with CI. Allogeneic rats were followed for the survival study. Syngeneic rats, with mean survival time beyond 6 months, were sacrificed on the day 7 to compare grafts with those in the allogeneic groups. H&E- and PAS-stained grafts were evaluated using the Banff criteria. Tissue INF-gamma and TNF-alpha were quantified by RT-real time-PCR on the kidney grafts. Renal insufficiency did not appear in the NoAR group, but it did from the posttransplant day 5 in both acute rejection groups. While NoAR kidneys showed well-conserved renal architecture, then AR group displayed variable degrees of tubular necrosis with scarce cellular infiltration, interstitial hemorrhage, vascular damage with fibrinoid necrosis, perivascular edema, and nuclear disruption. Cold ischemia in rejecting animals increased the mortality rate due to renal insufficiency and accelerated acute rejection. Independently of CI, the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and INF-gamma were increased in both rejection groups. In conclusion, addition of CI overactivates the acute rejection process via a humoral component.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Herrero-Fresneda
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Dpt. Medicine, IDIBELL-Hospital de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.
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